write an essay on horrors of war

Essay on Horrors of War in English

Horrors of war mean the outcomes and the after-effects of war. War is a huge fight or a battle between two powers such as two countries. It always leads to destruction. It always brings death and sorrow.

War affects people mentally, psychologically, physically and emotionally. It produces fear among everyone. The wars actually end people’s hopes and dreams. They destroy people’s homelands. They make people live in constant fear of being attacked.

War destroys peace and harmony. Today, with the development of different kinds of atomic and nuclear powers like bombs and guns, war has turned into the most horrific and destructive weapon of our society. War has become an end in itself.

Today, war brings neither wealth nor honour. It can solve no problem. The results of war are always are the loss of property and precious human lives. War is a threat to humanity. They only bring misery to human beings.

There are different kinds of deadly weapons invented by science. The aim was to protect a country from any kind of external attack and not to call for war.

Modern wars are a danger to our civilization. As for instance, the two World Wars caused one of the biggest losses the world has ever experienced. The use of bombs and powerful guns are common in modern wars. However, because of the many great and horrific wars in the previous centuries, the history of the world has become a history of war.

Therefore, all the countries should be well aware of the ill impacts of war on humanity. They all should look for alternative ways to end the conflict. They should depend on discussing the problems than to involve in a war in any war. Everyone should know the value of human lives.

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Essay on Horrors of War

Students are often asked to write an essay on Horrors of War in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Horrors of War

The reality of war.

War is a horrifying event that brings about destruction, devastation, and loss of life. It is not a glorious adventure, but a grim reality where innocent lives are often the collateral damage.

Physical Horrors

The physical horrors of war include death, injury, and destruction of infrastructure. Cities are reduced to rubble, and the environment is severely damaged.

Psychological Trauma

War also inflicts psychological trauma. Soldiers and civilians alike suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. The mental scars can last a lifetime, long after the physical wounds have healed.

Social Impact

War disrupts social structures, leading to displacement, poverty, and societal breakdown. It leaves a lasting impact on the affected societies, hindering their development for years to come.

250 Words Essay on Horrors of War

The inescapable reality of war.

War, a term that sends shivers down the spine, is a manifestation of humanity’s most destructive tendencies. Its horrors are not limited to the battlefield but seep into the very fabric of societies, leaving scars that last for generations.

Physical Destruction

The immediate horrors of war are visible in the physical destruction it causes. Cities are reduced to rubble, and landscapes are scarred with the remnants of battles. Infrastructure, homes, and historical monuments, symbols of cultural heritage, are often demolished, leaving behind a void that is hard to fill.

Human Suffering

The human cost of war is unfathomable. The loss of life, physical injuries, and psychological trauma suffered by soldiers and civilians alike are horrific. War forces people into a state of constant fear and anxiety, disrupting normal life and leaving lasting psychological scars.

Social and Economic Impact

War also has long-term social and economic impacts. It disrupts economies, leading to poverty and economic instability. Social structures break down, leading to displacement, and the loss of community and identity. The resources spent on war could have been used for societal development, thus war indirectly hampers progress.

War’s Enduring Legacy

The aftermath of war is as horrific as the war itself. The pain and suffering continue long after the war has ended, through memories, trauma, and the struggle to rebuild lives and societies.

In conclusion, the horrors of war extend far beyond the battlefield. It is a brutal reminder of humanity’s capacity for destruction, causing physical, psychological, and socio-economic damage that lasts for generations. The need for peaceful resolution of conflicts is therefore paramount.

500 Words Essay on Horrors of War

The intrinsic cruelty of war.

War, in its very essence, is a manifestation of the most profound cruelty and inhumanity that mankind is capable of. It is a phenomenon that has plagued humanity since time immemorial, leaving in its wake a trail of destruction, death, and despair. The horrors of war are not confined to the battlefield alone; they permeate every facet of life, affecting societies, economies, and individuals long after the last bullet has been fired.

The Human Cost

The most immediate and palpable horror of war is the human cost. Lives are lost, families are torn apart, and entire communities are displaced. The psychological trauma inflicted on soldiers and civilians alike is immeasurable. Soldiers are thrust into situations where they must kill or be killed, while civilians live in constant fear of death and destruction. The psychological scars left by war can last a lifetime, leading to mental health issues such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety.

Devastation of Infrastructure

War also wreaks havoc on a nation’s infrastructure. Buildings, roads, schools, hospitals, and other essential facilities are often destroyed, leaving the survivors without access to basic necessities like food, water, and healthcare. The recovery process can take decades, and the costs are astronomical. The destruction of infrastructure also leads to economic instability, as businesses are destroyed and trade routes are disrupted.

Societal and Cultural Destruction

Another horrific aspect of war is the destruction of societies and cultures. War can lead to the erosion of social norms and values, as people are forced to adopt a survivalist mentality. Cultures, traditions, and histories can be wiped out, as libraries, museums, and other cultural landmarks are destroyed. This loss of cultural heritage is a tragedy in itself, as it robs future generations of their roots and identity.

The Environmental Impact

The environmental impact of war is another horror that is often overlooked. The use of weapons and military vehicles contributes to pollution and climate change. Additionally, the destruction of habitats and ecosystems can lead to the loss of biodiversity. The environmental damage caused by war can have long-term effects on the planet’s health and sustainability.

Conclusion: The Imperative for Peace

In conclusion, the horrors of war extend far beyond the battlefield. They infiltrate every aspect of life, leaving a lasting legacy of pain, suffering, and destruction. As we move forward into the 21st century, it is crucial for us to remember these horrors and strive for peace. For it is only through peace that we can hope to build a world where such horrors are relegated to the pages of history, rather than the realities of our present and future.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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• Essay on Futility of War
• Essay on War and Peace
• Essay on War and Its Effects

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Reflecting the Horrors of War Analytical Essay

Thesis revised.

People learn more about the horrors of war through literature but do not infer from experience they gain; the only way they apply the knowledge about the war is the development of more sophisticated weapon to kill people.

As such, literature can be considered one of the most effective ways to reflect the war in terms of reasons, results, stories of people and their families, feelings and emotions, actions and virtues. Does the war help people to understand the values of life and demonstrate their virtues? I would like to review the works of literature the authors of which managed to show how horrible the war is so that successive generations did not want to solve the conflicts in this way.

The war is one of the most widely-spread and talked-about concepts of the contemporary society. The history should not be forgotten; it has to be reflected in literature for other people to learn the examples and know how destructive the mankind can be.

The relations between the people during the war were not clear, especially regarding the World War II when the concept of racism was advanced in terms of treating people rather than their skills, virtues, or features. In this respect, many people try to listen only to the stories about brave men who can come to rescue.

However, in the beginning of the book The Complete Maus: Maus I – A Survivor’s Tale; Maus II – And Here My Troubles Began by Art Spiegelman, the father tells the author: “It would take many books, my life, and no one wants anyway to hear such stories” (14). The images of mice use to depict Jews are bright and lively showing how horrible the war is in spite of the fact that people do not like to hear true storues.

The responsibility is a concept that has little relation to war because no one would claim that he/she started the war and made all those people suffer. Some Americans cannot still forget the horrors of the Vietnam War whereas the invasion of Iraq became another topic for literary tragedy.

As such, people suffer from the consequences of war which did not even finish because soldiers die leaving families without “Our fathers—our coaches, our teachers, our barbers, our cooks, our gas-station attendants and UPS deliverymen and deputies and firemen and mechanics—our fathers” (Percy, par. 8).

The most horrible thing is that the representatives of the government responsible for those victims of the war including soldiers and their families do not realize how many people are affected and how damaging and destructing the entire war conflict is.

Some people think that war is romantic in some way showing us heroes that bravely fight against the enemies. However, their attitude towards war is shaped in accordance with the principles advocated and propagated in media. On the contrary, the horrors of war are the same no matter how many time have passed since the last shot.

The World War I seems to be far away though its reflections are still engraved in the world history because it affected many countries and many people died or lost people their knew and loved. The poem “Dulce Et Decorum Est” by Wilfred Owen was inspired by the events of this war demonstrating the horrors of military operations. The author tells about the gas and the reaction of a human organism when one can do nothing to prevent the reaction:

But someone still was yelling out and stumbling and floundering like a man in fire or lime (Owen, lines 11-12). This poem ends with a statement that the famous Latin exhortation about the excitement from dying for the mother land is the lies.

Works Cited

Percy, Benjamin. “Refresh, Refresh.” The Paris Review 175, (2005): n. pag. Web.

Spiegelman, Art. The Complete Maus: Maus I – A Survivor’s Tale; Maus II – And Here My Troubles Began . New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 1997. Print.

Owen, Wilfred. “ Dulce Et Decorum Est .” N. pag. Web.

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IvyPanda. (2023, December 25). Reflecting the Horrors of War. https://ivypanda.com/essays/reflecting-the-horrors-of-war/

"Reflecting the Horrors of War." IvyPanda , 25 Dec. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/reflecting-the-horrors-of-war/.

IvyPanda . (2023) 'Reflecting the Horrors of War'. 25 December.

IvyPanda . 2023. "Reflecting the Horrors of War." December 25, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/reflecting-the-horrors-of-war/.

1. IvyPanda . "Reflecting the Horrors of War." December 25, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/reflecting-the-horrors-of-war/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Reflecting the Horrors of War." December 25, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/reflecting-the-horrors-of-war/.

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Essay on War - A nation or organisation may turn to war to reach its goals, but what is the actual cost of progress? Countless lives have been lost to war and continue to be lost. It costs a lot of money and resources as well. Wars have always been brutal, deadly, and tragic, from the American Revolution to World Wars I and II to the Crusades and the ancient Hundred Years' War. Here are a few sample essays on "war" .

100 Words Essay on War

The greatest destroyers of people in modern times are wars. No matter who wins a war, mankind loses in every case. Millions of people have died in battles during the past century, with World Wars I and II being the worst. Wars are typically fought to protect a nation. Whatever the motive, it is hazardous conduct that results in the loss of millions of priceless innocent lives and has dangerous impacts that even future generations will have to deal with.

The results of using nuclear bombs are catastrophic. The weapons business benefits when there is a war elsewhere in the world because it maintains its supply chain. Weapons that cause massive destruction are being made bigger and better. The only way to end wars is to raise awareness among the general public.

200 Words Essay on War

Without a doubt, war is terrible, and the most devastating thing that can happen to humans. It causes death and devastation, illness and poverty, humiliation and destruction. To evaluate the devastation caused by war, one needs to consider the havoc that was wrecked on several nations not too many years ago. A particularly frightening ability of modern wars is that they tend to become global so that they may absorb the entire world. The fact that some people view war as a great and heroic adventure that brings out the best in people does not change the fact that it is a horrible tragedy.

This is more true now that atomic weapons will be used to fight a war. War, according to some, is required. Looking at the past reveals that war has drastically changed throughout the nation's history. The destructive impacts of war have never been more prevalent in human history. We have experienced lengthy and brief wars of various kinds. There have been supporters of nonviolence and the brotherhood of man. Buddha, Christ, and Mahatma Gandhi have all lived. Despite this, war has always been fought, weapons are always used, military power has always been deployed, and there have always been armies in war.

500 Words Essay on War

If we take a closer look at human history, it will become evident that conflicts have existed ever since the primitive eras. Although efforts have been made to end it, this has not been successful so far. Thus, it appears that we are unable to achieve eternal peace. Many defend wars by claiming that nature's rules require them. Charles Darwin is placed in front of them to illustrate their point. He was the one who created the rule of the fittest. He claimed that everything in nature, whether alive or dead, is constantly engaged in a battle for survival. Only the strongest will survive in this fight. Therefore, it is believed that without battle, humankind won't be able to progress.

Impacts of War

People fail to see that war invariably results in severe damage. They ignored the nonviolent principles taught by Mahatma Gandhi, who used them to liberate his country from the shackles of slavery. They fail to consider that if Gandhi could push out the powerful Britishers without resorting to violence, why shouldn't others do the same? Wars are unavoidable calamities, and there are no words to adequately depict the vast quantity and scope of their tragedies. The atrocities of the two world wars must never be forgotten. There was tremendous murder and property devastation during the battles. There were thousands of widows and orphans. War spreads falsehoods and creates hatred. People start acting brutally selfishly. Humanity and morals suffer as a result.

War is an Enemy

War is the enemy of all humanity and human civilisation. Nothing positive can come of it. Consequently, it should never be celebrated in any way. In addition to impeding national progress, it undermines social cohesion. It slows down the rate of human progress. Wars are not the answer to the world's issues. Instead, they cause issues and generate hatred among nations. War can settle one issue but creates far too many other ones. The two most horrific examples of the war's after-effects are Hiroshima and Nagasaki. People are still enduring the effects of war 77 years later. Whatever the reason for war, it always ends in the widespread loss of human life and property.

Disadvantages of War

Massive human deaths and injuries, the depletion of financial resources, environmental degradation, lost productivity, and long-term harm to military personnel are all drawbacks of war. Families are split apart by war. Both towns and cities are destroyed by it. People become more sensitive, and every industry faces collapse. People’s health declines physically and they lose their sense of security. They won't have any security, and those who win the battle will treat the citizens of the defeated nation as their slaves and prohibit them from the right to work. After the war, there will be a lack of jobs and corruption issues for the nation to deal with.

Russia – Ukraine War

The world saw great turmoil beginning in February 2022 with the Russian-Ukraine War. Russia's invasion of Ukraine was the most serious conventional attack on a nation, bringing a severe economic crisis to the world. India has taken a neutral stance for Russia, keeping in mind the two countries' long-standing alliance, especially in its foreign policies and positive international relationships. Russia was concerned about Ukraine's security due to its intention to join NATO and invaded Ukraine in 2014. Additionally, Russia provided help to the rebels in the eastern Ukrainian districts of Donetsk and Luhansk.

The war between Russia and Ukraine has had a substantial impact on oil prices and other commodity prices, as well as increased trade uncertainty. India has economic troubles due to Western countries' supply disruptions and limited trade with Russia.

War has historically been the worst mark on humanity. Although it was made by man, it is now beyond the power of any human force. To preserve humanity, the entire human species must now reflect on this. Otherwise, neither humanity nor war will survive.

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If you are intrigued by the programming world and are interested in developing communications networks then a career as database architect may be a good option for you. Data architect roles and responsibilities include building design models for data communication networks. Wide Area Networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and intranets are included in the database networks. It is expected that database architects will have in-depth knowledge of a company's business to develop a network to fulfil the requirements of the organisation. Stay tuned as we look at the larger picture and give you more information on what is db architecture, why you should pursue database architecture, what to expect from such a degree and what your job opportunities will be after graduation. Here, we will be discussing how to become a data architect. Students can visit NIT Trichy , IIT Kharagpur , JMI New Delhi . 

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive. 

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Product manager.

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

Operations Manager

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Stock Analyst

Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.

A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems. 

Safety Manager

A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.

Conservation Architect

A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.

Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software. 

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description:  A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Field Surveyor

Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials. 

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth. 

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs. 

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story. 

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication) , B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media) , or  MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.  

Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

ITSM Manager

Automation test engineer.

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process. 

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Essay On The Horrors of War

• Post category: Essay
• Reading time: 4 mins read

War is a great evil. It brings only misery and unhappiness to human beings.

War deprives people of their peace of mind. They live in constant suspense. War also leads to destruction of human life and property. Many soldiers are killed on the battle field. But civilians too are not safe. When bombs are thrown civilians die and houses, bridges and important installations are blown up. There is personal and national loss of property.

War brings about a disruption in the normal life of the people. Most of the young men join the army. Few are left to do civilian jobs. Few normal Occupations can be carried on in war time.

War is a waste of man power and national funds. Countless young men lose their lives in a war. Women and children too are killed in bombings. National funds which could have been used for public welfare are diverted to the war effort. They are used to purchase arms and ammunition. A country cannot improve and progress during a war.

War is shattering in yet another way. It ruins the lives of those who are crippled or maimed in the battle field. Those who have lost their arms or legs, have to start life all over again. They have to be rehabilitated. The battlefield itself is a gruesome sight. Some of the soldiers are blown to bits by shells and machine guns. Others lie wounded and helpless. There are moans and groans coming from all directions.

War is bad even in its after effects. Innumerable families become homeless, many lose their breadwinners. Others become neurotics or nervous wrecks. War imposes an additional burden on the country. People have to pay extra taxes to make up for losses suffered during a war. Considering all these horrors and disadvantages, we realise that war is a foolish thing.

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The Horrors of War : Essay, Speech, Paragraph, Article

Man-made wars.

The Horrors of War : Essay, Speech, Paragraph, Article : Out of all the man-made maneuverings, war is the most mischievous and immoral. It is famously said, “Man proposes, God disposes.” But in the situation of a war, God proposes and man disposes.   War  is not a natural catastrophe. Therefore the total blame for war falls on human.

Many a times, one is appropriate to doubt that if man, in some or the other way is comparable to undomesticated animals. Ever since two men emerged on the earth, they have been fighting with each other. According to W. B. Yeats , men battle with each other like weasels in a ditch. Have you ever asked yourself- why?

Modern Wars

The most ancient wars were fought with bows and arrows to acquire someone else’s kingdom and enlarge their own. Later on man began to make use of swords, blades, spears, daggers and other weapons. But in contemporary times, man has invented and amassed loads of weapons for collective devastation. There is the nuclear weaponry of several kinds such as- rockets, missiles, and sub-marines, venomous chemical and bacterial armaments. It is hard to accept as true that man has become more cultured in any way possible.

The existing century has observed two great world wars. Man still retains information of the catastrophic ruin of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the twinkling of an eye. But it is a pity that man has not yet learnt much from this diabolical destruction. Following the Vietnam War there has been the dreadful Gulf War.

Drawbacks of War

While in the historic wars, barely the kings and their armies were influenced, in current wars the civilians have to tolerate the brunt of devastation. Green, fresh and waving crops are absolutely damaged; the snooty sky-scrap­ers are demolished to the ground in the blink of an eye. The bombs and missiles do not spare even the hospitals and spiritual places. The schools, colleges, factories and hospitals are shut down. The defeat caused to business, com­merce and crop growing is tremendous. The prices are sky-rocketed making it difficult for the people to survive. There is scarcity of each article of trade. The poor are twice as hit – on the one hand, they get no job or pay and on the other they are not able to come up with the money to pur­chase commodities at such sky -scraping rates. The most stressful condition is that of women who lose their husbands and children who lose their fathers will always curse this time and this will become a memory that they will never want to think about.

How to Prevent Wars?

War is the result of gluttony, lust for supremacy and chauvinism. Man should gain knowledge of how to breathe in harmony with his neighbors. To level out grievances of diverse nations, we have the United Nations. The second should be given additional powers to turn out to be more efficient in ensuring world peace. The world administration can be a suitable answer to the question of war. This can make our world war-free.

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Revisiting the Horrors of War: ‘All Quiet on the Western Front’ (1979)

This essay delves into the 1979 film adaptation of “All Quiet on the Western Front,” directed by Delbert Mann. It examines the film as a profound exploration of the traumatic experiences of World War I, highlighting its stark portrayal of trench warfare and the physical, emotional, and moral devastation it brings. The narrative follows the journey of the protagonist, Paul Bäumer, and his transition from a zealous recruit to a disillusioned soldier, emblematic of a generation’s loss of innocence. The essay praises the film for its realistic depiction of war’s horrors and its powerful anti-war message, emphasizing the emotional depth and development of characters like Paul and his comrades. It touches upon themes of camaraderie among soldiers, providing a glimmer of humanity amidst the darkness of war. The essay concludes by underscoring the film’s enduring relevance, with its universal message on the human cost of conflict and the importance of peace, making “All Quiet on the Western Front” (1979) a poignant and timeless piece in the war film genre. Also at PapersOwl you can find more free essay examples related to War.

How it works

The 1979 film adaptation of “All Quiet on the Western Front,” based on Erich Maria Remarque’s acclaimed novel, stands as a poignant and harrowing depiction of the First World War’s brutal reality. Directed by Delbert Mann, this movie is not just a war story but a profound exploration of the loss of innocence, the senselessness of conflict, and the enduring human spirit in the face of unimaginable horrors.

Set against the backdrop of World War I, the story follows a young German soldier, Paul Bäumer, and his classmates, who are urged by their teacher to join the German army.

Filled with patriotic zeal, they enlist, but their illusions of glory and honor are quickly shattered by the grim realities of life on the front lines. The film captures the transformation of these young men from enthusiastic recruits to disillusioned and battle-weary soldiers, profoundly affected by the war’s physical and psychological toll.

The 1979 adaptation is particularly notable for its stark, unflinching portrayal of trench warfare. The movie doesn’t shy away from depicting the gruesome realities of combat, the mud, the blood, and the relentless, often senseless, violence. It’s a visceral experience that immerses the viewer in the soldiers’ world, capturing the chaos and fear that permeated the trenches. This realistic depiction serves as a powerful anti-war statement, highlighting not only the physical destruction but also the emotional and moral devastation wrought by war.

At the heart of “All Quiet on the Western Front” is the character development of Paul Bäumer, brilliantly portrayed by Richard Thomas. The film tracks Paul’s journey from naivety to disillusionment, symbolizing the loss of a generation’s innocence. His initial enthusiasm for war fades as he witnesses death and suffering on an unimaginable scale. The emotional impact of his experiences is masterfully conveyed, offering a poignant commentary on the futility and human cost of war.

The film also delves into the camaraderie among soldiers, a small but significant light in the overwhelming darkness of war. The bonds formed between Paul and his fellow soldiers, like Katczinsky, played by Ernest Borgnine, provide moments of humanity and warmth. These relationships are a testament to the human ability to find connection and solidarity even in the bleakest circumstances.

“All Quiet on the Western Front” (1979) remains relevant as it addresses themes that transcend time and geography. Its anti-war message resonates in a world where conflict persists, reminding viewers of the profound human cost of war. The film’s portrayal of the soldiers’ experiences serves as a universal reminder of the trauma and sacrifice of those who fight, as well as the importance of understanding and preserving peace.

In conclusion, the 1979 adaptation of “All Quiet on the Western Front” is a powerful, haunting cinematic experience. It goes beyond the traditional war film genre to offer a deeply human story about youth, disillusionment, and the horrors of war. Its honest portrayal of World War I and its impact on soldiers offers a timeless message on the cost of conflict and the resilience of the human spirit. As an adaptation of Remarque’s novel, it stands as a poignant reminder of the tragedies of war and a compelling call for peace and empathy in a world still marred by conflict.

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Revisiting the Horrors of War: 'All Quiet on the Western Front' (1979). (2024, Feb 01). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/revisiting-the-horrors-of-war-all-quiet-on-the-western-front-1979/

"Revisiting the Horrors of War: 'All Quiet on the Western Front' (1979)." PapersOwl.com , 1 Feb 2024, https://papersowl.com/examples/revisiting-the-horrors-of-war-all-quiet-on-the-western-front-1979/

PapersOwl.com. (2024). Revisiting the Horrors of War: 'All Quiet on the Western Front' (1979) . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/revisiting-the-horrors-of-war-all-quiet-on-the-western-front-1979/ [Accessed: 13 Apr. 2024]

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"Revisiting the Horrors of War: 'All Quiet on the Western Front' (1979)," PapersOwl.com , 01-Feb-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/revisiting-the-horrors-of-war-all-quiet-on-the-western-front-1979/. [Accessed: 13-Apr-2024]

PapersOwl.com. (2024). Revisiting the Horrors of War: 'All Quiet on the Western Front' (1979) . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/revisiting-the-horrors-of-war-all-quiet-on-the-western-front-1979/ [Accessed: 13-Apr-2024]

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The Horrors of War: Hiroshima and the ISIS Hiroshima The Eyewitness Account of Fr. John A. Siemes

Events and damage

The day, August 6, 1945, started like any other sunny and pleasant. At about 8:15 in the morning, however, things changed. The atomic bomb was dropped in Hiroshima. Nobody knew that what kind of bomb it was. Given the intensity of the damage and explosion, the residents of the novitiate, which was about two kilometers away from the city proper, thought that a bomb exploded only nearby. After the explosion, Fr. Siemes and his companions went out to check and saw the devastation. They decided to go farther and rescue their father superior in the city. As they moved toward the city, they discover the extent of the damage. The city seems to have been decimated. Few structures were left standing and many were burning. Even the trees and plants had been uprooted and thrown away by the strong whirlwind that followed the explosion. Dead bodies were scattered all over the place. Many of the survivors suffered from severe burns. Many were stunned and sat not moving in their places. People were trying to help themselves; no rescue seems to be coming from anywhere. Survivors were all trying to leave and go farther away from the city. There were no hospitals and aid left in the city. They found the injured priests they were looking for and needed to get a stretcher for one of them. On their return home, the dead remained were they were. Some people still sat at the same places. Mercifully, it was dark. Because of the damage on the road, it took them longer to go to and back from the city. The images that met them were mere shadows. They could not see much of the suffering and pain. The next few days were spent trying to help and provide first aid and treatment to the survivors at the novitiate. Even when they ran out of medical supplies, they continued to provide care, food and rest to survivors passing by the novitiate. They spent the few days also watching endless funeral processions. Bodies had to be quickly cremated at makeshift mass graves.

The Japanese view of Americans

Before the bombing, the Japanese did not seem to blame the Americans for their suffering. Although many people outside the country may not know, Japan had continually been bombed by the Americans during the war. Hiroshima did not suffer much though from those bombings. Fortunately for Americans, after the bombing, the Japanese Fr. Siemes encountered did not seem to harbor hatred for them. A few though expressed anger and wariness. Some soldiers they met along the way wanted to shoot them. They, the Jesuits, were mistaken for Americans. A member of their party who spoke the language explained to the Japanese that they were Germans, an ally of Japan. Death and suffering were consequences of war. The Japanese were very well aware of that.

A second bomb in Nagasaki

The US should not have dropped the second bomb. More 100,000 people died in Hiroshima . Japan would have already surrendered.

Seventy years after World War II, people would see again similar images of suffering and pain, of man’s inhumanity to man. There is no world war this time. However, people in Iraq and Syria suffer atrocities from the religious conflicts and from the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS).

Eyewitness in Iraq

An eyewitness in Iraq shares a similar story as that of Fr. Siemes. He recalls that they heard an explosion nearby. When they checked they saw structures and vehicles burning. Many were injured and brought to the hospitals. The damage and casualty in Iraq may not be as terrible as in Hiroshima. However, the pain and suffering may be the same for those affected. The disturbing thing about the violence in Iraq is that they are being inflicted to Iraqis by fellow Iraqis as a result of religious differences. The brutalities are even being inflicted by hand.

Eyewitness in Syria

An eyewitness in Syria reported violence similar to those in Iraq. Syrians are killing fellow Syrians. The Syrian army are opening fire at the population. The greater tragedy is that some of the atrocities in Iraq and Syria have degenerated into barbaric ways. People are being beheaded. The violence is a form of religious and political persecution. The propagators are succeeding in casting fear all over the world.

Fr. Siemes at the end of his report said that there may be occasions that violence in war may be tolerable. Those who support the war will have to be accept the consequence of war. The situation in the Middle East may somewhat be different. The violence is not the result of war in the sense of World War II. Rather, it is a political and religious war waged by extremists. The “war” there may be harder to justify. Like Fr.Siemes, Pope Francis—also a Jesuit—lamented all the crimes being committed in the Middle East as many of these are being done in the name of God. “All this gravely offends God and humanity. Hatred is not to be carried in the name of God. War is not to be waged in the name of God.”

Bibliography

BBC. "Iraq Violence: Eyewitness Describes Basra blast." BBC News, May 20, 2013. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-22593135. Hooper, John. "Pope Francis: ISIS Violence against Minorities in Iraq Must Be Stopped." The Guardian, Aug 10, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/10/pope-francis-iraq-isis-islamic-state-religious-minorities-violence. J.A. "The Nightmare Returns." The Economist, Jul 17, 2013. http://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2013/07/violence-iraq. Mayer, Andre. "Is ISIS Violence Expanding Worldwide?" CBC News, Sep 18, 2014. from http://www.cbc.ca/news/is-isis-violence-expanding-worldwide-1.2770413. McCoy, Terrence. "ISIS, Beheadings and the Success of Horrifying Violence." The Washington Post, Jun 13, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/06/13/Isis-beheadings-and-the-success-of-horrifying-violence/. Siemes, Fr. John A. "Eyewitness Account of Hiroshima." In The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, by The Manhattan Engineer District, 94–117. New York, NY: Public Domain, The Manhattan Engineer District of the United States Army, 1945. Kindle, Web. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/abomb/mp25.htm. Zalewski, Piotr. "Syria: Eyewitness account of violence in Jisr al-Shughour." The Telegraph, Jun 11, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/06/13/Isis-beheadings-and-the-success-of-horrifying-violence/.

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Essay on Horrors of War with Quotations in English

This post contains an Essay on Horrors of War with Quotations in English for FSC 2nd Year students. The essay has been taken from Sunshine English (comprehensive-II). The vocabulary of this essay is very good. If you are students of the Second year of F.A, FSC, Icom or ICS and looking for English Essays, you can visit English Essays with Quotations for FSc . You will find a wide range of essays with quotes. Soon we will share posts which will contain only quotations for English essays .

The Horrors of War Essay with Quotes for FSC Students – 2nd Year English Notes

“there is nothing that war has ever achieved that we could not better achieve without it”. (havelock ellis).

War is an armed conflict between two or more states. When such conflicts assume global proportions, they are known as world wars. The war between different parts of factions of the same nation is called civil war.

After analyzing the whole history of war, it can plainly be said that war had always been full of horrors, It ever resulted in death, devastation, and disease. Even then when warriors used to fight face to face, the destruction of war was dreadful.  People where slaughtered or wounded. The after-effects of war were even more horrible.

The World of today is the world of science and technology. Man has invented and discovered astonishing instruments and tools to make life comfortable and secure. But, paradoxically, he has also invented most deadly weapons for his total extinction. Now many countries of the world possess nuclear warheads, germs warfare, and chemical bombs.

“I know the horrors of war: no gains can compensate for the losses it brings”. (Adolf Hitler)

The world has become a global village. Now the various countries are linked together economically, socially and politically. If a war breaks out, the other countries cannot be neutral. They will have to intervene for their own benefits. If this happens, any war would be a world war.

War is, in fact, man’s massacre on a massive scale. Death falls from firmament or erupts from the earth. It spares no one. The innocents expire, the soldiers suffer, and the population perishes. Starvation and fatality are the ultimate upshot of war. War leads to tears and fears.

“War does not determine who is right – only who is left”. (Bertrand Russell)

War brings about irreparable devastation of material assets. Property is wrecked. Buildings are ruined. Skyscrapers, plazas, huge factories, roads, hospitals, houses, gardens, crops, railways, runways, markets, are galleries all are changed into debris.

War is also the worst foe of culture and civilization. Cultural assets, splendid paintings, matchless manuscripts, unique historical heritage and priceless antiques, all are demolished. War extinguishes beauty, smothers morality and razes reason. Man behaves like animals. The paragon of beauty, the crown of the universe is burnt into ashes.

“It is for the benefit of mankind to mitigate the horrors of war as much as possible”. (Thomas Jefferson)

The after-effects of war are even more horrible than war itself. It is said that those who perish in war are less unfortunate than those who survive. Life becomes a misery. The infants weep for mother, the mothers cry for their infant babies. The houses are razed to the ground. The young girls survive homeless. Some are crippled, some are mad, and some widows with their infants in their arms wail and weep. What a human misery appears after a war.

War is human folly. Let the world think about it. They must take solid and sincere steps to stop the war. No problem can be solved by war. Let the world come to the table of negotiation for the settlement of their disputes. The UNO must realize its duty and be earnest in its efforts to resolve the disputes among different nations.

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The Horrors of War Essay Example

• Pages: 4 (1054 words)
• Published: November 2, 2017
• Type: Essay

The horror of war is a very important theme that people nowadays should understand. I chose this theme to portray different scenarios during war. The four texts that I chose were the book, Goodnight Mister Tom by Michelle Magician; the short story, "The Sniper" by Lima Flattery; the non-fiction novel, Going Solo an autobiography by Royal Dahl; and the film, "Saving Private Ryan" directed by Steven Spielberg. There is a good variety of perspectives of horrors during war.

At the beginning of the book, Goodnight Mister Tom, a young evacuee is sent from his home in London to a small village, Weirdo. Throughout the text, Michelle describes to us the abuse that the young evacuee gets from his mother. Will, the evacuee, starts to settle int

o the village and although he has been separated from his mother, it seems as though it is better for him, because Mr.. Tom cares for him and shows him a loving home, rather than his dark home where he is abused and is badly cared for.

Close to the end of the story, the horror of war is clearly shown, when Wills' best rend is killed from an air raid while visiting his injured father during World War II. Will was "finding it painful to sit down next to an empty chair, he would scatter papers untidily over the two desks to hide Coach's absence. " He was feeling like he was alone and there was a space missing in his life. This would be very upsetting for any person, let alone a young child. From this tragic incident we can see one of the horrors of losing

a friend in the war.

In the short story, "The Sniper", Lima Flattery suggests the horror of war not only by resenting its physical dangers, but also by its psychological effects. O' Flattery tells us a story about a sniper during the Civil war in Dublin. The sniper "reaches the Langley on the street level, he felt a sudden curiosity as to the identity of the enemy sniper whom he had killed". Because of the nature of war the sniper thinks he may know his enemy, "... The sniper turned over the dead body and looked into his brother's face".

He suffers an injury to the soul and heart, not only from being physically injured, but because someone that he loves dearly is shot and not only hat, he himself was the one who shot him. The way that this short story is finished leaves us to think about how horrible this would be to have killed your own brother. We aren't actually told anything after he looks at his brother's face, but it is clear that this would have been a very dreadful thing to go through and emotionally distressing.

Lots of people would have gone through similar things during a civil war, having families split apart and going off to different allies of war, then having to face one another at gun point. There is a clear connection to the horrors of war in "Saving Private Ryan", when three rooters are killed while fighting in the Second World War. A group of American soldiers are sent out to save and bring home the last brother to his mother, not knowing of his whereabouts.

align="justify">The soldiers had no idea who the person that they were saving was, yet they had to risk their lives in order to bring him home. "This Ryan better be worth it. He better go home and cure some disease, or invent a longer- lasting light bulb, or something". On their Journey, there are many examples of the Norris Tanat were Teach, Eternal Deluge Keller Ana navels to tell Tamales Tanat t Ovid ones have been killed. One example is when a soldier in the group is killed and the other soldiers got upset and start having arguments with one another.

The soldiers watched their friend die in front of them. This showed that one horror of the war can be that it can and does break apart friends and families. In the non-fiction story, Going Solo, Royal Dahl tells about his life during World War II as a RAFF fighter pilot, sent to war with hardly any experience. In the book, Royal Dahl tells us about a time when he crashes his plane in the desert and is seriously injured. He has his SSE pulled out and it has to be reshaped; he also sustains a head injury.

It took a few months for him to get better, but from his injuries we are shown how horrible it would be having been injured in the war and having to recover from different things, like having to learn to walk again or adjusting to losing your sight. Also it would be very unpleasant to see others injured seriously or even being killed, or hearing that "... Out of 16 trainee pilots, 13 were killed within

two years". The injuries that Royal Dahl experiences during the war help to show us the horrors of being in the war. All these stories show us horrors of war; however, there are differences between them.

The soldiers in "Saving Private Ryan" experience the war and have to fight in the Second World War, watching people being shot at and being shot at themselves, whereas in Goodnight Mister Tom, Will is not fighting in the war but he is evacuated from his home in London and has to try fit into a new place where he knows no one, all due to the war. There is a similarity between these two stories, in both stories the main characters lose a friend at war, whether they had been shot while fighting, or embed while visiting injured family members.

Similar article about  Why We Crave Horror Movies

These texts all bring together the horrors of war from the different perspective through the experiences of the characters. They show us that the horrors that were faced would have been awful to go through. War was a horrible experience not only for the soldiers but also for the families left behind because they were left without family members, children evacuated from their homes, families being split because of civil war, and the horrors of being at war and seeing people being killed or seriously injured.

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Horror of War in Literature

Explore the ways in which Sherriff’s Journey’s End present the horrors of war. Compare and contrast your finding with Sebastian Faulks’ treatment of the same theme in Birdsong, ensuring that your response is informed by interpretations of other readers. Both Sherriff and Faulks depict the horrors of war through the various dramatic and linguistic techniques used. Some of these horrors can be perceived as the separation from loved ones, the responsibilities and expectations men faced in the trenches and the deaths of innocent men despite class, status and beliefs.

Faulks however, portrays the horrors of war in a different way, focusing on the graphic imagery, experiences of the characters and landscapes to convey the horrors. Early on in the first Act of Journey’s End, the horrors of war are revealed to the audience through the stage directions, “yellow candle-flames light the other corner”. The meaning could be ambiguous as it holds both a literal and metaphorical connotations; Sherriff symbolises how the unnatural conditions the characters exist in-the trench lit by artificial light-represents how the world men survived in, is one that is unnatural and one mankind should not be compelled to live in.

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Towards the end of the play, Sherriff uses vivid depictions in the stage directions to recreate, in a detailed way, the setting in which the soldiers are in. This makes the audience feel like they are there as the “Flying fragments of shell whistle and hiss and moan overhead”. The alliteration and personification in the first two words create a harsh and graphic representation of the horrors as the sibilance builds up a vivid nightmarish atmosphere. This represents to the audience a realistic depiction of the true horrors.

Similarly, Faulks uses linguistics to create a vivid portrayal of the landscape, deaths and injury; “The trench you started from is just a mass of bodies. ” This suggests that the degree of lost individuality and lives was astronomic, as Faulks not only shows the dehumanisation of the war but also how the masses of bodies left uncared for was normality during the war. The vivid imagery is needed to recreate what happened, in order to make it possible for the reader to picture in their mind the horrors of the described scene.

Faulks’ novel enables the reader to have a visual insight and can reveal the direful truth of how soldiers are left lying in foreign land alongside men’s corpses, with their identity unrecognisable. Birdsong is a fiction novel which uses imagery to express the graphic horrors of war in comparison to Journey’s End-restricted in terms of duration-uses auditory imagery to enable the horrors of war to be accentuated. On top of this, Journey’s End has a lack of characters that enables the audiences to relate to them portraying the horrors of war to the audience as they see what the characters experiences.

Throughout the play, Sherriff not only looks at how British soldiers were affected by the war but also the humanity that German soldiers had. This enlightens the audience about how men on both sides are compassionate despite their conditions; “the German officer fired some lights for them to see by”… “Next day we blew each other’s trenches to blazes. ” The striking difference between Osborne’s reminiscences implies the seemingly absurd nature of the warfare. It tests what men believed in, exposing to the audience how futile the war was as neither side wanted to be on unfamiliar land where killing is required of them to stay alive.

Both Sherriff and Faulks show how men’s fear of their surroundings can reduce a soldier to despair. Sherriff portrays this through Hibbert, and the terror he faces in the trenches, “I’ve tried damned hard; but I must go down”. Sherriff‘s dramatic techniques accentuate Hibbert’s fear as he acts “hysterically. ” Hibbert’s manner stresses to the audience the psychological effects that can occur as he “bursts into a high pitched laugh” and “breaks down and cries. It can be seen that the extremity of the horrors Hibbert faces were not just the physical injuries suffered but also the psychological effects that petrify and irrevocably alter men. On the other hand, Faulks shows the extent of the horror faced through landscape when “the hillside was seething with the movement of the wounded” and “it was like a resurrection in a cemetery twelve miles long. ” The size of the horror is reflected in the sound that the men produce, “It was a low, continuous moaning…it sounded…as if the earth itself was groaning. Faulks emphasises the horrors of war through the figure of speech such as the personification of the landscape as he implies the land has been causes extreme disturbance by the wounded men and the use of simile to reinforce it was not just the men altered but also the landscape. On top of this, it could be seen that Faulks’s choice of words holds religious connotation of the resurrection of the dead, portraying God’s dominance over life and death yet also reminding those who believe, that they are alive, which predictably leads to the breakdown of Weir who cries out, “Oh God oh God – what have we done”.

In the same way as Journey’s End, it can be seen by the reader how the extremity of the horrors seen, were not just physical but psychological too. It is apparent that Stanhope has a lot of pressures placed upon him as he is in charge of his company, has to seem ‘normal’ in front of Raleigh and his comrades and he has to be able to cope with the pressure of war. Sherriff portrays this through Stanhope as he is forced to grow up too soon; “Despite his stars of rank he is no more than a boy. The stage directions reveal that Stanhope was only just an adult when he joined up, resulting in him having to mature early on as power was delegated to him. This therefore meant that Stanhope had to look after the lives of men at the age of twenty one and the childlike qualities he once possessed not long ago have been stripped away. To deal with the pressures, he turns to alcohol- “Drinking like a fish as usual? ”-suggesting to the audience it is a coping mechanism in order to escape the world in which he was bound to.

This portrays how men cope with the innocence they once felt that is no longer present portrayed through Raleigh who knew Stanhope from before the war where he was a ‘skipper’ at rugby, showing how the alteration of life meant that men needed a way to survive with the pressures and horrors of the war and in Stanhope’s case, abusing alcohol. Sherriff and Faulks look at how the death of soldiers devastatingly affects the men through the key protagonists.

The death of Osborne very violently affects Stanhope: “To forget you fool-to forget! D’you understand? To forget! You think there’s no limit to what a man can bear? ” Stanhope has lost his closest friend and to try to forget, he turns to abusing alcohol in order to escape from the world of bereavement, damage and destruction he now faces. However Faulks shows how Stephen faces a range of emotions to cope with the death of Weir, from trying to cry, to wanting revenge as “Now he would kill with a light heart. This implies to the reader that Weir was the only person in whom Stephen could confide and that although, at times, Stephen would appear to have had no compassion for Weir, the reality is that Weir was the only person Stephen could get close to, which led him to want to kill for revenge. The juxtaposed words expose the reality of war, as the killing of the enemy was what made men feel the lives taken were just. This may well suggest how the views of society changed within a short space of time; the death of a soldier had become ordinary.

Both the play and novel suggest that men in the trenches have a close bond that has been built up, as they are united in the appalling conditions. The war took masses of lives and the psychological effects, had a huge impact upon the well-being on men, revealing the horrific realities of the war. Sherriff explores the patriotism of young men who have not had any experience of trench life, represented through Raleigh. Whilst still at school, Raleigh witnessed the return of his hero, Stanhope, who is a serving soldier and believed him to have “looked splendid”.

Raleigh arrives at the trenches with a sense of optimism, being “frightfully keen” to join the man he admires. Sherriff enables the audience to see that Raleigh is clearly unprepared and naive of life at the front, which makes the horrors of war come to life for the audience as Raleigh is extremely youthful and his death symbolising not only the majority of the younger generations, who were more than keen to enlist to fight for their country, yet knew little of what they would witness but also how regardless of background, death can happen to anyone.

It can be seen, therefore, that the audience and the reader of both texts would find it difficult to imagine the horrors of serving and living in a trench without the writer’s use of dramatic and linguistic techniques.

Both Sherriff and Faulks create a compelling image in both the play and the novel: Journey’s End explores the relationships that formed, the views upon war and the claustrophobic conditions men live in whereas Birdsong focuses on using graphic imagery to expose death, loss, injuries, and the alteration of men’s lives. Both Sherriff and Faulks convey to the audience and the reader a glimpse of the horrors faced by men during the war and how these affected and irrevocably altered their lives.

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Stephen King’s newest novel Elevation lacks his trademark horror, but it makes up for it in hopefulness. Scott Carey is going weightless. Determined, stubborn and caring Scott knows his end is near but commits himself to helping others while suffering his affliction mostly alone. Dr. Bob Ellis is Scott’s first confidant. While Dr. Bob is concerned

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English Essay on “The Horrors of War” complete Paragraph and Speech for School, College Students, essay for Class 8, 9, 10, 12 and Graduation Classes.

The Horrors of War

Man has been fighting since times immemorial. But with the passage of time, wars have become more and more terrible. The 20th century witnessed two world wars. Hundreds of millions of young men were killed. Cities were razed to the ground even hospitals and schools did not escape destruction.

Now when science has invented atom and hydrogen bombs, Supersonic planes, long range missiles and nuclear weapons, war has become a most terrifying thing to think of.

In ancient times, only the soldiers fought. The civilians were left in peace Modern war makes no difference between soldier and civilians. Bombers rain death from sky. They destroy everything: military targets, aerodromes, factories, hospitals and homes. After a bombing raid, a city gives a deserted look of suffering, pain and death. The water supply is disrupted. Men, women and children are found buried alive in debris. It seems that the Angel of Death has visited and breathed on their faces his deadly breath.

The atom bomb is truly horrible. A single bomb dropped on Hiroshima in Japan killed more than two million men within a few minutes. Now science has perfected far more destructive hydrogen bombs and nuclear weapons. if third world war breaks out, whole nations will be finished within minutes. As time passes, more and more countries are making atomic weapons. The global military expenditure has reached the alarming level of $ 600 billion a year. Today the world’s stock pile of nuclear weapons is equivalent to sixteen billion tons of TNT which can destroy this earth ten times over. Every man, woman or a child living on earth claims an individual share of 3.5 tons of TNT.

Earlier the flames of war spread slowly. Now there are planes and missiles which travel even faster than the sound. The long range missiles carry atomic war heads to far off continents in the fraction of a minute travelling with speed of twenty thousand miles per hour or more. Moscow has a current estimated total of 333SS-20 deployments. America has 108 Pershing-2 and 464 cruise missiles.

If the air race goes forward, a total disaster of the humanity is sure. It will take only a few minutes because with deployment of missiles the time to take decisions isn’t there as the flight time for missiles, from Czechoslovakia to Germany is just three minutes. Therefore, either man should put an end to war or war will lead to an end of mankind.

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Opinion Guernica doubles down on retraction of essay on Israel-Gaza war

Guernica, a 20-year-old digital magazine, occasionally makes waves with its essays, fiction and reporting. A 2015 piece by Helen Rosner accorded chicken tenders their rightful spot as an item of gastronomic perfection that unites everyone. For a touching meditation on identity and American culture, there’s no beating Chris Dennis’s memories of his childhood embrace of Dolly Parton .

The wave that Guernica generated with a March 4 essay on the Israel-Gaza conflict, however, has threatened to crush the magazine itself. “ From the Edges of a Broken World ” was written by Joanna Chen, a translator of Hebrew and Arabic who moved from England to Israel as a teenager. Though the piece sought to narrate Chen’s attempts to “tread the line of empathy” in the ongoing war, it was met with so much antipathy on X and from Guernica editorial staff that the magazine retracted it.

And it hadn’t published anything since — until Friday.

In a note to readers , Guernica founder Michael Archer wrote that the “piece felt jarring in both its timing and its approach” and took responsibility for its retraction. Change is afoot, he declared: “Moving forward, we will ensure that our decision-making processes are more transparent, our editorial engagement is more collaborative; and our accountability practices are clearer.” The magazine also announced new publisher, Magogodi aoMphela Makhene .

Publication of the note rounds out the picture of a magazine in panic mode, cleaved by the most divisive conflict on the world stage and discovering how far it can venture from the orthodoxy of its core audience. Answer: not far at all. Guernica may be a small, niche publication, but its struggles here are universal because every other media outlet is agonizing over how to write about Israel-Gaza, who’s qualified to write about it and precisely what context gets loaded into the mix. Err on one side or the other, and your publication could be facing an X revolt, a staff revolt or some other crisis. This a conflict, after all, in which proportional polemic responses are becoming extinct.

Whereas the Guernica masthead in January listed about 50 people, it now lists about a dozen , thanks at least in part to staff dismay over Chen’s essay. Some staffers wrote impassioned posts on X outlining their rationales for turning in their passcodes. They left behind a labor of love: Guernica is run entirely by volunteers . Jina Moore Ngarambe, who took over as editor in chief in 2021 , resigned her post on April 5 : “The magazine stands by its retraction of the work; I do not. Guernica will continue, but I am no longer the right leader for its work,” wrote Ngarambe.

The idea behind the essay, Chen tells me, was to write something that “didn’t step away from the horrors of war but that offered an honest and nuanced perspective.” Ngarambe edited the story, which discussed the difficulty of Chen’s transition to life in Israel, her refusal to enlist in the Israeli military, her reaction to the Hamas attack on Oct. 7, among other experiences. A theme of the essay is Chen’s sense of duty — she gives blood, participates in a volunteer program called Road to Recovery that transports Palestinian children from the West Bank to Israeli hospitals, and assists a Jewish family reeling from Oct. 7. “Their daughter, son-in-law, and nephew had been murdered,” Chen writes. “Their house had been torched, and they were evacuated to my village, where they were temporarily living at the end of my street.”

It all took a toll: “My own heart was in turmoil,” writes Chen. “It is not easy to tread the line of empathy, to feel passion for both sides. But as the days went by, the shock turned into a dull pain in my heart and a heaviness in my legs.”

“Both sides,” huh? Those are fighting words for thinkers in a certain precinct of American thought. As it happened, some of the toughest commentary came from Guernica staffers. In a resignation note posted to X , senior nonfiction editor April Zhu commended Guernica’s “interiority,” which means that the magazine’s writing proceeds from shared beliefs and principles. “To wrestle with universal humanity across the gap of apartheid — which, by definition, distributes humanity unequally — without calling for its obliteration is to violate the precious ‘shared interiority’ that set Guernica apart,” wrote Zhu, in a polemic that doubles as an accounting as to why literary magazines don’t get more readers.

Another departing staffer wrote , “I’ve drawn profound meaning from the stated direction that what constitutes a Guernica piece is resistance to imperialism. This essay documents uncritically how one yields to it.” And another:

It’s not the time for handwringing, two-state “empathy.” I resign @GuernicaMag Free Palestine 🇵🇸 — Aubrey 🌒🌓🌔🌕 (@aubfuscate) March 9, 2024

Amid the resignations and denunciations, a note on the Guernica site — from “admin” — said, “Guernica regrets having published this piece, and has retracted it. A more fulsome explanation will follow.” Three sources tell me that staffers didn’t mount a campaign for the retraction. That step received serious consideration among Guernica leaders after Chen herself opened the door to such a step; she didn’t respond to a question about the matter. In his note to readers, however, Archer wrote that the retraction occurred at the “invitation of the author.” Though it was Ngarambe who entered the retraction in the site’s publishing system, she said in her parting note that she opposed it. That leaves Archer, who said that the site’s “response” would address such issues.

Ngarambe sent an email to staffers apprising them of the step, writing, in part, “In addition to the concern, the anger, and the pain I have heard on social media, I’ve heard privately from writers I have worked with and deeply respect. Any one of the notes I received would have signaled a need to reflect; together, they are a clear call that I missed something fundamental.”

As it turns out, Ngarambe did miss something fundamental: the reality that her staff believe there is one version of this story that’s fit for publication, and it certainly doesn’t encompass the humane reflections of a Jewish woman seeking reconciliation and recovery in her community. It encompasses colonialism, militarism and oppression. Archer wrote in his note, “Rather than mine the personal to expose the political, individual angst was elevated above the collective suffering laid bare in the extensive body of work Guernica has published from the region.” That’s a smart critique of the piece — though it falls woefully short of a rationale for retracting it.

Not only did Chen bypass that formula, she used forceful language in discussing the atrocities of Oct. 7. After the terrorist attack, for instance, she paused her work with Road to Recovery: “How could I continue after Hamas had massacred and kidnapped so many civilians, including Road to Recovery members, such as Vivian Silver, a longtime Canadian peace activist? And I admit, I was afraid for my own life.”

Perhaps passages such as that one doomed the piece, a possibility that Chen considered in an interview with the New Republic . “My essay is uncomfortable and inconvenient to readers because it considers the incredible suffering of both Israelis and Palestinians.”

Reverse-engineering the backlash, however, is an imprecise undertaking owing to the ineffable forces governing such things. Following the Guernica retraction, the Washington Monthly picked up the essay and published it with an italicized explanation dissenting from all the critiques . How did it land? “The reaction was overwhelmingly positive from left, right, and center,” noted Matthew Cooper, the Monthly’s executive editor for digital.

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Alex Garland Answers the Question: Why Make a Film About Civil War Today?

Even before his drama was released, the writer-director faced controversy over his vision of a divided America with Texas and California as allies.

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By Christopher Kuo

One of the most haunting moments in Alex Garland’s new drama “Civil War” comes in the form of a question.

A soldier, fingering the trigger of his assault rifle, confronts a group of terrified journalists: “What kind of American are you?” he asks.

That question, and its underlying impulse to divide and demonize, is at the heart of why Garland made a much-anticipated and already much-debated film about the implosion of the United States. “Civil War,” opening Friday, warns against the dangers of extreme partisanship, Garland said in a recent interview — the horrors that can happen when American citizens, or any other group of people, turn on themselves.

“I think civil war is just an extension of a situation,” said Garland, the 53-year-old British director behind “Ex Machina” and “Men.” “That situation is polarization and the lack of limiting forces on polarization.”

In the film, America’s divisions have erupted into chaos. Fleets of helicopters patrol the skies and explosions rock major cities as the secessionist Western Forces, including those from Texas and California, advance on the president, a three-term authoritarian who has disbanded the F.B.I. and launched airstrikes on fellow Americans.

If polarization is one of the poisons causing this outbreak, Garland sees the work of a free, independent press as one of the antidotes. His film envisions the Fourth Estate as a check on extremism and authoritarianism.

“Something terrible, it seems to me, has been happening to the press,” said Garland, whose father was a political cartoonist and who grew up chatting with journalists at the dinner table. “I wanted to put the press as the heroes,” he added.

The heroes, in this case, include the grizzled war photographer Lee Smith (Kirsten Dunst); an aspiring photojournalist, Jessie Cullen (Cailee Spaeny); as well as journalists played by Wagner Moura and Stephen McKinley Henderson. As they travel to Washington, D.C., to interview the president, the film shows war-torn America through their camera lenses.

At first, Jessie recoils at the atrocities she sees, but under Lee’s tutelage, she evolves into the kind of journalist Garland admires: someone who can record death and destruction without interfering or casting judgment. But is her transformation courageous or dehumanizing? How many monstrosities can one passively observe without also becoming a monster?

‘Civil War’ | Anatomy of a Scene

The writer and director alex garland narrates a sequence from his film..

“My name is Alex Garland and I’m the writer director of ‘Civil War’. So this particular clip is roughly around the halfway point of the movie and it’s these four journalists and they’re trying to get, in a very circuitous route, from New York to DC, and encountering various obstacles on the way. And this is one of those obstacles. What they find themselves stuck in is a battle between two snipers. And they are close to one of the snipers and the other sniper is somewhere unseen, but presumably in a large house that sits over a field and a hill. It’s a surrealist exchange and it’s surrounded by some very surrealist imagery, which is they’re, in broad daylight in broad sunshine, there’s no indication that we’re anywhere near winter in the filming. In fact, you can kind of tell it’s summer. But they’re surrounded by Christmas decorations. And in some ways, the Christmas decorations speak of a country, which is in disrepair, however silly it sounds. If you haven’t put away your Christmas decorations, clearly something isn’t going right.” “What’s going on?” “Someone in that house, they’re stuck. We’re stuck.” “And there’s a bit of imagery. It felt like it hit the right note. But the interesting thing about that imagery was that it was not production designed. We didn’t create it. We actually literally found it. We were driving along and we saw all of these Christmas decorations, basically exactly as they are in the film. They were about 100 yards away, just piled up by the side of the road. And it turned out, it was a guy who’d put on a winter wonderland festival. People had not dug his winter wonderland festival, and he’d gone bankrupt. And he had decided just to leave everything just strewn around on a farmer’s field, who was then absolutely furious. So in a way, there’s a loose parallel, which is the same implication that exists within the film exists within real life.” “You don’t understand a word I say. Yo. What’s over there in that house?” “Someone shooting.” “It’s to do with the fact that when things get extreme, the reasons why things got extreme no longer become relevant and the knife edge of the problem is all that really remains relevant. So it doesn’t actually matter, as it were, in this context, what side they’re fighting for or what the other person’s fighting for. It’s just reduced to a survival.”

Cerebral and philosophical, hyper-attuned to nuance, Garland seems to relish these complexities. An interview with him, in a room in A24’s New York office, at times felt like a crash course in political science, covering his fears about the rise of fascism to explanations for the decline of liberal democracy — and his reasons for having Texas and California join forces in the film. Here are edited excerpts from the conversation.

Take me back to the time you were writing this film in 2020. What inspired this film?

If you think back to 2020, the discourse was almost identical to today. The strange thing is that so little has changed. Where there is change, some of the change is for the worse. Overall I’d say this film is about checks and balances: polarization, division, the way populist politics leads toward extremism, where extremism itself will end up and where the press is in all of that. One of the things that really preoccupied me four years ago was it was perfectly obvious there were really good journalists doing good work. But the thing that interested me, and this has been happening for a while, is how little traction they had. If it’s a film about checks and balances, one of the biggest checks and balances you have on government is the press. But the press needs to be trusted for that to work. They’ve been undermined and demonized partly by external forces and internal forces.

You’re saying the press is meant to be a check on polarization?

It’s not meant to be, it is. That is its function. When I say external forces and internal forces undermining journalism, an external force might be the context of social media, all these other voices and the power these voices have. You could also have an external force in the form of an influential politician undermining media. But an internal force could be if large and important news organizations deliberately lean toward bias. And you start preaching to a choir, because that’s what the choir wants to hear. Then all of the surrounding choirs cease to trust.

So this film could be seen as a defense of objectivity in journalism?

The film is presenting old-fashioned reporters, as opposed to extremely biased journalists who are essentially producing propaganda. They’re old-fashioned reporters, and the film tries itself to function like those reporters. One of the journalists is very young, but they’re using a 35-millimeter camera, which is the means of photojournalism from an era where the societal function of media was more fully understood and embraced.

I said to someone who works in the film industry, “I want to make a film about journalists where journalists are the heroes.” They said, “Don’t do that, everyone hates journalists.” That has a really deep problem contained within it. Saying you hate journalists is like saying you hate doctors. You need doctors. It’s not really a question of you like or don’t like journalists, you need them, because they are the check and balance on government.

The film also portrays some of the adverse effects of war reporting on the journalists themselves.

One of the strange transactions that existed for journalists, but particularly for war photographers and war correspondents is that as individuals they have to pay a price. Because there is a price to be paid for doing that thing. What is the function of a photographer in news? It’s to get an image that encapsulates a moment. I would say that journalist in the film has arrived at doing their job beautifully, at personal cost.

Why did you put Texas and California together in an alliance?

Two reasons. One is just to avoid a quick lazy read. Just take that off the table, you can’t have it. But there’s a bigger reason. I’m provoking the question, why are they together? Is it because I’m British and I’m so stupid I don’t realize they’re in two politically different spaces? I do realize their differences. But what would be so important as a threat that the polarized politics between Texas and California was suddenly seen as less important than the threat?

As soon as the trailer released, people said there are no terms under which these two states could join. Which in itself is a very clear representation of the insanity of polarized politics. There are many things Texas and California do agree on. I could draw lines between all these dots, but I don’t do that. The film is attempting to act like old-fashioned reporters, to not be biased. If you report on an assassination, are you refusing to make judgment on the assassination? No, you’re just reporting.

Why did you deliberately leave out so many details about the civil war in the film, about the politics of the two sides, and why is this not explicitly a conflict between liberal and conservatives?

Then it would be an issue that only related to this country, but it’s not. You can see it right now playing out in Israel. You can see it happening in Asia, in South America, Europe; you can see it in my own country. Now, if one is talking about polarization, extremism, the Fourth Estate, all of those things, would it be wise to make a Republican-Democrat conversation that immediately shuts down the other half? Would it even be true? It can’t be entirely true, because otherwise it wouldn’t apply to all these other countries. Now, I understand why people want it to be like that for exactly the reason that some of these news organizations have been so successful, which is that if you preach to the choir, the choir digs it.

I’ve heard reports that you are planning to pause directing. Are they true?

I’m not retiring. I’m working as a screenwriter, and screenwriters are still involved in film production. They’re different roles and directing comes with certain duties and obligations. I was just interested in a particular form of collaboration that comes as a result of working with another director rather than being the director itself.

Christopher Kuo covers arts and culture as a member of the 2023-24 Times Fellowship class. More about Christopher Kuo

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• Solar Eclipse 2024

What the World Has Learned From Past Eclipses

C louds scudded over the small volcanic island of Principe, off the western coast of Africa, on the afternoon of May 29, 1919. Arthur Eddington, director of the Cambridge Observatory in the U.K., waited for the Sun to emerge. The remains of a morning thunderstorm could ruin everything.

The island was about to experience the rare and overwhelming sight of a total solar eclipse. For six minutes, the longest eclipse since 1416, the Moon would completely block the face of the Sun, pulling a curtain of darkness over a thin stripe of Earth. Eddington traveled into the eclipse path to try and prove one of the most consequential ideas of his age: Albert Einstein’s new theory of general relativity.

Eddington, a physicist, was one of the few people at the time who understood the theory, which Einstein proposed in 1915. But many other scientists were stymied by the bizarre idea that gravity is not a mutual attraction, but a warping of spacetime. Light itself would be subject to this warping, too. So an eclipse would be the best way to prove whether the theory was true, because with the Sun’s light blocked by the Moon, astronomers would be able to see whether the Sun’s gravity bent the light of distant stars behind it.

Two teams of astronomers boarded ships steaming from Liverpool, England, in March 1919 to watch the eclipse and take the measure of the stars. Eddington and his team went to Principe, and another team led by Frank Dyson of the Greenwich Observatory went to Sobral, Brazil.

Totality, the complete obscuration of the Sun, would be at 2:13 local time in Principe. Moments before the Moon slid in front of the Sun, the clouds finally began breaking up. For a moment, it was totally clear. Eddington and his group hastily captured images of a star cluster found near the Sun that day, called the Hyades, found in the constellation of Taurus. The astronomers were using the best astronomical technology of the time, photographic plates, which are large exposures taken on glass instead of film. Stars appeared on seven of the plates, and solar “prominences,” filaments of gas streaming from the Sun, appeared on others.

Eddington wanted to stay in Principe to measure the Hyades when there was no eclipse, but a ship workers’ strike made him leave early. Later, Eddington and Dyson both compared the glass plates taken during the eclipse to other glass plates captured of the Hyades in a different part of the sky, when there was no eclipse. On the images from Eddington’s and Dyson’s expeditions, the stars were not aligned. The 40-year-old Einstein was right.

“Lights All Askew In the Heavens,” the New York Times proclaimed when the scientific papers were published. The eclipse was the key to the discovery—as so many solar eclipses before and since have illuminated new findings about our universe.

To understand why Eddington and Dyson traveled such distances to watch the eclipse, we need to talk about gravity.

Since at least the days of Isaac Newton, who wrote in 1687, scientists thought gravity was a simple force of mutual attraction. Newton proposed that every object in the universe attracts every other object in the universe, and that the strength of this attraction is related to the size of the objects and the distances among them. This is mostly true, actually, but it’s a little more nuanced than that.

On much larger scales, like among black holes or galaxy clusters, Newtonian gravity falls short. It also can’t accurately account for the movement of large objects that are close together, such as how the orbit of Mercury is affected by its proximity the Sun.

Albert Einstein’s most consequential breakthrough solved these problems. General relativity holds that gravity is not really an invisible force of mutual attraction, but a distortion. Rather than some kind of mutual tug-of-war, large objects like the Sun and other stars respond relative to each other because the space they are in has been altered. Their mass is so great that they bend the fabric of space and time around themselves.

Read More: 10 Surprising Facts About the 2024 Solar Eclipse

This was a weird concept, and many scientists thought Einstein’s ideas and equations were ridiculous. But others thought it sounded reasonable. Einstein and others knew that if the theory was correct, and the fabric of reality is bending around large objects, then light itself would have to follow that bend. The light of a star in the great distance, for instance, would seem to curve around a large object in front of it, nearer to us—like our Sun. But normally, it’s impossible to study stars behind the Sun to measure this effect. Enter an eclipse.

Einstein’s theory gives an equation for how much the Sun’s gravity would displace the images of background stars. Newton’s theory predicts only half that amount of displacement.

Eddington and Dyson measured the Hyades cluster because it contains many stars; the more stars to distort, the better the comparison. Both teams of scientists encountered strange political and natural obstacles in making the discovery, which are chronicled beautifully in the book No Shadow of a Doubt: The 1919 Eclipse That Confirmed Einstein's Theory of Relativity , by the physicist Daniel Kennefick. But the confirmation of Einstein’s ideas was worth it. Eddington said as much in a letter to his mother: “The one good plate that I measured gave a result agreeing with Einstein,” he wrote , “and I think I have got a little confirmation from a second plate.”

The Eddington-Dyson experiments were hardly the first time scientists used eclipses to make profound new discoveries. The idea dates to the beginnings of human civilization.

Careful records of lunar and solar eclipses are one of the greatest legacies of ancient Babylon. Astronomers—or astrologers, really, but the goal was the same—were able to predict both lunar and solar eclipses with impressive accuracy. They worked out what we now call the Saros Cycle, a repeating period of 18 years, 11 days, and 8 hours in which eclipses appear to repeat. One Saros cycle is equal to 223 synodic months, which is the time it takes the Moon to return to the same phase as seen from Earth. They also figured out, though may not have understood it completely, the geometry that enables eclipses to happen.

The path we trace around the Sun is called the ecliptic. Our planet’s axis is tilted with respect to the ecliptic plane, which is why we have seasons, and why the other celestial bodies seem to cross the same general path in our sky.

As the Moon goes around Earth, it, too, crosses the plane of the ecliptic twice in a year. The ascending node is where the Moon moves into the northern ecliptic. The descending node is where the Moon enters the southern ecliptic. When the Moon crosses a node, a total solar eclipse can happen. Ancient astronomers were aware of these points in the sky, and by the apex of Babylonian civilization, they were very good at predicting when eclipses would occur.

Two and a half millennia later, in 2016, astronomers used these same ancient records to measure the change in the rate at which Earth’s rotation is slowing—which is to say, the amount by which are days are lengthening, over thousands of years.

By the middle of the 19 th century, scientific discoveries came at a frenetic pace, and eclipses powered many of them. In October 1868, two astronomers, Pierre Jules César Janssen and Joseph Norman Lockyer, separately measured the colors of sunlight during a total eclipse. Each found evidence of an unknown element, indicating a new discovery: Helium, named for the Greek god of the Sun. In another eclipse in 1869, astronomers found convincing evidence of another new element, which they nicknamed coronium—before learning a few decades later that it was not a new element, but highly ionized iron, indicating that the Sun’s atmosphere is exceptionally, bizarrely hot. This oddity led to the prediction, in the 1950s, of a continual outflow that we now call the solar wind.

And during solar eclipses between 1878 and 1908, astronomers searched in vain for a proposed extra planet within the orbit of Mercury. Provisionally named Vulcan, this planet was thought to exist because Newtonian gravity could not fully describe Mercury’s strange orbit. The matter of the innermost planet’s path was settled, finally, in 1915, when Einstein used general relativity equations to explain it.

Many eclipse expeditions were intended to learn something new, or to prove an idea right—or wrong. But many of these discoveries have major practical effects on us. Understanding the Sun, and why its atmosphere gets so hot, can help us predict solar outbursts that could disrupt the power grid and communications satellites. Understanding gravity, at all scales, allows us to know and to navigate the cosmos.

GPS satellites, for instance, provide accurate measurements down to inches on Earth. Relativity equations account for the effects of the Earth’s gravity and the distances between the satellites and their receivers on the ground. Special relativity holds that the clocks on satellites, which experience weaker gravity, seem to run slower than clocks under the stronger force of gravity on Earth. From the point of view of the satellite, Earth clocks seem to run faster. We can use different satellites in different positions, and different ground stations, to accurately triangulate our positions on Earth down to inches. Without those calculations, GPS satellites would be far less precise.

This year, scientists fanned out across North America and in the skies above it will continue the legacy of eclipse science. Scientists from NASA and several universities and other research institutions will study Earth’s atmosphere; the Sun’s atmosphere; the Sun’s magnetic fields; and the Sun’s atmospheric outbursts, called coronal mass ejections.

When you look up at the Sun and Moon on the eclipse , the Moon’s day — or just observe its shadow darkening the ground beneath the clouds, which seems more likely — think about all the discoveries still yet waiting to happen, just behind the shadow of the Moon.

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