types of essays o level

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7 Essay Types at the O Level

• Posted By Randall Chew

Hello everyone! I’m Mr Ng Guo Liang, an English Language Curriculum Specialist and Teacher at Lil’ but Mighty.

When I was still teaching in a secondary school, I often had to address many questions — from both parents and students alike — about the different composition or essay types being tested in the O Level examinations; chief amongst which were:

– What composition or essay types will appear in the O Level examinations? – What is the difference between a discursive essay and an argumentative essay? – What is the difference between a recount and narrative essay? – What is the difference between a descriptive and reflective essay?

There were (and are) of course, many other questions pertaining to composition writing for the O Level. The ones above however — those concerned with conceptualising the types of compositions — are the ones I have had to address the most. In this blog post therefore, I will list the various types of compositions that could be tested in the O Level English Language Paper 1, and attempt to very briefly describe each of them.

Before I continue, I must make a disclaimer. This post is not meant to be a comprehensive set of notes or guide detailing and explaining each individual essay type, their features, and nuances. I must make it very clear to my readers that what I write and elaborate on in this post should not be taken as the absolute and definitive word on the various essay types; we should note that different teachers, authors, publishers, and reference materials describe, explain, and conceptualise the various essay types differently (and very possibly with different terminology). That being said, the descriptions I’ll make in this post are meant only as a very brief explanation of the various types of essays so that you can better understand what they generally require students to address in the examination.

Should you wish to enquire about and discuss the individual essay types at a more comprehensive and deeper level than that provided in this post, you can do so with your English teacher in school, or contact us and we shall endeavour to address your queries!

In the O Level examination, the following essay types could be tested:

1. Narrative 2. Personal Recount 3. Descriptive 4. Reflective 5. Discursive 6. Argumentative 7. Two-Part Essays

1. Narrative Essays

Narrative essays, as the name suggests, are essays that narrate a story. Most students reading this post should, by the end of primary school, be familiar with narrative essays as this is perhaps the essay type that they see the most in primary school and in creative writing classes. These essays are generally fictional in nature, and adhere to how narrative stories are developed in terms of their plots (beginning —> build up —> climax —> events that lead to a resolution —> a resolution —> and a coda/conclusion). Although these essays are generally fictional, that is not to say that students cannot use their own experiences to address the question. As long as the experience is relevant to the question, and features a rising plot which leads to a resolution, students are free to use their own experiences to inspire the narrative essay.

Sample questions:

– Freedom. – A challenge. – Write a story about kindness. – ‘It was my proudest moment.’ Write a story based on this.

2. Personal Recount Essays

Similar to a narrative essay, a personal recount essay retells a series of events that should be written in a linear and sequential manner. A personal recount essay is not to be confused with a narrative one. Narratives are often fictional in nature, and generally adhere to a rising plot development structure (most often with a climax and resolution). Personal recounts however, are not fictional in nature, and often relate to an event or experience which is meaningful or memorable to you (in other words, you should have personally experienced or witnessed this event or experience taking place.) Depending on the question asked, it can, of course, include a plot structure with elements similar to a narrative. However, unlike narrative essay writing, it does not require students to adhere strictly to a rising plot structure.

Personal recount essays, by nature of the questions given, typically require students to include an element of reflection. This usually focuses on the impact and significance that an event or experience have on them, and their thoughts, feelings, changing beliefs and attitudes as the series of events unfold. Such reflections should be interspersed and woven in and between the paragraphs of the essay. This is different for narratives, where reflections typically appear in the coda.

– Write about an interesting day out with your family. – Write about a mistake you regret making. – Write about how you conquered one of your fears. – Write about a task which turned out to be more difficult than you initially thought. – Write about a time a great act of kindness took place.

3. Descriptive Essays

Descriptive essays contain and emphasise descriptive elements. That is to say, such essays are written to appeal to the five senses, and should create vivid mental images for the reader when it is being read. This genre goes beyond describing physical attributes, but abstract ones as well (e.g. feelings, ideas, or a situation), and often involves reflecting on why something or someone is special or important. Unlike narrative essays, descriptive essays do not require a plot structure or storyline. This essay type most typically require students to write about and describe in detail one of the following topics:

1. An object 2. A person 3. A place 4. An event or incident 5. An experience

– Describe an individual who has had a great influence on you. – Describe a memorable celebration. – Describe your typical day in school. – Describe an object which you hold dear.

4. Reflective Essays

Essays of this genre require the students to reflect on themselves. Despite the reflective element, this is not to be confused with a personal recount. Personal recounts require students to recount and reflect on an event or experience which actually took place. Reflective essays however, are not about an event or experience, but are more about the students themselves.

Reflective essays typically require students to reflect on and make observations about their own personality and character. As such, it is more philosophical and insightful in nature.

Sample Questions:

– What would you consider to be your best and worst qualities? – What is your idea of a perfect day? – What are the type of books you enjoy reading? – Write about some of the things you value most in life.

Expository Essays: Argumentative and Discursive Essays

The next two essay types fall under the category we call ‘expositions’. An expository essay is one that explores and considers in depth the different aspects and perspectives to a particular topic or subject matter. We typically see two types of expository essays appearing in the O Level examination: argumentative and discursive essays.

5. Argumentative Essays

In an argumentative essay, students are typically given an issue, topic, or subject matter on which they are supposed to take a clear stand, and argue for that stand they have taken. This essay type is ‘biased’ in that regard, and the aim of the essay is to persuade the reader, with the strength of their points and arguments, that the stand taken in the essay is the right one.

1. The key features of an effective argumentative essay are: 2. There must be a very clear stand taken on the topic/subject matter given in the question. 3. Points/arguments given are supported by facts, statistics, observations or examples. 4. Points/arguments appeal to logic and emotion. 5. Using a persuasive tone and register. 6. Considering the opposing views and being able to rebut or refute them – this makes an argumentative essay the most persuasive and effective.

–  ‘People can only be happy if they feel they are treated fairly.’ Do you agree (2019 O Level 1) –  Do you agree with the view that students should never engage in part-time work? –  ‘Social media has destroyed communication.’ What is your opinion? –  Who has more problems to deal with — adults or youths?

6. Discursive Essays

Like argumentative essays, a discursive essay focuses on and concerns itself with one particular topic or subject matter. Unlike the argumentative essay however, one is not required to take a stand on the subject matter. Rather than pushing for and validating only one particular perspective, students are required instead to discuss and explore the multiple perspectives regarding the subject matter in an unbiased manner.

What is important to note is that students can state a preference for a particular perspective or viewpoint at the end of the essay, but the tone and register of the essay should not be a persuasive one (i.e. the way the essay is written should not dominantly favour one particular perspective or viewpoint over others). It should be written in a manner which reflects that all the perspectives and viewpoints you discuss in the essay are equally valid (even if you do eventually state a preference for one at the end) — in essence, an effective discursive essay is one that achieves balance .

–  What are the advantages and disadvantages of social media? –  What are the qualities a good leader should have? –  Discuss the implications of making home-based learning a permanent mode of education. –  Discuss your views on discipline.

7. Two-Part Essays

As the name suggests, two-part essays are essays which could comprise features and elements of two different essay types. What you will typically see is a question which explicitly has two distinct and separate parts students would have to address. For instance, the question would not only require students to describe something or someone, but also require them to reflect on that particular thing they are describing in the essay; such that the essay becomes a ‘mixed-genre’ essay.

For two-part essays, students need to ensure that they address both parts of the question, and do not make the common mistake of devoting too much time and too many words to the first half of the question and neglecting the second half of the question.

– Write about a mistake you regret making. What lessons did you learn from it? – Describe an individual who has had a great influence on you. Why is this person so special to you? – Describe an object which you hold dear. Why is this object so important to you? – Write about a time you were misunderstood by others. How did you feel?

This brings us to the end of this blog post. Although there is much more to the respective essay types regarding their features and styles, I hope that I have managed to provide you with brief but lucid explanations that will make it a little easier for you to understand the various essay types that could be tested in the O Level.

Until my next post, and on behalf of the Lil’ but Mighty family, stay happy, stay safe, and stay healthy!

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Mr Ng firmly believes that there is a strong correlation between effort and eventual success, and that finding success in English is something that is attainable by all of his students regardless of their background and starting point. He has a strong love and passion for the language and hopes to inspire that same passion in his students through his lessons. That being said, he looks forward to bringing out the best in his students and guiding them to fulfil the potential they all have.

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• Jun 30, 2023

O Level English: The Difference between Argumentative and Expository Essays

When it comes to Essay Writing in O level English, argumentative and expository essays are commonly feared as the most challenging types of writing.

In this guide for O Level English essay writing, we explore the key differences between argumentative and expository essays. Whether you're a student preparing for your O Level English exams or an enthusiast looking to enhance your understanding of essay writing, this article will provide valuable insights to help you excel in your English assignments.

Understanding the dissimilarities between argumentative and expository essays is crucial for effective communication and achieving desired outcomes in your writing. Below, we explore the characteristics that set these two essay types apart.

Argumentative Essays

Argumentative essays aim to persuade the reader to adopt a specific viewpoint or take a particular action. They require the writer to present compelling arguments supported by evidence, logic, and reasoning. These essays typically involve a clear thesis statement, followed by well-structured paragraphs that present and defend various supporting points. Counterarguments are also addressed to strengthen the overall argument.

In O Level English, mastering the art of constructing persuasive arguments is vital in crafting impactful argumentative essays. A common framework adopted by students is the use of 'PEEL' - Point, Evidence, Explain and Link. While that is just one of the methods to present your arguments, it is crucial to structure and formulate your ideas effectively, to convince your readers and make a persuasive case.

Expository Essays

Expository essays, on the other hand, focus on presenting information, explaining a concept, or providing an analysis of a particular subject. The primary objective is to educate the reader, shedding light on a topic with clarity and objectivity. Unlike argumentative essays, expository essays require factual information rather than personal opinions.

To excel in writing expository essays in O Level English, it is important to have accurate information and background knowledge to support your claims. Before sitting for the O level exams, you should prepare and organize your knowledge according to commonly tested themes and train yourself to incorporate them into your writing practices. Beyond content, employing a clear and organized structure is also key to facilitating a smooth flow of ideas, allowing your readers to comprehend the subject matter effectively.

Key Pointers for O Level English Essay Writing:

Thesis Statement: Both argumentative and expository essays require a well-defined thesis statement that encapsulates the main idea of the essay.

Supporting Evidence: While argumentative essays rely on evidence to support the writer's viewpoint, expository essays emphasize factual information to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic.

Structure and Organization: Both essay types benefit from a logical and coherent structure. Utilize paragraphs effectively to present distinct ideas and maintain a consistent flow throughout your essay. Reading Model Essays is a great way to learn and adopt a clear structure in essay writing.

Tone and Language: Consider your audience and adopt an appropriate tone and language for your essay. Argumentative essays may employ persuasive techniques, while expository essays should maintain an objective and informative tone.

Use of Literary Devices: The use of literary devices such as metaphors, personification, hyperbole, similes, are an effective way to express ideas and convey meaning, while adding color into your writing.

By mastering these key elements, you will be able to produce impressive essays in your O Level English examinations.

In conclusion, understanding the difference and knowing the marking requirements for argumentative and expository essays, are essential for O Level English essay writing success. Armed with this knowledge, you can tailor your writing approach to meet the requirements of each essay type, effectively conveying your thoughts and ideas. Targeted Practice across various themes and adopting a consistent framework to writing will enhance your skills and empower you to craft top quality essays in the O level exam.

We hope this guide has provided valuable insights into the dissimilarities between argumentative and expository essays. Good luck to all students taking the O Level English exam!

If you are looking for help in Essay Writing for O level English, our O level Final Sprint Program will help. Click here for more info .

#OLevelEnglish #EssayWriting #ArgumentativeVsExpository #EnglishExams #EnglishEssays

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Types of Essays in Academic Writing - Quick Guide (2024)

Table of Contents

Essay writing is an integral part of academic progress, playing a crucial role in enhancing critical thinking and communication skills among students.

There are different types of essays in academic writing, each with its unique purpose and requirements. Understanding these different essay types is essential for students to effectively convey their thoughts and ideas while demonstrating comprehension of the subject matter. In this article, let's learn more about the essay types and it's importance in academic writing.

Why is understanding essay types important in academic writing?

Essays serve as a medium for students to express their knowledge and opinions in a structured and coherent manner. They allow students to showcase their understanding of various concepts and ideas while adhering to the rules of academic writing. The different types of essays provide students with opportunities to explore different types of academic essays and develop their analytical and communication skills.

When it comes to academic writing, essay types play a crucial role in shaping the content and style of the writing. Each essay type serves a specific purpose and requires a distinct approach. By understanding the different types of essays, students can effectively convey their thoughts and ideas to their readers.

What are the types of essays in academic writing?

Academic writing encompasses a wide range of essay types, each serving a specific purpose and following distinct guidelines. Here's a brief overview of the major 7 types of essays commonly encountered in academic writing:

Expository Essay:

Expository essays is one of the types of essays aim to provide clear and concise explanations of a topic or concept. They present information objectively, without personal opinions or biases. The focus of expository essay is on organizing and conveying facts, ideas, or processes in a structured manner.

Key Features of expository essay:

• Informative and objective
• Presents a balanced and unbiased view
• Uses clear and concise language
• Follows a logical structure, often with an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion

Source: mtsac.edu

Argumentative Essay:

Argumentative essays is one of the most prominent types of essays which aim to persuade the reader to adopt a particular stance on a debatable issue. They present a well-structured argument backed by evidence and reasoning. The goal of argumentative essay is to convince the reader of the validity of the author's position.

Key Features OF argumentative essay:

• Presents a clear thesis statement
• Provides supporting evidence, such as facts, statistics, expert opinions, or examples
• Uses logical reasoning and counterarguments to address opposing views
• Maintains an objective and formal tone

Source: University of Washington

Narrative essay:

Narrative essays tell a story, recounting events or personal experiences in chronological order. They engage the reader by incorporating vivid descriptions, sensory details, and emotional language.

Key Features of narrative essay:

• Strong opening hook to capture the reader's attention
• Follows a clear narrative arc, including rising action, climax, and resolution
• Conveys emotions and personal reflections

Comparative essay:

Comparative essays analyze similarities and differences between two or more subjects. They highlight common themes, contrasting features, and unique characteristics. The goal of comparative essay is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subjects and their relationships.

Key Features of comparative essay:

• Clear identification of the subjects and their key attributes
• Organized comparison, often using a point-by-point or block format
• Evidence-based analysis of similarities and differences
• A balanced and objective approach

Cause and effect essay:

Cause-and-effect essays investigate the relationships between events, actions, or phenomena. They explore the reasons behind occurrences and the consequences that follow. The purpose of Cause and effect essay is to understand the underlying mechanisms and implications.

Key Features Cause and effect essay:

• Clear identification of the cause and effect
• Logical explanation of the causal relationship
• Evidence-based support for the proposed connection
• Consideration of alternative explanations or counterarguments

Problem solution essay:

Problem-solution essays identify a problem or issue and propose potential solutions. They analyze the causes and implications of the problem, evaluate different solutions, and recommend the most effective approach. The goal is to provide a practical and well-reasoned solution.

Key Features problem solution essay:

• Clear definition of the problem and its scope
• Analysis of the causes and consequences of the problem
• Evaluation of different solution options, considering feasibility and effectiveness
• Recommendation of the most viable solution with supporting arguments

Analytical essay:

Analytical essays break down a complex topic or concept into its constituent parts and examine the relationships between them. They provide a deeper understanding of the subject's structure, nuances, and underlying principles. The purpose is to offer critical insights and interpretations.

Key Features of analytical essay:

• In-depth examination of a topic or concept
• Breakdown of the subject into its components or underlying principles
• Analysis of relationships between different parts or aspects of the subject
• Identification of patterns, themes, or underlying theories

What are the structures and formats of different types of essays?

While each essay type has its unique structure and requirements, several elements are common across different types of essays.

Common Elements in Essay Structures

Most essays follow a similar structure, beginning with an introduction that provides background information and presents the thesis statement. The body paragraphs contain the main arguments, supported by evidence and examples. The conclusion summarizes the key points and restates the thesis, leaving the reader with a final thought or call to action.

Unique Formatting Requirements for Each Type of Essay

In addition to the common structural elements, each essay type may have specific formatting requirements. These may include the use of headings and subheadings, citation styles, and the inclusion of specific sections such as literature reviews or methodology explanations. It is crucial for students to familiarize themselves with the unique formatting guidelines for each essay type to ensure their work meets the expected standards.

By understanding the various types of essays and their distinct characteristics, students can adapt their essay writing style and approach to effectively communicate their ideas. Developing proficiency in each essay type equips students with valuable skills that extend beyond their academic journey, empowering them to articulate their thoughts clearly and persuasively in various professional and personal backdrops.

Wrapping up

In conclusion, the diverse range of types of essays in academic writing offers students opportunities to develop their critical thinking, persuasive writing, and storytelling abilities. Understanding the purpose and requirements of each essay type allows students to excel in conveying their knowledge and ideas effectively. Each essay type serves as a building block in the development of well-rounded academic writers. So, embrace the diversity of essay types, explore different writing styles, and tailor your approach accordingly to excel in the realm of academic writing.

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10 Effective Tips for Writing O Level English Composition

• September 29, 2022
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Table of Contents

When you write an O Level English composition, you know that choosing the correct topic can make or break your essay.

How many times have you found yourself wishing that you had chosen another topic instead but it was too late?

Why does this feeling always come up?

That is because some O Level English composition questions can be deceptive.

Yes. It seems as if it is easy to do but when you get down to writing it, the subjective part makes it difficult for you to write beyond 2 paragraphs.

So, what do you do? How can you know if the topic is deceptive and how can you avoid this calamity?

Ok, do not worry as I’ve got some great tips to get you off to a really great O Level English composition. 

Just follow the points I have set up for you and you will never go wrong in your O Level English composition. Ready?

#1 choose the right topic.

Ok. This is obviously the trickiest part as the entire O Level English composition hangs on this hinge. How do you know if the question is tricky or not?

Now, this is actually rather simple. Take a good look at the question. What is it asking you to do?

If the question is wordy and carefully asks you to examine the lifestyle of young people and if they are likely to be more or less independent. 

Most students will baulk at a long question like this but if the truth be known, the longer the better.

Yep. That’s because you get more clues and a better guideline for your essay. 

A short question like “Greed” may seem relatively simple and some students may think that it gives them all the freedom in the world to write. 

That is the biggest mistake to make. That’s because you will find yourself running out of points or steam once you start writing unless you are really good at writing subjective essays.

The next step is to focus on the words in the question. Choose the ones that are familiar. 

Have you done this before or read about this before? That should be a step forward in the right direction.

#2 Focus On The Keywords

After you have got past your initial qualm in choosing the O Level English composition question, focus on the question now.

It is time to get down to the brass tacks. What is the question asking? Focus on the keywords and what each one means.

Some key words could be separate words and others, phrases.

Each one will have a distinct emphasis and directive. 

You are meant to dissect each one and figure out the direction it is meant to take you.

Examine the meaning of these words and phrases in relation to what is going on in the world today.

Focus on your society if the words point you in that direction. Always give your view of the key words in the introductory paragraph. 

This is called your angle. This is really important as it tells the marker which direction you are headed in.

#3 Use A Strategy For The Template

Using a strategy means that you will cover all areas and leave nothing out. This is a good organisation skill as you will have enough content for your O Level English composition.

When you write a narrative or reflective type of essay, you will need a fairly good base to write on. 

Make sure you cover the background, profile and the build-up, climax and the learning part at the end. There should be a gradual climb up and down.

For argumentative and expository essays, it is more fact based.

You will need to write in PEELs – Point, Evidence, Elaboration and Link back.

Follow a strategy where you write your evidence in a gradual climb to reveal the most pertinent information reflecting the swings or shifts in society. 

Make sure your points and information are spread out evenly over a couple of sides of your writing paper.

#4 Build Your Content

Collect evidence from the latest and most impactful examples.

Your evidence is the base of your O Level English essay. Verify all information before you write it.

A good idea of the history of your essay will be a sound start.

If the essay is about lifestyles of people in your society, you will need to examine the various shifts starting from a certain point. 

Post–war changes and the way people gradually started to live differently till the modern times will be a sensible way to go about it.

#5 Sharpen Your Rebuttal

When you plan your template for the essay, make sure that you plan for your rebuttal as well. It should be a logical explanation of the other side of the O Level English composition question. 

You will have to engage in the latest examples and outcomes in societies.

The Rebuttal should be engaging and impactful. 

As always, check for the veracity of the example/s before using it.

#6 Use Exciting Words

The most exciting words make a difference! Make every word count. Avoid repetitive and boring words. Stop repeating your statements.

Use fresh and interesting adjective phrases in every paragraph especially when you are explaining your opinion.

Words bring an essay to life. They make the difference between a jaded, old explanation of a point to a fresh and startling way of looking at it.

#7 Be Insightful

Use examples and evidence that are insightful. Remember it is your choice of whom you want to highlight in your examples. 

Choose leaders or game-changers who have given something of worth to society. Do your research before you write. Practice writing like this so that you will be ready for your O Level English composition exam.

Being insightful means that you are able to study the question in detail and look into the deeper meaning of it. You need to show this by using useful examples of people connected to your points. 

Or there could be relevant examples of happenings in the past or recent present that could reveal this.

#8 Use Examples Of Great People To Lend Depth

I have always found that examples of great people can make an essay spring to life. People who have made great contributions to society or to education, to emancipation or those with major medical discoveries leading to relief. 

Choose your example carefully and try to use the ones that people do not always use. If you want to mention the more prominent ones, then highlight the reason why you are fascinated. 

Use some personal reference about how it impacted you, for example.

#9 Provide Useful Quotes Or Idioms

Having a quote or two makes a big difference. Or an idiom. Idioms are impactful too as they are short and meaningful. 

Useful quotes from statesmen are also enlightening. Pick on the ones that lend greater depth to your O Level English essay and what you are aiming at before you finish.

#10 Make Sure Your Conclusion Is Impactful

The conclusion is the main part of your O Level English essay whether you realise this or not. It is the last thing the marker looks at before grading you, so give it all you have got!

Include a futuristic view about the way the direction of the question is making you think it is heading in the near future. Do not just summarise what is in the essay but add something personal and emotional before you end. 

Make your conclusion count in the O Level English composition. All too often, students just write one single line for the conclusion as they run out of time. This is due to bad planning. 

If you had done the template properly, this should not happen.

Aim for a solid and meaningful conclusion and you will be surprised to see how your grades will be affected.

Well, those are my 10 tips for writing a really wonderful O Level English composition! I hope you will follow them and that it will give you the reward that you deserve!

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O level english expository essay: mastering the peel format.

by LearningGems.sg | Jul 20, 2023 | 1 comment

1. Introduction | O Level English Expository Essay

A well-structured essay with clear arguments and a logical flow demonstrates proficiency in communication and critical thinking. One effective structure that aids in crafting coherent essays is the PEEL format, a widely recognised format used in essay writing. This format provides students with a systematic framework to organise their ideas and present them coherently.

PEEL stands for Point, Explanation, Evidence and Link.

2. Writing Body Paragraphs using the PEEL format | O Level English Expository Essay

2.1 point: crafting a strong topic sentence.

Within the PEEL format, the Point component holds significant weight as it sets the direction for each paragraph. The Point can also be known as the topic sentence. A strong topic sentence serves as a concise preview of the paragraph’s content, encapsulating the main idea or argument. It should be clear, specific, and should also answer the essay question directly.

A good topic sentence not only captures the essence of the paragraph but also engages the reader from the start. For example, in an essay about the impacts of social media on society, a strong topic sentence could be: “The pervasive influence of social media has transformed communication patterns and reshaped social interactions.” This topic sentence clearly states the focus of the paragraph and presents a compelling point for further discussion.

On the other hand, a weak or vague topic sentence can lead to confusion and a lack of clarity in the paragraph. For instance, a weak topic sentence in the same essay topic could be: “One impact that social media has on society is its impact on humans.” This topic sentence lacks specificity. It is too general and fails to provide a clear direction for the paragraph. It does not offer any indication of the particular aspect of social media being discussed.

By crafting strong topic sentences, students establish a solid foundation for their paragraphs, allowing for targeted and impactful discussions throughout the essay. Effective topic sentences provide a roadmap for the reader, ensuring that the subsequent components of the PEEL format align with the overarching argument and contribute to the overall coherence of the essay.

2.2 Explanation: Providing Context and Analysis

The Explanation component of the PEEL format plays a crucial role in connecting the Point and the Evidence. It serves as a bridge that provides necessary context, analysis, and interpretation to support the main argument. Offering in-depth explanations allows students to showcase their critical thinking skills and demonstrate a deep understanding of the topic.

When crafting explanations, it is important to provide relevant background information and clarify any terms or concepts that may be unfamiliar to the reader. This contextual information helps to establish the foundation for the evidence that follows. Additionally, students should delve into the significance and implications of the point being made, providing insightful analysis and interpretation.

For example, if the essay is discussing the impact of climate change on biodiversity, the explanation should go beyond stating the facts. It should explore the interconnectedness between climate change and biodiversity loss, analysing how changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can disrupt ecosystems and lead to the decline of species. By providing such context and analysis, the writer not only educates the reader but also strengthens the overall argument.

Effective explanations should also consider alternative perspectives or counterarguments, demonstrating the writer’s ability to critically evaluate different viewpoints. By addressing potential counterarguments and providing a thoughtful rebuttal, students can strengthen the persuasiveness of their essays and showcase their ability to engage in nuanced discussions.

Incorporating thorough explanations within the PEEL format helps to connect the main point with the supporting evidence, ensuring a coherent and well-developed argument. It demonstrates the writer’s depth of knowledge and analysis while providing the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the topic at hand.

2.3 Evidence: Supporting Your Point

The Evidence component within the PEEL format plays a pivotal role in bolstering the main point and providing credibility to the argument. Well-chosen evidence strengthens the writer’s position and convinces the reader of the validity of their claims.

Effective evidence can take various forms, such as statistical data, expert opinions, direct quotes, or real-life examples. It is essential to select evidence that directly supports the main point and helps to substantiate the argument. For instance, when discussing the benefits of exercise on mental health, citing scientific studies or referencing experts in the field can serve as compelling evidence.

To ensure the effectiveness of the evidence, students should avoid including certain types of evidence such as anecdotal examples. While anecdotal examples and personal experiences can be compelling, they should generally be avoided. The exception is when students are writing a reflective exposition. This is because anecdotal examples are based on personal observations or experiences, rendering them subjective and limited in their applicability to broader contexts. Just because an event occurred to one individual does not imply its occurrence or likelihood for everyone else!

Further, it is worth noting that simply presenting evidence is not sufficient; it is equally important to analyse and explain its significance. Connecting the evidence back to the main point and offering insightful analysis helps to reinforce the argument and allows the reader to see the logical progression of ideas.

2.4 Link: Ensuring Smooth Transitions and Coherence

The Link sentence in the PEEL format connects the paragraph to the overall argument and succinctly summarises what was discussed within the paragraph. It acts as a bridge between the supporting evidence and the main point expressed in the topic sentence, effectively rounding up the argument presented in that paragraph.

It is important to note that link sentences should be concise and purposeful, avoiding unnecessary repetition of information or phrases. Many students have the tendency to just repeat the topic sentence, but doing so does not add any value to the paragraph. In fact, it merely creates redundancy and diminishes the overall impact of the paragraph.

A good link sentence should wrap up the key ideas within the paragraph and connect them to the central argument. Mastering the art of linking within the PEEL format enhances the overall readability and impact of the essay.

3. A Sample Body Paragraph using the PEEL format | O Level English Expository Essay

Let us now look at how we can put all these together and apply it in writing. Can you identify the elements of the PEEL structure in this sample paragraph?

Question: Should Artificial Intelligence (AI) be regulated? Explain your views.

The development and prevalent use of AI poses significant risks to individuals and society. One of the primary risks is the potential for biased algorithms. AI algorithms are only as unbiased as the data sets they are trained on. Therefore, if these data sets contain biased information, the AI will replicate and even amplify those biases. This could result in discriminatory decisions, such as denying someone of an employment opportunity based on their race or gender. For example, in 2018, Amazon scrapped an AI-powered recruiting tool after it was discovered that the system had a bias against women. The system was trained on resumes submitted to Amazon over a ten-year period, which were mostly from male applicants. As a result, the system taught itself that male candidates were preferable, and it downgraded resumes that contained words like “women” and “female”. Without regulation, these risks could lead to significant harm to individuals and our social fabric. Therefore, it is essential to regulate AI to ensure that it is developed and used in a responsible and ethical manner, with appropriate safeguards in place. By mandating transparency, accountability, and fairness in the development and deployment of AI systems, we can mitigate the potential harms associated with this powerful technology.

4. Conclusion | O Level English Expository Essay

In summary, the PEEL format equips students with a structured framework to effectively organise their ideas and present them with clarity and flow. Ultimately, incorporating the PEEL format empowers students to craft well-structured essays that engage readers, showcase their depth of knowledge, and present compelling arguments.

Preparing for the O Level English Exam is never a walk in the park, but you should never navigate the journey alone. Should you require additional support in mastering the PEEL format, our experienced tutors are here to provide personalised guidance and assistance. Together, we can help you refine your writing skills and achieve the success you desire!

Calling all Sec 2 students! Are you ready to elevate your expository essay skills and master the PEEL format? Join our Expository Writing Booster Workshop today!

Learning Gems  is a premium tuition centre that provides quality English tuition to PSLE and GCE ‘O’ Level students in Singapore. Our teachers are well-versed with the latest MOE syllabus and have taught at various schools in Singapore. Be it the primary or secondary level, we possess the relevant experience and are fully qualified to help your child.

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Ultimate Resource For Cambridge Assessment International Education

English language (1123), about english language:.

The Cambridge O Level English Language syllabus enables learners to communicate accurately, appropriately and effectively and to understand and respond appropriately and imaginatively to what they read and experience. They will employ different forms of writing to suit a range of purposes and will show that they can understand the contentand argument of given texts.

General Comments by the Author:

Cambridge O Level English is interlinked with real English. You need to be a good writer to get an A*. You might be able to get away with an A with a bad Paper 1, but for an A*, you definitely need to be good in writing. Of course, you can’t account for stuff like writer’s block happening in the paper, that’s sheer bad luck.

O Level English Paper 1 is more driven on your writing style rather than vocabulary. Only fit in those difficult words that you know will sound right. The more you read, the better your grasp of said words. I personally read a lot of online articles which led me to a good Paper 1. My vocabulary isn’t very broad but I have read articles on news, sports etc and as such I know how to write on such issues with conviction. And yes, keep as less grammar mistakes as possible. You cannot write a good paper in a month without luck; it requires a lot of hard work on your end. There’s a general misconception that for English you don’t need to study anything, but the inverse is true; you need to study/read a lot of things to master the language. You must speak a language if you want to be in good in it.  Regarding what to read, either follow my tip (read articles on politics, sports, reviews, whatever you like) or go to books (more preferred). The more you read, the more you will write (in school or home), the more practice you will have and the better it will be. That’s just how languages work. However, it isn’t that it is tough. The percentile for this subject is low.

Regarding the word limits, don’t worry about them. I, personally, wrote a 900+ words narrative and secured an A*. It’s good to stick to the word limit, but if you exceed the limit then don’t worry at all as it won’t pose any problems. However, you must keep track of time when writing lengthy scripts!

Also, keep a look out on formats and styles (the formats for different directed writings are discussed in their respective sections. Click here to move to the list of directed writings).But remember, formats are just for presentation, which to some extent should not be totally ignored. So yes follow the formats, but don’t stress over them, rather concentrate on the content and language skills shown by your piece of writing.

Do not the count the words! The word limit is given for just a rough estimate of how long your composition should be. You never need to count. Its just wastage of time. But, for summary writing in paper 2, you must take care of words.

Now moving to English Paper 2. This paper has a lot of free time available so you can easily revise and think the best solution. You need some practice, but it’s only those 5 word meanings that can catch you out. Recent comprehensions (solve them here ) aren’t very difficult. Do answer the first question in your head, whether you can analyze the passage and answer. If you can’t, I recommend googling on tips on how to read critically and applying them. This wasn’t a problem for me so I can’t really help you here (all I would say would be rehashing stuff on Google ).

Following are tricks, tips and notes for English Language Syllabus:

Composition Writing

• Narrative Writing
• Argumentative Writing
• Descriptive Writing
• Discursive Writing
• One-Word Essays

Directed Writing

• Letters (Formal)
• Letters (Informal)
• Speech Writing
• Report Writing
• Account Writing
• Articles (News Paper articles)

General Writing tips / advices / expressions / words

• Grammar – Video Lectures

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Very imp book

I need english dce papers

I need some English books

Can you please make notes for other direct writings as well

their are no note for commerce students please help commerce students also

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• Knowledge Base

The Beginner's Guide to Writing an Essay | Steps & Examples

An academic essay is a focused piece of writing that develops an idea or argument using evidence, analysis, and interpretation.

There are many types of essays you might write as a student. The content and length of an essay depends on your level, subject of study, and course requirements. However, most essays at university level are argumentative — they aim to persuade the reader of a particular position or perspective on a topic.

The essay writing process consists of three main stages:

• Preparation: Decide on your topic, do your research, and create an essay outline.
• Writing : Set out your argument in the introduction, develop it with evidence in the main body, and wrap it up with a conclusion.
• Revision:  Check your essay on the content, organization, grammar, spelling, and formatting of your essay.

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Table of contents

Essay writing process, preparation for writing an essay, writing the introduction, writing the main body, writing the conclusion, essay checklist, lecture slides, frequently asked questions about writing an essay.

The writing process of preparation, writing, and revisions applies to every essay or paper, but the time and effort spent on each stage depends on the type of essay .

For example, if you’ve been assigned a five-paragraph expository essay for a high school class, you’ll probably spend the most time on the writing stage; for a college-level argumentative essay , on the other hand, you’ll need to spend more time researching your topic and developing an original argument before you start writing.

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Before you start writing, you should make sure you have a clear idea of what you want to say and how you’re going to say it. There are a few key steps you can follow to make sure you’re prepared:

• Understand your assignment: What is the goal of this essay? What is the length and deadline of the assignment? Is there anything you need to clarify with your teacher or professor?
• Define a topic: If you’re allowed to choose your own topic , try to pick something that you already know a bit about and that will hold your interest.
• Do your research: Read  primary and secondary sources and take notes to help you work out your position and angle on the topic. You’ll use these as evidence for your points.
• Come up with a thesis:  The thesis is the central point or argument that you want to make. A clear thesis is essential for a focused essay—you should keep referring back to it as you write.
• Create an outline: Map out the rough structure of your essay in an outline . This makes it easier to start writing and keeps you on track as you go.

Once you’ve got a clear idea of what you want to discuss, in what order, and what evidence you’ll use, you’re ready to start writing.

The introduction sets the tone for your essay. It should grab the reader’s interest and inform them of what to expect. The introduction generally comprises 10–20% of the text.

1. Hook your reader

The first sentence of the introduction should pique your reader’s interest and curiosity. This sentence is sometimes called the hook. It might be an intriguing question, a surprising fact, or a bold statement emphasizing the relevance of the topic.

Let’s say we’re writing an essay about the development of Braille (the raised-dot reading and writing system used by visually impaired people). Our hook can make a strong statement about the topic:

The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability.

2. Provide background on your topic

Next, it’s important to give context that will help your reader understand your argument. This might involve providing background information, giving an overview of important academic work or debates on the topic, and explaining difficult terms. Don’t provide too much detail in the introduction—you can elaborate in the body of your essay.

3. Present the thesis statement

Next, you should formulate your thesis statement— the central argument you’re going to make. The thesis statement provides focus and signals your position on the topic. It is usually one or two sentences long. The thesis statement for our essay on Braille could look like this:

As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness.

4. Map the structure

In longer essays, you can end the introduction by briefly describing what will be covered in each part of the essay. This guides the reader through your structure and gives a preview of how your argument will develop.

The invention of Braille marked a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by blind and visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.

Write your essay introduction

The body of your essay is where you make arguments supporting your thesis, provide evidence, and develop your ideas. Its purpose is to present, interpret, and analyze the information and sources you have gathered to support your argument.

Length of the body text

The length of the body depends on the type of essay. On average, the body comprises 60–80% of your essay. For a high school essay, this could be just three paragraphs, but for a graduate school essay of 6,000 words, the body could take up 8–10 pages.

Paragraph structure

To give your essay a clear structure , it is important to organize it into paragraphs . Each paragraph should be centered around one main point or idea.

That idea is introduced in a  topic sentence . The topic sentence should generally lead on from the previous paragraph and introduce the point to be made in this paragraph. Transition words can be used to create clear connections between sentences.

After the topic sentence, present evidence such as data, examples, or quotes from relevant sources. Be sure to interpret and explain the evidence, and show how it helps develop your overall argument.

Lack of access to reading and writing put blind people at a serious disadvantage in nineteenth-century society. Text was one of the primary methods through which people engaged with culture, communicated with others, and accessed information; without a well-developed reading system that did not rely on sight, blind people were excluded from social participation (Weygand, 2009). While disabled people in general suffered from discrimination, blindness was widely viewed as the worst disability, and it was commonly believed that blind people were incapable of pursuing a profession or improving themselves through culture (Weygand, 2009). This demonstrates the importance of reading and writing to social status at the time: without access to text, it was considered impossible to fully participate in society. Blind people were excluded from the sighted world, but also entirely dependent on sighted people for information and education.

See the full essay example

The conclusion is the final paragraph of an essay. It should generally take up no more than 10–15% of the text . A strong essay conclusion :

• Returns to your thesis
• Ties together your main points
• Shows why your argument matters

A great conclusion should finish with a memorable or impactful sentence that leaves the reader with a strong final impression.

What not to include in a conclusion

To make your essay’s conclusion as strong as possible, there are a few things you should avoid. The most common mistakes are:

• Including new arguments or evidence
• Undermining your arguments (e.g. “This is just one approach of many”)
• Using concluding phrases like “To sum up…” or “In conclusion…”

Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.

Write your essay conclusion

Checklist: Essay

My essay follows the requirements of the assignment (topic and length ).

My introduction sparks the reader’s interest and provides any necessary background information on the topic.

My introduction contains a thesis statement that states the focus and position of the essay.

I use paragraphs to structure the essay.

I use topic sentences to introduce each paragraph.

Each paragraph has a single focus and a clear connection to the thesis statement.

I make clear transitions between paragraphs and ideas.

My conclusion doesn’t just repeat my points, but draws connections between arguments.

I don’t introduce new arguments or evidence in the conclusion.

I have given an in-text citation for every quote or piece of information I got from another source.

I have included a reference page at the end of my essay, listing full details of all my sources.

My citations and references are correctly formatted according to the required citation style .

My essay has an interesting and informative title.

I have followed all formatting guidelines (e.g. font, page numbers, line spacing).

Your essay meets all the most important requirements. Our editors can give it a final check to help you submit with confidence.

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An essay is a focused piece of writing that explains, argues, describes, or narrates.

In high school, you may have to write many different types of essays to develop your writing skills.

Academic essays at college level are usually argumentative : you develop a clear thesis about your topic and make a case for your position using evidence, analysis and interpretation.

The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:

• An opening hook to catch the reader’s attention.
• Relevant background information that the reader needs to know.
• A thesis statement that presents your main point or argument.

The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

• It gives your writing direction and focus.
• It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the main point of a paragraph . Everything else in the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

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O-LEVEL PAST YEARS COMPOSITION QUESTIONS

In our ‘O’ Level English Enrichment Programme, we ensure that our graduating students are ready to ace the English Language examination. It is a race against time to prepare for the ‘O’ Levels, hence our programme focuses on teaching and reinforcing our students’ essay writing skills, comprehension answer precision, summary writing and oral examination techniques. All W@W secondary teachers spare no effort in coaching our students how to tackle popular examination essay topics.

HALL OF FAME

Janice glanced worriedly at her wrist watch. The time was already ten past seven. She had twenty minutes to make it to school on time. The sky was overcast. A slight drizzle rained down like a mist. It started raining cats and dogs as Janice reached the bus stop. She had ignored her mother’s advice to take an umbrella with her. She wondered how she was going to make itto school in the rain.

Jovan Ang, Primary 2

Rulang Primary School

It was an idyllic Saturday morning. Fluffy white clouds hung in the clear cerulean sky. Granny Lucy was tottering to the market. Her heart was filled with light-hearted cheer and her mouth curled into a smile. She was looking forward to preparing a feast for her grandchildren, who were coming for dinner that night.

Kew Ling Wei, Primary 3

Raffles Girls’ Primary School

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Academic Writing

• Introduction
• Writing a Draft
• Revising and Editing
• Thesis statement
• Reference list
• Transitioning Words and Phrases

Types of essays

• Writing pitfalls
• Downloadable Tip Sheets
• Feedback Form
• Co-Curricular Recognition Form
• Faculty Resources

At Sheridan, you are likely to come across four types of essays. Each essay types has different requirements and produces different outcomes. In this section, you will find descriptions of the four essay types: Expository, Argumentative or Persuasive, Reflective, and Descriptive.

Expository Essay

The purpose of an expository essay is to inform, describe, or explain a topic. It requires you to help the reader understand a topic through your own insights and ideas. Using information from credible sources, your essay should provide definitions, facts, explanations, and details about the subject. The essay may also include examples, comparison and contrast and analysis of cause and effect.

Many academic and workplace writing assignments are expository. These topics, for example, often require expository type of writing:

• A medical or biological condition.
• A social or technological process.
• A marketing strategy.
• Life or character of a famous person.

Argumentative or Persuasive Essay

The purpose of an argumentative essay is to persuade readers on a certain point of view, opinion, or position on a topic. It requires you to identify key issues, present the common or existing arguments about the issues, evaluate evidence behind these arguments and argue why your position on the topic is more convincing or stronger than the opposing view. The subject you choose for an argumentative or persuasive essay needs to be debatable.

An argument is an evidence-based opinion supported and explained by sound, credible sources. "To argue in writing is to advance knowledge and ideas in a positive way" (Warkentin & Filipovic, 2019, p. 207). A well-thought-out argument is one that considers facts and various opinions, some of which may be opposing to each other, and analyzes strengths and weaknesses in each. An argumentative essay should not present only evidence on the position you are supporting. It is more convincing when the information presented is not biased towards a position.

Reflective Essay

This type of essay is more personal because you have to consider or "reflect" upon your own experiences and perspectives on the topic you are writing about.

Experiential reflection is commonly assigned in college courses. It involves reflecting on an experience by connecting theory and practice. For example, in an essay about a field placement experience, you may be asked to assess a theory or concept based on your observations and interactions. This type of writing is common in fields such as social work, health care, and business.

Another type of reflective writing involves examining what shapes your perspectives on an issue. The process helps you examine how your thoughts are shaped by your assumptions and environmental factors and may help you understand and appreciate the experiences of other people. Also, you may be challenged to re-examine your preconceived ideas and judgments.

Descriptive Essay

A descriptive essay allows you to describe something, usually an experience, in details so that the reader can get a good impression of it. Similar to the reflective essay, this type of writing is more subjective although information or data from sources may be incorporated to provide more context and support your descriptions. This type of essays tends to be brief. For example, describe an observation in one to two paragraphs.

• Last Updated: Jan 12, 2024 2:29 PM
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Past Years O-Level Essay Questions (English) with Essay Outlines

In this blog post, we have compiled the past years’ O-Level English Essay Questions.  However, looking at these questions is not enough for your child’s revision.  Hence, we have included essay outlines to accompany the essay questions from year 2022 to 2018. 

These essay outlines, (almost 2100 words long), are written by the English curriculum team at Writing Samurai and Grade Solution Learning Centre.  When you download the pdf of these essay outlines, you get to learn how to…

• Breakdown and analyse a question
• Generate main points and examples
• How to formulate counter-arguments
• Come up with ideas for personal recount and reflective essays

Use it as a study resource for your child!

Here’s a video preview of our Past Year’s O-level essay outlines:

So before you go on reading… You might want to download a pdf copy of our Essay Outlines from Year 2018 – 2022! 

Click the blue download button, enter your email, and the pdf file will be delivered to your inbox! (Remember to check spam!) 

• Some people enjoy being in a crowded place, while others prefer somewhere quieter with fewer people. Describe your perfect place when you want to relax.
• “I realised that I was much stronger than I had previously thought.” Write about a time when you felt like this.
• “Young people spend so much time thinking about the future that they forget to enjoy the present.” How far do you agree?
• “People today are far too easily persuaded to spend money on things they don’t need.” Do you agree that advertising has made us wasteful? 
• Describe the sights and sounds of a shopping mall. Remember to describe the people too.
• “I felt I was on top of the world.” Write about a time when you felt like this.
• “Young people are making the world a better place.” What is your opinion.
• “A happy person is a healthy person.” How far do you agree?
• Describe ways to relax after you have been busy. Explain why it is enjoyable for you.
• Write about a time when you did something to impress someone and regretted it.
• Learning how to respond to mistakes is essential for success. What is your opinion?
• “There is no place like home.” Is it true to you?
• Which person has the most positive impact on your life? Describe the individual’s personality and in what ways he or she influenced you. 
• “It was the proudest moment.” Write about a time when you felt like this.
• Most young people today are obsessed with fame and imitating celebrities. What are your views?
• “People can only be happy if they feel they are treated fairly.” Do you agree?
• Describe an event that you looked forward to which turned out to be disappointing. Explain why you were excited about it and why it didn’t live up to your expectations.
• “I had never seen my friend laugh so much!” Write about a time when this happened.
• Some people like to stand out from the crowd; others just want to be part of it. Which do you prefer and why?
• Which modern invention is essential for you and your family and which one could you and your family live without? Explain your views.
• Describe a place that means a great deal to you. Why is it so important?
• Write about a time when you caused great disappointment to a person. What did you do about the situation?
• It is often said that people are too concerned with getting things and spending money. What is your opinion?
• People should always tell the truth.’ Do you think there are any situations in which this might not be the best thing to do? Explain your views.
• Describe a childhood toy, or a game you played, which still means a great deal to you. Why is it so important?
• Do you agree that we can learn from the mistakes of others or do we need to learn from our own experiences?
• What are your ambitions for the future? Explain how you plan to achieve them, including any possible difficulties.
• To what extent do you agree with the idea that some teenagers lead an unhealthy lifestyle? Give reasons for your views.
• Describe the possession that matters most to you and explain why you would never be prepared to part with it.
• The world would be a very dull place without music’ What are your views?
• Shoppers have too much choice, from chocolate bars to jeans’ What, in your opinion, are the advantages and disadvantages of having many things to choose from?
• Do electronic devices, such as tablets or smart phones, help or hinder students in their studies?
• Describe how you celebrated an important family occasion. Why will this event always remain in your memory?
• Which features of Singapore and its citizens make it a major tourist attraction for people from all over the world?
• Which person has the greatest influence on your life at the present time, and why?
• The best things in life are free’ Write about some of the occasions when you have found this to be true.
• Parents often believe that it is better to be safe than sorry. Do you consider young people to be too protected?
• Describe some of your experiences in food courts and hawker centers. How important are these places in your life as a teenager in Singapore?
• The way we dress reveals who we are’ What are your views?
• What do you consider to be your greatest achievement? Why does it mean so much to you?
• Write about an incident you still remember from your early childhood. Why do you think it has remained in your mind so clearly?
• People all over the world are living longer. What are the advantages and disadvantages of their increased life expectancy?
• Describe an annual event which you enjoy and explain why it is so important to you.
• The use of motorcars is the greatest threat to the environment’ Do you agree?
• “It is better never to borrow or lend money” What are your views on this advice?
• Write about an amusing incident on a day out with your family, which still makes you laugh whenever you remember it.
• Should boys and girls be given exactly the same type of education?
• Describe how a religious or national event is celebrated in your country.
• What important lessons in life are learned away from school?
• Write about an occasion when it was necessary to tell the truth whatever the consequences.
• Some people say that the internet does more harm than good. What is your view?
• Describe the location and the main features of your ideal home and explain why you think it would be an ideal place to live.
• In the 21st century, how important is it to be able to read, write and speak English in Singapore?
• I’m bored’ is so often the cry of teenagers today. What could be done about this?
• Write about an occasion when an attempt to help led to unexpected consequences for the helper.
• Write about some of your worries and hopes for the future.
• The delights and frustrations of being a teenager
• Write about an occasion when you just could not stop laughing at an inappropriate moment.
• Television, newspapers and the Internet – which of these do young people prefer as a source of information, and why?
• In your opinion, what kind of voluntary work is worth doing, and why?
• If you were drawing up a set of school rules for a new school, what would they be? Explain which of these you think are the most important
• Nowadays, people live longer than ever before. What problems does this present and how can these problems be dealt with?
• Write about someone who failed to live up to his or her reputation.
• Write about some of the things in your country you value the most and would miss greatly, if you had to live in another country
• Write about a time when your late arrival for a particular meeting or event led to serious trouble.
• What do you think secondary schools can do to ensure the health, well-being and safety of their students?
• Given the limited land available in Singapore, is it wise to set aside some areas as nature reserves?
• Do you feel that you need the long school vacation? How do you occupy your time during the December break, when schools are closed?

See more related articles and information on Writing Samurai:

• How to Write Argumentative Essays For Secondary School
• Top Tips on How to Write Discursive Essays
• Benefits of Secondary English Tuition
• Past O-Level Essays and Questions For Secondary English
• Exam Smart Tips For Language Editing
• Top Exam Tips for Secondary English

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What Are the 5 Different Types of Essays? A Complete Guide

For high school or college students, essays are unavoidable – worst of all, the essay types and essay writing topics assigned change throughout your academic career. As soon as you’ve mastered one of the many types of academic papers , you’re on to the next one.

Our specialists will write a custom essay specially for you!

This article by Custom Writing experts provides the tools you need to attack any essay. It describes the five current major types of essays and five additional types! The article includes some thesis statement examples and numerous useful links to resources with sample essay papers. Keep reading and good luck with your assignment!

• 📑 5 Main Types of Essay Writing

🎈 Other Essay Types

• 👌 Essay Writing Tips

🔗 References

📑 what are the 5 different types of essays.

The five main essay types are:

• Argumentative
• Descriptive

Expository Essay

An expository essay aims to present opinion-free information on a topic that may be broad or narrow. This essay type is often assigned as an in-class or an exam task. Please find below useful expository writing tips!

• An expository essay introduction should clarify the topic and briefly lay out its elements.

“The oil industry is a very large portion of the energy sector, and it has significant impacts on the climate and economy.”

• The body paragraphs of your expository essay should contain enough evidence to support your thesis statement.
• Your expository essay conclusion should readdress the thesis in the light of the evidence provided in the body.
• The transitions between the different parts of your expository essay should be very logical and clear.

Argumentative Essay

An argumentative essay requires a profound investigation of a topic leading to the collection and evaluation of evidence. Such an in-depth study shall result in an established position on the topic, written down concisely.

As a rule, this type of writing presupposes extensive literature research . Sometimes, argumentative assignments may require empirical investigation through surveys, interviews, or observations. Detailed research ensures a clear understanding of the issue and the different points of view regarding it. Thanks to the preliminary study, you will be able to make an unbiased decision on which opinion to adhere to, and your argumentation will be more persuasive.

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An argumentative essay shall follow the strict structure rules:

Difference between Expository and Argumentative Essay

Expository and argumentative essays abound in similarities and are often mistaken for one another. The principal difference is the amount of preliminary research . Argumentative essays are often assigned as final projects summing up the corpus of information mastered during a course. Expository essays are shorter and less based on research. They are used for in-class unprepared writing.

Persuasive Essay

Persuasive writing is the polar opposite of expository writing. For this style of essay, your opinion should be the focus . A persuasive essay attempts to persuade its reader to have a specific opinion.

“Though the oil industry is an important part of our economy, it has negatively impacted our environment through climate change, smog, and the building of roads.”

• Your position should be set from the introduction of your persuasive essay. Take care to maintain it throughout the text.
• Your persuasive essay body should contain the arguments in progression: from the least important to the most important.
• Use ethos, logos, and pathos to persuade your readers.

Descriptive Essay

There is no more clearly-named essay than the descriptive one. Here, the goal is to describe something : a person, an object, a place, etc. The oil industry theme used to demonstrate an expository thesis statement would not be typical for a descriptive essay. Instead, descriptive writing would far more likely focus on an object associated with the oil industry, such as an oil drum, an oil tanker, or even the liquid oil itself.

• A sample descriptive thesis statement could sound like this: “Crude oil is a black, viscous liquid that gives off an odd smell like plastic or many sorts of fuel.”
• Your descriptive essay body should be very logical. Each of its paragraphs is to focus on one of the aspects of the topic.
• The language you use in your descriptive essay should be vivid and varied. It is a good idea to appeal to the senses of the reader when you are describing something.

Narrative Essay

The meaning of narrative writing is very similar to a story. It may be moving, emotional, anecdotal, or insightful. You are allowed to write using first-person pronouns, and creativity is appreciated. A narrative essay is subject to all the story rules and shall comprise an introduction, characters, plot, setting, climax, and conclusion. The only case when a narrative assignment does not have to comply with a story outline is a book report. This informative narration is impersonal and unemotional.

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• The thesis is the purpose of your narrative essay . Although it doesn’t need to sound as formal as in other academic papers, make it clear why you decided to tell the story.
• First-person narration is not a must but is welcomed.
• Don’t switch between points of view . If you decide to write a third-person narrative, keep it consistent throughout the text.
• A narrative essay is closer to fiction than to a scientific document . Use artistic language that will have an emotional response in the reader.
• Although this is not a standard five-paragraph essay, it should have an introduction and a conclusion . An unfinished piece of writing is as bad as a too wordy one.

Difference between Narrative and Descriptive Essay

A narrative essay is aimed to tell the reader a complete story of personal experiences . A descriptive essay dwells upon a separate object, place, concept, or phenomenon. It does not have a climax or any development of action.

Cause and Effect Essay

In a cause and effect essay, the text should focus on the impact of some phenomenon or physical thing —in other words, a cause and its effect.

The simplicity of this essay allows you to explore any topic . All you need to do is consider its consequences and write. Again, the oil industry can be the focus of a cause and effect essay thesis statement :

“The oil industry has had a tremendous impact on our world, enabling the automotive industry, contributing to climate change, and generating great wealth.”

Reflective Essay

In this essay, the goal is simply to respond to or reflect upon a species person, place, thing, event, or phenomenon. You may be required to reflect upon a poem, a military battle, or perhaps even another essay. By its definition, reflective essays should be very subjective. You should use personal pronouns like “I” and “me” in these essays! This type of essay should be very personal. Check out some examples of reflective writing to see this yourself.

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For example, this would be a great thesis statement for a reflective essay :

“The oil industry has provided many benefits to society, but I worry deeply about its potential costs to our planet and its species.”

Analytical Essay

In many ways, analytical writing is the objective cousin of reflective writing. Prior to attempting this style of essay, you should reflect. But you should also conduct research. The reflection is personal, while the analysis is rooted in facts and logic.

Compare the following example thesis statement with the one from the previous type of essay:

“As the oil industry has grown, the levels of greenhouse gases have increased along with temperatures and concentrations of particulate matter in the atmosphere.”

This statement outlines factors that will be analyzed in the body of the essay. It DOES NOT insert personal feelings, personal pronouns, or subjective language. You can even try and use an informative thesis statement generator and then compare the results to see it more clearly.

By staying objective, an analytical essay is much more like a report. In fact, an outline for an analytical paper should be interchangeable with a section of an outline for a much longer research project. But most importantly, any analytical paper should avoid using personal pronouns .

Comparison and Contrast Essay

In a compare and contrast essay , you make a comparison of two or more issues . You may look at their similarities, differences, or both. The focus of your analysis should be reflected in your thesis statement. Consider this example:

“While both the oil industry and the solar-power industry will be major sources of energy in the future, oil has more environmental costs than green solar power.”

Exemplification Essay

An exemplification or illustration essay is one of the most flexible essays you might be assigned. In simple terms, this essay is all about picking vivid examples. In other words, you want to make points that exemplify or illustrate your thesis statement.

For an exemplification essay, you should focus on the examples that will make your point without serious effort. In other words, if you are trying too hard, you are missing the point of the essay. Consider the following example thesis statement:

“The oil industry has had serious effects on the environment as demonstrated by the impact of massive oil spill on wildlife, the uncontrolled fires and explosions caused by oil and oil derivatives, and the melting of the polar ice caps caused by climate change.”

In the body of this exemplification essay, the writer should devote a paragraph to each of these arguments. Descriptions of seagulls or penguins coated in oil would be perfect examples of the effect of the oil industry on wildlife. Similarly, descriptions of major oil refinery explosions will also grab the reader’s attention.

Once again, the conclusion should restate the introduction, providing less background, and reminding the reader of the examples one last time.

👌 Remember These Important Essay Tips

These tips and tricks are just the basics of essay writing .

When you are writing any assignment, always pay close attention to the instructions . The standard interpretation of any particular essay style is never as important as your teacher’s definition of the assignment. When in doubt, ask questions! No teacher will be upset with you asking for reasonable clarifications. It is better to write the essay your teacher expected, rather than surprise your teacher with a creative effort. And, subsequently, get a poor grade.

• You may also notice that every one of the rough examples described fits into the 5-paragraph essay format . This essay structure is a powerful way to organize your thoughts. Becoming skilled at applying this structure will strengthen your writing. Soon after, you’ll write both shorter and longer essays with ease.
• If you’re still confused, watch one of the many helpful videos on essay writing .
• Start writing your essay early! No matter the essay type, your revisions will be better than your first drafts. If you have time for second, third, and fourth drafts, you will be much happier with your final grade.
• Essay Structure | – Harvard College Writing Center
• Writing: Types of Essays – Smith College
• Essay Writing // Purdue Writing Lab
• Types of academic writing – The University of Sydney
• Guide to Different Kinds of Essays – Gallaudet University
• What are the types of essays? – Quora
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Beauty lasts only a short time. But in the realm of art, in the field of poetry, beauty lasts forever. Sonnet 73 is addressed to a lover who is younger than the speaker. The poem uses three metaphors to depict the speaker’s age and impending death. First, the speaker says that he is autumn, the time of year when the beauty of summer is gone, and the death of winter is about to set in. Then he says that he is the end of the day when only a faint light lingers on the western horizon, and deathly darkness is about to engulf the world. Then he says that he is an almost burned out fire, nearly reduced to ashes. This sonnet doesn’t look to art for consolation, but to love. It concludes by saying, You love me even though you know you’re soon going to lose me, and that makes your love all the greater.

Awesome post as usual! Your posts make me accumulate knowledge about writing various college papers! Thanks a lot for this assistance!

These are amazing tips for compare and contrast essay writing. Will definitely use them when writing my compare and contrast essay. Thanks for sharing them!

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Biden administration sets first-ever limits on ‘forever chemicals’ in drinking water

Logan Feeney pours a PFAS water sample into a container for research, Wednesday, April 10, 2024, at a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency lab in Cincinnati. The Environmental Protection Agency on Wednesday announced its first-ever limits for several common types of PFAS, the so-called “forever chemicals,” in drinking water. (AP Photo/Joshua A. Bickel)

Vials containing PFAS samples sit in a tray, Wednesday, April 10, 2024, at a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency lab in Cincinnati. The Environmental Protection Agency on Wednesday announced its first-ever limits for several common types of PFAS, the so-called “forever chemicals,” in drinking water. (AP Photo/Joshua A. Bickel)

FILE - Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Michael Regan speaks at the University of Maryland on May 11, 2023, in College Park, Md. The Environmental Protection Agency announced, Wednesday, April 10, 2024, its first-ever limits for several common types of PFAS, the so-called “forever chemicals,” in drinking water. (AP Photo/Nathan Howard, File)

Jackson Quinn brings PFAS water samples into a temperature controlled room, Wednesday, April 10, 2024, at a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency lab in Cincinnati. The Environmental Protection Agency on Wednesday announced its first-ever limits for several common types of PFAS, the so-called “forever chemicals,” in drinking water.(AP Photo/Joshua A. Bickel)

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The Biden administration on Wednesday finalized strict limits on certain so-called “forever chemicals” in drinking water that will require utilities to reduce them to the lowest level they can be reliably measured. Officials say this will reduce exposure for 100 million people and help prevent thousands of illnesses, including cancers.

The rule is the first national drinking water limit on toxic PFAS, or perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which are widespread and long lasting in the environment.

Health advocates praised the Environmental Protection Agency for not backing away from tough limits the agency proposed last year . But water utilities took issue with the rule, saying treatment systems are expensive to install and that customers will end up paying more for water.

Water providers are entering a new era with significant additional health standards that the EPA says will make tap water safer for millions of consumers — a Biden administration priority. The agency has also proposed forcing utilities to remove dangerous lead pipes .

Utility groups warn the rules will cost tens of billions of dollars each and fall hardest on small communities with fewer resources . Legal challenges are sure to follow.

EPA Administrator Michael Regan says the rule is the most important action the EPA has ever taken on PFAS.

“The result is a comprehensive and life-changing rule, one that will improve the health and vitality of so many communities across our country,” said Regan.

PFAS chemicals are hazardous because they don’t degrade in the environment and are linked to health issues such as low birth weight and liver disease, along with certain cancers. The EPA estimates the rule will cost about $1.5 billion to implement each year, but doing so will prevent nearly 10,000 deaths over decades and significantly reduce serious illnesses.

They’ve been used in everyday products including nonstick pans, firefighting foam and waterproof clothing. Although some of the most common types are phased out in the U.S., others remain. Water providers will now be forced to remove contamination put in the environment by other industries.

“It’s that accumulation that’s the problem,” said Scott Belcher, a North Carolina State University professor who researches PFAS toxicity. “Even tiny, tiny, tiny amounts each time you take a drink of water over your lifetime is going to keep adding up, leading to the health effects.”

PFAS is a broad family of chemical substances, and the new rule sets strict limits on two common types — called PFOA and PFOS — at 4 parts per trillion. Three other types that include GenEx Chemicals that are a major problem in North Carolina are limited to 10 parts per trillion. Water providers will have to test for these PFAS chemicals and tell the public when levels are too high. Combinations of some PFAS types will be limited, too.

Regan will announce the rule in Fayetteville, North Carolina, on Wednesday.

Environmental and health advocates praised the rule, but said PFAS manufacturers knew decades ago the substances were dangerous yet hid or downplayed the evidence. Limits should have come sooner, they argue.

“Reducing PFAS in our drinking water is the most cost effective way to reduce our exposure,” said Scott Faber, a food and water expert at Environmental Working Group. “It’s much more challenging to reduce other exposures such as PFAS in food or clothing or carpets.”

Over the last year, EPA has periodically released batches of utility test results for PFAS in drinking water. Roughly 16% of utilities found at least one of the two strictly limited PFAS chemicals at or above the new limits. These utilities serve tens of millions of people. The Biden administration, however, expects about 6-10% of water systems to exceed the new limits.

Water providers will generally have three years to do testing. If those test exceed the limits, they’ll have two more years to install treatment systems, according to EPA officials.

Some funds are available to help utilities. Manufacturer 3M recently agreed to pay more than $10 billion to drinking water providers to settle PFAS litigation. And the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law includes billions to combat the substance. But utilities say more will be needed.

For some communities, tests results were a surprise. Last June, a utility outside Philadelphia that serves nearly 9,000 people learned that one of its wells had a PFOA level of 235 parts per trillion, among the highest results in the country at the time.

“I mean, obviously, it was a shock,” said Joseph Hastings, director of the joint public works department for the Collegeville and Trappe boroughs, whose job includes solving problems presented by new regulations.

The well was quickly yanked offline, but Hastings still doesn’t know the contamination source. Several other wells were above the EPA’s new limits, but lower than those the state of Pennsylvania set earlier. Now, Hastings says installing treatment systems could be a multi-million dollar endeavor, a major expense for a small customer base.

The new regulation is “going to throw public confidence in drinking water into chaos,” said Mike McGill, president of WaterPIO, a water industry communications firm.

The American Water Works Association, an industry group, says it supports the development of PFAS limits in drinking water, but argues the EPA’s rule has big problems.

The agency underestimated its high cost, which can’t be justified for communities with low levels of PFAS, and it’ll raise customer water bills, the association said. Plus, there aren’t enough experts and workers — and supplies of filtration material are limited.

Work in some places has started. The company Veolia operates utilities serving about 2.3 million people across six eastern states and manages water systems for millions more. Veolia built PFAS treatment for small water systems that serve about 150,000 people. The company expects, however, that roughly 50 more sites will need treatment — and it’s working to scale up efforts to reduce PFAS in larger communities it serves.

Such efforts followed dramatic shifts in EPA’s health guidance for PFAS in recent years as more research into its health harms emerged. Less than a decade ago, EPA issued a health advisory that PFOA and PFOS levels combined shouldn’t exceed 70 parts per trillion. Now, the agency says no amount is safe.

Public alarm has increased, too. In Minnesota, for example, Amara’s Law aims to stop avoidable PFAS use. It’s been nearly a year since the law’s namesake, Amara Strande, died from a rare cancer her family blames on PFAS contamination by 3M near her high school in Oakdale, although a connection between PFAS and her cancer can’t be proven. Biden administration officials say communities shouldn’t suffer like Oakdale. 3M says it extends its deepest condolences to Amara’s friends and family.

Losing Amara pushed the family towards activism. They’ve testified multiple times in favor of PFAS restrictions.

“Four parts per trillion, we couldn’t ask for a better standard,” Amara’s sister Nora said. “It’s a very ambitious goal, but anything higher than that is endangering lives.”

Associated Press data journalist Camille Fassett in San Francisco and reporter Matthew Daly in Washington D.C. contributed to this story.

The Associated Press receives support from the Walton Family Foundation for coverage of water and environmental policy. The AP is solely responsible for all content. For all of AP’s environmental coverage, visit https://apnews.com/hub/climate-and-environment

What is the difference between a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse?

It almost time! Millions of Americans across the country Monday are preparing to witness the once-in-a-lifetime total solar eclipse as it passes over portions of Mexico, the United States and Canada.

It's a sight to behold and people have now long been eagerly awaiting what will be their only chance until 2044 to witness totality, whereby the moon will completely block the sun's disc, ushering in uncharacteristic darkness.

That being said, many are curious on what makes the solar eclipse special and how is it different from a lunar eclipse.

The total solar eclipse is today: Get the latest forecast and everything you need to know

What is an eclipse?

An eclipse occurs when any celestial object like a moon or a planet passes between two other bodies, obscuring the view of objects like the sun, according to NASA .

What is a solar eclipse?

A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon comes in between the Earth and the sun, blocking its light from reaching our planet, leading to a period of darkness lasting several minutes. The resulting "totality," whereby observers can see the outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere, known as the corona, presents a spectacular sight for viewers and confuses animals – causing nocturnal creatures to stir and bird and insects to fall silent.

Partial eclipses, when some part of the sun remains visible, are the most common, making total eclipses a rare sight.

What is a lunar eclipse?

A total lunar eclipse occurs when the moon and the sun are on exact opposite sides of Earth. When this happens, Earth blocks the sunlight that normally reaches the moon. Instead of that sunlight hitting the moon’s surface, Earth's shadow falls on it.

Lunar eclipses are often also referred to the "blood moon" because when the Earth's shadow covers the moon, it often produces a red color. The coloration happens because a bit of reddish sunlight still reaches the moon's surface, even though it's in Earth's shadow.

Difference between lunar eclipse and solar eclipse

The major difference between the two eclipses is in the positioning of the sun, the moon and the Earth and the longevity of the phenomenon, according to NASA.

A lunar eclipse can last for a few hours, while a solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes. Solar eclipses also rarely occur, while lunar eclipses are comparatively more frequent. While at least two partial lunar eclipses happen every year, total lunar eclipses are still rare, says NASA.

Another major difference between the two is that for lunar eclipses, no special glasses or gizmos are needed to view the spectacle and one can directly stare at the moon. However, for solar eclipses, it is pertinent to wear proper viewing glasses and take the necessary safety precautions because the powerful rays of the sun can burn and damage your retinas.

Contributing: Eric Lagatta, Doyle Rice, USA TODAY

EPA imposes first national limits on 'forever chemicals' in drinking water

For the first time, the Environmental Protection Agency has established national limits for six types of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in drinking water.

The substances, known by the initialism PFAS, are nicknamed "forever chemicals" because they barely degrade and are nearly impossible to destroy , so they can linger permanently in air, water and soil.

As a class of chemicals, PFAS have been associated with a higher risk of certain cancers, heart disease, high cholesterol, thyroid disease , low birth weight and reproductive issues, including decreased fertility. 

Most people in the U.S. have PFAS in their blood , according to the Department of Health and Human Services.

The EPA announced Wednesday that levels of PFOA and PFOS — two types of PFAS commonly used in nonstick or stain-resistant products such as food packaging and firefighting foam — can’t exceed 4 parts per trillion in public drinking water. 

Three additional PFAS chemicals will be restricted to 10 parts per trillion. They are PFNA and PFHxS — older versions of PFAS — and GenX chemicals, a newer generation of chemicals created as a replacement for PFOA.

PFOA and PFOS are the most widely used and studied types of PFAS, according to the EPA. Companies started making them in the 1940s, but the substances were largely phased out of U.S. chemical and product manufacturing in the mid-2000s. However, they persist in the environment and have mostly been replaced by newer types of chemicals within the same class.

The EPA’s new limit reflects the lowest levels of PFOA and PFOS that laboratories can reasonably detect and public water systems can effectively treat. But, according to the agency, water systems should aim to eliminate the chemicals, because there is no safe level of exposure.

Eleven states already have regulatory standards for PFAS in drinking water. The EPA estimated that 6% to 10% of the country’s public water systems — 4,100 to 6,700 systems in total — will need to make changes to meet the new federal limits.

“One hundred million people will be healthier and safer because of this action,” EPA Administrator Michael Regan said Tuesday on a media call, referring to the number of people served by the water systems that will need upgrades.

As of Wednesday, public water systems that don’t monitor for PFAS have three years to start. If they detect PFAS at levels above the EPA limits, they will have two more years to purchase and install new technologies to reduce PFAS in their drinking water.

The EPA estimates that the new limits will prevent thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of serious illnesses.

One of the biggest health concerns associated with PFOA is an increased risk of kidney cancer . Exposure to high levels of PFOS has also been associated with an increased risk of liver cancer .

GenX chemicals have been shown in animal studies to damage the liver, kidneys and immune system, as well as liver and pancreatic tumors. According to studies in rodents, PFNA exposure could lead to developmental issues and PFHxS may disrupt the thyroid system. 

The EPA also set a limit Wednesday for mixtures of at least two of the following chemicals: PFNA, PFHxS, PFBS and GenX. Public water systems can use an equation provided by the EPA to determine whether the cumulative concentrations of the chemicals exceed the agency’s threshold. 

The EPA proposed limits to PFAS in drinking water last year. After it reviewed public comments, it made the limits official Wednesday.

“This is a huge, historic public health win,” said Scott Faber, senior vice president of government affairs for the Environmental Working Group, an activist group that advocates for stricter regulations of drinking water pollutants.

Faber called the new EPA limits “the most important step we’ve taken to improve the safety of our tap water in a generation” and “the single most important step we’ve taken to address PFAS ever.”

Jamie DeWitt, director of the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon State University, said that although the new limits don’t end the problem of PFAS in drinking water, they represent significant progress.

“This is going to give people in contaminated communities at least a sense that the federal government cares about them and cares about their exposure, because I think many people living in PFAS-impacted communities have not felt heard,” she said. 

The EPA said Wednesday that $1 billion in funding is newly available to help states and territories implement PFAS testing and treatment at public water systems and to help owners of private wells do the same. The funding comes from the federal infrastructure law passed in 2021, which set aside $9 billion to address PFAS and other contaminants in water. The money will be distributed as grants.  

Some public water systems have also sued companies that manufacture or previously manufactured PFAS, aiming to hold them accountable for the costs of testing and filtering for PFAS. One such lawsuit resulted in a $1.18 billion settlement last year for 300 drinking water providers nationwide. Another lawsuit awarded $10.5 billion to $12.5 billion , depending on the level of contamination found, to public water systems across the country through 2036.

The most common way to remove PFAS from water is through an activated carbon filter, which traps the chemicals as water passes through. Other options include reverse osmosis or ion exchange resins, which act like tiny magnets that attract PFAS chemicals. 

But even once water is treated for PFAS, it can take a while to see positive impacts, said Anna Reade, director of PFAS advocacy at the National Resources Defense Council, a nonprofit environmental advocacy group. 

“For most of these six chemicals, it’s between two to eight years for the amount in our bodies to decrease by half. So we’re looking at years before we see some substantial decreases in our exposure over time,” she said.

The EPA’s new drinking water limits apply to only a small fraction of the more than 12,000 types of PFAS , so activists are still concerned about overall exposure.

“This is not the final step,” Reade said. “We still have a lot of other PFAS to worry about.”

Aria Bendix is the breaking health reporter for NBC News Digital.

Watch CBS News

Why is looking at a solar eclipse dangerous without special glasses? Eye doctors explain.

By Sara Moniuszko

Edited By Allison Elyse Gualtieri

Updated on: April 8, 2024 / 8:54 AM EDT / CBS News

The solar eclipse will be visible for millions of Americans on April 8, 2024, making many excited to see it — but how you watch it matters, since it can be dangerous for your eyes. 

A  solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the sun and Earth, blocking the sun's light . When the moon blocks some of the sun, it's a partial solar eclipse, but when moon lines up with the sun, blocking all of its light, a total solar eclipse occurs,  NASA explains . Either way, you need eye protection when viewing.

"The solar eclipse will be beautiful, so I hope that everyone experiences it — but they need to experience it in the right way," said Dr. Jason P. Brinton, an ophthalmologist and medical director at Brinton Vision in St. Louis.

Here's what to know to stay safe.

Why is looking at a solar eclipse dangerous?

Looking at the sun — even when it's partially covered like during an eclipse — can cause eye damage.

There is no safe dose of solar ultraviolet rays or infrared radiation, said  Dr. Yehia Hashad , an ophthalmologist, retinal specialist and the chief medical officer at eye health company Bausch + Lomb.

"A very small dose could cause harm to some people," he said. "That's why we say the partial eclipse could also be damaging. And that's why we protect our eyes with the partial as well as with the full sun."

Some say that during a total eclipse, it's safe to view the brief period time when the moon completely blocks the sun without eye protection. But experts warn against it. 

"Totality of the eclipse lasts only about 1 to 3 minutes based on geographic location, and bright sunlight suddenly can appear as the moon continues to move," notes an eclipse viewing guide published in JAMA , adding, "even a few seconds of viewing the sun during an eclipse" can temporarily or permanently damage your vision. 

Do I need special glasses for eclipse viewing?

Yes.  Eclipse glasses are needed to protect your eyes if you want to look at the eclipse.

Regular sunglasses aren't protective enough for eclipse viewing — even if you stack more than one. 

"There's no amount of sunglasses that people can put on that will make up for the filtering that the ISO standard filters and the eclipse glasses provide," Brinton said.

You also shouldn't look at the eclipse through a camera lens, phone, binoculars or telescope, according to NASA, even while wearing eclipse glasses. The solar rays can burn through the lens and cause serious eye injury.

Eclipse glasses must comply with the  ISO 12312-2 international safety standard , according to NASA, and should have an "ISO" label printed on them to show they comply. The American Astronomical Society  has a list  of approved solar viewers.

Can't find these, or they're sold out near you? You can also  make homemade viewers ,   which allow you to observe the eclipse indirectly — just don't accidentally look at the sun while using one.

How to keep kids safe during the solar eclipse

Since this eclipse is expected to occur around the time of dismissal for many schools across the country, it may be tempting for students to view it without the proper safety precautions while getting to and from their buses. That's why some school districts are  canceling classes early so kids can enjoy the event safely with their families.

Dr. Avnish Deobhakta, vitreoretinal surgeon at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary at Mount Sinai, said parents should also be careful because it can be difficult for children to listen or keep solar eclipse glasses on. 

"You want to actually, in my opinion, kind of avoid them even looking at the eclipse, if possible," he said. "Never look directly at the sun, always wear the right eclipse sunglasses if you are going to look at the sun and make sure that those are coming from a reliable source."

Brinton recommends everyone starts their eclipse "viewing" early, by looking at professional photos and videos of an eclipse online or visiting a local planetarium. 

That way, you "have an idea of what to expect," he said. 

He also recommends the foundation  Prevent Blindness , which has resources for families about eclipse safety.

What happens if you look at a solar eclipse without eclipse glasses?

While your eyes likely won't hurt in the moment if you look at the eclipse without protection, due to lowered brightness and where damage occurs in the eye, beware: The rays can still cause damage .

The harm may not be apparent immediately. Sometimes trouble starts to appear one to a few days following the event. It could affect just one or both eyes.

And while some will regain normal visual function, sometimes the damage is permanent. 

"Often there will be some recovery of the vision in the first few months after it, but sometimes there is no recovery and sometimes there's a degree to which it is permanent," Brinton said. 

How long do you have to look at the eclipse to damage your eyes?

Any amount of time looking at the eclipse without protection is too long, experts say. 

"If someone briefly looks at the eclipse, if it's extremely brief, in some cases there won't be damage. But damage can happen even within a fraction of a second in some cases," Brinton said. He said he's had patients who have suffered from solar retinopathy, the official name for the condition.

Deobhakta treated a patient who watched the 2017 solar eclipse for 20 seconds without proper eye protection. She now has permanent damage in the shape of a crescent that interferes with her vision. 

"The crescent that is burned into the retina, the patient sees as black in her visual field," he said. "The visual deficit that she has will never go away."

How to know if you've damaged your eyes from looking at the eclipse

Signs and symptoms of eye damage following an eclipse viewing include headaches, blurred vision, dark spots, changes to how you see color, lines and shapes. 

Unfortunately, there isn't a treatment for solar retinopathy.

"Seeing an eye care professional to solidify the diagnosis and for education I think is reasonable," Brinton said, but added, "right now there is nothing that we do for this. Just wait and give it time and the body does tend to heal up a measure of it."

Sara Moniuszko is a health and lifestyle reporter at CBSNews.com. Previously, she wrote for USA Today, where she was selected to help launch the newspaper's wellness vertical. She now covers breaking and trending news for CBS News' HealthWatch.

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What kind of cancer did O.J. Simpson have? Former NFL star dies at age 76

O.J. Simpson's death a t a ge 76 has left many wondering about the details of his health, especially what type of cancer he had.

The former NFL player who was famously acquitted of murdering his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson passed away on April 10, 2024, according to a statement from his family.

"On April 10th, our father, Orenthal James Simpson, succumbed to his battle with cancer," read the statement , posted to X, formerly known as Twitter, on Thursday. "He was surrounded by his children and grandchildren. During this time of transition, his family asks that you please respect their wishes for privacy and grace."

Simpson shared few details about his cancer diagnosis. His death comes a few months after reports began circulating in February that the athlete was in hospice due to prostate cancer. NBC Sports reported at the time that he was undergoing chemotherapy.

On Feb. 9, Simpson shared a video of himself on X debunking the rumors. He did not address his cancer diagnosis but said he was doing well.

“No, I am not in any hospice. I don’t know who put that out there,” he said, adding he would be hosting friends for the upcoming Super Bowl in Las Vegas. “All is well.”

Simpson, a former NFL running back, actor and broadcaster, is best known for his 1995 acquittal in the double murder trial of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman. The trial was the subject of the Emmy Award-winning series “The People v. O.J. Simpson.”

What kind of cancer did O.J. Simpson have?

Simpson's family did not specify what kind of cancer he had in their statement confirming his death. However, reports had circulated earlier this year that he'd been diagnosed with prostate cancer, according to NBC News .

In May 2023, Simpson shared in a video posted on X that he was undergoing treatment for cancer, though he did not specify what type of cancer.

“In recent years, really recent years, I unfortunately caught cancer. So I had to do the whole chemo thing,” he said.

“I had COVID and cancer at the same time, unfortunately,” he added. “I am over the chemo.”

At the time, he said he was “healthy now. It looks like I beat it. I’m happy about that.”

In his last video update before his death, posted to X on Feb. 11, he told his followers: "My health is good. Obviously I'm dealing with some issues, but I think I'm just about over it and I'll be back on that golf course hopefully in a couple of weeks."

What to know about prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancers, according to Mayo Clinic . It occurs in the prostate, which is a "small walnut-shaped gland in males that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm."

Symptoms include:

• Trouble urinating
• Decreased force in the stream of urine
• Blood in urine and semen
• Erectile dysfunction
• Unexplained weight loss

Prostate cancer is most treatable if detected early. It usually grows slowly and stays within the prostate gland. However, there are some types that are aggressive and spread quickly.

“If it’s caught early, prostate cancer is very treatable, very curable,” Dr. Abhinav Khanna, a urologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, told NBC News.

The  Prostate Cancer Foundation  recommends that Black men or men with a family history of cancer get screened starting at age 40. Otherwise, the recommended age to start screening is 45.

Black men may have a greater risk of prostate cancer than other races and are more likely to develop aggressive or advance prostate cancer. Black men in the U.S. are also twice as likely to die of prostate cancer as white men, NBC News reported . It's not clear why, but one possible explanation is that Black men are less likely to be screened or receive treatment, research has shown.

“Not all prostate cancer is lethal, but we have seen that black men do have a higher risk of dying from prostate cancer,” Khanna added.

It's not known what causes prostate cancer, but there are some factors that increase one's risk. In addition to race, being over 50, having family history of breast or prostate cancer, and having obesity can all play a role.

What did O.J. Simpson die of?

Simpson died of cancer at age 76 on April 10, 2024, according to his family. They did not specify the type of cancer, but reports from earlier this year stated that he had prostate cancer.

Liz Calvario is a Los Angeles-based reporter and editor for TODAY.com who covers entertainment, pop culture and trending news.

Maura Hohman is the senior health editor for TODAY.com and has been covering health and wellness since 2015.

Under Development: WoW Remix: Mists of Pandaria

Relive epic adventures with an all-new event arriving in the 10.2.7 content update— WoW Remix: Mists of Pandaria. Experience the wonders of Pandaria anew, but with fresh new loot— and (almost) unlimited power.  

What is WoW Remix: Mists of Pandaria?

World of Warcraft Remix is a time-limited event which allows players to re-experience the entirety of the Mists of Pandaria expansion at an accelerated rate from level 10 through 70. All loot has been completely overhauled and has powerful new effects allowing players to shape their experience, power up, and power on. Features include:

• Accelerated Leveling and Content allowing you to take on nearly every quest, scenario, dungeon and raid.
• Create a new WoW Remix character starting at level 10 to adventure through the event up to level 70.
• A mountain of loot: Get powerful items from everywhere— quests, chests, creatures, bosses.
• Customizable items allowing you to power up as far as you can go to take on tougher content.
• Convert unwanted items into Bronze which can be used to upgrade items or purchase cosmetics.
• Keep what you collect: Take your collection of transmogs with you into The War Within .

Available to Everyone

No expansion purchase is needed, but a  World of Warcraft  Subscription or Game Time is required to begin this fast-paced adventure through Pandaria. This means that Classic players can also participate in a plethora of pandamonium by simply installing the modern (live) World of Warcraft client.

WoW Trial Accounts will also be able to experience this WoW Remix without a subscription or Game Time through level 20. Purchase a subscription or Game Time to continue beyond level 20.

Accelerated Leveling and Content

With WoW Remix: Mists of Pandaria there will be no slowing you down and you’ll be able to take on nearly every quest, scenario, dungeon, and raid right out of the gate with accelerated leveling from 10-70. View the chart below for the availability of each type of content.

Creating Your New Identity

Create a new modern World of Warcraft character to undertake your adventures in Pandaria, collect a variety of powerful new items and transmogs, then take your transmogs with you when you continue your adventures in World of Warcraft®:The War Within ™ . All Remix characters created during the event will convert to a standard character to play within modern World of Warcraft at the end of the event.

From the realm Character Selection screen, players will be given the option to create a new WoW Remix character, beginning at level 10, which will only be able to play with characters taking part in the event.

Characters in the selection screen which are only available to play in the World of Warcraft Remix event will have an icon next to the character name so they can easily be identified when choosing which mode of World of Warcraft you intend to play through.

Once you’ve created your character, you’ll begin your new journey in the Timeless Isle and meet up with the infinite dragonflight and Eternus who will set you on your path.

New Loot, New You

In WoW Remix, players have the opportunity to collect a variety of items from just about anywhere: quests, chests, creatures, bosses, and more. New customizable items will be yours for the taking and each item slot has their own unique identity with spell gem sockets. These sockets come with exciting turbo-charged new effects similar to trinkets.

Each time you loot new items, you’ll have the chance for powerful new upgrades allowing you to push the limits further and faster than ever before with uncapped progression. As you progress, you’ll gradually become more and more powerful as items also grant increased permanent stats.

Here are just some examples of the types of gems you might find:

Equip: Summon a storm. Call down 5 bolts of lightning every 1 second. Each bolt inflicts 25,885 Nature damage to an enemy within 30 yards. During the storm, 3 flowers grow around the caster. After 5 seconds, the flowers bloom, restoring 388,471 health and granting 1,720 Haste to allies for 10 seconds. "Fits in a Meta socket."

Thundering Orb

Transform into a Thundering Orb inflicting Nature damage to enemies within 30 yards over 4 seconds. While you are a Thundering Orb, damage taken is reduced by 50%, movement speed is reduced by 70%, and you are immune to loss of control effects. "Fits in a Meta socket."

Oblivion Sphere

Coalesce an orb of pure void that increases Critical Strike damage taken by enemies within 15 yards by 50% for 10 seconds. After 4 seconds, the orb explodes, inflicting Shadow damage. "Fits in a Meta socket."

Tinker Gems

Binds when picked up Unique-Equipped: Hailstorm (1) Hailstorm

Equip: Every 3 seconds build a charge of Hailstorm. Upon reaching 10 stacks, unleash hail on enemies within 50 yards. Each impact influicts Frost damage and applies Numbing Cold.

Numbing Cold Reduces movement speed by 30% and reduces damage dealt by 10%. Attacking removes a stack of Numbing Cold. "Fits in a Tinker socket."

Binds when picked up Unique-Equipped: Cold Front (1) Cold Front

Equip: Your abilities have a chance to grant all allies a shield absorbing damage and applying Numbing Cold to all enemies within 50 yards.

Binds when picked up Unique-Equipped: Wildfire (1)

Equip: Your abilities have a chance to inflict additional Fire damage and spread Wildfire to a nearby enemy inflicting Fire damage every 1 second for 10 seconds.

Wildfire stacks and spreads to nearby enemies, stacking up to 10 times. "Fits in a Tinker socket."

Tinkmaster's Shield

Binds when picked up Unique-Equipped: Tinkmaster's Shield (1) Tinkmaster's Shield

Equip: Grants a shield absorbing damage equal to 20% of your total health. This shield will regenerate after not suffering any damage for 10 seconds. "Fits in a Tinker socket."

Binds when picked up Unique-Equipped: Fervor (1) Fervor

Equip: While you are above 80% health, your attacks consume 2% of your maximum health to inflict Holy damage equal to the amount consumed. "Fits in a Tinker socket."

Sunstrider's Flourish

Binds when picked up Unique-Equipped: Sunstrider's Flourish (1) Sunstrider's Flourish

Equip: Your critical strikes erupt in a fiery explosion inflicting Fire damage to enemies within 15 yards of your target. "Fits in a Tinker socket."

Cogwheel Gems

Teleports you forward 10 yards or until reaching an obstacle and frees you from all stuns and bonds. "Fits in a Cogwheel socket."

Increases your movement speed by 70% for 8 seconds. "Fits in a Cogwheel socket."

Roll a short distance. "Fits in a Cogwheel socket."

Cloak of Infinite Potential

You’ll also be able to earn an Artifact cloak that gains permanent power increases as you play. Power you earn on your strongest character is shared with alternate characters created for the event to make leveling even faster.

Item Level 346 Soulbound Unique Back 147 Armor Equip: Grants the following aura. Timerunner's Advantage The threads of time you find will be woven into this cloak, permanently increasing its power.

Timerunner's Advantage

Your cloak grants you the following stats: +324 Strength +1620 Stamina +324 Critical Strike +324 Leech +324 Mastery +324 Versatility +324% Experience Gain

Earn titles, a variety of transmogs, previously unreleased color variants of older mounts, and more simply by completing WoW Remix: Mists of Pandaria specific achievements during the Remix event. These achievements will become Feats of Strength when the event ends.

Welcome to a New Bronze Age

There’s no such thing as a bad drop and any drop you get can be converted into a new currency— Bronze. You’ll be able to use this currency to purchase upgrades and World of Warcraft account-bound cosmetics.

Head to a bazaar in any zone to purchase everything from class transmogs, to Mists of Pandaria mounts, toys, and more. This allows players to purchase items that were previously unable to obtain or difficult to obtain as random drops by simply spending this new currency to add them to their account’s collection.

Players won’t be able to use the Auction House in World of Warcraft Remix: Mists of Pandaria.

Continue the story in Dragonflight as the Dark Heart content update (10.2.7) ushers in the final chapter of the expansion and sets the stage for The War Within .