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Music Therapy Theses

All Music Therapy theses can be found here. They are also available in the Theses and Dissertations section.

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

An Exploration into Art Therapists' Experiences of Collaboration with Music Therapists to Treat People with Autistic Spectrum Disorder , Heejoon Park Jun

Early Childhood Educators' Understanding and Perspectives of Music Therapy , Sophia G. Woods

How Music Therapists Experience Improvising with Nonspeaking Clients: A Thematic Analysis , Alexandra Timoshenko

Music Therapists' Perspectives on the Use of Heavy Metal Music in Music Therapy , Jessie E. Davis

Nurses' Perceptions of Music Therapy in Skilled Nursing Facilities: A Survey , Teressa Sambolin

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

A Thematic Analysis of the Clinician's Experience of Individual Music Therapy in Skilled Nursing Facilities with Older Adults , Jaycie Perretta

Music Therapist Experiences of Meaningful Moments in Short-term Medical Settings: A Thematic Analysis , Haojie Lyu

The Connections in Relationships Among Autistic and Neurotypical Adolescents Participating in a Virtual, Inclusive, Performative Music Therapy Group , Laura Silvestain

The Experience of Music Therapists Working with the Parents of Premature Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) , Harria Kim

The Experiences of an Individual with Parkinson's Engaging in a Relationship-based, Improvisational Music Therapy Group , Daniel DeLucia

The Non-verbal Expressions and Experiences of an Autistic Adolescent in Improvisational, Relationship-based Music Therapy , Naoko Funahashi

The Role of Affinity Group Membership For Marginalized Music Therapy Students and Professionals , Fakoya A. Jack-Vilmar

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

An Exploration of Music Therapists' Experience of Simultaneous Trauma During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Phenomenological Inquiry , Nadia Mary Flutie

A Study on the Perception and Influence of Whiteness in White Music Therapists , Maria Abramovich

Deconstructing the Clinician: An Auto-Ethnographic Study , Nicole Moy and Natalia Alvarez-Figueroa

Puppets in Music Therapy: A Qualitative Study , Kaitlyn Lewis

Racial and Ethnic Representation in Music Therapy Education , Eden M. Medina

The Development of Therapeutic Alliance in Long-Term and Short-Term Music Therapy Treatment , Brooke Morris

The Influences of Language Barriers in Music Therapy , Kohei Mori

The Music Therapist’s Experience of Flow During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Phenomenological Inquiry , Kaitlyn Upshaw

The Music Therapist's Experience of the Client-Therapist Relationship in Improvisational Voicework: An Interpretive Phenomenological Inquiry , Samantha Schick

The Prevalence of Hip Hop Music in Music Therapy Education & Practice , Dannyele C. Crawford

The Role of Telehealth in Music Therapy Practice During the COVID-19 Global Pandemic Through the Lens of the Music Therapist: A Survey , Brianne Brunick

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

A Culturally Situated Perspective of Music Therapy in Hungary , Sylvia E. Foldes-Berman

A Phenomenological Study of the Therapeutic Relationship in Tele-Music Therapy in the US , Kiyomi Kamiya Glover

From Student to Practitioner: Formal Music Education’s Influence on The Practitioner’s Informed Music Therapy Practice , Daniel M. Salaway

Navigating the Experience of Burnout of Immigrant Music Therapists in the United States , Naeun Lee

The Role of Music in Personal Therapy in Advanced Music Therapy Training: A Self-Inquiry , Jan Mark Casco

The Role of Personal Therapy for Chinese-Speaking Music Therapy Students: A Survey , Xinrui Liu

The Role of Verbal Skills in Analytical Music Therapy, the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music, and Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy , Elizabeth Ingram

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Exploring the Use of Marimba in Nordoff Robbins Music Therapy with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder , Lucas McCarren

The Experience of Songwriting in Music Therapy for Adults with Intellectual Disability , Jasper Lewis

The Roles of Absorption in Music Therapy , Michael John Russo

Understanding Group Dynamics in DIR-Based Improvisational Music Therapy with Autistic Children , Anne Therese Crean

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

A Phenomenological Inquiry into an Autistic Adolescent's Experience in Relationship-based Music Therapy from the Perspectives of the Adolescent and Parent , Diana N. Abourafeh

A Survey of Music Therapists Working in Acute Care, Adult Psychiatric Facilities in the United States: Theoretical Orientations and Practices , Jon Reichert

Clinical Intuition in Improvisational Music Therapy: A Phenomenological Study of the Relationship between Intuition and Music , Nick Farr

The Role of Entrainment on an Older Adult’s Stress and Anxiety: A Mixed Methods Study , Francesca Brennan

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

A Closer Exploration of Therapeutic Relationship through a Musical Mediuem: An Arts-Based Research Study , Michael Kelliher

An Analysis of Burnout and Music Therapy Methodologies , Samara Berry

An Exploration of Creative Arts-Based Self-Care Practices among Music Therapy Students , Marion Kaiser

A Teacher's Experience in Improvisational Music Therapy with her Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Phenomenological Inquiry , Inbar A. Kaplan

The Impact of a Degree in Music Education on Music Therapy Professional Practice: A Qualitative Interview Study , Katherine Glathar

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

An Exploration of Music Therapists' Perspectives on Preventing and Treating Postpartum Depression , Chengcheng Du

Exploring the use of the bass guitar as a clinical instrument within music-centered practice , Matthew J. Brady

Music Therapy with Adolescents in Crisis in America and Korea : A Cross-Cultural Analysis , Seulgi Kim

Parents’ Experiences of Music Therapy in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) , Naoko Mizutani

The Experience of Countertransference for Music Therapists when Working with Children with Developmental Disabilities , Carly Caprioli

The Function of Improvised Song Creation for Individuals with ASD in Formation of Identity: A Grounded Theory Investigation , Jesse Asch

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Clinical Supervisors' Experience with Conflict with Music Therapy Interns , Joanna M. Kelly

Exploring the Implications of Resource-Oriented Music Therapy for Medical Practice , Jacqueline M. Christen

The Experiences of Music Therapists Developing Music Therapy Programs in New York State Public Schools , Michelle Kovacs

The Role of Personal Therapy for Music Therapists: A Survey , Carla D. Chikhani

The Role of Songs in Music Therapy with Adults who have Developmental Disabilities , Gregory Razzano

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

A Phenomenological Investigation of the Experience of Music Therapists with Vocal Health Issues , Liisa Hill Murray

Exploring Empathy In Music Therapy , Jessica Haviland

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

A Historical Review of Music Therapy and the Department of Veterans Affairs , Jenna Spencer

A Phenomenological investigation of Nordoff-Robbins trainees' personal and musical growth during certification training , Matsuri Imura

Boundary Issues in Music Therapy Internship Supervision , Michelle Lasco

Exploring spiritual experiences of Nordoff-Robbins music therapists , Hyun Jin Hong

Exploring the Impact of Personal bereavement on Music Therapists' Work in End-of-Life Care , Kaitlyn Leann Weeks

Music Therapy, Pain, and Anxiety in Short-Term Adult Inpatient Orthopedic Rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial , John Marino

The Call for Bravery: The Use of Improvised Story Songs with a Preschooler with Developmental Delays , Emily McClure

The Experience of Music Therapists Who Balance the Dual Professions of Music Therapist and Professional Musician , Colin Turner

The Experience of Teamwork in Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy: a phenomenological investigation , John Mulcahy

The role of the musical - self in promoting career longevity among music therapists , Peter Davis

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

An Exploration of Perceived Stress Among Music Therapy Interns , Ayelet Walker

Exploring the Musical Culture of an African American Child with Developmental Disabilities in Group Music Therapy , Meghan Cork

I Am Surrounded by Love: an inquiry into the use of songs with a woman with traumatic brain injury, 11 years post-injury , Pamela J. Carlton

Parallel Process in Music Therapy Supervision , Gabriela S. Ortiz

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

An exploration of mindfulness in my music therapy sessions with a child with suggest autism spectrum disorder , Kimberly Lau

Listening, Improvisation, and the Therapeutic Relationship in Music Therapy: A Self-Inquiry , Jill Lucente

Music for quality of life: Huntington Grant Proposal , Lauren A. Klimek

Music Therapy and Culture: Exploring my Culture and its Influences , Midori Tsujimoto

The Development and Establishment of a Pre-School Music Therapy Program , Tracey Lee Rosen

Theoretical orientations applied by music therapists working in adult psychiatric inpatient settings , Angel A. Park

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Effectiveness of music therapy: a summary of systematic reviews based on randomized controlled trials of music interventions

Hiroharu kamioka.

1 Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan

Kiichiro Tsutani

2 Department of Drug Policy and Management, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Minoru Yamada

3 Kyoto University Graduate School Research, Kyoto, Japan

Hyuntae Park

4 Department of Functioning Activation, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan

Hiroyasu Okuizumi

5 Mimaki Onsen (Spa) Clinic, Tomi, Nagano, Japan

Koki Tsuruoka

6 Graduate School of Social Services, Japan College of Social Work, Tokyo, Japan

Takuya Honda

7 Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan

Shinpei Okada

8 Physical Education and Medicine Research Foundation, Tomi, Nagano, Japan

Sang-Jun Park

Jun kitayuguchi.

9 Physical Education and Medicine Research Center Unnan, Shimane, Japan

Takafumi Abe

Shuichi handa, takuya oshio.

10 Social Welfare Service Corporation CARE-PORT MIMAKI, Tomi, Nagano, Japan

Yoshiteru Mutoh

11 The Research Institute of Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan

Associated Data

References to studies excluded in this review

Abbreviations: NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SR, systematic review.

The objective of this review was to summarize evidence for the effectiveness of music therapy (MT) and to assess the quality of systematic reviews (SRs) based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Study design

An SR of SRs based on RCTs.

Studies were eligible if they were RCTs. Studies included were those with at least one treatment group in which MT was applied. We searched the following databases from 1995 to October 1, 2012: MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Web of Science, Global Health Library, and Ichushi-Web. We also searched all Cochrane Database and Campbell Systematic Reviews up to October 1, 2012. Based on the International Classification of Diseases , 10th revision, we identified a disease targeted for each article.

Twenty-one studies met all inclusion criteria. This study included 16 Cochrane reviews. As a whole, the quality of the articles was very good. Eight studies were about “Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-99)”; there were two studies on “Diseases of the nervous system (G00-99)” and “Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-99)”; and there was one study each for “Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-90)”, “Diseases of the circulatory system (I00-99)”, and “Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O60)”. MT treatment improved the following: global and social functioning in schizophrenia and/or serious mental disorders, gait and related activities in Parkinson’s disease, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality.

This comprehensive summary of SRs demonstrated that MT treatment improved the following: global and social functioning in schizophrenia and/or serious mental disorders, gait and related activities in Parkinson’s disease, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality. MT may have the potential for improving other diseases, but there is not enough evidence at present. Most importantly, no specific adverse effect or harmful phenomenon occurred in any of the studies, and MT was well tolerated by almost all patients.

Article focus

Although many studies have reported the effects of music therapy (MT), there is no review of systematic reviews (SRs) based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Key messages

The key messages of this paper are as follows.

• This is the first SR of SRs of the effectiveness of cure based on music interventions in studies with RCT designs.
• Our study is unique because it summarizes the evidence for each target disease according to the International Classification of Diseases , revision 10 (ICD-10).
• We propose the future research agenda for studies on the treatment effect of MT.

Strength and limitation of this study

The strengths of this study are as follows: 1) the methods and implementation registered high on the PROSPERO database; 2) it was a comprehensive search strategy across multiple databases with no data restrictions; and 3) there were high agreement levels for quality assessment of articles.

This study has three limitations. Firstly, some selection criteria were common across studies; however, the bias remained due to differences in eligibility for participation in each original RCT. Secondly, publication bias was a limitation. Lastly, since this review focused on summarizing the effects of MT for each disease, we did not describe all details on quality and quantity, such as type of MT, frequency of MT, and time on MT.

Introduction

MT is widely utilized for treatment of and assistance in various diseases. In one literature review, the authors found seven case reports/series and seven studies on MT for multiple sclerosis patients. The results of these studies as well as the case reports demonstrated patients’ improvements in the domains of self-acceptance, anxiety, and depression. 1 Another review examined the overall efficacy of MT in children and adolescents with psychopathology, and examined how the size of the effect of MT is influenced by the type of pathology, the subject’s age, the MT approach, and the type of outcome. 2 The analysis revealed that MT had a medium to large positive effect (effect size =0.61) on clinically relevant outcomes that was statistically highly significant ( P <0.001) and statistically homogeneous. A more recent SR assessed the effects of musical elements in the treatment of individuals with acquired neurological disorder. 3 The results showed that mechanisms of recovery remained unclear: two of the three studies that examined mechanisms of recovery via neuro-imaging techniques supported the role of the right hemisphere, but reports were contradictory, and exact mechanisms of recovery remained indefinable. An interesting meta-analysis described results that justified strong consideration for the inclusion of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) MT protocols in best practice standards for NICU treatment of preterm infants: examples of these therapies were listening to music for pacification, music reinforcement of sucking/feeding ability, and music as a basis for pacification during multilayered, multimodal stimulation. 4

Examining the curative effects of MT has unique challenges. A review article by Nilsson 5 described how nurses face many challenges as they care for the needs of hospitalized patients, and that they often have to prioritize physical care over the patient’s emotional, spiritual, and psychological needs. In clinical practice, music intervention can be a tool to support these needs by creating an environment that stimulates and maintains relaxation, wellbeing, and comfort. Furthermore, the Nilsson article 5 presented a concrete recommendation for music interventions in clinical practice, such as “slow and flowing music, approximately 60 to 80 beats per minute”, “nonlyrical”, “maximum volume level at 60 dB”, “patient’s own choice, with guidance”, “suitable equipment chosen for the specific situation”, “a minimum duration of 30 minutes in length”, and “measurement, follow up, and documentation of the effects”. In addition, MT has been variably applied as both a primary and accessory treatment for persons with addictions to alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs of abuse. However, an SR 6 described that no consensus exists regarding the efficacy of MT as treatment for patients with addictions.

On the other hand, music may be considered an adjunctive therapy in clinical situations. Music is effective in reducing anxiety and pain in children undergoing medical and dental procedures. 7 A meta-analysis confirmed that patients listening to music during colonoscopy, which is now the recommended method for screening colon cancer, was an effective method for reducing procedure time, anxiety, and the amount of sedation. More importantly, no harmful effects were observed for all the target studies. 8 The usual practice following a cervical cancer abnormal cervical smear is to perform a colposcopy. However, women experience high levels of anxiety and negative emotional responses at all stages of cervical screening. An SR of RCTs evaluated interventions designed to reduce anxiety levels during colposcopic examination. Psychosexual dysfunction (ie, anxiety) was reduced by playing music during colposcopy. 9

The definition of musical intervention is complex, but the literature describes two broad categories of music interventions: music medicine and MT. 10 Music medicine is the use of passive listening (usually involving prerecorded music) as implemented by medical personnel. In music medicine studies, the subject’s preference for the music used may be considered by having him or her select from a variety of tapes. Alternately, some studies use predefined music stimuli that do not take the subject’s preferences into account. Furthermore, there is generally no attempt by the researcher to form a therapeutic relationship with the subject, and there is no process involved in the music treatment. In essence, music medicine studies usually allow one to assess the effects of music alone as a therapeutic intervention. In contrast, MT interventions most often involve a relationship between the therapist and the subject, the use of live music (performed or created by the therapist and/or patient), and a process that includes assessment, treatment, and evaluation. Patient preference for the music is usually a consideration in MT studies.

We were interested in evaluating the curative effect of MT according to diseases because many of the primary studies and review articles of much MT have reported results in this way. In particular, we wanted to focus on all cure and rehabilitation effects using the ICD-10. It is well known in research design that evidence grading is highest for an SR with meta-analysis of RCTs. Although many studies have reported the effects of MT, there is no review of SRs based on RCTs. The objective of this review was to summarize evidence for the effectiveness of MT and to assess the quality of SRs based on RCTs of these therapies.

Criteria for considering studies included in this review

Types of studies.

Studies were eligible if they were SRs (with or without a meta-analysis) based on RCTs.

Types of participants

There was no restriction on patients.

Types of intervention and language

Studies included were those with at least one treatment group in which MT was applied. The definition of MT is complex, but in this study, any kind of MT (not only music appreciation but also musical instrument performance and singing, for example) was permitted and defined as an intervention. Studies had to include information on the use of medication, alternative therapies, and lifestyle changes, and these had to be comparable among groups. There was no restriction on the basis of language.

Types of outcome measures

We focused on all cure and rehabilitation effects using the ICD-10.

Search methods for studies identification

Bibliographic database.

We searched the following databases from 1995 to October 1, 2012: MEDLINE via PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science, Ichushi Web (in Japanese), the Global Health Library (GHL), and the Western Pacific Region Index Medicus (WPRIM). The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) recommended uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals in 1993. We selected articles published (that included a protocol) since 1995, because it appeared that the ICMJE recommendation had been adopted by the relevant researchers and had strengthened the quality of the reports.

We also searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Cochrane Reviews), the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (Other Reviews), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Clinical Trials or CENTRAL), the Cochrane Methodology Register (Methods Studies), the Health Technology Assessment Database (Technology Assessments), the NHS Economic Evaluation Database (Economic Evaluations), About The Cochrane Collaboration databases (Cochrane Groups), the Campbell Systematic Reviews (the Campbell Collaboration), and the All Cochrane, up to October 1, 2012.

All searches were performed by two specific searchers (hospital librarians) who were qualified in medical information handling, and who were experienced in searches of clinical trials.

Search strategies

The special search strategies contained the elements and terms for MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Ichushi Web, GHL, WPRIM, and All Cochrane databases ( Figure 1 and Table 1 ). Only keywords about intervention were used for the searches. First, titles and abstracts of identified published articles were reviewed in order to determine the relevance of the articles. Next, references in relevant studies and identified SRs were screened.

Flowchart of trial process.

Note: *Reduplication.

Abbreviations: CINAHL, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature; CENTRAL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SR, systematic review.

The special search strategies

Registry checking

We searched the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), ClinicalTrials.gov , and the University Hospital Medical Information Network – Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR), up to October 1, 2012.

ICTRP in the WHO Registry Network meet specific criteria for content, quality and validity, accessibility, unique identification, technical capacity, and administration. Primary registries meet the requirements of the ICMJE. Clinical ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry of federally and privately supported clinical trials conducted in the US and around the world. UMIN-CTR is a registry of clinical trials conducted in Japan and around the world.

Handsearching and reference checking

We handsearched abstracts published on MT in relevant journals in Japan. We checked the references of included studies for further relevant literature.

Review methods

Selection of trials.

To make the final selection of studies for the review, all criteria were applied independently by four authors (ie, TH, JK, SJP, and TA) to the full text of articles that had passed the first eligibility screening ( Figure 1 ). Disagreements and uncertainties were resolved by discussion with other authors (ie, HK, KT, and YM).

Studies were selected when 1) the design was an SR based on RCTs and 2) one of the interventions was a form of MT. Protocols without results were excluded, and we included only completed studies. Cure and rehabilitation effects were used as a primary outcome measure. Trials that were excluded are presented with reasons for exclusion ( Table S1 ).

Quality assessment of included studies

To ensure that variation was not caused by systematic errors in the study design or execution, eleven review authors (HP, MY, HO, SO, SJP, TO, KT, TH, SH, JK, and HK) independently assessed the quality of the articles. A full quality appraisal of these papers was made using the combined tool based on the AMSTAR checklist 11 developed to assess the methodological quality of SRs.

Each item was scored as “present” (Yes), “absent” (No), “unclear or inadequately described” (Can not answer), or “not applicable” (n/a). Depending on the study design, some items were not applicable. The “n/a” was excluded from calculation for quality assessment. We displayed the percentage of descriptions that were present on all items for the quality assessment of articles. Then, based on the percentage of risk of poor methodology and/or bias, each item was assigned to one of the following categories: good description (80%–100%), poor description (50%–79%), or very poor description (0%–49%).

Disagreements and uncertainties were resolved by discussion with other authors (ie, KT and HK). Inter-rater reliability was calculated on a dichotomous scale using percentage agreement and Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ).

Summary of studies and data extraction

Eleven review authors (HP, MY, HO, SO, SJP, TH, TO, SH, JK, KT, and HK) described the summary from each article based on the structured abstracts. 12 , 13

Benefit and harm

The GRADE Working Group 14 reported that the balance between benefit and harm, quality of evidence, applicability, and the certainty of the baseline risk were all considered in judgments about the strength of recommendations. Adverse events for intervention were especially important information for researchers and users of clinical practice guidelines, and we presented this information with the description of each article.

Research protocol registration

We submitted and registered our research protocol to the PROSPERO (no 42012002950). PROSPERO is an international database of prospectively registered SRs in health and social care. 15 Key features from the review protocol are recorded and maintained as a permanent record in PROSPERO. This provides a comprehensive listing of SRs registered at inception, and enables comparison of reported review findings with what was planned in the protocol. PROSPERO is managed by UK Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) and funded by the UK National Institute for Health Research. Registration was recommended because it encourage full publication of the review’s findings and transparency in changes to methods that could bias findings. 16

Study selection

The literature searches included potentially relevant articles ( Figure 1 ). Abstracts from those articles were assessed, and 63 papers were retrieved for further evaluation (checks for relevant literature). Forty-two publications were excluded because they did not meet the eligibility criteria ( Table S1 ). A total of 21 studies 17 – 37 met all inclusion criteria ( Table 1 ). The language of all eligible publications was English.

Study characteristics

The contents of all articles were summarized as structured abstracts ( Table 2 ). Sinha et al 17 reported that there was no evidence that auditory integration therapy or other sound therapies are effective as treatments for autism spectrum disorders. Mossler et al 18 concluded that MT as an addition to standard care helps people with schizophrenia to improve their global state, mental state (including negative symptoms), and social functioning if a sufficient number of MT sessions are provided by qualified music therapists. Bradt et al 19 indicated that music interventions may have beneficial effects on anxiety, pain, mood, and quality of life (QoL) in people with cancer. Bradt and Dileo 20 reported that there may be a benefit of MT on QoL of people in end-of-life care. Vink et al 21 reported that the methodological quality and the reporting of the included studies on dementia were too poor to draw any useful conclusions. Bradt et al 22 indicated that listening to music may have a beneficial effect on heart rate, respiratory rate, and anxiety in mechanically ventilated patients. Cepeda et al 23 reported that listening to music reduces pain intensity levels and opioid requirements on patients with chronic, acute, neuropathic, and cancer pain or experimental pain, but the magnitude of these benefits is small and therefore its clinical importance unclear. Bradt et al 24 reported that rhythmic auditory stimulation might be beneficial for gait improvement in people with stroke. Gold et al 25 indicated that MT may help children with autistic spectrum disorder to improve their communicative skills. Laopaiboon et al 26 indicated that music during planned cesarean section under regional anesthesia may improve pulse rate and birth satisfaction score. Bradt and Dileo 27 reported that listening to music may have a beneficial effect on blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, anxiety, and pain in persons with coronary heart disease. Maratos et al 28 suggested that MT is accepted by people with depression and is associated with improvements in mood, but the small number and low methodological quality of studies meant that it is not possible to be confident about its effectiveness. de Dreu et al 29 reported that music-based movement therapy appeared promising for the improvement of gait and gait-related activities in Parkinson’s disease. Cogo-Moreira et al 30 concluded that there is no evidence available on which to base a judgment about the effectiveness of music education for the improvement of reading skills in children and adolescents with dyslexia. Drahota et al 31 reported that music may improve patient-reported outcomes in certain circumstances such as anxiety for hospital patients. Chan et al 32 concluded that listening to music over a period of time helps to reduce depressive symptoms in the adult population. Naylor et al 33 reported that there is limited qualitative evidence to support the effectiveness of music on health-related outcomes for children and adolescents with clinical diagnoses. Irons et al 34 concluded that because no studies that met the criteria were found, their review was unable to support or refute the benefits of singing as a therapy for people with cystic fibrosis. Irons et al 35 reported that they could not draw any conclusion to support or refute the adoption of singing as an intervention for people with bronchiectasis because of the absence of data. de Niet et al 36 concluded that music-assisted relaxation could be without intensive investment in training and materials and is therefore cheap, easily available and can be used by nurses to promote music-assisted relaxation to improve sleep quality. Gold et al 37 reported that MT is an effective treatment which helps people with psychotic and nonpsychotic severe mental disorders to improve global state, symptoms, and functioning.

A structured abstract of 21 systematic reviews

Abbreviations: ASSIA, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CAG, Cochrane Airways Group; CAIRSS, Computer-Assisted Information Retrieval System; CCDANCTR, Cochrane Collaboration Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Controlled Trials Register; CDCIG, Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group; CENTRAL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; CHD, coronary heart disease; CI, confidence interval; CINAHL, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature; ERIC, Education Resource Information Centre; Ham-D, Hamilton Depression Scale; ICTRP, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform; LILACS, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature; MbM, music-based movement; MD, mean difference; MeSH, Medical Subject Headings; NIH, National Institutes of Health; NNT, number needed to treat; PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PEDro, Physiotherapy Evidence Database; QoL, quality of life; RAS, rhythmic auditory stimulation; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RR, risk ratio; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SDS, Self-rating Depression Scale; SDSI, Social Disability Schedule for Inpatients; SES, summary effect size; SMD, standardized mean difference; STAI-S, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – State; UPDRS, Unifed Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; WHO, World Health Organization.

Based on ICD-10, we identified a disease targeted in each article ( Table 3 ). Among 21 studies, eight studies were about “Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-99)”. There were two studies in “Diseases of the nervous system (G00-99)” and “Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-99)”, and one study in “Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-90)”, “Diseases of the circulatory system (I00-99)”, and “Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O60)”. Because there were a variety of target diseases, there were six articles in which we could not identify a single disease.

International classification of target diseases in each article

Abbreviation: ICD, International Classification of Diseases.

Evidence of effectiveness

Table 4 presents a brief summary of 21 SRs. Five studies (ie, schizophrenia for global and mental state and social functioning, 18 Parkinson’s disease for gait and related activities, 29 depressive symptoms, 32 sleep quality, 36 and serious mental disorders for global and social functioning 37 ) concluded that there are effects of the intervention.

Brief summary of 21 systematic reviews

Abbreviation: QoL, quality of life

Ten studies with a meta-analysis (ie, cancer for anxiety, pain, mood, and QoL, 19 advanced life-limiting illness for QoL, 20 mechanically ventilated patients for heart rate, respiratory rate, and anxiety, 22 multiple pain for intensity level and opioid requirement, 23 acquired brain injury for gait parameters, 24 autistic spectrum disorders for communicative skills, 25 cesarean section for heart rate and birth satisfaction, 26 coronary heart disease for blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, anxiety, and pain, 27 hospital patients for self-reported outcomes such as anxiety, 31 and various clinical conditions for health outcomes in children with learning and developmental disorder 33 ) concluded that there might be an effect of the intervention. An SR without a meta-analysis of depression reported that there might be an effect of the intervention. 28

Two studies (ie, autism spectrum 17 and dementia 21 ) described that the effect of intervention is unclear. There was no evidence for three studies (ie, dyslexia, 30 cystic fibrosis, 34 and bronchiectasis 35 ) because they were not RCTs.

Adverse events

There were no specific adverse events in any of the studies.

Quality assessment

We evaluated eleven items from the AMSTAR checklist in more detail ( Table 5 ). Inter-rater reliability metrics for the quality assessment indicated substantial agreement for all 231 items (percentage agreement 95.3% and κ =0.825). As a whole, the quality of the articles was very good.

AMSTAR is a measurement tool created to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews

Abbreviations: CENTRAL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MeSH, Medical Subject Headings; Can’t, can not.

This is the first SR of SRs of the effectiveness of cure based on music interventions in studies with RCT designs. Our study is unique because it summarized the evidence for each target disease according to ICD-10 classification. We assume that this study will be helpful to researchers who want to grasp an effect of MT comprehensively and could provide information that is indispensable for the organization that is going to make the guidelines according to each disease.

Twenty-one SRs based on RCTs were identified, and music intervention was clearly effective for five diseases (ie, schizophrenia for global and mental state and social functioning, Parkinson’s disease for gait and related activities, depressive symptoms, sleep quality, and serious mental disorders for global and social functioning).

A review of all SRs showed that there was no special adverse effect or harm associated with MT.

Tendency of target disease and outcome

The most commonly reported target diseases were “Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-99)”, 17 , 18 , 21 , 25 , 28 , 30 , 32 , 36 and the effect of MT on these diseases was improved mental health (eg, anxiety and mood), pain, QoL, and communication skills. The main reason given in these articles for improved mental health was that the beauty and rhythm of the music tone allowed the patient to be comfortable. In studies about the effects of MT on anxiety, discomfort, fear, and pain, MT has been variably applied as an accessory treatment for persons with addictions, 6 and as evasion of direct discomfort for undergoing medical device procedures such as colonoscopy, 8 colposcopy 9 and dental procedures. 7

The second most frequently reported target diseases were “Diseases of the nervous system (G00-99)”, 24 , 29 and the effects of MT on these diseases showed commonly gait parameters. MT is expected to improve gait and related activities such as rehabilitation in diseases of the central nervous system. There were also several studies that identified “Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-99).” 22 , 35 Improvements seen in these studies were mainly due to effects of singing on breathing function, such as respiratory rate, and on the circulation function, such as heart rate.

Validity of overall evidence based on quality assessment

We performed an evaluation of all SRs by the AMSTAR checklist developed to assess the methodological quality of SRs. There were no serious problems with the conduct and reporting of all target studies. This study included 16 Cochrane Reviews. 17 – 28 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 35 In the Cochrane Reviews, the eligibility criteria for a meta-analysis are strict, and for each article, heterogeneity and low quality of reporting are to first be excluded. Therefore, we assumed that the conclusion of each SR had enough validity.

Overall evidence

Most importantly, a specific adverse effect or harmful phenomenon did not occur in any study, and MT was well tolerated by almost all patients. MT treatment has positive effects for the following: schizophrenia and/or serious mental disorders for global and social functioning, Parkinson’s disease for gait and related activities, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality. We assume that the direct effects of MT are generally improvement of mental health and sense of rhythm, and reduction of pain. In addition, we assume that communication with other people improves through music, the sense of isolation disappears, and QoL rises.

Although further accumulation of RCT data is necessary, MT may be effective treatment for the following diseases and symptoms: cancer and/or advanced life-limiting illnesses affecting mental state and QoL, mechanically ventilated patients with impaired respiratory function and mental state, chronic pain requiring opioid treatment, acquired brain injury affecting gait parameters, autistic spectrum disorders involving communicative skills, cesarean section effects on heart rate and birth satisfaction, coronary heart disease effects on circulatory, respiratory function, and mental state, and self-reported outcomes for hospitalized patients and other patients with various clinical conditions. These SRs describe the need for additional high quality RCTs to assess the effect of MT.

Future research agenda to build evidence

Table 6 shows the future research agenda for studies on the treatment effect of MT. Because only SRs of RCTs were included in this study, their characteristic study designs limited our results to the assessment of short-term effects. Even if a study is not an RCT design, it is necessary to evaluate the long-term effects.

Future research agenda to build evidence of music therapy

Because studies of intervention using music vary in design, a consensus of the framework is necessary. 10 In this study, examination according to a detailed intervention method was not possible, but it would be important for future studies to define MT. Furthermore, studies to assess dose–response relationships according to each disease are clearly necessary. 18

Bowen et al 38 suggested that public health is moving toward the goal of implementing evidence-based intervention. However, the feasibility of possible interventions and whether comprehensive and multilevel evaluations are needed to justify them must be determined. It is at least necessary to show the cost of such interventions. We must introduce an interventional method based on its cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility.

In addition, MT as an intervention is unique and completely different than pharmacological or traditional rehabilitation methods. Therefore, it may be necessary to add some original items like herbal intervention, 39 aquatic exercise, 40 and balneotherapy 41 to the CONSORT 2010 checklist as alternative or complementary medicines.

Strength and limitations

This review has several strengths: 1) the methods and implementation registered high on the PROSPERO database; 2) it was a comprehensive search strategy across multiple databases with no data restrictions; 3) there were high agreement levels for quality assessment of articles; and 4) it involved detailed data extraction to allow for collecting all articles’ content into a recommended structured abstract.

This review also had several limitations that should be acknowledged. Firstly, some selection criteria were common across studies, as described above; however, bias remained due to differences in eligibility for participation in each original RCT. Secondly, publication bias was a limitation. Although there was no linguistic restriction in the eligibility criteria, we searched studies with only English and Japanese keywords. Thirdly, in order to be specific to SRs based on RCTs, it ignores some excellent results of primary research by other research designs. Fourthly, as a point of terminology for MT, because we applied a broad definition to the use of music in medicine, it may be more confusing or a bit misleading in the cultural context of Western health care.

In addition, since this review focused on summaries of effects of MT for each disease, we did not describe all details on quality and quantity such as type of MT, frequency of MT, and time on MT. Moreover, we could not follow standard procedures as estimates of the effects of moderating variables. Finally, because we broadly defined MT as music appreciation, musical instrument performance, and singing, we could not assess a specific intervention.

This comprehensive summary of SRs demonstrates that MT treatment improved the following: global and social functioning in schizophrenia and/or serious mental disorders, gait and related activities in Parkinson’s disease, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality. MT may have the potential for improving other diseases, but there is not enough evidence at present. Most importantly, a specific adverse effect or harmful phenomenon did not occur in any of the studies, and MT was well tolerated by almost all patients.

To most effectively assess the potential benefits of MT, it will be important for future research to explore 1) long-term effects, 2) a consensus of the framework of music intervention, 3) dose–response relationships, 4) the cost of the intervention, and 5) development of the original check item in MT.

Supplementary material

Acknowledgments.

We would like to express our appreciation to Ms Aya Maruyama (methodology of MT), Ms Rie Higashino, Ms Yoko Ikezaki, Ms Rinako Kai (paperwork), and Ms Satoko Sayama and Ms Mari Makishi (all searches of studies) for their assistance in this study.

This study was supported by the Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants (Research on Health Security Control ID No H24-021; representative Dr K Tsutani) from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan in 2012.

Author contributions

All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data. All authors took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content.

Ethical approval

No ethical approval was required.

Data sharing

No additional data are available.

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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38 Music Therapy Research: Context, Methodology, and Current and Future Developments

Jane Edwards, Deakin University

• Published: 09 June 2015
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Music therapy is an evidence-based profession. Music therapy research aims to provide information about outcomes that support music therapy practice including contributing to theoretical perspectives that can explain why changes occur during treatment. Music therapy research has been conducted in a range of health, education, and community contexts throughout the world. Initially many music therapy developments in the university sector occurred through the establishment of training programmes that were developed and delivered by music therapists with professional experience in leading services in education and health care. Now many music therapy training programmes are led by people with practice experience along with research qualifications, and some universities offer music therapy doctoral pathways. Music therapy research capacity has expanded through a notable increase in PhD graduates as well as an increase in funded research in music therapy. This chapter covers: (1) traditions, (2) trends, and (3) contexts for music therapy research.

Introduction

Research is the process by which new knowledge is developed, existing knowledge is extended, and new theoretical frameworks are founded. In health care, research provides evidence for effective ways of working with patients or clients to achieve positive change; maintaining or improving optimal health and well-being. Research methods in health and education are characterized by a guiding research question or hypothesis, a theoretical or epistemological 1 orientation adopted by the researcher, a data source, and a selected method of data collection and analysis that is agreed in advance of the research commencing. All research is bound by an ethical code which is assured by approval from an Institutional Review Board, or an ethics committee. This process confirms that the processes of the research will cause no harm or discomfort to the participants, and will add value to existing knowledge.

Music therapy research is usually undertaken within the context of a university with outreach to recruit patients or students in health care or education. Initially music therapy in the university sector was built up through training programmes that were developed and delivered by people with professional experience in developing and leading music therapy services in education and health care. As higher education institutions across the world have become increasingly invested in all academic staff being research active including attaining PhDs and regularly applying for competitive research funding this has influenced the landscape of music therapy within the higher education environment. Increasingly it is unusual to find a course leader who does not either have a PhD or is working towards a PhD. Full-time permanent academic positions across the university context internationally usually require that the person has a PhD and a substantial body of work that has contributed to knowledge development in their specialist field.

Traditions of research in music therapy

In the fledgling years of music therapy research a commitment to quantitative methods within a strict positivist epistemology can be observed, especially in research publications within the USA. This was partly because of the influence of behavior modification as a technique in therapy practice ( Madsen et al. 1968 ). Modifying behavior that could be observed and measured was the goal of music therapy. Many researchers used randomized controlled trials (RCT) to examine the effects of music therapy on behaviors of clients. RCTs are studies in which participants are randomly assigned to either a music therapy treatment group, or to a control group which does not receive the treatment. The RCT is considered a gold standard within medical research ( Greenhalgh 2014 ). It is a highly effective method by which to test the effects and benefit of pharmacological medications. It can also show treatment outcomes when groups are compared where one group receives a treatment and another group, matched with the treatment group, do not (see Robb and Burns , this volume). Because of the alignment of music therapy with allied health, and the delivery of many music therapy services within medical contexts, the use of the RCT has been common in music therapy research ( Bradt 2012 ).

The most important historical development in this type of research was the introduction of randomization, where participants or subjects are randomly assigned to one of the groups, whether treatment, control, or placebo (see Robb and Burns , this volume). This random allocation to groups minimizes bias and increases the likelihood that the results of the research will be trustworthy.

In the later part of the twentieth century music therapy research reports using new methods entered the published literature, and references to new methods can be observed (for example, Aigen 1993 ; Amir 1993a , b ; Comeau 1991 ; Forinash 1992 ; Forinash and Gonzalez 1989 ; Langenberg et al. 1993 ). The early years of qualitative methods followed along the same route as other allied health research where qualitative inquiry or qualitative research became a commonly used descriptor ( Edwards 2012 ). Although qualitative is a useful description for many research methods it is not in and of itself a method. Distinctions between methods and epistemologies within qualitative traditions have not always been well defined in music therapy research reports ( Aigen 2008 ), and also in other allied health research writings ( Carter and Little 2007 ). In the maturation of music therapy research a wider range of methods and traditions have been engaged, and knowledge about different methods has become more elaborated and differentiated. It is now agreed that all methods have an underlying epistemology, and in using qualitative method research it is essential to be able to state ones position in relation to the theory of knowledge creation to which one subscribes ( Edwards 2012 ). Frequently used qualitative research methods in music therapy are grounded theory (see Daveson this volume; O’Callaghan 1996b ; 2012 ), and phenomenology ( Ghetti this volume).

An important distinction between research methods is whether they use inductive or deductive processes. Inductive refers to the way in which the researcher allows the information to be induced from the data during analysis ( O’Callaghan and McDermott 2004 ; O’Callaghan 1996a ). The researcher looks closely at the data, usually text or arts based, and reflects on the materials allowing meanings to emerge. Research which is deductive uses a pre-defined criteria to examine the data. For example, looking for particular incidences of a word in text or measuring a baseline behavior then providing treatment and following up with a further measure. Deductive might also refer to research in which the themes to be examined are decided in advance even when a qualitative method is used.

Research is published in journals following a process of anonymous peer review. A paper is submitted to just one journal and then the editor sends an anonymized version of the paper for review to at least two professionals with expertise in the area of the paper’s content. The reviewers read the paper and provide feedback to the editor about their opinion of the paper. Reviewers can recommend the paper should be published, or they can request revisions, or they can recommend that the paper be rejected. It is not unusual that articles are rejected. It can be because the editor or reviewers do not think the topic of the paper is relevant to the journal, or there can be issues of quality with the research that deem it unsuitable for publication. Many researchers make revisions to rejected papers and then submit them to another journal. It is unacceptable to submit to more than one journal at a time, and authors must sign a declaration at submission that the work has not been published elsewhere or been submitted for review to another journal.

Peer reviewed articles appear in the following English language journals of music therapy: Australian Journal of Music Therapy, British Journal of Music Therapy, Canadian Journal of Music Therapy, Journal of Music Therapy, Music Therapy Perspectives, Nordic Journal of Music Therapy , the New Zealand Journal of Music Therapy , and Voices . There are also related journals which publish music therapy research papers including: Psychology of Music, Music and Medicine , and The Arts in Psychotherapy . Music therapy research also appears in medical and therapy journals (for example, Loewy et al. 2013 , O’Callaghan et al. 2014 ). Therefore when students are researching projects or writing papers are encouraged to search the journal literature as well as reading relevant books and book chapters.

Trends in music therapy research

In this part of the chapter three trends in music therapy research will be discussed: (1) music therapy and evidence-based medicine, (2) arts-based research, and (3) mechanisms of change in music therapy.

Music therapy and evidence-based medicine

A number of music therapists have considered the ways that the profession can respond to the imperative of evidence-based medicine (EBM). EBM can be traced back to the 1960s but it more formally entered the lexicon of health care practice through the 1990s ( Smith and Rennie 2014 ). As a PhD researcher in a department of Paediatrics and Child Health in the 1990s the author observed firsthand the shift in thinking about practice and services that occurred when EBM began to be a main point of interest for researchers, not just in medicine but also through nursing and allied health departments. In order to consider the implications for music therapy she gave a series of presentations which were then worked into scholarly papers for publication. After initial rejection some of the ideas were eventually published ( Edwards 2005 , 2004 , 2002 ). Since that time others have also written about EBM and music therapy (for example Abrams 2010 , and Standley 2012 ).

Rather than relying on the outcome of a single RCT to develop new practices in health care, EBM proposed an evidence hierarchy founded on single cases (weak evidence) through to meta-analyses (strong evidence). In a meta-analysis the research findings from a number of studies with patients who have similar characteristics are analyzed statistically to show whether the changes that have occurred across all of the studies are convincing enough to warrant inclusion of the treatment in standard care. Dileo and Bradt concluded that “Overall, EBP [practice] intends to assure that patient treatment is safe, effective, and cost-effective.”(2009, p. 170)

Abrams has positioned evidence-based music therapy having multiple benefits for the profession:

The virtues of an integral understanding of evidence-based music therapy practice are numerous. It can help promote clarity of the different roles, purposes, strengths, and limits of each domain of evidence. It provides accountability to core values, standards of integrity, and standards of rigor, all internally consistent within a given perspective in any given instance. Moreover, it encourages an awareness of the applicability and relevance of evidence to clinical work in any given case. Abrams 2010 , p. 374

Earlier conceptualizations of EBM pointed out that music therapists are often referred clients or patients for whom other therapeutic supports or treatments have not been effective ( Edwards 2005 ). Therefore because of the complexity of the client’s situation and their unique needs traditional processes of matching of clients in control and treatment groups in the traditional RCT might not be possible.

Concepts used in evidence are now turning towards music therapy participants’ views to be a better accessed and utilized form of evidence (for example, Ansdell and Meehan 2010 ). Although initially this author’s concerns about EBM focused on inappropriate application by managers to limit innovation and cut services, in practice EBM has some but not complete influence on service leaders’ decisions to support or close programmes. At the same time it has produced an outstanding number of music therapy meta-analyses published in the most important medical evidence database in the world, the Cochrane Library (for example Mössler et al. 2011 ).

Arts-based research

The arts are increasingly being used in health care and related research to learn about the experiences of care workers and recipients, to gain access to marginalized voices, and to communicate research findings to a wider audience. Ledger and Edwards 2011 , p. 313

Arts-based research is a movement that has developed internationally with minimal input from creative arts therapists. Ledger and Edwards (2011) provided a number of examples in which music therapists appeared reluctant to describe their research methods as arts based . This reluctance was hypothesized as emerging from anxiety about seeming scientific enough, especially when conducting research in health and medical contexts.

As artistic processes within music are central to music therapy practice, the use of music making or other creative arts processes could be considered compatible with the goals of music therapy inquiry. It is therefore puzzling why arts based processes are not more widely used in music therapy research.

Arts-based research was included in the main research textbook to date in music therapy ( Wheeler 2005 ). Dianne Austin and Michele Forinash make a distinction between arts based research and the studies that have analyzed music created in music therapy sessions. They have shown that the arts can be used at every step in the research process to develop rich and expressive findings. Arts-based research is explained as offering a valuable way to gain insights that might not otherwise be discoverable ( Austin and Forinash 2005 ).

Mechanisms of change in music therapy

Research contributes to knowledge about change, but researchers also have a responsibility to theorize why the change occurs. Research relevant to music therapy from the fields of psychology and neuroscience are key to understanding the mechanisms of change in music therapy. For example, music therapy relies on the evocative potentials of music to develop a way of relating between the therapist and the client that is helpful in meeting the client’s needs and contributing to their well-being. Some of these evocative capacities include the ability of music to influence affect. In order to be able to interact and support clients in a way that is helpful and informed, understanding how music influences emotional states is key. Music therapists have extensive experience and expertise in observation of musical responses. As an experienced music therapy practitioner the following mechanism as to how emotional response to music might occur makes sense to the author. Julin and Västfjäll have proposed that when humans listen to music all of the following psychological processes happen, not separately but concurrently, and this is why an emotional response occurs:

(1) brain stem reflexes, (2) evaluative conditioning, (3) emotional contagion, (4) visual imagery, (5) episodic memory, and (6) musical expectancy. Juslin and Västfjäll 2008 , p. 563

Their proposition is interesting for music therapy practitioners to engage in order to understand the instantaneous aspects of response over which an individual has no control, and to confirm that there is no one piece of music that has the same effect on every listener. However, many psychological theories such as these that are relevant to music therapy are silent on the core interpersonal and relational aspects of music therapy. Therefore neuropsychological and physiological theories need to be accessed in order to further understanding of music therapy as a relational practice.

Developing theories about brain growth indicate that infant brains develop in collaboration and interaction with other brains ( Schore 2010 ). Loving, predictable responsiveness from the adult care giver is essential for an infant’s healthy start in life. The failure of the infant-parental bond to coalesce and attachment to be formed is disastrous for the child’s ongoing development. This can occur because of maltreatment and/or neglect, or because of demands on the carer’s own resources result in them being unavailable to the infant’s needs. This has lifelong consequences on development, particularly the skills needed for social interaction with others, and the resilience to deal with stressful experiences and events. Neurosequential modelling proposes that the infant brain develops in stages.

The brain is organized in a hierarchical fashion with four main anatomically distinct regions: brainstem, diencephalon, limbic system, and cortex. During development the brain organizes itself from the bottom up, from the least (brainstem) to the most complex (limbic, cortical) areas. While significantly interconnected, each of these regions mediates distinct functions, with the lower, structurally simpler areas mediating basic regulatory functions and the highest, most complex structures (cortical) mediating the most complex functions. Each of these main regions develops, organizes, and becomes fully functional at different times during childhood… Perry 2009 , p. 243

This theory is important for music therapy because it provides information to explain why children who have not developed self-regulatory processes due to severe early relational trauma, for example what Perry described as the “overanxious, impulsive, dysregulated child” (p. 243), might behave differently in the regulating holding environment of music therapy where predictable structure can contain and support the child’s actions and spontaneity (for relevant case examples, see Drake 2011 ).

The therapeutic opportunities in music therapy lie not only in the client’s responses to music but equally and sometimes more importantly in the therapist-client relating. Porges’ Polyvagal Theory is so named because it associates two physiological systems with feelings of safety and security and explains how these function in interpersonal relating. These are:

(a) the commonly known fight-or-flight system that is associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system… and (b) a less-known system of immobilization and dissociation that is associated with activation of a phylogenetically more ancient vagal pathway. Geller and Porges 2014 , p. 180

Using the Polyvagal Theory ( Porges 2011 ) Geller and Porges (2014) have illuminated therapeutic presence as a salient factor reliant on neurophysiological processes by which safety, security, and trust are experienced in the therapeutic relationship. Given that many people who seek or are referred to psychological services have experienced a breakdown of their capacity to cope, or to relate successfully with others, the ability to provide safety and security in the interpersonal space is crucial to providing opportunities for capacity building towards growth and change.

Expert therapists have reported that the experience of therapeutic presence involves concurrently (a) being grounded and in contact with one’s integrated and healthy self; (b) being open, receptive to, and immersed in what is poignant in the moment; and (c) having a larger sense of spaciousness and expansion of awareness and perception. This grounded, immersed, and expanded awareness also occurs with (d) the intention of being with and for the client in service of their healing process. By being grounded, immersed, and spacious, with the intention of being with and for the other, the therapist invites the client into a deeper and shared state of relational therapeutic presence. Geller and Porges 2014 , p. 180

Polyvagal theory has contributed to the development of new ways of working as well as supporting existing practices in music therapy. As Loewy (2011) noted:

… [Polyvagal Theory] contributes to the theoretical justification for the role that music therapy can play in activating neural circuits that regulate reactivity. Porges’ rationale for and description of feeding and rocking as primal attachment behaviors which influence vagal afferent pathways is an essential contributor to the current thinking about the importance of the quality of care in the first stage of life. Music therapy practices that activate somatomotor components which trigger visceral change influence attachment practices which are critically important in the early years. Loewy 2011 , p. 182

The relational dimensions of music therapy practice are underpinned by multiple psychobiological principles including those encapsulated in communicative musicality initially developed by Stephen Malloch in his postdoctoral work at Edinburgh University, which was then further elaborated ( Malloch and Trevarthen 2009 ). Malloch and Trevarthen (2009) documented how the development of the theory and observation of the presence of communicative musicality occurred through many decades of research in the last century. Importantly multiple theorists and researchers from a range of fields, whether during field observations or in laboratory based experimental work, noted the expressive, dance and song like interactions between infants and the adults who share loving relationships with them. These multiple perspectives result in the conclusion that:

… we are evolved to know, think, communicate, create new things and care for one another in movement—through a sense of being in rhythmic time with motives and in tune with feelings to share the energy and harmony of meaning and of relating. Malloch and Trevarthen 2009 , p. 8

Contexts for research

All research conducted with service users in music therapy involves a context. This may be a single site such as a school or a hospital (see Colwell , this volume), or multiple sites. It may involve a service such as an oncology department, or additionally it may involve participants who access multiple services, for example children with cerebral palsy. Each context differs as to how service users or students can be approached to be involved in the research, and who will act as formal or informal gate-keepers. Researchers planning projects need to factor in how the people who will contribute to managing the data collection of the project will be sorced, and how these potential gate-keepers will assist in managing the recruitment and involvement of service users. Often people who are crucial to the research such as gate-keepers receive little acknowledgement either in research reports, or in international publications. This can make it difficult for novice researchers to understand how crucial they are to conducting research which relies on data collection from service users or students ( Porter et al. 2014 ).

Clinicians working within a service are often the referring point for participation in a music therapy project. The clinician can decide whether a person who meets the criteria for the project is able to manage the requirements of the project participation, and would potentially benefit from being a research participant. Clinicians are protective of their clients or patients. Therefore the researcher must take care to ensure that the clinician has confidence in the researcher and the research processes, that participants will not be taxed or made demands of in any problematic way. The gatekeeper may also be encoraged to note that the client may end up receiving music therapy, and that this participation may be highly enjoyable and potentially therapeutically beneficial.

One contextual dimension that has received limited attention in the literature is the role of the researcher and how this differs from the role of music therapist. Ledger (2010a) has reflected on her experiences as a music therapy researcher undertaking an ethnographic research project in a hospital that was developing a new music therapy service. She wrote:

Returning to the familiar setting of a hospital brought to the fore a set of previously held positions and behaviors. I needed to manage not only the boundary between researcher and music therapist but also the boundaries between researcher and colleague, researcher and friend, and experienced music therapist and student. These boundaries needed to be negotiated and renegotiated throughout the duration of my ethnography. There were times when it was helpful to cross boundaries in order to build rapport and to show appreciation to the staff who contributed to my research. However, there were also times when I needed to establish clear boundaries and to reiterate my research intentions. Ledger 2010a , p. 300

Ledger’s further reflection reveals some of the dilemmas that can arise when conducting qualitative methods research ( Ledger 2010b ). Unlike other types of research where one might collect data through testing or questionnaires, ethnography involves participation and observation. Being aware of the need to manage and negotiate role identity is an important part of undertaking this work.

The future of music therapy research

As music therapy matures and grows as a field of practice it is developing its depth and breadth of research engagement. Contemporary research is immensely inspiring, especially for increasingly sounding the voices of service users ( Ansdell and Meehan 2010 ; Solli et al. 2013 ), and the careful development of research procedures which ensure the complexity of musical experiences are not lost in the need for research rigor ( Erkkilä et al. 2011 ). The development of greater sophistication in mixed methods research (see Erkkilä , this volume) will ensure that the outcomes of psychological testing or observation of the therapist will not be privileged over the lived experience of participants. The increasing harnessing of the capacities of technology in conducting systematic evaluation of music therapy services show promising developments ( Streeter et al. 2012 ). More robust theoretical engagement with neuroscience and psychophysiology (for example Loewy 2011 ) and social theories ( Baines 2013 ) will ensure that music therapy has strong theoretical bones upon which the flesh and sinew of competent practice can continue to grow.

Epistemology refers to theory of knowledge. All research has an epistemological foundation whether or not it is made explicit. For further information see Edwards (2012) .

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Hayes School of Music Graduate Studies

• Music Therapy Theses

Reising, M. M. (2022). Music therapy for patients who are mechanically ventilated: A phenomenological study.

Smith, W. L. (2022). What about black music? Exploring a gap in music therapy training .

Santiago, K. (2022). The music in me: The impact of music therapy on identity development in college students. A phenomenological inquiry.

McAfee, A. L. (2021). Promoting self-determination in music therapy with individuals with I/DD who communicate extraverbally: Reflections and implications for practice.

Kiefer, E. K. (2021). Heartbeat recordings in music therapy: A sequential-explanatory mixed methods study.

Cooke, C. J. (2020). Maximizing referrals and acceptance of medical music therapy: A sequential-explanatory mixed methods study.

Beebe, K. J. (2020). Perceptions of self-determination in music therapy for individuals diagnosed with intellectual disabilities: A survey of music therapists.

Tart, M. F. (2019). Music therapy for infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome in the NICU: A qualitative content analysis .

Solberg, S. (2019). Neurologic music therapy to improve speaking voice in individuals with Parkinson’s disease.

Berry, A. (2019). A collaborative coalition: Action research response to a music therapy group for gender and sexual minority college students.

Esposito, K. (2019).   Creating new music therapy programs in medical settings: A phenomenological inquiry.

Mercier, A. E. (2019).  The use of creative arts in music therapy supervision: A sequential-explanatory mixed methods study.

Bodry, K. L. (2018). Clinical applications of feminist theory in music therapy: A phenomenological study.

Waller-Wicks, C. (2018). Music therapy and expressive arts to promote self-awareness and self-care in direct care staff: A phenomenological inquiry .

Donley, J. M. (2017). Understanding how Western-trained music therapists incorporate Chinese culture in their practice In China: An ethnographic study .

Lingafelt, H. H. (2017). Psychological factors in the use of music therapy with individuals experiencing pain: A survey of current practice.

Neel, K. M. (2017). Self-care for students: A pilot study on self-care education on the pre-internship music therapy students.

Barmore, E. A. (2017). The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) and eating disorders: Learning from therapist, trainer, and client experiences.

King, K. W. (2016). The practice of teaching therapeutic songwriting: A survey of educators and internship supervisors.

Grimmer, M. S. (2016). Cross-cultural music therapy: Reflections of music therapists working internationally .

Dorris, A. D. (2015). Music therapy when death is imminent: A phenomenological inquiry .

Renshaw, S. (2015). The use of rap music in music therapy treatment with adolescents and young adults: A survey.

Stith, C. C. (2015). The effects of musical tempo and dynamic range on heart rate variability in healthy adults.

Honig, T. J. (2014). Wilderness imagery in the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music: A phenomenological inquiry .

Tate, C. E. (2014). Breaking the silence: A qualitative study on the use of Guided Imagery and Music, expressive arts, and a body-centered perspective to address women's issues .

Barwick, C. A. (2014). Describing the subtle factors that influence moments of interactive responses during music therapy sessions for people with late-stage Alzheimer’s disease and other related major neurocognitive disorders: A multiple case study.

Johnson, A. E. (2014). Benefits and challenges of therapeutic songwriting with deaf adolescent girls: A qualitative feasibility study .

Rosenblum, S. O. (2014). Group music therapy versus individual verbal therapy for mandated college students.

Wilson, S. H. (2014). Music therapy support groups for family caregivers of individuals residing in long- term care facilities: A survey of music therapists and interviews with current family caregivers.

Chwalek, C. M. (2013). The use of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) in music therapy: A survey of current practice.

Rayburn, A. D. (2013). A phenomenological inquiry into systemic music therapy to accompany the grief journey of a boy with high functioning autism.

Deans, C. M. (2012). The use of dreamwork with the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music: A survey of current practice .

Roberts, S. M. (2012). Current use of augmentative and alternative communication in music therapy: A survey and case study .

Dempsey, D. (2011). Grief rock band: The use of music therapy interventions to decrease depressive symptoms and facilitate expression of grief in bereaved adolescents.

Biron, R. N. (2010). Supporting pregnancy and childbirth using techniques from music therapy, counseling, and doula training .

Cloud, J. P. (2010). The use of music therapy and motivational interviewing with college student drinkers to invite “change talk.”

Hoyle, J. L. P. (2010). The role of music therapy in the bereavement process of adults with intellectual disabilities.

Leonard, K. R. (2010). A search for wholeness: Songs of healing for adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders.

Brown, L. R. (2009). The effect of music therapy social skills interventions on children with behavioral and emotional disabilities or autism .

Schwantes, M. B. (2007). Music therapy with Mexican migrant farm workers in rural NC: A pilot study .

Home > USC Columbia > Music, School of > Music Theses and Dissertations

Music Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Comprehensive Method for Clarinet Latin American Music Heritage Case Study – Venezuela , Carmen Teresa Borregales

A Pedagogical and Analytical Study of the Carnatic Saxophone Performance Tradition of Kadri Gopalnath , Caleb James Carpenter

Symphony No. V: Elements (Julie Giroux, 2018); An Overview Of Programmatic Elements and Performance Devices , Zackery Augustus Deininger

A Conductor’s Guide to Lucrecia Roces Kasilag’s Misang Pilipino (1965) , Denise Ysabel Ellis

The Theory of Intonation: Boris Asafiev and the Russian Piano School Tradition , Polina Golubkova

A Comparative Analysis of Samuel Barber’s Third Essay for Orchestra, Op. 47 , David Abrams Gordon

Injury Prevention Exercise Guidelines for Flutists , Ziqing Guan

Luis Abraham Delgadillo: A Rediscovery of His Piano Music , Fanarelia Auxiliadora Guerrero López

A Holistic Approach for Neurodivergent Learners In the High School Choral Classroom , Peter Allen Haley

An Analysis of Selected Vocal Works by George Walker , Ginger Sharnell Jones-Robinson

An Investigative Analysis of Fernando Sor’s Introduction and Variations on “O Cara Armonia” From Mozart’s The Magic Flute , Luke James Nolan

The Film Score Music of John Williams: A Guide to Selected Works for the Principal Percussionist , Andrew Charles Crozier Patzig

Appalachian Dreams: Traditional Folk Songs in Concert Literature for Classical Guitar , Jackson Douglas Roberson

“Everything Old Is New Again”: The Rise of Interpolation in Popular Music , Grayson M. Saylor

How Do They Do It: A Narrative of Disabled Public School Instrumental Ensemble Conductors and Their Positive Working Relationships With Their Administrators , Lia Alexandria Patterson Snead

The Post-Tonal Evolution of David Diamond: A Theoretic-Analytical Perspective , William John Ton

Fourth-Grade and Fifth-Grade Cover-Band Classes: An Action-Research Project Inspired By Popular Music Education and Music Learning Theory , Julia Turner

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Social Music Interactions and Vocal Music Improvisations in a Serve and Return Music Community , Kathleen Kaye Arrasmith

Comfort Food for the Ears: Exploring Nostalgic Trends in Popular Music of the Twenty-First Century , April K. Balay

A Performance Guide to “Four Piano Pieces, Opus 1” By Evgeny Kissin , Andrew Choi

Timeless Light: A Singer’s Compendium of Art Songs for Tenor By Black Composers , Johnnie J. Felder

Negotiating Nationalism: Camille Saint-Saëns, Neoclassicism, and the Early Music Renaissance in France , Joshua Arin Harton

An Analysis of the Compositional Technique and Structures Of Nikolai Kapustin’s Piano Sonata No. 6, Opus 62 , Hyun Jung Im

Adapting North American Fiddle Bow Technique to the Double Bass , Spencer Jensen

Approaches to Teaching Music Counting to Piano Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder , Sunghun Kim

Redefining Ornamentation as Formal Functions in 21 st -Century Popular Music , Matthew Kolar

Lost in Translation: The Largely Unknown Life and Contributions of Johann Joachim Quantz , Kayla Ann Low

Broadway Quodlibets as Hybrid Music , Spencer Ann Martin

Redistributing Cultural Capital: Graduate Programs In Wind Conducting at Historically Black Universities; Toward an Alternate Future , Jamaal William Nicholas

Analysis of Selected Pieces Influenced by Taiwanese Aboriginal Music for Solo Violin and String Quartet , Isabel Hsin-Yi Ong

Margaret Rowell: Pedagogical Approach and Teaching Style , Robert-Christian Sanchez

A Performance Guide to Hyo-Geun Kim’s Art Pop for Korean Art Songs , Taeyoung Seon

Examining Sixth-Grade Students’ Music Agency Through Rhythm Composition , Robert Zagaroli Spearman

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Pedagogical Solo Piano Nocturnes: A Progressive Leveling With Annotations on Stylistic, Technical, and Musical Challenges and Benefits , Michaela Anne Boros

Disparities in Programming African American Solo Vocal Music On College Campuses Across the United States , Ramelle Brooks

Quantitative Data Collection on the Fundamental Components Of Saxophone Tone Production , Matthew Troy Castner

Music as Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Therapy: An Exploratory Literature Review , Amy Arlene Clary

The Music Festival: A Case Study on the Establishment, Development, and Long-Term Success of an Instrumental Music Education Event From a Logistical Perspective , Dakota Corbliss

An Orchestral Conductor’s Guide to the James/Daehler Edition Of The Hinrichs and Winkler Compilation Score to the 1925 Silent Film The Phantom of the Opera , Hayden Richard Denesha

An Annotated Bibliography of Flute Repertoire by Iranian Female Composers , Roya Farzaneh

Composers and Publishers of Parlor Songs and Spirituals from Civil War Richmond: 1861 – 1867 , Michael Gray

A Comparison of Approaches to Pianoforte Technique in the Treatises of Lhevinne, Leimer, and Neuhaus , Louis S. Hehman

The History and Influence of Tim Zimmerman and The King’s Brass , Eric Tyler Henson

A Stylistic Analysis of Edvard Grieg’s Slåtter , Norwegian Peasant Dances, Op. 72 , Zhiyuan He

Transcribing Baroque Lute to Marimba: Viability, Techniques, and Pedagogical Possibilities , Cory James High

One Elementary General Music Teacher’s Uses of and Experiences With Gordon’s Music Learning Theory: A Case Study , Allison Elizabeth Johnson

Cancion Y Danza, Fetes Lointaines, Paisajes By Federico Mompou: A Stylistic Analysis , Qiaoni Liu

The Apprenticeship Structure and the Applied Pedagogical Methods Of the Holy Roman Empire Imperial Trumpeters’ Guild During The 17 th and 18 th Centuries , Noa Miller

Survey of Four North American and Malaysian Theory Methods for Young Pianists , Wen Bin Ong

A Conductor’s Guide to J. N. Hummel’s Forgotten Oratorio: Der Durchzug Durchs Rote Meer , Rebecca J. Ostermann

A Practical Approach for the Applied Voice Instructor Utilizing Limited Piano Skills in the Studio Setting , Lee Whittington Ousley

Adele Aus Der Ohe: Pioneering Through Recital Programming At Carnegie Hall, 1895 , Grace Shepard

Ten Years of Japanese Piano Pedagogy (2009-2018) Through a Survey of Educational Resources , Natsumi Takai

A Comparative Analysis of Selected Works by Chen Qigang: Wu Xing, L’éLoignement, and Luan Tan , Isaac Ormaza Vera

A Pedagogical Analysis of Henglu Yao’s Microkosmos From Chinese Nationalities , Yanting Wang

A Stylistic and Pedagogical Analysis of Select Classical Pieces In Alicia’s Piano Books by Ananda Sukarlan , Karen Kai Yuan Yong

Co-Constructive Music Improvisers: An Ethnographic Case Study , Emma Elizabeth Young

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Performance History of Mahler’s Das Lied Von Der Erde Focusing on Bruno Walter and Leonard Bernstein , Nisan Ak

The Mathematics of Rubato: Analyzing Expressivetiming in Sergei Rachmaninoff’s Performances of Hisown Music , Meilun An

Electronic Learning: An Educator’s Guide to Navigating Online Learning in a Collegiate Horn Studio , Michelle Beck

The Clarinet Music of Dr. Austin Jaquith: A Performance Guide , Zachary Aaron Bond

Young Children’s Behaviors During Favorite-Music Repertoire And Other-Music Repertoire , Vanessa Caswell

Five Pieces for Piano by Isang Yun and Piano Etude No.1 by Unsuk Chin: An Analysis , Inhye Cho

Natural Reed Enhancement: Establishing the First Universal Reed Break-In Process Through Hydro-Stabilization , Steven Isaac Christ

Performance Edition of Franz Simandl’s 30 Etudes for the String Bass With Critical Commentary , Austin Gaboriau

A Legacy Preserved: A Comparison of the Careers and Recordings of Stanley Drucker and Karl Leister , Peter M. Geldrich

An Index of Choral Music Performed During the National Conventions of the American Choral Directors Association (1991-2019) , Jonathan Randall Hall

A Stylistic Analysis of Reinhold Glière’s 25 Preludes for Piano, Op. 30 , Sunjoo Lee

The Singing Voice Specialist: An Essential Bridge Between Two Worlds , Rebecca Holbrook Loar

A Pedagogical Analysis of DvořáK’s Poetic Tone Pictures, Op. 85 , Nathan MacAvoy

Focal Dystonia Causes and Treatments: A Guide for Pianists , Juan Nicolás Morales Espitia

Cultivating Socially Just Concert Programming Perspectives through Preservice Music Teachers' Band Experiences: A Multiple Case Study , Christian Matthew Noon

The Clarinet Repertoire of Puerto Rico: An Annotated Bibliography of Compositions Written for the Clarinet During the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries , María Ivelisse Ortiz-Laboy

A Stylistic Analysis of Alexander Tcherepnin's Piano Concerto No. 4, Op. 78, With an Emphasis on Eurasian Influences , Qin Ouyang

Time’s Up: How Opera Is Facing Its Own Me Too Reckoning , Craig Price

A Trumpet Player’s Performance Guide of Three Selected Works for Trumpet, Cello, and Piano , Justin Wayne Robinson

The Early Piano Music of Richard Wagner , Annie Rose Tindall-Gibson

A Conductor’s Guide to the Da Vinci Requiem by Cecilia McDowall , Jantsen Blake Touchstone

Composition of Musical and Visual Devices to Create Moments of Resolution in Marching Arts Production Design , Ryan John Williams

Romanticism in Nineteenth-Century Russian Nationalistic Music: Case Studies of Glinka’s Ruslan and Lyudmila and Cui’s Mystic Chorus , Jeffrey Crayton Yelverton Jr.

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Communicative Language in the Compositional Output of Kirke Mechem , Kirstina Rasmussen Collins

Vladimir Pleshakov: A Historiography And Analysis of his Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom , Andrew Cameron Pittman

An Analysis of the Compositional Technique and Structures of Howard Hanson's Symphony No. 1 in E Minor, Op. 22 “Nordic” , Eunseok Seo

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Serial Techniques in Works for Unaccompanied Trumpet , William Anonie

Examining Professional Music Teacher Identity: A Mixed Methods Approach with Stringed Instrument Teachers , Elizabeth A. Reed

Guided Music Play Between 2-Year-Old Children and a Music Play Facilitator: A Case Study , Kathleen Kaye Arrasmith

Parents’ Observations Of Their Young Children’s Music Behaviors During Music Classes After Completing The Children’s Music Behavior Inventory , Julia Beck

A Theoretical and Stylistic Analysis of Paul Ben-Haim’s Five Pieces for Piano, Op. 34 and Piano Sonata, Op. 49 , Rachel Bletstein

The Influence Of Mindful Movement On Elementary Students’ Music Listening Enjoyment And Comprehension , Jean Louise Boiteau

Delphine Ugalde: Defying Gender Norms Both On And Off The Stage In 19th Century Paris , Michael T. Brown

A Guide for Playing the Viola Without a Shoulder Rest , Chin Wei Chang

Tertian Relationships In Three Choral Selections By Dan Forrest: A Conductor’s Analysis , Lindsey Cope

Translucent Voices: Creating Sound Pedagogy And Safe Spaces For Transgender Singers In The Choral Rehearsal , Gerald Dorsey Gurss

Seventeen Waltzes For Piano By Leo Ornstein: A Stylistic Analysis , Jared Jones

The Kingma System Flute: Redesigning The Nineteenth-Century Flute For The Twenty-First Century , Diane Elise Kessel

The Effects Of Learning By Rote With La-Based Minor Solmization On Memory Retention For Pre-College Piano Students , Duong Khuc

Diction For Mandarin/Chinese Singers: A Methodology To Achieve Resonant Tone And Vowel Unification In Western Choral Music , Chien-Yi Li

Attitudes And Thoughts On Tone Quality In Historic Piano Teaching Treatises , Jeongsun Lim

A Conductor’s Guide to Camille Saint-Saëns’s Messe de Requiem Op. 54 , Thomas R. Matrone

The Tie That Binds: The History, Conductors, And Music Of The Mystic Area Ecumenical Choir Festival , Mark Daniel Merritt

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Digital Commons @ USF > College of The Arts > School of Music > Theses and Dissertations

Music Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

A Novel Jazz Music Curriculum for Young Children: Results of A Pilot Study , Jazmin D. Ghent

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Where We Live and Learn to Know: An Oral History of the Rochelle High School Music Program , John Sargeant

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

School Music Administration During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Trauma, Loss, Meaning, Change, and Innovation , Christopher Burns

Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Songwriting Self-Efficacy (SSES) with Secondary Music Students , Patrick K. Cooper

Measuring Parental Involvement as Parental Actions in Children’s Private Music Lessons in China , Cancan Cui

Instrumental Music Instruction and Executive Functions: A Cross-Sectional Study of Romanian Children (10-12 Years) , Adrian Sorin Iordache

Racial and Ethnic Difference in Music Performance Self-Efficacy Among Undergraduate Students , George W. Shannon Ii

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Vocal Health of Choral Singers from Kenya and the United States: Dysphonia and Vocal Fatigue in Relation to Musical Genres , Morgan Jolley Burburan

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Two Phenomena in Contemporary Music Education: Mental Toughness and the Law , Jason R. Sivill

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

The Making of a Nationally Recognized Band in a Small, Private Liberal Arts University: The Historical Significance of the Bobby L. Adams Years, 1987-2012 , Joshua David Blair

The Effects of a Self-Regulated Learning Music Practice Strategy Curriculum on Music Performance, Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, and Cognition , Kimberly N. Mieder

Music Software in the Compositional Learning Process , Daniel L. Nevels

Behavioral, Affective, and Cognitive Engagement of High School Music Students: Relation to Academic Achievement and Ensemble Performance Ratings , Joel E. Pagán

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Re-envisioning Music Teacher Education: A Comparison of Two Undergraduate Music Education Programs in the U.S. , Jonathan Ross Kladder

Music Ensemble Participation: Personality Traits and Music Experience , Tracy A. Torrance

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Influence of Musical Engagement on Symptoms of Tourette’s Disorder , William Christopher Brown

Motivation of Adult, Auditioned Community Choirs: Implications toward Lifelong Learning , David James Redman

The Effects of Technical and Imagery-based Instruction on Aspiring Performing Artists’ Acquisition of Learning Newly Composed Pieces and Improvisation and on Listeners’ Perceived Expressivity , José Valentino Ruiz-Resto

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Preference of Chinese Undergraduate Music Majors for Chinese Xi-Qu and Western Opera , Hong Chen

Secondary Band Participation and Executive Function , Dakeyan Cha' Dre' Graham

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

An Examination of Cooperating Teachers' Observations of Their Student Teachers in the Areas of Personal, Teaching, and Musical Skills in the Elementary Classroom , Mark Remsen Cole

I Did That Wrong and It Sounded Good: An Ethnographic Study of Vernacular Music Making in Higher Education , Victor Ezquerra

Creativity-Based Music Learning: Modeling the Process and Learning Outcomes in a Massive Open Online Course , Nicholas Michael Stefanic

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

The Relationship between Death Depression and Death Anxiety among Cancer Patients in Saudi Arabia , Doaa A. Almostadi

World Percussion Approaches in Collegiate Percussion Programs: A Mixed-methods Study , Patrick Michael Hernly

The Impact of Arranging Music for the Large Ensemble on the Teacher: A Phenomenological Exploration , James Teodor Lindroth

Listening in Action: Students' Mobile Music Experiences in the Digital Age , Rebecca Marie Rinsema

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

The Performance Production Process of an Outstanding High School Choir , Kathy K. Rolsten

Transitioning from Student to Teacher in the Master-Apprentice Model of Piano Pedagogy: An Exploratory Study of Challenges, Solutions, Resources, Reflections, and Suggestions for the Future , Melissa Maccarelli Slawsky

Self-Efficacy in Music Performance: Measuring the Sources Among Secondary School Music Students , Michael S. Zelenak

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

Analytical Perspectives of Thematic Unity: Applications of Reductive Analysis to Selected Fugues by J.S. Bach and G.F. Handel , Adam C. Perciballi

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Expanded Tonality: The Treatment of Upper and Lower Leading Tones As Evidenced in Sonata "Undine,” IV by Carl Reinecke , Joshua Blizzard

Theses/Dissertations from 2005 2005

The Compositional Style of Francesco Geminiani: a Reflection of Theory and Practice in His Music and Guida Armonica Treatise , Valerie R. Weber

Theses/Dissertations from 2004 2004

An Application of the Grundgestalt Concept to the First and Second Sonatas for Clarinet and Piano, Op. 120, No. 1 & No. 2, by Johannes Brahms , Devon Burts

The French Art Song Style in Selected Songs by Charles Ives , Christy Jo Talbott

Theses/Dissertations from 2003 2003

Music Programs that Engage Our Communities: Making a Stronger Connection , La Gretta Snowden

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Home > FACULTIES > Music Research and Composition > MUSICETD

Music Theses and Dissertations

This collection contains theses and dissertations from the Department of Music, collected from the Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Theses/Dissertations from 2024 2024

Concerto for Piano Duet , Edgar R. Suski

Theses/Dissertations from 2023 2023

Musical Behaviours, Dispositions, and Tendencies: Exploring Church Music-Making Through a Theory of Practice , Laura E. Benjamins

A Comparative Analysis of the Early Twentieth-Century Music Appreciation and Community Music Movements in the United States , Andrew J. Blimke

Moments of meeting: 'Intersubjective encounters' and ‘emancipatory’ experiences of individuals with (intellectual) disabilities in inclusive musical contexts , Caroline Blumer

"That's the Way I Am, Heaven Help Me": The Role of Pronunciation in Billy Bragg's Music , Mary Blake Bonn

Singing Our Stories: Building Community and Developing Self-Empowerment in the Childless Voices Choir , Laura Curtis

Non-Directed Time , Danial Derakhshan

Soundcurrents: Exploring sound’s potential to catalyze creative critical consciousness in adolescent music students and undergraduate music education majors , Jashen i. Edwards

The Effect of Coping Verses Mastery Models on the Level of Self-Efficacy for Self-Regulated Music Learning, Self-Efficacy for Classical Guitar Playing and Guitar Achievement for Undergraduate Non-Music Majors , Patrick K. Feely Mr

A Study of Art Song Composition and Interpretation by Three Female German Composers in the Mid-Nineteenth Century , Churan Feng

Music Making in Elderly Community Program for Korean Immigrants in Canada , H. Elisha Jo

The Maker - A Multi-Media Opera in Two Acts , Aaron Lee

Vibes at the Village Vanguard: Hauntings, History, and the Construction of Jazz Place , Mark McCorkle

Transference Music: For Electric Guitar Soloist and Amplified Orchestra , Andrew Noseworthy

Prokofiev and the Soviet Dilemma: Censorship, Autonomy, and the Piano Transcriptions , Connor O'Kane

Changing Minds And Changing Practice: Barriers And Facilitators To The Use Of Methods Associated With Popular Musicianship, And Strategies Music Teachers Use To Navigate Them , Rhiannon Simpson

The Collective Unconscious , Yixuan Wang

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Seeing Thro the Musical Eye: Santo Daime, Fuke-shū, 1960s Psychedelia, and the Antipodes of Musical Experience , Forest Anthony-Muran

The Contrabass Tuned in Fifths: Towards an Understanding of Past and Present Applications. , Stephen T. Bright

Sound Judgements: Music Education Framework for Guiding Digital Mixing Practice , Artur Kapron

Musical Signification in Biber's Rosary Sonatas , Frangel Lopez Cesena

The Classical Sonata Forms of Franz Schubert’s Great C-Major Symphony: Exploring Tonal Structure in the New Romantic Style , Liam J. McDermott

Secondary Instrumental Ensemble: A Shift Towards Non-Normative Learning Practices , Kristine Musgrove

Gesture in Steve Reich's Music and its Signification: A Referential Approach to His Process, Stylistic, and Postminimalist Works , Martin Ross

Voice Image: developing a new construct for vocal identity , Bethany R. Turpin

The Tale of Rowan O'Shera (A Musical Drama) , Emma T.L. Verdonk

The Ghosts of Madwomen Past: Historical and Psychiatric Madness on the Late Twentieth-Century Opera Stage , Diana Wu

Exploring Musical Knowledge Within One Canadian School Of Music: Ideology, Pedagogy, And Identity , Kyle Zavitz

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Re-imagining Brazilian Portuguese IPA: A practical guide utilizing Paulo Maron’s new opera Lampião , Jorge Luiz Alves Trabanco Filho

Music Sounds Better With You , M Gillian Carrabre

Coloquio entre dos Perros, Comic Chamber Opera in Nine Scenes , Sandra Rocio Fuya-Duenas

Waves of Lament , Kennedy Kimber-Johnson

Mood, Music Choices, and the Emotional Outcomes of Music Listening: An Examination of the Moderating Role of Rumination using Experience-Sampling Methodology , Elizabeth E. Kinghorn

Speaking Songs: Music-Analytical Approaches to Spoken Word , Chantal D. Lemire

Music for Self-Attention , Jeffrey A T Lupker

Music of Peace and Protest: U.S. Composers and Musical Activism during the Vietnam War (1965-1971) , April P. Morris

A Thematic Analysis Of Nicolas Martynciow’s "Impressions Pour Caisse Claire Et Deux Toms" And A Dissection of the Extended Techniques Required For Performance , Joe Moscheck

A Narrative Approach to the Barcarolles for Solo Piano by Gabriel Fauré (1845-1924) , Matthew T. Pope

Motivic Metamorphosis: Modelling Intervallic Transformations in Schoenberg’s Early Works , Adam Roy

The Integration of the Style Hongrois into Brahms’s Musical Language in His Chamber Works , Raymond D. Truong

Ann Southam's Solo Piano Music: A Performance Guide , Amelia G. Yates

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Critical Border Crossing: Exploring Positionalities Through Soundscape Composition and Critical Reflection , Kelly Bylica

See It and Believe It: An Investigation into Singers' Imagery Use , Brianna DeSantis

Domenico Dragonetti: A case study of the 12 unaccompanied waltzes , Jury T. Kobayashi

Understanding Viktor Ullmann Through His Liederbuch des Hafis , Chad G. Louwerse

Dreamvision Songbook: Five Songs for Mixed Ensemble , Maxwell R. Lucas Mr.

The Alia musica and the Carolingian Conception of Mode , Matthew R J Nace

Music Education in a Liquid Social World: The Nuances of Teaching with Students of Immigrant and Refugee Backgrounds , Gabriela Ocádiz Velázquez

Exploring Being Queer and Performing Queerness in Popular Music , Rosheeka Parahoo

Music in the Moment of "Cyber Culture:" An Outward Spiral , Brandon Sked

The Search for Canadian Art Song: Developing the Framework for a Database of Art Song by Canadian Composers , Leanne Vida

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Contexts for Musical Modernism in Post-1945 Mexico: Federico Ibarra - A Case Study , Francisco Eduardo Barradas Galván

"It's Obvious Who Plays an Instrument and Who Doesn't": Using Doxa and Illusio to Explore Inequities in English School Music Education , Alison Butler

Creative Collaborations: The Songs/Poems of Canadian Artists Leslie Uyeda and Lorna Crozier , Jennifer Cyr

James Rolfe's Vocal Chamber Music: A Performance Analysis and Interpretation , Laura Duffy

Understanding Game Scoring: Software Programming, Aleatoric Composition and Mimetic Music Technology , Mack Enns

Prufrock: a Monodrama for Baritone and Electronics , Daniel Gardner

The Impact of Expanded, Multimodal Applications during a German Lied Performance , Adam Domenico Iannetta

Forward and Up: An Exploration of Implementations of the Alexander Technique in Post-Secondary Music Institutions , Mei Lee

No Space to Sing: A Narrative Inquiry into the Experiences of Classical Singers with Primary Muscle Tension Dysphonia , Elizabeth Lepock

Playscapes for Piano Trio , James Lowrie

Exploring Stretto: An Investigation into the Use of Stretto in J. S. Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier , Kathryn McDonald

Performing Identities, Performing Possibilities: A Music-Centered and Relational Perspective on Performance in Community Music Therapy and Music Education , Elizabeth Mitchell

The Lieder of Joseph Marx and the Italienisches Liederbuch , Caleb Mora

Musical Ekphrasis in Concert: Case Study of Alexey Khevelev’s Chagall Vitraux , Natalia Skomorokhova

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

...and the songs of another... for Six Voices & Live Electronics , Matthew David Becker

The Art Songs of Kyrylo Stetsenko: Ukrainian Lyric Diction Guide , Olena Bratishko

The Effects of Infertility on Female Vocalist Identity , Laura Curtis

The Significance of Aram Khachaturian and His Piano Concerto , Sarah M. Dardarian

Job: An Oratorio for Voices and Chamber Ensemble , Kevin Gibson

Rachmaninoff's Piano Works and Diasporic Identity 1890-1945: Compositional Revision and Discourse , Renee MacKenzie

Capriccio for Mixed Ensemble and Piano , André McEvenue

Toward A Pedagogical Guide To Argentine Art Song , Matthew B. Pauls

Teaching Prospective Verdi Baritones: A Repertoire-Based Approach , Andrew Rethazi

The Donnelly Opera , Joshua L. Richardson

The Old House , Eric Swiatoschik

The Political Power of Carlos Chávez and His Influence Upon Silvestre Revueltas and Blas Galindo , Yolanda Tapia

Six Blake Songs , Willyn Whiting

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

The Effects of Video Recording on the Level of Expertise and Self-Regulated Learning Ability of Adults in a Beginner Classical Guitar Class , Patrick K. Feely

Teleology in César Franck's Prélude, Choral et Fugue , Stephanie Gouin

Antoinette, an Opera in One Act , Colin McMahon

Audio Mastering as a Musical Competency , Matthew T. Shelvock

Fuzzy Family Ties: Familial Similarity Between Melodic Contours of Different Cardinalities , Kristen Wallentinsen

Felix Mendelssohn and Sonata Form in the Nineteenth Century , Katharine G. Walshaw

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Requiem , Wendell Glick

Namazu , Sean Kim

Two Movements for Orchestra , Jeff Lupker

Musical Forces in Claude Vivier’s Wo bist du Licht! and Trois airs pour un opéra imaginaire , Emilie L. Marshall

Ethos , William T. Nicolaou

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

A Study of Form and Structure in Pierre Boulez's Pli selon Pli , Emily J. Adamowicz

Family Music Listening Legacies: A Case Study-based Investigation of the Intergenerational Transmission of Music Listenership Values in Five Families , Jillian Bracken

J. S. Bach's Modal Compositional Practice in the Chorale Preludes for Solo Organ: A Schenkerian Perspective , Michael Fitzpatrick

A cross-generational examination of learner engagement and agency in non-traditional music education programs , Jennifer M. J. Lang

Amor Fati , Aaron Lee

In Search Of Transformative Music Learning Experiences: Voices From The Margins In Northeastern Brazil , Nan Qi

Heteroglossia: Novella For Orchestra , Andrzej J. Tereszkowski

Sophie, A Music Drama for Solo Soprano and Chamber Ochestra , Alondra Vega-Zaldivar

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

A Comparative Analysis of Neoliberal Education Reform and Music Education in England and Ontario, Canada , Stephanie Horsley

Functional Transformations and Octatonality in Selected Works by George Crumb , Peter Lea

Interpretive Reproduction and Informal Music Learning in the Grade One Classroom , Leslie S. Linton

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