short case study on disaster management for class 9

Disaster Management Project for Class 9 – Complete Guide

short case study on disaster management for class 9

Written By Avinash Sharan

Class 9 | projects 9, 13 comment(s), 10th may 2020, disaster management project.

It is mandatory to do a Disaster Management project for class 9 students every year.

According to CBSE, students studying in class IX have to submit a handwritten project on Disaster Management.

Topics will be provided by the school. The topic may be Natural Disasters or Man-Made disasters.

The purpose of giving this Disaster Management project to class 9 students is to make them prepared for any disaster.

Further, they can also spread awareness to the mass about the precautions to be taken at the time of National/Local Disasters.

Are you looking for a project on Tsunamis? Simply click the link https://shapingminds.in/project-on-tsunami/

To get the latest project on Sustainable Developmen t, click on the link.

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Things to be kept in mind while doing the project

Follow cbse guidelines strictly..

Firstly, USE A-4 size file paper (one side ruled)
Secondly, Use blue or black ink to write your project.
Thirdly, design the cover page in such a way that it reflects your topic.
Fourthly, write the Topic of the project, Name, Class, and Sec, and Roll no. on the cover page in bold letters.
Use the bottom space for your Name, Class, and sec, Roll no.
However, the project work should not be less than 15 pages (including the cover page)
Be ready for Viva or written assignments based on your project.
Utilize summer vacation / Lockdown time to complete your project.
Lastly, do not use plastic covers.

Disaster Management Project Page-Wise With Subheadings

Sequence of pages: disaster management project .

will be your cover page with topics like

TOPIC: COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDIA and then show your creativity in designing the page.

Page No. 2:

Acknowledgment: (what should be written) see an example below.

Acknowledgment

From the core of my heart, I am very thankful to everyone who all supported me, for I have completed my project effectively and moreover on time. I am overwhelmed in all humility and grateful to acknowledge my depth to all those who helped me to put these ideas well. equally grateful to my ( NAME OF SUBJECT TEACHER ) for giving me moral support and guidance in doing this project. It would be an injustice if I do not thank my parents who helped me a lot in collecting data, pictures, and continuous help and support. With their able guidance, encouragement, and support, I could complete my project on time.

Thanking you,

( Name of the student)

Page No.4 & 5:

a short description of COVID-19 and a brief history of how it spread. Take the help of Newspapers or the Internet. (minimum 2 pages i.e. pg 4 & 5):

Read about the seven most frequently asked questions on International Date Line

Introduction – A brief History of COVID 19

Coronavirus actually belongs to the Coronaviridae family. It represents crown-like spikes on the outer surface of the virus, therefore, it was named as coronavirus. This virus is minute in size and causes the acute respiratory syndrome. These viruses were thought to infect only animals until the world witnessed a severe outbreak caused by SARS in Guangdong, China.

At the end of 2019, Wuhan- a fast-emerging business hub of China experienced an outbreak of coronavirus, killing more than 1800 and infected our 70 thousand individuals in just a span of 50 days. Health officials are still tracing the exact source of this new coronavirus, early findings (hypothesis) thought it may be linked to s seafood market in Wuhan. However, the first reported case came on 1st December, which had no link to the seafood market. Therefore, investigations are going on to find the exact reason for the originating and spread of COVID-19.

In 2003, an outbreak of SARS stands for the severe acute respiratory syndrome. An outbreak of SARS started in China and spread to other countries before ending in 2004. Coronavirus also known as COVID-19 seems to spread faster than the 2003 SARS and also may cause severe illness.

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named the virus as SARS- CoV 19 and the disease COVID-19.

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Page No. 6 & 7

Mention the causes and symptoms:

Coronavirus typically affects the respiratory tracts of birds and mammals including humans. Doctors associate them with the common cold, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome.

The main way the disease spreads is through respiratory droplets expelled by someone who is coughing. The risk of catching COVID-19 from someone with no symptoms at all is very low.

However, many people with COVID-19 experience only mild symptoms. This is particularly true at the early stages of the disease. It is therefore possible to catch COVID-19 from someone who has, for example, just a mild cough and does not feel ill.

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Common Symptoms

Researchers in China found that the most common symptoms among people who had COVID-19 include:

Loss of appetite

Shortness of breath and Mucus.

However, these symptoms usually begin 2 to 14 days after you come into contact with the virus.

There may be other symptoms as well such as sore throat, headache vomiting etc.

If you have any of these symptoms then

i) isolate yourself.

ii) stay away from others as much as possible.

iii) stay in a closed room and use a separate soap, towel, clothes, handkerchief and if possible toilet and bathroom.

If you are below 10 years of age or above 50 years of age with diabetes, blood pressure, weakness etc., then you are at a high risk of complications.

Therefore, immediately call your doctor and seek immediate medical help.

Page No. 8:

The extent of damage : On this page, you have to mention the extent of damage done in different countries. Take the help of newspapers or the internet for the latest information. You can also show the spread of this virus in different countries on the world map with different colors.

Uncovering the Effects of Natural Disasters on Communities – A Disaster Management Project

Steps taken by the government to combat this disaster: You may explain:

i) Lockdown

ii) Precautions to be taken during the lockdown period like social distancing, sanitizing hands, etc.

Very Important for TERM II (Case study-based questions)

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Page No 10 & 11

Contribution of people who are involved in combating this disaster. In this page you can mention about the role of Doctors, Nurses, Police, people involved in maintaining cleanliness etc. in details along with images, drawings, pictures, newspaper cuttings etc on the left side of your page.

Page No. 12

Lessons Learnt:

what lessons have you learnt from this disaster.

Page No 13 INCLUDE DO’S AND DONT’S IN YOUR DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROJECT

HEADING: Do’s and dont’s for next time to avoid such disasters.

Mention about a few things which can be done everyday to protect yourself from this disaster in points.

Similarly Mention about a few things which you should not do to protect yourself from this disaster in points.

Page No. 14:

Bibliography: A bibliography usually contains about the websites you visited, the newspapers name from where you have collected the data or pictures, etc. Whichever book, magazine, shops or websites you have visited, you must mention about that.

Page No. 15:

Keep the last page of your project for teacher’s remarks and grade/marks.

6. Lastly, go for spiral bound cover and submit your project.

Just invest 1 day and 13 pages to complete your project on Tsunami as per CBSE norms.

THERE IS NO RULE FOR NUMBER OF PAGES BUT IT SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 15. YOU MAY ADD FEW MORE PAGES ALSO IF YOU WANT.

Follow Guidelines of CBSE strictly on Disaster Management Project.

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Do You Want To Do A Project On Man Made Disaster, Then Click On The Given Link.

Get the latest project on Sustainable Developmen t, click on the link.

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Uncovering the Effects of Natural Disasters on Communities – A Disaster Management Project

Apr 14, 2024

Effects of Natural Disasters on Communities Natural disasters may be fatal as well as create economic, social, and...

13 Comments

Thank you ji

Thanku it really helps me

Bro you helped me alot

Thank you once again. Avinash Sharan.

I want disaster management on earthquake

very good this helped me in making my project

Welcome Purushottam.

It is very much helpful . Thank You so much Sir.

Thank you Bhoomi.

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Disaster Management Project for Class 9 & 10, PDF Download

The Disaster Management Act was passed by the Lok Sabha on 28 Nov 2005 and by the Rajya Sabha on 12 Dec 2005. On 1 June 2016, Narendra Modi, the PM of India, launched the Disaster management plan

Table of Contents

Disaster management in India is one of the most crucial points of discussion because of India’s highly diversified Climate. Indian Subcontinent is frequently evident of natural catastrophes such as Cyclones, earthquakes, floods, and droughts. Disaster management is the process of planning for and responding to natural disasters. It entails carefully organising resources to mitigate the damage caused by calamities. It also entails a systematic strategy for handling catastrophe prevention, readiness, response, and recovery duties. n the article we will discuss Disaster Management Types, how to prepare Disaster Management Projects for Class 9 and 10 students along with Disaster Management Project ideas.

What is Disaster Management Class 9?

According to the United Nations, a disaster is a major disruption of a community or society’s ability to function that involves extensive affects on people, property, the economy, or the environment and beyond the capacity of the affected community or society to deal using its own resources.

Disaster management is the process by which we “prepare for, respond to and learn from the effects of big failures”. It is how we cope with the human, material, economic, or environmental impacts of a given disaster. Disasters can have human causes, despite the fact that nature frequently causes them. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies defines a disaster as when a risk affects individuals who are already weak.

Disaster Management Cycle

Organizations and people use the disaster management cycle, which consists of a sequence of processes, to plan for, contain, and mitigate unforeseen disasters. These could include unforeseen property damage, natural disasters, or other occurrences that put other people’s lives in peril. After the initial crisis has passed, the disaster management cycle assists everyone in minimising the effects of unforeseen events and recovering as much resources as possible. A disaster management cycle aids persons affected by disasters by assisting in their reconstruction, regrouping, and recovery.

Disaster Management: Types of Disaster

Disasters can take many different forms. Disasters, in whatever shape they take, disturb communities and can have major consequences for people, property, businesses, and the environment. They frequently test a community’s ability to cope. Human-caused disasters, such as industrial explosions or structural breakdowns, are the result of human error. Natural catastrophes are caused by physical occurrences such as earthquakes and droughts. Complex disasters might include epidemics or armed conflicts. Disasters are categorised into the following types-

Floods, hail storms, cloudbursts, cyclones, heat waves, cold waves, droughts, and hurricanes are all examples of water-related disasters .
Landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tornadoes are examples of geological disasters .
Man-made disasters include urban and forest fires, oil spills, and the collapse of massive constructions.
Biological disasters include viral outbreaks, pest invasions, livestock epidemics, and locust plagues.
Chemical and industrial mishaps, mining shaft fires, and oil spills are examples of industrial disasters.
Nuclear disasters include nuclear core meltdowns and radiation burn, sickness.

Disaster Management Act, 2005 for Class 9 & 10

The Lok Sabha enacted the Disaster Management Act on November 28, 2005, and the Rajya Sabha did it on December 12, 2005. On January 9, 2006, the Indian President gave his approval. The Act mandates the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), whose chairman shall be the Prime Minister of India. At any given moment, the NDMA can only have nine members total, including the vice-chairperson. The NDMA members are appointed for a five-year term. On 27 September 2005, the NDMA was formally established in accordance with Section 3(1) of the Disaster Management Act after being first established on 30 May 2005 by executive order. The NDMA is in charge of “setting down the rules, plans, and procedures for disaster management” as well as making sure that disaster responses are swift and efficient. It is tasked with establishing “guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the national Plans” in accordance with Section 6 of the Act. The Disaster Management Act of 2005 acknowledges Disaster Management as a crucial process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and implementing measures which are necessary for-

Prevention of the threat of any disaster
Reduction of risk of any disaster or its consequences
Readiness to deal with any disaster
Promptness in dealing with a disaster
Assessing the severity of the effects of any disaster
Rescue and relief
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Read more: Consumer Awareness in India Project for Class 10

Disaster Management Agencies in India

Some agencies are involved in disaster management that we study below in detail

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):- The National Disaster Management Authority, or the NDMA, is an apex body for disaster management, governed by the Prime Minister of India. It is charge of the supervision, direction, and control of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
National Executive Committee (NEC):- The NEC is composed of high-profile ministerial members from the government of India that consist of the Union Home Secretary as Chairperson, and the Secretaries to the Government of India (GoI)like Ministries/Departments of Agriculture, Atomic Energy, Defence, Drinking Water Supply, Environment and Forests, etc. The NEC covers the National Plan for Disaster Management as per the National Policy on Disaster Management.
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):- The Chief Minister of the respective state is the head of the SDMA.The State Government has a State Executive Committee (SEC) which assists the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) on Disaster Management.
District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):- The DDMA is headed by the District Collector, Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate depending on the situation, with the elected representatives of the local authority as the Co-Chairperson. The DDMA ensures that the guidelines framed by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all the departments of the State Government at the District level and the local authorities in the District.
Local Authorities:- Local authorities would include Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), Municipalities, District and Cantonment 11 Institutional and Legal Arrangements Boards, and Town Planning Authorities which control and manage civic services.

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Project on Disaster management

A disaster management project is a strategy created to aid a community or organisation in disaster prevention, response, and recovery. Natural or man-made, disasters can result in a variety of harm, including destruction of physical property, injuries, and fatalities.

A disaster management project’s objective is to lessen the effects of a disaster by:

Identifying potential risks and hazards
Creating plans to reduce the risks and hazards
preparing people for disaster response
putting in place a structure to manage relief operations

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Disaster Management Project pdf for Class 9 & 10 Download

The PDF of the Disaster Management project for class 10 is given below so that candidates can download it

Disaster Management

Disasters Management Project -Types

Hazard mitigation projects: These projects are designed to reduce the impact of a disaster by reducing the risk of a hazard occurring or by reducing the damage that a hazard can cause. For example, a hazard mitigation project might involve building a levee to protect a community from flooding or planting trees to help prevent erosion.
Emergency response plans: These plans outline how a community or organization will respond to a disaster. They typically include information on how to evacuate people, how to provide food and water, and how to provide medical care.
Recovery plans: These plans outline how a community or organization will recover from a disaster. They typically include information on how to rebuild infrastructure, how to provide financial assistance, and how to help people get back to their normal lives .
Natural disasters management projects
Man made disasters management projects

Natural Disasters Management Projects

The disasters which are caused by nature are termed natural disasters. For examples: earthquakes, floods, droughts, etc.

Man-made Disasters Management Projects

The disasters which are the results of human activities are known as man-made disasters. For examples: road accidents, and terrorist attacks.

Tips for developing a disaster management project

Here are some tips for developing a disaster management project.

1.The first stage in creating a disaster management project is identifying the potential risks and hazards that your community or organisation may encounter. You can achieve this by performing a hazard analysis. 2.Identify potential hazards and risks, then create plans to reduce them. This is necessary after you have determined what potential risks and hazards exist. This could entail creating evacuation preparations, planting trees, or establishing levees. 3.Teach people how to handle emergencies: It’s crucial to teach individuals how to handle emergencies. This can entail instructing individuals in evacuation procedures, first aid techniques, or how to assist the injured. 4.Create a system for coordinating relief efforts: It’s critical to have a system in place for coordinating relief efforts in the case of a disaster. This can entail creating a command centre or a communication strategy.

Disaster Management Project for Class 9 & 10 PDF Download_5.1

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Que. What are the 4 types of disaster management?

Emergency managers think of disasters as recurring events with four phases: Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery.

When was Disaster Management in India?

On 23 December 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act.

What are the 2 main types of disasters?

Types of Disasters - Natural and Human-Caused Disasters.

What is the main aim of disaster management?

The ultimate goal of the disaster-management leader is to minimize the event's impact, something that involves preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation.

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Disaster Management Project for Class 9 and 10 PDF Download

Developing a disaster management project for Class 9 and 10 students not only enhances their knowledge and understanding but also equips them with essential life skills. The field of disaster management is of utmost importance in India, a country prone to various natural and man-made disasters.

Disaster management plays a vital role in minimizing the impact of disasters and ensuring the safety and well-being of communities. In this blog post, we will delve into the various aspects of disaster management, including its definition, types of disasters, the disaster management cycle, relevant acts, agencies in India, and tips for developing a disaster management project for Class 9 and 10 students.

This project provides an opportunity for students to explore different aspects of disaster management, develop critical thinking abilities, and contribute to building a safer and more resilient society. Here is a comprehensive outline for a disaster management project suitable for Class 9 and 10 students in India.

Disaster Management Project PDF Download

Table of Content:

Define disaster management and its significance.
Discuss the need for disaster management in India.
Highlight the objectives and benefits of studying disaster management.
Categorize disasters into natural and man-made disasters.
Provide examples of common natural disasters in India (e.g., floods, earthquakes, cyclones, droughts).
Discuss man-made disasters prevalent in India (e.g., industrial accidents, chemical spills, fires).
Explain the four phases of the disaster management cycle (mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery).
Describe the activities involved in each phase.
Provide examples of initiatives or programs undertaken in India for each phase.
Discuss the Disaster Management Act, 2005, and its key provisions.
Explore the roles and responsibilities of national, state, and district-level disaster management authorities in India.
Highlight the importance of coordination and collaboration among different agencies.
Select two or more major disasters that have occurred in India (e.g., Uttarakhand floods, Cyclone Fani).
Analyze the causes, impacts, and response strategies employed during these disasters.
Discuss the lessons learned and recommendations for future disaster management.
Explore various preparedness measures for different types of disasters (e.g., early warning systems, evacuation plans).
Discuss mitigation strategies to reduce the impact of disasters (e.g., building resilient infrastructure, afforestation).
Provide examples of successful preparedness and mitigation initiatives in India.
Emphasize the importance of individual responsibility in disaster management.
Discuss ways in which individuals can contribute to disaster preparedness and response.
Encourage students to create awareness campaigns or develop community-level initiatives for disaster preparedness.
Prepare a visual presentation summarizing the project.
Include relevant images, charts, and graphs to enhance understanding.
Deliver a concise and engaging presentation to the class.

In India, the need for effective disaster management is paramount due to the country’s geographical location and diverse climatic conditions. India is prone to a wide range of natural disasters, including floods, cyclones, earthquakes, droughts, landslides, and forest fires. Additionally, man-made disasters such as industrial accidents, chemical spills, and terrorist attacks pose significant risks. These disasters can cause loss of life, widespread damage to infrastructure, economic disruptions, and displacement of populations.

What is Disaster Management?

Disaster management is a process of preparing for, responding to, and recovering from an emergency or disaster. It involves various activities such as risk assessment, planning, communication, and coordination of resources to reduce the impact of disasters. The primary goal of disaster management is to save lives, protect property, and ensure the continuity of essential services.

Types of Disasters

Disasters can be classified into two broad categories, namely natural disasters and man-made disasters. Natural disasters are caused by natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tsunamis, and landslides. Man-made disasters, on the other hand, are caused by human activities such as fires, explosions, industrial accidents, and terrorist attacks.

Natural disasters are more common and can have a severe impact on human life and property. For example, earthquakes can cause buildings to collapse, floods can destroy homes and businesses, hurricanes can cause widespread power outages and damage infrastructure, and landslides can disrupt transportation and communication.

Man-made disasters are less common but can also have a severe impact on human life and property. For example, industrial accidents can result in chemical spills, fires can destroy buildings and homes, explosions can cause widespread damage, and terrorist attacks can cause widespread panic and loss of life.

Importance of Disaster Management

Disaster management is essential for several reasons. Firstly, disasters can strike anytime, anywhere, and without warning. Therefore, it is crucial to be prepared for disasters to reduce the impact of disasters and save lives. Secondly, disasters can have severe consequences on human life and property, which can lead to economic losses and social disruption. Effective disaster management measures can help to reduce the impact of disasters and ensure the continuity of essential services. Thirdly, disasters can cause psychological trauma to people affected by disasters, and effective disaster management measures can help to provide psychological support and counseling to those affected.

Disaster Management Cycle

The disaster management cycle consists of four phases: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Each phase plays a crucial role in minimizing the impact of disasters, enhancing preparedness, and facilitating effective response and recovery efforts. In India, various initiatives and programs have been undertaken at each phase to mitigate risks, build preparedness, respond swiftly, and facilitate long-term recovery and reconstruction.

Disaster Management Project Cycle | Management Hub

The mitigation phase involves activities that aim to reduce the risk of disasters, such as identifying hazards and assessing risks.
The preparedness phase involves activities that aim to prepare individuals, communities, and organizations to respond to disasters, such as developing emergency plans, conducting drills, and training first responders.
The response phase involves activities that aim to provide immediate assistance to people affected by disasters, such as search and rescue, evacuation, and providing basic needs such as food, water, and shelter.
The recovery phase involves activities that aim to restore normalcy after a disaster, such as rebuilding infrastructure, providing psychological support, and restoring essential services.

Case Studies of Major Disasters in India

India has witnessed several major disasters in the past, and effective disaster management measures have helped to reduce the impact of disasters and save lives. For example, during the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, effective disaster management measures such as warning systems, evacuation, and search and rescue operations helped to reduce the number of casualties. Similarly, during the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, effective disaster management measures such as rescue and relief operations helped to save many lives.

However, there have also been instances where ineffective disaster management measures have resulted in severe consequences. For example, during the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, ineffective disaster management measures resulted in widespread loss of life and property.

The case studies of major disasters in India highlight the importance of effective disaster management measures and the need for continuous improvement in disaster management strategies.

Preparedness for disasters

preparedness measures and mitigation strategies are crucial for effective disaster management. Early warning systems, evacuation plans, resilient infrastructure, afforestation, and community-based initiatives play significant roles in reducing the risks and impacts of disasters. India has implemented successful initiatives that highlight the importance of preparedness and mitigation, contributing to the overall resilience of communities in the face of various hazards.

Preparedness for disasters is essential to reduce the impact of disasters and save lives. Students can prepare for disasters by following some simple steps, such as creating an emergency kit, developing an emergency plan, and staying informed about potential hazards.

Preparedness Measures for Different Types of Disasters:

Early Warning Systems: Example: The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWS), implemented by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), provides real-time tsunami warnings and alerts to coastal communities.
Evacuation Plans: Example: The Odisha State Disaster Management Authority has implemented a successful evacuation plan during cyclones, including Cyclone Phailin in 2013, which resulted in minimal loss of life due to timely evacuation. Mitigation Strategies to Reduce the Impact of Disasters:
Building Resilient Infrastructure Example: The Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority implemented strict building codes and regulations after the devastating earthquake in 2001. This has led to the construction of earthquake-resistant buildings and infrastructure, reducing the vulnerability to seismic events.
Afforestation and Ecosystem Restoration: Example: The Miyawaki Forest technique, implemented in various cities across India, involves dense plantation of native tree species, enhancing biodiversity, restoring ecosystems, and providing natural protection against disasters. Successful Preparedness and Mitigation Initiatives in India:
Kerala’s Community-Based Disaster Management Initiatives: – Kerala has implemented community-based disaster management initiatives, including the ‘Arangu’ program, which involves training local volunteers to respond during disasters. – The ‘Rebuild Kerala Initiative’ focuses on building resilient infrastructure, restoring livelihoods, and providing financial assistance to affected communities.
Gujarat’s School Safety Program – The School Safety Program in Gujarat aims to enhance the safety and preparedness of schools during disasters. – It includes developing school disaster management plans, conducting safety audits, training teachers and students in disaster response, and establishing early warning systems.

Role of individuals in Disaster Management

Individuals play a crucial role in disaster management, and their actions can have a significant impact on the outcome of disasters. Individuals can contribute to disaster management by following some simple steps, such as staying informed about potential hazards, creating an emergency kit, developing an emergency plan, and volunteering during emergencies.

Staying informed about potential hazards involves monitoring weather updates, staying informed about potential hazards, and following the instructions of authorities during emergencies. Creating an emergency kit involves assembling essential items such as food, water, first aid kit, flashlight, and other essential items that may be required during an emergency. Developing an emergency plan involves identifying potential hazards, developing a communication plan, identifying safe zones, and practicing emergency drills. Volunteering during emergencies involves providing support to those affected by disasters, such as providing basic needs, psychological support, and assisting in search and rescue operations.

Strategic Management: Key Concepts and Proven Strategies

Disaster Management Project Presentation:

Tips for developing the disaster management project:.

Conduct thorough research using reliable sources such as government publications, scientific journals, and reputable websites.
Organize the project into clear sections with headings and subheadings.
Use a variety of media, including text, images, and infographics, to present information effectively.
Incorporate real-life examples, case studies, and statistics to support your points.
Cite all sources properly using a standard citation format (e.g., APA or MLA).
Practice your presentation beforehand to ensure clarity and confidence.

SST Class 9 Disaster Management Project

Disaster management Project For Class 9

Disaster Project Management Conclusion:

The disaster management project for Class 9 and 10 students in India provides an excellent opportunity to deepen their understanding of disaster management concepts and their practical application. By exploring various aspects of disaster management, students can develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and leadership skills necessary to contribute effectively in times of crisis. Through this project, students not only gain knowledge but also become proactive agents of change in building resilient communities and promoting disaster preparedness in India.

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Disaster Management Case Study on River Flooding at Uttarakhand

By Mohak Rana, NMIMS, School of Law, Mumbai

‘Editor’s Note: Disaster or catastrophe or any such accident is inevitable. Almost all the nations witness such misfortune. Therefore planning and organizing of rapid forces which can work during such mishaps have been developed by all the nations in the form of natural disaster management. India which has different types of vegetation and geography witnesses almost all the kinds of disasters most common among them all being floods. Therefore National disaster Management Authority has been established. It is the apex body which looks after the management and control of such accidents. It has been established under Disaster Management Act, 2005. Its responsibility is like that of a state which is also helped by central government through the ministry of Home Affairs. Any disaster be it manmade or natural, always leads to loss of life and property. For instance the recent floods in the state of Uttarakhand led to loss of 30% of economy. Many international organizations like Red Cross, United Nations, World Bank also work in this field. They collaborate with domestic agencies to work. Therefore it is concluded that a strong and effective management system is a must for prevention and control of such disasters.’

Introduction

“What has so often excited wonder is the great rapidity with which countries recover from a state of devastation; the disappearance, in a short time, of all traces of the mischiefs done by earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and the ravages of war.” John Stuart Mill

What does Disaster mean?

The word “disaster” means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or manmade causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area.[1] In other words we can understand disaster as a natural or man-made hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people.

Disaster is of two types:-

i) Natural disaster

A natural disaster is a consequence when a natural hazard affects humans and/or the built environment. Human vulnerability, and lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience.

Various phenomena like landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods and cyclones are all natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy billions of dollars of habitat and property each year.

ii.) Man Made disasters

Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. The examples of manmade disasters include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category.

According to the world bank disaster management report developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits any such developing country. More than 95% of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in developed countries.[2]

What is Disaster Management?

“Disaster management” means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for-

i. prevention of danger or threat of any disaster; ii. mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences; iii. capacity-building; iv. preparedness to deal with any disaster; v. prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster; vi. assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster; vii. evacuation, rescue and relief; viii. Rehabilitation and reconstruction.[3]

According to the international federation of Red Cross and red crescent society Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.[4]

Disaster, Disaster Management and India

Natural disasters in India cause massive loss to life and property. Flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, droughts, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions. Hail is also common in parts of India, causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat. But floods are the most common natural disaster in India.

The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilization, but the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures.

As the apex Body or as an authoritative body for Disaster Management in India, mandated by the Disaster Management Act, 2005, is the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). Prime Minister of India is the chairman of NDMA, and the Vice Chairman is Shashidhar Reddy. Under the Vice chairman are eight members, all superannuated officials, who have the status, pay, and entitlements of ministers of state. Also there is a National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) of 12 battalions, under the NDMA. It is organized on paramilitary lines, and is manned by persons on deputation from the para-military forces of India. As on 6 October, 13, it was headed by Mr. Krishna Chaudhary.

The responsibility for Disaster Management in India’s federal system is that of the State Government with the supporting role of the national government. The ‘nodal Ministry’ in the central government for management of natural disasters, is the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). In the MHA this function is discharged by the Disaster Management Division (DMD). When ‘calamities of severe nature’ such as the natural disaster in Uttarakhand occur, the Central Government is responsible for providing aid and assistance to the affected state, as may be needed, including the deploying, at the State’s request, of Armed Forces, Central Paramilitary Forces, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), and such communication, air and other assets, as are available and needed. The response of the central government is based on ‘gravity of a natural calamity’ and the ‘scale of the relief operation’.

Microeconomics Aspect

Natural disasters are the one which can disrupt both the local economy as well as the national economy. Calculation of the damages of such an event can be a difficult task because the cost of a natural disaster is ultimately wedded to several factors, and varies by type of disaster. The key factors are the magnitude and duration of the event, the structure of the local economy, the affected geographical area, time and population base. Naturally, disasters that affect densely populated areas have the greatest potential for inflicting the most damage because not only are large numbers of people endangered, but the potential loss to homes, roads, bridges, businesses, highways and utilities is also magnified.

The factors that contribute to the over-estimation of losses vary considerably. In some cases, buildings, infrastructure and crops that appear totally destroyed may in fact be only partially damaged. To some extent, this phenomenon may be driven by the media, who are merely striving to add a monetary flavor to the disaster. Other factors also come into play. According to some economists who have studied natural disasters, there is an incentive for states to overestimate their losses in order to maximize their political leverage.

Till now we have discussed the cost of a natural disaster and the losses that stem from a natural disaster as if they are one and the same; economically they are two separate terms. Losses occur principally through destruction of an economy’s wealth like the physical assets that help generate income. These assets include levees, roads, bridges, utilities, factories, homes, buildings, forests or other natural resources. To correctly measure these losses, one must attempt to calculate either the lost income that these physical assets help generate, or the decline in the assets’ values. But to count both is to double count. By contrast, costs are incurred when an economy undertakes to replace, repair or reinforce those tangible assets (capital) that are destroyed.

Despite these limitations, economists attempt to measure the total loss of a disaster by estimating two separate types of losses i.e. direct and indirect. Direct losses are easier to estimate. For example, in an earthquake or Tsunami, they would consist of the structures that are destroyed or damaged as a result of the actual force; in the case of a flood, they would consist of water damage to levees, crops or buildings.

Indirect, or secondary, losses occur as a result of destruction to buildings, structures or bridges. These include lost output, retail sales, wages and work time, additional time commuting to work, additional costs to business from rerouting goods and services around the affected area, utility disruptions, reduced taxable receipts, lost tourism or increased financial market volatility. Disaster losses manifest themselves in numerous ways and can never be estimated with absolute certainty. Economists believe that the true value of a physical asset is its present discounted value.

Probably the next best alternative will be the structure’s market value, but this measure also presents problems because some physical assets are not traded in the marketplace and hence determining their true market value is next to impossible. Thus, with the lack of reliable information, asset’s replacement cost is used. But endlessly other issues also arise like how do you measure the decline in property values that sometimes occurs in the vicinity of the disaster area? What prices and production should you attach to crops that were washed away before harvest, or livestock that were unable to gain weight during severe weather? And finally, how do you calculate the expected lifetime earnings of individuals who perished?

In this chapter we will see that what happened in Uttarakhand when the river flood came and what role did Union and state played to manage the disaster and economic effect on Uttarakhand because of this flood –

River flooding at Uttarakhand: a timeline of events [6]

i. 13 June 2013: Meteorological Department, Dehradun, forecast “heavy to very heavy rainfall in the upper regions of Uttarakhand in the next 48 to 72 hours”. The Central Government, Uttarakhand Government, and National Disaster Management Authority, ignored the warning.

ii. 14–16 June 2013: Heavy unseasonal monsoon rain in north India, which triggered floods, and landslides, in the north western mountain states of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh. But state of Uttarakhand was highly affected.

iii. 17 June 2013: Army helicopters conduct aerial reconnaissance of Kedarnath. Army orders an infantry unit to send a foot column to establish contact with the temple town. Next day, early morning, after a night march, an infantry column, under its Commanding Officer reaches Kedarnath. India Army’s Central Command starts deployment of 5000 troops in the flood affected areas, in response named “Operation Ganga Prahar”. Indian Air Force(IAF) helicopters conducts relief and rescue missions. Medium lift helicopters including MI -17 and V5 helicopters, moved to Jolly grant helipad, Dehradun. Late in the evening, Defense Minister A.K. Antony, alerts the Armed Forces for relief and rescue mission.

iv. 18 June 2013: Lt-General Navtej Singh Bawa, the General Officer Commanding Uttar Bharat Area, moves to Dehradun, to lead the Army disaster response and coordinate with the State government, and other agencies. Indian Air Force’s started humanitarian mission, named Operation Rahat. MHA, outlines response to unfolding disaster. On 15 June, the Inspector General, Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Uttarakhand, ordered to “get in touch with Chief Secretary and provide whatever assistance was required by the State Government” as ITBP posts and troops are already there in affects areas and are working and rescuing the people from day one; Border Road Organization (BRO) asked to “facilitate restoration of road communication across the different routes”; 12 additional teams of the NDRF ordered to be deployed to Uttarakhand, and 34 deaths confirmed in Uttarakhand.

v. 19 June 2013: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, who is also Chairman of the NDMA and the Indian Congress Party President Sonia Gandhi, carry out an aerial survey of affected area. The PM calls the situation in Uttarakhand a ‘disaster’ and directs “all Central Agencies to render all possible assistance in their domain to the State.” Army’s names its response to the natural disaster in Uttarakhand as Operation Surya Hope. Army carries out aerial reconnaissance of Kedarnath, Jungle Chatti, and other inaccessible areas where people are stranded. Army plans paratroop operations, and the establishment of heli-bridge to rescue, and evacuate the stranded people. Responders in affected area include 5500 Army man’s 3000 BRO person’s, ITBP – 600, NDRF 13 teams- 422, 18 helicopters (IAF, army and civil) and 1 Hercules C-130.

vi. 20 June 2013: Official communication from the Government of Uttarakhand, for army assistance reaches Home ministry. Disaster toll : Districts affected-09; deaths-71; Injured- 53; missing-23; Lives stock lost -1157; houses ‘fully’ damaged -366; houses partially damaged-272; bridges damaged-21; stranded pilgrims-62,122; persons rescued- 22,392

vii. 21 June 2013: One of the eight members of the NDMA with status of Minister of State, designated as nodal officer, to coordinate rescue, relief, and assistance mission. Uttarakhand Government posts 12 officers to disaster affected areas as nodal officers to coordinate the response. The officers reach their respective post on 22 and 23 June.

viii. 25 June 2013: IAF Mi-17 V5 helicopter on a relief and rescue mission from Gauchar to Guptkashi and Kedarnath on return leg from Kedarnath crashed. 20 persons on board killed [ 5 IAF crew members, and 15 ITBP soldiers, including 9 on deputation with NDRF]. But even after this incident rescue operation is going on by military persons.

ix. 26 June 2013: Central Command launches a web site for reporting progress on Operation Surya Hope in Uttarakhand. The site provides location wise list of stranded and rescued persons, and press releases issued by Central Command. Government imports 25 satellite phones from Hong Kong for the ill-prepared NDMA, and NDRF.

x. 28 June 13: General Bikram Singh, the Chief of the Army Staff, on a visit Gauchar, in Uttarakhand, while speaking to journalist, says Operation Surya Hope was “aid to civil authorities”, to “strengthen the hands of the civil administration”. Army confirms that all people stranded in Kedarnath had been evacuated, and that the road to Badrinath was open.

xi. 30 June 2013: Ministry of Defence update, notes that IAF from 17 -30 Jun 2013, airlifted 18,424 persons, in 2,137 sorties, and delivered 3,36,930 kg of relief supplies.

xii. 2 July 2013: Evacuation of all stranded pilgrim complete. BBC described it as “one of the world’s largest air rescue operations”.

xiii. 10 July 2013: Army Engineers started work on a new 20 km route to restore land communication with Kedarnath, which has remained cut off since the 16 June. An advance team of four officers and 21 soldiers reached Gomkar on 11 July.

xiv. 15 July 2013: Officials confirmed that the disaster toll was 580 dead, and 5,748 missing (924, from Uttarakhand and 4,824 are from other Indian states), and that a total of 108,653 people have been evacuated from affected area by air and foot.

xv. 16 September 2013 : Subhash Kumar, Chief Secretary of Uttarakhand, issued revised figures for missing persons from 5100 to 4,120, including 421 children. The revised figures, compiled by Dehradun-based Missing Persons Cell, are based on a review of the First Information Reports recorded in the state’s 13 districts.

xvi. As on today rehabilitation work is going on which is supposed to be completed in 2015.

Operation Surya Hope[7]

It is the name that Indian Army’s Central Command gave to its response in Uttarakhand following the June 2013 North India floods. Operation Surya Hope was conducted by Indian Army’s Lucknow based Central Command.

Operation Surya Hope is a successor to Operation Ganga Pharar. Operation Surya Hope was commanded by Lieutenant General Anil Chait, General Officer Commanding in Chief Central Command. Over 10,000 troops participated in Operation Surya Hope. It was conducted in tandem with the response by IAF (Operation Rahat), the BRO, NDRF, ITBP and other para military forces under the Ministry of Home.

The floods and landslides in Uttarakhand, the worst natural disaster in the area in a hundred years, has been called a Himalayan Tsunami by the Government of India. According to the Indian Meteorological Department, the total rainfall in Uttarakhand was the highest in the last 80 years. The rainfall was 440% above the normal.

The total number of aircrafts involved in the evacuation, relief, rescue, and search tasks, according to government sources, was 83 (IAF-45, Army-13, hired helicopters- 25). The helicopters carried out their mission in hazardous mountain conditions, often in rain and fog.

For relief and rescue operations, the army divided the affected areas into four axis, or sub sectors. On 19–20 June, the army conducted reconnaissance, and stranded people. By 20 June evening the army reported that it had ‘rescued more than 11000 people, and was sheltering, feeding, and providing medical assistance to about 10,000. As follow up to aerial reconnaissance of inaccessible areas on 19 June, army plans heliborne operations by paratroopers and special forces to rescue stranded people, in Jungle Chatti, Kedarnath, and other areas. On 20 June, the army, started work on the maintenance and improvement, and expansion of helipad at Gagaria on Hemkund Sahib axis to make it ready to accommodate the larger MI-17 helicopter to allow for speedier aerial evacuation.

On 23 June, relief, rescue, search, and evacuation operations were started by indian army. Army works on securing, marking, and improving helipads; repairing and installing bridges; improving and restoring tracks; establishing staging areas, transit areas, reception centers, medical aid posts; escorting and guiding people; providing food, water, shelter, and medical aid to the affected population, and most importantly providing through their presence, example, and leadership, hope, and encouragement to the stranded population.

Medical aid formed an important component of the mission. Doctors from Army Medical Corps, and nurses from the Military Nursing Service were amongst the lead elements to be deployed in the area. By 19 June, it was reported, 12 self-sufficient medical teams were deployed in the area. An emergency medical helpline was opened, and military communication channels were provided to affected people to speak with their families and friends. In addition the IAF deployed Air Force Rapid Action Medical Teams, with the air stations, and detachments.

On 26 June 13, A team of two psychiatrists from Army Medical Corps, opened a post disaster and trauma counseling center in the Joshimath sector, to provide counseling to the civil population stranded at Badrinath and Kedarnath. On 26 June 13, veterinary teams from the Army Veterinary Corps consisting of a veterinary doctor and two paramedics were inducted by helicopter to establish Animal Aid Posts along the Hemkund axis to take care of ponies and mules stranded in the area.

Economical hit

After the river flood; economy of Uttarakhand whose major part comes from tourism was badly affected. As people are threatened to come in Uttarakhand, around 30 % of the economy suffered. Many people became jobless and moreover almost all the tourist places were destroyed. There was a huge loss of infrastructure and man power. Around 1000 crore is the money which is decided to be given as a compensation part which is not sufficient at all as loss is much more than that for example a person who lost his 1 family member and around 20 lacs of property is getting only 10 lacs which is not in any kind of comparison and for that also; he had to wait.

So at the end one can clearly say that economical condition of affected people as well as of state is in very bad condition. To overcome the situation state of Uttarakhand had demanded a special package from union government.

From the happening of river floods in Uttarakhand the clear picture of seriousness of state and union towards Disaster management was displayed. All the work done including rescue operations and relief camps were done by localites and military forces and official agencies for this work responded after 3 days with a lot of confusion in there mind. Our great politician at both level are just trying to blame each other and were in busy in making the plan that how can they take the political advantage of this situation. However there are some serious and good politicians and bureaucrats who helped and were trying to cope up with the situation.

At both the levels state as well as union there was a very late response to this situation as seen earlier but because of the activeness of army and co operation of civilians somehow situation was managed.

Comparative Study

In this chapter we will see the various organization working for the purpose of disaster management and disaster management in other countries

Organisation working at international level for the purpose of disaster management

I. red cross/red crescent[8].

National Red Cross/Red Crescent societies often have pivotal roles in responding to emergencies. Additionally, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies may deploy assessment teams. After having assessed the needs Emergency Response Units (ERUs) may be deployed to the affected country or region. They are specialized in the response component of the emergency management framework.

ii. United Nations

Within the United Nations system responsibility for emergency response rests with the Resident Coordinator within the affected country. However, in practice international response will be coordinated, if requested by the affected country’s government, by deploying a UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination team.

iii. World Bank[9]

Since 1980, the World Bank has approved more than 500 operations related to disaster management, amounting to more than US$40 billion. These include post-disaster reconstruction projects, as well as projects with components aimed at preventing and mitigating disaster impacts, in countries such as Argentina, Bangladesh, Colombia, Haiti, India, Mexico, Turkey and Vietnam to name only a few.

Common areas of focus for prevention and mitigation projects include forest fire prevention measures, such as early warning measures and education campaigns to discourage farmers from slash and burn agriculture that ignites forest fires; early-warning systems for hurricanes; flood prevention mechanisms, ranging from shore protection and terracing in rural areas to adaptation of production; and earthquake-prone construction.

In a joint venture with Columbia University under the umbrella of the ProVention Consortium the World Bank has established a Global Risk Analysis of Natural Disaster Hotspots.

· Various National organizations working in their respective countries

I. australia.

Natural disasters are part of life in Australia. There Drought occurs on average every 3 out of 10 years and associated heat waves had killed more Australians than any other type of natural disaster in the 20th century.

Australia’s emergency management processes embrace the concept of the prepared community. The principal government agency in achieving this is Emergency Management Australia.

ii. Canada

Public Safety Canada is Canada’s national emergency management agency. Each province is required to have legislature in place for dealing with emergencies, as well as establish their own emergency management agencies, typically called an “Emergency Measures Organization” (EMO), which functions as the primalization with the municipal and federal level. They also work with other levels of government, first responders, community groups, the private sector (operators of critical infrastructure) and other nations.

iii. Germany[10]

In Germany the Federal Government controls the German disaster relief ( Katastrophenschutz ) and civil protection( Zivilschutz ) programs. The local units of German fire department and the Technisches Hilfswerk ( Federal Agency for Technical Relief ,) are part of these programs & The German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr), the German Federal Police and the 16 state police forces (Länderpolizei) all have been deployed for disaster relief operations.

iv. New Zealand[11]

In New Zealand, responsibility for emergency management moves from local to national depending on the nature of the emergency or risk reduction program. Within each region, local governments are unified into 16 Civil Defence Emergency Management Groups (CDEMGs). As local arrangements are overwhelmed by an emergency, pre-existing mutual-support arrangements are activated. As warranted, central government has the authority to coordinate the response through the National Crisis Management Centre (NCMC), operated by the Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management (MCDEM). These structures are defined by regulation and best explained in The Guide to the National Civil Defence Emergency Management Plan 2006, roughly equivalent to the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency’s National Response Framework.

v. Pakistan

Disaster management in Pakistan revolves around flood disasters with a primary focus on rescue and relief. Within disaster management bodies in Pakistan, there is a dearth of knowledge and information about hazard identification, risk assessment and management, and linkages between livelihoods and disaster preparedness. There are no long-term, inclusive and coherent institutional arrangements to address disaster issues with a long-term vision. Disasters are viewed in isolation from the processes of mainstream development and poverty alleviation planning. Absence of a central authority for integrated disaster management and lack of coordination within and between disaster related organizations is responsible for effective and efficient disaster management in the country. State-level disaster preparedness and mitigation measures are heavily tilted towards structural aspects and undermine non-structural elements such as the knowledge and capacities of local people, and the related livelihood protection issues.[12]

vi. United States

Disaster management in the United States has utilized the functional All-Hazards approach for over 20 years, in this approach emergency managers develop processes (such as communication & warning or sheltering) rather than developing single-hazard/threat focused plans (e.g., a tornado plan). Processes then are mapped to the hazards, with the emergency manager looking for gaps, overlaps, and conflicts between processes.

In the United States, all disastrous events are initially considered as local, with local authorities usually a law enforcement agency having charge. However, if the event becomes overwhelming to local government, state emergency management becomes the controlling emergency management agency. Under the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is lead federal agency for emergency management and supports, but does not override, state authority.

Some of the significant natural disasters in India over the last two decades are as follows:

1993 Latur earthquake. Killed 20,000, injured 30,000 and destroyed about 52 villages.
1999 Odisha cyclone. Killed almost 10,000, left over 2 million homeless and disrupted 20 million lives.
2001 Kutch earthquake. Killed 20,000, injured 1,67,000 and left over 6 lakh people homeless. Bhuj was devastated.
2004 the Indian Ocean Tsunami affected over 2,200 kms of coastline, killed over 15,000 people rendered lakhs of people homeless.
2005 floods in Gujarat killed 123 because thankfully over 2,50,000 were evacuated in time by helicopters of the Indian Air Force. The state suffered losses of over Rs 8,000 crores.
2005 Mumbai floods killed 5,000 people, more than 24,000 animal carcasses disposed.
2012, Uttarakhand was the victim of very similar flash floods. 38 people were reported dead.
2013 Uttarakhand. Not done counting. Toll reports are ranging from 900 to 10,000.

And in all these disasters there has been loss of crores and crores of Indian money. These incidents and disasters are sufficient to tell that what union and states are doing when it come to disaster management. Our union and states are complete failure in ensuring the safety or prevention from disaster.

Because of the failure in properly implementing the disaster management act, we are facing a heavy loss of capital and human life over the years.

If we see the recent floods in uttarakhand then also we are able to see that because of lack of proper management and preventive methods we lost around 10,000 lives and a huge chunk of money invested as in capital form or in infrastructure, which tells that we are complete failure on the economic front of natural disaster also.

There is a huge lack of co ordination and the disaster management act, 2005 is only a paper law in India. There is a lack of seriousness towards the disaster management which results in the heavy economic losses.

We cannot stop natural disasters but yes we can prevent them and we can take appropriate measures for lowering the losses and saving the lives of hundreds.

RELATION WITH LAW

Disaster management act, 2005.

The Disaster Management Act, 2005 ( No. 53 of 2005) was came into effect on 12 December 2005. It received the assent of The President of India on 9 January 2006. It has 11 chapters and 79 sections. The Act extends to the whole of India. The Act provides for “the effective management of disasters and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.”

i. The Act calls for the establishment of NDMA, with the Prime Minister of India as chairperson. The NDMA have nine members including a Vice-Chairperson. The NDMA is responsible for “laying down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management” and to ensure “timely and effective response to disaster”. It is responsible for laying “down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plans”.

ii. The Act enjoins the Central Government to Constitute a National Executive Committee to assist the National Authority. This committee consists of Secretaries to the Government of India in the Ministries of home, drinking water supply, environment and forests, finance (expenditure), health, power, agriculture, atomic energy, defence, rural development, science and technology, space, telecommunication, urban development, and water resources, with the Home secretary serving as the Chairperson, ex officio. The Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, is an ex officio member of the NEC. The NEC under section of the Act is responsible for the preparation of the National Disaster Management Plan for the whole country and to ensure that it is “reviewed and updated annually”.

iii. This act mandate all the State Governments to establish a State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) on the framework of NDMA.

iv. This act also call for the establishment of District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) whose chair person will be the Collector or District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner of the district.

v. The Act provides for constituting a NDRF “for the purpose of specialist response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster” under a Director General to be appointed by the Central Government.

vi. The Act provides for civil and criminal liabilities for those who violate the provision of the Act.

When it comes to the implementation of the National Disaster Act, 2005 it has been slow, and slack. On 22 July 2013 Indian Supreme Court Justices A K Patnaik and M Y Eqbal in response to a Public Interest Litigation which is filed on after the failure of this so called management machinery issued notices to the Governments of Uttarakhand, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan Maharashtra and the Central government.

The petitioner alleged that the non-implementation of the Disaster Management Act by the Government of Uttarakhand endangered the lives of citizens . He sought “reasonable ex-gratia assistance on account of loss of life, damage to houses and for restoration of means of livelihood to victims of flash floods in Uttarakhand under the Disaster Management Act”.

Formatted on 15th March 2019.

[1]The Disaster management act 2005

[2]World bank disaster management

[3]See supra note 1

[4]http://www.ifrc.org/what/disasters/management/index.asp accessed on 01-Oct-13 7:51:57 PM

[5]Brookshire and McKee (FEMA, July 1992), p. 282.

[6]India Today 3 rd issue of june, 2013 and local newspapers

[7] See supra note 6

[8]http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/responding/disaster-response-system/dr-tools-and-systems/eru/ accessed on 06-Oct-13 5:33:17 AM

[9]World bank disaster risk management projects Web.worldbank.org (2004-04-28). Retrieved on 2013-10-06.

[10]http://www.kavoma.de/ accessed on 06-Oct-13 5:35:09 AM

[11]Legislation.govt.nz (2008-10-01). Retrieved on 2013-10-06.

[12]Natural hazards and disaster management in Pakistan”. MRPA . Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Retrieved 2013-10-06.

[13]The disaster management act,2005

[14] Natural hazards and disaster management in Pakistan”. MRPA . Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Retrieved 2013-10-06.

4 thoughts on “Disaster Management Case Study on River Flooding at Uttarakhand”

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Disaster Management Project Class 9

1 What is disaster management?
2 Why do we learn disaster management?
3 What are the most common disaster management scenarios?
4 What are the steps of disaster management?
5 What are the different types of disasters?
6 What are the different levels of disaster management?
7 What are some of the benefits of disaster management?
8 What are the risks of disaster management?
9 What are some steps you can take to be prepared?
10 What are some skills you should learn to prepare for a disaster?
11 What are some of the disasters that have recently happened?

Throughout history, the world has seen numerous disasters. From climate change to war to natural disasters, these forces have been wreaking havoc on the world. A disaster is something that interrupts everyday life, and takes place without warning. Operating with a disaster management plan in place is the best way to prepare for disaster emergencies. In this blog, we will look into how you can create a disaster management Project for Class 9 plan that is successful.

What is disaster management?

Disaster management is the process of managing the effects of a disaster or unexpected event in order to minimize its impact. It is often the response to natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions, but it also includes man-made disasters such as terrorist attacks, industrial accidents or nuclear accidents.

Why do we learn disaster management?

There are many reasons that people learn disaster management. Some people learn disaster management because they plan on a career in the field, and others do so because they want to know how to react in the event that a disaster does strike. Some people know that they need to learn disaster management to be prepared for a disaster, and want to be an asset to their family in the event that their plans change.

When a disaster strikes, you will need to know how to help these people. For example , you will need to be able to communicate with them, provide them with food, water and shelter and keep them safe. You will also need to know how to prepare for a natural disaster and save yourself and your family in case of an emergency.

What are the most common disaster management scenarios?

Disasters come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Generally, they are defined as being either a natural or man-made event that results in the loss of human life.

There are many classifications of disaster, but the most common disaster management scenarios tend to be natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, and tsunamis.

Man-made disasters are usually classified as accidents, such as nuclear accidents, chemical accidents, and terrorist attacks.

What are the steps of disaster management?

There are a number of steps that are followed during a disaster management process. The first step is to make sure that you have a disaster management plan in place before you need it.

The first step should be to identify the areas where you are vulnerable to a disaster and develop strategies to protect yourself.
The second step is to train your staff so that they are ready for a disaster.
The third step is to ensure that you have an emergency plan in place.
The fourth step is to make sure that you have a clear communication system in place.
The fifth step is to have an action plan in place. Finally, the sixth step is to make sure that you have a backup plan in place.

What are the different types of disasters?

There are different types of disasters that can impact your life. They are natural disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, landslides, tornadoes, and lightning.

There are also man-made disasters, such as fires, riots, and hurricanes.

There are also disasters that are both natural and man-made, such as wildfires and volcanic eruptions. A disaster can occur anywhere on Earth, and it can happen at any time.

What are the different levels of disaster management?

Disaster management is the practice of trying to prevent or reduce damage, injury, or death resulting from natural or man-made disasters. There are different levels of levels of disaster management. The 4 levels of disaster management are mitigation , preparedness , response , and recovery .

Mitigation is the process of reducing the impact of a disaster by taking preventative measures.

Preparedness is the process of being proactive, taking steps to reduce the impact of a disaster by taking preventative measures.

Response is the process of taking immediate measures to reduce the impact of a disaster.

Recovery is the process of repairing and rebuilding after a disaster.

What are some of the benefits of disaster management?

There are many benefits of disaster management. A disaster management plan can help to ensure that the community is ready for a disaster. It also helps to ensure that your community is safe and secure. It also helps to provide an overall sense of security to your community. The main benefits of disaster management are that it helps to prepare for a disaster and it helps to reduce the damages that a disaster might cause.

What are the risks of disaster management?

When it comes to disaster management, there are a number of risks that come with the job. Some of these risks are physical, while others are more emotional. Some risk factors for disaster management include psychological trauma, high stress, and the risk of high-level disasters.

In many cases, disaster management can be a high-risk profession. Despite the risks, disaster management is a profession that is on the rise. In many ways, disaster management is similar to crime scene investigation. There is always a risk when it comes to working in this industry, but the rewards are well worth the risk.

What are some steps you can take to be prepared?

Preparation can take many forms, from the simple and often forgettable, such as installing smoke alarms in your home, to the more advanced and expensive, such as constructing a flood-safe building or buying an emergency generator. In general, disaster management is the planning and preparation for dealing with the consequences of natural or man-made disasters. Preparation can take many forms, from the simple and often forgettable, such as installing smoke alarms in your home, to the more advanced and expensive, such as constructing a flood-safe building or buying an emergency generator.

What are some skills you should learn to prepare for a disaster?

ealing with an emergency can be stressful. But it doesn’t have to be like that. You can learn these skills now and prepare for the worst that could happen. A lot of people find that they are more capable and confident when they know how to deal with a disaster. Here are some skills you should learn to prepare for a disaster: • Shelter Building: Know how to make your own shelter. Make sure that you know how to use a tarp, tent and a sleeping bag.

• Fire-Building : Know how to control on fire. You should also know how to use fire extinguisher and all other equipment.

• Medicinal Herbs: Know how to make your own herbal remedies. You should know how to identify plants and use them as a source of medicine.

• Wilderness Survival: Know how to build shelter, build a fire, and make a good meal.

• Emergency Preparedness: You should have a basic knowledge of emergency situations to face them.

What are some of the disasters that have recently happened?

In India, one of the most common natural disasters is floods. In the past few years, there have been many floods in India, the most recent being the floods in the state of Tamil Nadu. There are many other natural disasters that have happened in India, including cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis, and severe storms. The following are some of the disasters that have recently happened in India:

Assam Earthquake on April 28, 2021.
Cyclone Gulab: Cyclone Gulab was a storm that impacted eastern India on September 24, 2021, in the Bay of Bengal.
Maharashtra Floods.
Tamil Nadu Floods.

Packing Class 9 Questions and Answers [Class 9 English Beehive Chapter 7 ]

Disaster Management Project For Class 9th

Table of Contents

Acknowledgment:

I extend my heartfelt appreciation to all those who’ve been pivotal in supporting me throughout the completion of this comprehensive project on disaster management.

First and foremost, I express profound gratitude to my Social Science professor for providing me with the invaluable opportunity to delve into this critical field of study. Your guidance and mentorship have been instrumental in expanding my comprehension of disaster management.

My sincere thanks also go to my parents, whose unwavering support and encouragement have been a constant source of motivation throughout this journey. Your counsel and assistance have played a pivotal role in my success in this endeavor.

Furthermore, I’d like to extend my appreciation to the numerous experts and researchers who’ve dedicated their lives to the study of disasters, particularly earthquakes. It is through their relentless efforts and dedication that I was able to gather the extensive background knowledge that formed the foundation of this project.

Last but not least, I want to express my gratitude to all those individuals whose contributions, regardless of their magnitude, were essential to the success of this project. Your collective efforts have enriched the project and contributed to its overall effectiveness.

This project would not have been possible without the support, guidance, and collaboration of these individuals, and for that, I am profoundly grateful.

Introduction to Disaster Management:

Disaster management represents a comprehensive approach aimed at mitigating the impact of disasters on individuals, communities, and the environment. It encompasses a broad spectrum of activities and strategies focused on minimizing the effects of natural or human-made disasters and ensuring a coordinated response when these events occur.

Key Components of Disaster Management:

Mitigation: Mitigation efforts concentrate on reducing the risk of disasters before they occur. This encompasses measures such as enforcing robust building codes to ensure structures can withstand earthquakes or floods, implementing prudent land-use planning to avoid construction in high-risk areas, and conducting public education campaigns to raise awareness about disaster preparedness.
Preparedness: Preparedness involves meticulous planning and readiness for potential disasters. Communities and individuals develop emergency response plans, assemble emergency kits, and undergo training to understand how to respond when disaster strikes. Early warning systems are established to provide timely information and alerts.
Response: Response is the immediate action taken during and after a disaster. It entails mobilizing first responders, including firefighters and medical teams, executing search and rescue operations, delivering emergency medical care, and ensuring the safety of affected individuals. Coordination among government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector is imperative during this phase.
Recovery: After the immediate response phase, recovery efforts aim to restore normalcy and rebuild affected communities. This includes repairing infrastructure, providing psychological support to survivors, offering financial assistance to those affected, and addressing long-term health and environmental issues caused by the disaster.

The Significance of Disaster Management:

Disaster management holds immense importance for several reasons:

Saving Lives: It is crucial for minimizing casualties during disasters. Early warning systems and well-practiced response plans can significantly reduce the loss of life.
Reducing Damage: Effective mitigation measures can help prevent or reduce damage to infrastructure and property, ultimately saving billions of dollars in recovery costs.
Community Resilience: Disaster management promotes community resilience by empowering individuals and communities to be prepared, self-reliant, and capable of responding effectively in times of crisis.
Environmental Protection: Disaster management includes strategies for minimizing the environmental impact of disasters, such as oil spills or chemical accidents.

Types of Disasters:

Disasters can be broadly categorized into two main types: natural disasters and human-made disasters. These events can cause significant harm to people, property, and the environment. Understanding these different types of disasters is crucial for effective disaster management and preparedness.

Natural Disasters:

Earthquakes: Earthquakes result from the sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust, causing ground shaking and potentially leading to building collapses, landslides, and tsunamis in coastal regions.

Floods: Flooding occurs when water overflows onto normally dry land due to heavy rainfall, snowmelt, dam failures, or storm surges during hurricanes, causing extensive damage to homes, infrastructure, and agriculture.

Hurricanes/Cyclones/Typhoons: These powerful tropical storms characterized by strong winds and heavy rainfall can cause widespread devastation, including wind damage, storm surges, and flooding.

Tornadoes: Violent windstorms characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud can result in extreme destruction, including leveled homes and buildings.

Wildfires: Uncontrolled fires that spread rapidly through vegetation, often in dry, hot conditions, can lead to the destruction of forests, homes, and communities.

Droughts: Prolonged periods of abnormally low precipitation causing water shortages with far-reaching effects on agriculture, water supplies, and ecosystems.

Volcanic Eruptions: The release of molten rock, ash, and gases from volcanoes can lead to lava flows, ashfall, and even tsunamis in certain cases.

Human-Made Disasters:

Industrial Accidents: These disasters result from accidents in industrial facilities, such as chemical spills, explosions, or nuclear incidents, causing environmental contamination and health hazards.
Transportation Accidents: Including plane crashes, train derailments, shipwrecks, and vehicle accidents that often result in casualties and environmental damage.
Terrorism: Deliberate attacks on civilian populations or infrastructure, creating fear and chaos through actions like bombings, chemical attacks, and cyberattacks.
Oil Spills: Occur when large quantities of oil are released into the environment, often from tanker accidents or offshore drilling, with devastating effects on marine life and coastal ecosystems.
Radiological Emergencies: Involve the release of radioactive materials from nuclear power plants, research facilities, or accidents, posing significant health risks requiring careful containment and cleanup.
Cybersecurity Incidents: With increasing technology reliance, cybersecurity incidents, such as data breaches or cyberattacks on critical infrastructure, can disrupt essential services and compromise security.

Understanding Disaster Risk:

Comprehending disaster risk forms the bedrock of effective disaster management. It involves assessing and analyzing potential hazards and vulnerabilities to predict and mitigate the impact of disasters. A thorough understanding of disaster risk empowers individuals, communities, and governments to develop strategies that minimize harm and enhance resilience.

Key Aspects of Understanding Disaster Risk:

Risk Assessment: Disaster risk assessment identifies and evaluates potential hazards a region or community may face, encompassing natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes, as well as human-made hazards like industrial accidents or terrorism.
Vulnerability Analysis: Vulnerability analysis assesses the susceptibility of a population, infrastructure, and ecosystems to identified hazards, evaluating factors such as construction quality, healthcare systems, emergency response capabilities, and social factors that may increase vulnerability.
Exposure Evaluation: Evaluating exposure entails determining what and who is at risk, including mapping hazard-prone areas, identifying critical infrastructure in harm’s way, and understanding the demographics of the affected population.
Risk Communication: Effective communication of disaster risk to the public is essential, using clear language and accessible tools to convey potential threats and necessary actions. Public awareness campaigns and educational programs play a significant role in risk communication.
Scenario Planning: Scenario planning involves creating hypothetical disaster scenarios based on identified risks, helping understand the potential consequences of various disaster scenarios and aiding in preparedness and response planning.

Benefits of Understanding Disaster Risk:

Proactive Preparedness: In-depth knowledge of disaster risk enables communities and governments to proactively prepare for potential disasters, including developing emergency response plans, conducting drills, and stockpiling necessary resources.
Resource Allocation: Understanding risk helps allocate resources more efficiently by identifying high-risk areas and vulnerable populations, directing resources where they are most needed.
Resilience Building: Armed with knowledge of disaster risk, communities can implement resilience-building measures, including constructing more resilient infrastructure, improving healthcare facilities, and promoting sustainable land-use practices.
Effective Response: When disaster strikes, understanding risk ensures a swift and effective response, enabling emergency responders to prioritize actions and allocate resources appropriately.
Reducing Impact: Ultimately, the goal of understanding disaster risk is to reduce the impact of disasters, identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities to minimize casualties, damage, and long-term economic and environmental harm.

Disaster Preparedness:

Disaster preparedness represents a critical element of effective disaster management, encompassing a spectrum of activities, plans, and measures aimed at ensuring that individuals, communities, and governments are ready to respond to disasters when they occur. Preparedness is vital for minimizing the loss of life and property, as well as the overall impact of disasters.

Key Aspects of Disaster Preparedness:

Emergency Response Plans: Preparedness begins with the development of emergency response plans that outline steps to be taken before, during, and after a disaster. These plans specify roles and responsibilities for various agencies and organizations involved in disaster response.
Community Education: Public awareness and education campaigns are essential for preparedness, informing people about potential hazards, the importance of early warning systems, and the actions they should take during a disaster. This includes creating emergency kits, knowing evacuation routes, and having a family communication plan.
Resource Stockpiling: Preparedness involves stockpiling essential resources such as food, water, medical supplies, and emergency equipment, critical for sustaining individuals and communities during the immediate aftermath of a disaster when access to outside help may be limited.
Training and Drills: Regular training and drills help individuals and organizations practice their roles in disaster response, including first aid training, search and rescue exercises, and coordination drills among emergency responders.
Early Warning Systems: Preparedness includes the establishment and maintenance of early warning systems that provide advance notice of potential disasters, allowing people to take protective actions. For example, tsunami warning systems can alert coastal communities of impending tsunamis.
Infrastructure Resilience: Preparedness involves strengthening infrastructure to withstand disasters, including building codes ensuring structures are earthquake-resistant, flood defenses like levees and dams, and measures to protect critical infrastructure such as power plants and hospitals.

Benefits of Disaster Preparedness:

Lives Saved: Effective preparedness measures can significantly reduce casualties by ensuring people know how to respond to disasters and have the necessary resources on hand.
Reduced Damage: Preparedness measures such as building codes and infrastructure improvements can help reduce the physical damage caused by disasters, saving billions in recovery costs.
Community Resilience: Communities that are well-prepared are more resilient and can recover more quickly after a disaster, reducing the long-term social and economic impacts of disasters.
Efficient Response: Preparedness streamlines the response to disasters. When everyone knows their roles and responsibilities, and resources are readily available, response efforts are more efficient.
Peace of Mind: Knowing that preparedness measures are in place can provide peace of mind to individuals and communities, reducing fear and anxiety during disasters.

Challenges in Disaster Management:

Climate Change: Addressing the impacts of climate change, including more frequent and severe weather events, presents a critical challenge for disaster management.
Population Growth and Urbanization: Rapid urbanization in many regions increases the vulnerability of densely populated areas to disasters, necessitating the inclusion of disaster resilience in urban planning.
Technology Dependency: While technology can enhance disaster management, it also poses challenges, being vulnerable to cyberattacks or disruptions during disasters.
Resource Limitations: Adequate resources, including funding, trained personnel, and equipment, are necessary for effective disaster management. Resource limitations can hinder response efforts.
Complex Emergencies: Conflict and political instability can complicate disaster response efforts, especially in regions facing both natural and human-made disasters.

Solutions and Strategies:

Climate Adaptation: Implementing climate adaptation strategies, such as resilient infrastructure and sustainable land-use planning, can help communities better withstand the impacts of climate change.
Community Engagement: Empowering communities to be actively involved in disaster preparedness and response can improve resilience, utilizing local knowledge and participation.
Data and Technology: Advances in data analytics, remote sensing, and artificial intelligence can enhance disaster risk assessment, early warning systems, and response coordination.
Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborations between government agencies, non-profit organizations, and the private sector can provide additional resources and expertise for disaster management.
Education and Training: Investing in education and training programs for emergency responders and the public is essential, ensuring individuals and organizations are well-prepared for disasters.
International Cooperation: Disaster management often transcends national borders. Strengthening international cooperation and sharing best practices can improve response to cross-border disasters.
Resilience Planning: Integrating resilience into urban planning and development is crucial, encompassing building codes, zoning regulations, and infrastructure design that consider disaster risk reduction.
Innovation and Research: Encouraging innovation and research in disaster management can lead to new technologies and strategies that enhance preparedness and response efforts.

Certificate of Completion

I proudly certify that

has successfully completed the project on

“Disaster Management”

as part of my 9th-grade curriculum. This project has been a significant endeavor, covering various aspects of disaster management, including acknowledgment, understanding disaster risk, preparedness, and future challenges and solutions.

I want to express my gratitude to my teachers and mentors for their guidance and support throughout this project. Their wisdom and encouragement have been invaluable in helping me gain a deeper understanding of this critical field.

I also appreciate the unwavering support of my family, who have been there every step of the way, offering advice and encouragement when needed.

I embarked on this project with a thirst for knowledge, and I am proud of the effort and dedication I have invested in researching and presenting this material. This project reflects my commitment to learning and my passion for making our communities more resilient in the face of adversity.

Project Completion Date: [Date] [Your Full Name](Student’s Signature)

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Kerala flood case study

Kerala flood case study.

Kerala is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India. The state has the 13th largest population in India. Kerala, which lies in the tropical region, is mainly subject to the humid tropical wet climate experienced by most of Earth’s rainforests.

A map to show the location of Kerala

Eastern Kerala consists of land infringed upon by the Western Ghats (western mountain range); the region includes high mountains, gorges, and deep-cut valleys. The wildest lands are covered with dense forests, while other areas lie under tea and coffee plantations or other forms of cultivation.

The Indian state of Kerala receives some of India’s highest rainfall during the monsoon season. However, in 2018 the state experienced its highest level of monsoon rainfall in decades. According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), there was 2346.3 mm of precipitation, instead of the average 1649.55 mm.

Kerala received over two and a half times more rainfall than August’s average. Between August 1 and 19, the state received 758.6 mm of precipitation, compared to the average of 287.6 mm, or 164% more. This was 42% more than during the entire monsoon season.

The unprecedented rainfall was caused by a spell of low pressure over the region. As a result, there was a perfect confluence of the south-west monsoon wind system and the two low-pressure systems formed over the Bay of Bengal and Odisha. The low-pressure regions pull in the moist south-west monsoon winds, increasing their speed, as they then hit the Western Ghats, travel skywards, and form rain-bearing clouds.

Further downpours on already saturated land led to more surface run-off causing landslides and widespread flooding.

Kerala has 41 rivers flowing into the Arabian Sea, and 80 of its dams were opened after being overwhelmed. As a result, water treatment plants were submerged, and motors were damaged.

In some areas, floodwater was between 3-4.5m deep. Floods in the southern Indian state of Kerala have killed more than 410 people since June 2018 in what local officials said was the worst flooding in 100 years. Many of those who died had been crushed under debris caused by landslides. More than 1 million people were left homeless in the 3,200 emergency relief camps set up in the area.

Parts of Kerala’s commercial capital, Cochin, were underwater, snarling up roads and leaving railways across the state impassable. In addition, the state’s airport, which domestic and overseas tourists use, was closed, causing significant disruption.

Local plantations were inundated by water, endangering the local rubber, tea, coffee and spice industries.

Schools in all 14 districts of Kerala were closed, and some districts have banned tourists because of safety concerns.

Maintaining sanitation and preventing disease in relief camps housing more than 800,000 people was a significant challenge. Authorities also had to restore regular clean drinking water and electricity supplies to the state’s 33 million residents.

Officials have estimated more than 83,000km of roads will need to be repaired and that the total recovery cost will be between £2.2bn and $2.7bn.

Indians from different parts of the country used social media to help people stranded in the flood-hit southern state of Kerala. Hundreds took to social media platforms to coordinate search, rescue and food distribution efforts and reach out to people who needed help. Social media was also used to support fundraising for those affected by the flooding. Several Bollywood stars supported this.

Some Indians have opened up their homes for people from Kerala who were stranded in other cities because of the floods.

Thousands of troops were deployed to rescue those caught up in the flooding. Army, navy and air force personnel were deployed to help those stranded in remote and hilly areas. Dozens of helicopters dropped tonnes of food, medicine and water over areas cut off by damaged roads and bridges. Helicopters were also involved in airlifting people marooned by the flooding to safety.

More than 300 boats were involved in rescue attempts. The state government said each boat would get 3,000 rupees (£34) for each day of their work and that authorities would pay for any damage to the vessels.

As the monsoon rains began to ease, efforts increased to get relief supplies to isolated areas along with clean up operations where water levels were falling.

Millions of dollars in donations have poured into Kerala from the rest of India and abroad in recent days. Other state governments have promised more than $50m, while ministers and company chiefs have publicly vowed to give a month’s salary.

Even supreme court judges have donated $360 each, while the British-based Sikh group Khalsa Aid International has set up its own relief camp in Kochi, Kerala’s main city, to provide meals for 3,000 people a day.

International Response

In the wake of the disaster, the UAE, Qatar and the Maldives came forward with offers of financial aid amounting to nearly £82m. The United Arab Emirates promised $100m (£77m) of this aid. This is because of the close relationship between Kerala and the UAE. There are a large number of migrants from Kerala working in the UAE. The amount was more than the $97m promised by India’s central government. However, as it has done since 2004, India declined to accept aid donations. The main reason for this is to protect its image as a newly industrialised country; it does not need to rely on other countries for financial help.

Google provided a donation platform to allow donors to make donations securely. Google partners with the Center for Disaster Philanthropy (CDP), an intermediary organisation that specialises in distributing your donations to local nonprofits that work in the affected region to ensure funds reach those who need them the most.

Google provided a donation service to support people affected by flooding in Kerala

Google Kerala Donate

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NCERT Books and Solutions for all classes

NCERT Book for Class 9 Disaster Management Download PDF

Refer to the links below to download NCERT Book for Class 9 Disaster Management. We have provided these books in both Disaster Management and Hindi medium. All books available here are in a format that is easy to download in PDF format. All books are latest and have been designed for the current academic session. Students who are looking to download class 9 Disaster Management ebooks of NCERT can download the books or each chapters from this page below. As NCERT textbooks for Disaster Management are very helpful and teachers recommend in Grade 9 in all schools. Students are always following these books to get better marks. It has been seen that questions are coming from books published by NCERT. The students should download Class 9 NCERT books for Disaster Management given below. You can download the entire book or each chapter in PDF format.

Class 9 Disaster Management NCERT Books Download PDF Free

You can click on the chapter-wise links below to download each chapter that you are looking for in PDF format. We have also given the option to download the entire book for Disaster Management in a zipped format below. Download the ebooks and read them whenever you want.

NCERT Book for Class 9 Disaster Management PDF Download

Chapter 1 Disaster Management Chapter 1

Chapter 2 Disaster Management Chapter 2

Chapter 3 Disaster Management Chapter 3

Chapter 4 Disaster Management Chapter 4 part 1

Chapter 5 Disaster Management Chapter 4 part 2

Chapter 6 Disaster Management Chapter 4 part 3

Chapter 7 Disaster Management Chapter 5 part 1

Chapter 8 Disaster Management Chapter 5 part 2

Chapter 9 Disaster Management Chapter 6

Chapter 10 Disaster Management Chapter 7

Solve these Disaster Management Class 9 PDF MCQ Questions with answers. These MCQ Questions for Class 9 Disaster Management are prepared by our expert teachers on the latest exam pattern. We have provided you Class 9 Disaster Management MCQ with answers to help students to make their preparation better.

You can click on the links below to download the Disaster Management book that you want to read in Class 9. We have provided options above to download the full book or each chapter in PDF. You can save the textbooks in Disaster Management and Hindi medium. Just click on the link below and the book will save on your computer.

NCERT publishes its books every year based on the syllabus for Class 9 Disaster Management issued by CBSE. For Grade 9 students NCERT textbooks are best for understanding various topics which the students have to study or even for preparing for their exams. Our teachers of Disaster Management recommend standard 9 students to read these textbooks while preparing for their exams or even for higher level competitive examinations.

It is also important to note that in the board exams for class 9 Disaster Management many of the questions usually come from NCERT books issued by National Council of Educational Research and Training. Many times it has been seen that questions asked in exams directly come from the books itself. Some Disaster Management questions are being slightly modified to test analytical skills of kids. You should carefully read each chapter to understand all topics properly. We are seeing regularly that these books are used for CBSE Disaster Management exams and are also useful for competitive exams as well. We have provided option here to download the books in PDF format incase you are not able to buy the books from a nearby bookstore.

Some important points to note below:

Standard 9 Disaster Management NCERT Books are based on the CBSE syllabus issued for current academic session and have been developed for all types of students
Design of these textbooks is by keeping into consideration requirements of Class 9 students. In all books the concepts have been explained in detail so that the students can understand all topics properly.
In class 9 exams, many questions come from books published by NCERT. Students should go through all questions and NCERT solutions for Class 9 to properly prepare for exams.
Its recommended by all teachers that NCERT textbooks are the best book for students who are studying Disaster Management in Grade 9. These books will help them to get good marks in examinations.
Students will be able to understand all concepts in Class 9 Disaster Management subject properly.

We hope these Disaster Management Class 9 PDF MCQ Questions with answers shared with you will help you to get good marks in your exam. We have also other study material like NCERT Solutions, NCERT Book, Exam Question, and simpler paper of Class 9. If You want to score higher in your exam, So practice all these study material and if you have any problem write it in the comment box. and we will guide you with all the effort to give you a proper explanation

Frequently Asked Questions

On our website, we have provided NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Disaster Management which can be easily downloaded in PDF format and can be used free anywhere you want.

On https://www.ncertbooksolutions.com we have the latest collection of books published by NCERT for Class 9 Disaster Management and all other subjects

You have come to the correct portal. Here you will find latest books for Class 9 which you can download free.

As suggested by many teachers, books published by NCERT are best. In examinations, questions are asked based on the syllabus in NCERT books. Sometimes you will find questions from the exercises given in NCERT coming in your exams. Therefore NCERT books are best for you.

We have provided the CBSE NCERT books provided by NCERT here, till the time you are not able to buy them you can download the Class 9 ebooks from our website

NCERT Book for Class 9 Disaster Management Download PDF

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IAS Preparation
UPSC Preparation Strategy
Disaster Management India

Disaster Management in India

Disruption on a massive scale, either natural or man-made, occurring in short or long periods is termed a Disaster. Disaster management in India has been an important point of discussion owing to frequent natural disasters ranging from earthquakes, floods, drought, etc. This makes the issue of disaster management worthwhile to consider as part of the preparation for the IAS Exam .

Explore the Ultimate Guide to IAS Exam Preparation Download The E-Book Now!

In this post, you will read all about disaster and disaster management in the Indian context. IAS aspirants can also download the Disaster Management notes PDF.

Loss of life and property due to these disasters has been steadily mounting throughout the world due to inadequate technology to combat disasters, rise in population, climate change, and continuing ecological degradation. The global efforts to manage disasters have proven to be insufficient to match the frequency and magnitude of natural disasters.

Table of Contents:

What is a Disaster?

A disaster is defined as a disruption on a massive scale, either natural or man-made, occurring in short or long periods. Disasters can lead to human, material, economic or environmental hardships, which can be beyond the bearable capacity of the affected society. As per statistics, India as a whole is vulnerable to 30 different types of disasters that will affect the economic, social, and human development potential to such an extent that it will have long-term effects on productivity and macro-economic performance.

Disasters can be classified into the following categories:

Water and Climate Disaster: Flood, hail storms, cloudburst, cyclones, heat waves, cold waves, droughts, hurricanes. (Read about Cyclone Disaster Management separately at the linked article.)
Geological Disaster: Landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes
Biological Disaster: Viral epidemics, pest attacks, cattle epidemic, and locust plagues
Industrial Disaster: Chemical and industrial accidents, mine shaft fires, oil spills,
Nuclear Disasters: Nuclear core meltdowns, radiation poisoning
Man-made disasters: Urban and forest fires, oil spill, the collapse of huge building structures

What is Disaster Management?

In this section, we define what is disaster management as per the Disaster Management Act of 2005.

The Disaster Management Act of 2005 defines Disaster Management as an integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary for-

Prevention of threat of any disaster
Reduction of risk of any disaster or its consequences
Readiness to deal with any disaster
Promptness in dealing with a disaster
Assessing the severity of the effects of any disaster
Rescue and relief
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Agencies involved in Disaster Management

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):- The National Disaster Management Authority , or the NDMA, is an apex body for disaster management, headed by the Prime Minister of India. It is responsible for the supervision, direction, and control of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
National Executive Committee (NEC):- The NEC is composed of high profile ministerial members from the government of India that include the Union Home Secretary as Chairperson, and the Secretaries to the Government of India (GoI)like Ministries/Departments of Agriculture, Atomic Energy, Defence, Drinking Water Supply, Environment and Forests, etc. The NEC prepares the National Plan for Disaster Management as per the National Policy on Disaster Management.
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):- The Chief Minister of the respective state is the head of the SDMA.The State Government has a State Executive Committee (SEC) which assists the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) on Disaster Management.
District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):- The DDMA is headed by the District Collector, Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate depending on the situation, with the elected representatives of the local authority as the Co-Chairperson. The DDMA ensures that the guidelines framed by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all the departments of the State Government at the District level and the local authorities in the District.
Local Authorities:- Local authorities would include Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), Municipalities, District and Cantonment 11 Institutional and Legal Arrangements Boards, and Town Planning Authorities which control and manage civic services.

Now let’s have a look at some of the types of disasters and the means to combat them.

Biological Disasters

Definition: The devastating effects caused by an enormous spread of a certain kind of living organism that may spread disease, viruses, or an infestation of plant, animal, or insect life on an epidemic or pandemic level.

Epidemic Level – Indicates a disaster that affects many people in a given area or community.
Pandemic Level – Indicates a disaster that affects a much larger region, sometimes an entire continent or even the whole planet. For example, the recent H1N1 or Swine Flu pandemic.

To know more about Bio-Terrorism threat to India and India’s Preparedness visit the linked article.

Biological Disasters – Important points to remember for UPSC

1. The nodal Ministry for handling epidemics – Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Decision-making
Advisory body
Emergency medical relief providing

2. The primary responsibility of dealing with biological disasters is with the State Governments. (Reason – Health is a State Subject).

3. The nodal agency for investigating outbreaks – National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD)

4. Nodal ministry for Biological Warfare – Ministry of Home Affairs ( Biological warfare is the use of biological agents as an act of war)

Biological Disasters – Classifications

Charles Baldwin developed the symbol for biohazard in 1966.

Disaster Management - Symbol for biohazard - UPSC 2021 Preparation

The US Centres for Disease Control classifies biohazards into four biosafety levels as follows:

BSL-1: Bacteria and Viruses including Bacillus subtilis, some cell cultures, canine hepatitis, and non-infectious bacteria. Protection is only facial protection and gloves.
BSL-2: Bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting such as hepatitis A, B, C, mumps, measles, HIV, etc. Protection – use of autoclaves for sterilizing and biological safety cabinets.
BSL-3: Bacteria and viruses causing severe to fatal disease in humans. Example: West Nile virus, anthrax, MERS coronavirus. Protection – Stringent safety protocols such as the use of respirators to prevent airborne infection.
BSL-4: Potentially fatal (to human beings) viruses like Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Lassa fever virus, etc. Protection – use of a positive pressure personnel suit, with a segregated air supply.

Legislations for prevention of Biohazards in India

The following legislations have been enacted in India for the prevention of biohazards and implementation of protective, eradicative and containing measures when there is an outbreak:

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and the Rules (1986)
Disaster Management Act 2005, provides for the institutional and operational framework for disaster prevention, mitigation, response, preparedness, and recovery at all levels.
Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act 1981
Disaster Management Act of 2005

Prevention of Biological Hazards

The basic measure to prevent and control biohazards is the elimination of the source of contamination. Some of the prevention methods are as follows:

Preventive Measures for workers in the field (Medical)

Engineering controls – to help prevent the spread of such disasters including proper ventilation, installing negative pressure, and usage of UV lamps.
Personal hygiene – washing hands with liquid soap, proper care for clothes that have been exposed to a probably contaminated environment.
Personal protection equipment – masks, protective clothing, gloves, face shield, eye shield, shoe covers.
Sterilization – Using ultra heat or high pressure to eliminate bacteria or using biocide to kill microbes.
Respiratory protection – surgical masks, respirators, powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR), air-supplying respirators.

Prevention of Biological Hazards (Environmental Management)

Safe water supply, proper maintenance of sewage pipelines – to prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, etc.

Awareness of personal hygiene and provision for washing, cleaning, bathing, avoiding overcrowding, etc.

Vector control:

Environmental engineering work and generic integrated vector control measures.

Water management, not permitting water to stagnate and collect and other methods to eliminate breeding places for vectors.

Regular spraying of insecticides, outdoor fogging, etc. for controlling vectors.

Controlling the population of rodents.

Post-disaster Epidemics Prevention

The risk of epidemics is increased after any biological disaster.

Integrated Disease Surveillance Systems (IDSS) monitors the sources, modes of diseases spreading, and investigates the epidemics.

Detection and Containment of Outbreaks

This consists of four steps as given under:

Recognizing and diagnosing by primary healthcare practitioners.
Communicating surveillance information to public health authorities.
Epidemiological analysis of surveillance data
Public health measures and delivering proper medical treatment.

Legal Framework for Biological Disasters

The Epidemic Diseases Act was enacted in the year 1897. (Read about RSTV’s In-Depth Analysis on Epidemic Diseases Act 1897 in the linked article.)
This Act does not provide any power to the centre to intervene in biological emergencies.
It has to be substituted by an Act that takes care of the prevailing and foreseeable public health needs including emergencies such as BT attacks and the use of biological weapons by an adversary, cross-border issues, and international spread of diseases.
It should give enough powers to the central and state governments and local authorities to act with impunity, notify affected areas, restrict movement or quarantine the affected area, enter any premises to take samples of suspected materials, and seal them.
The Act should also establish controls over biological sample transfer, biosecurity and biosafety of materials/laboratories.

Institutional Framework

In the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoH&FW), public health needs to be accorded high priority with a separate Additional Directorate General of Health and Sanitation (DGHS) for public health. In some states, there is a separate department of public health. States that do not have such arrangements will also have to take initiatives to establish such a department.

Operational Framework

At the national level, there is no policy on biological disasters. The existing contingency plan of MoH&FW is about 10 years old and needs extensive revision. All components related to public health, namely apex institutions, field epidemiology, surveillance, teaching, training, research, etc., need to be strengthened.

At the operational level, Command and Control (C&C) are identifiable clearly at the district level, where the district collector is vested with certain powers to requisition resources, notify a disease, inspect any premises, seek help from the Army, state or centre, enforce quarantine, etc. However, there is no concept of an incident command system wherein the entire action is brought under the ambit of an incident commander with support from the disciplines of logistics, finance, and technical teams, etc. There is an urgent need for establishing an incident command system in every district.

There is a shortage of medical and paramedical staff at the district and sub-district levels. There is also an acute shortage of public health specialists, epidemiologists, clinical microbiologists, and virologists.

Biosafety laboratories are required for the prompt diagnosis of the agents for the effective management of biological disasters. There is no BSL-4 laboratory in the human health sector. BSL- 3 laboratories are also limited. Major issues remain regarding biosecurity, the indigenous capability of preparing diagnostic reagents, and quality assurance.

Lack of an Integrated Ambulance Network (IAN). There is no ambulance system with advanced life-support facilities that are capable of working in biological disasters.

State-run hospitals have limited medical supplies. Even in normal situations, a patient has to buy medicines. There is a lack of stockpile of drugs, important vaccines like anthrax vaccine, PPE, or diagnostics for surge capacity. In a crisis, there is further incapacitation due to tedious procurement procedures.

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) :- The command and supervision of the NDRF would be under the Director-General of Civil Defence and National Disaster Response Force selected by the Central Government. Currently, the NDRF comprises of eight battalions who will be positioned at different locations as per the requirements.

Read about Crowd Disaster Management in the linked article.

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Proper planning and mitigation measures can play a leading role in risk-prone areas to minimize the worst effects of hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and cyclones. These are the key areas which should be addressed to achieve this objective:

Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping: Mapping and vulnerability analysis in a multi-risk structure will be conducted utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) based databases like the National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM) and National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI).
Increasing Trend of Disasters in Urban Areas:- Steps to prevent unplanned urbanization must be undertaken, with the plan of action formulated being given the highest priority. State Governments/UTs concerned on the other hand focus on urban drainage systems with special attention on non-obstruction of natural drainage systems.
Critical Infrastructure:- Critical infrastructure like roads, dams, bridges, irrigation canals, bridges, power stations, railway lines, delta water distribution networks, ports and rivers, and coastal embankments should be continuously checked for safety standards concerning worldwide safety benchmarks and fortified if the current measures prove to be inadequate.
Environmentally Sustainable Development: – Environmental considerations and developmental efforts, should be handled simultaneously for ensuring sustainability.
Climate Change Adaptation:-. The challenges of the increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters like cyclones, floods, and droughts should be tackled in a sustained and effective manner with the promotion of strategies for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.

Disaster Management in India - Disaster Management Cycle - UPSC 2021

The topics of internal security and disaster management are diverse and also important for both the prelims and the mains exams. These topics are also highly linked with current affairs. Almost every question asked from them is related to current events. So, apart from standard textbooks, you should rely on newspapers and news analyses as well for these sections. To read on how to prepare for internal security and disaster management , check the linked article.

Multiple Choice Question

The National Disaster Management Authority, or the NDMA, is an apex body for disaster management, headed by the Prime Minister of India. It is responsible for the supervision, direction, and control of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
The DDMA is headed by the District Collector, Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate depending on the situation, with the elected representatives of the local authority as the Co-Chairperson.
The Governor of the respective state is the head of the State Disaster Management Authority
The Epidemic Diseases Act was enacted in the year 1897.

Choose the correct answer from the below-given options

A) All of the above statements are false.

B) All of the above statements are true.

C) Only statements 2, 3, and 4 are true

D) Only statements 1, 2, and 4 are true

Candidates can find the general pattern of the Civil Service Exam by visiting the UPSC Syllabus page.

Frequently Asked Questions on Disaster Management in India

Q 1. what is the aim of disaster management in india, q 2. what is disaster risk management, q 3. in how many categories can disasters be classified.

Ans. Disaster can be classified into the following categories:

Water and Climate Disaster
Geological Disaster
Biological Disaster
Industrial Disaster
Nuclear Disasters
Man-made disasters

Q 4. Which body is responsible for Disaster Management in India?

Q 5. what is the disaster management act 2005.

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Disaster Management Project for Class 9 – Complete Guide

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Table of Content:

What is Disaster Management?

Types of Disasters

Importance of Disaster Management

Disaster Management Cycle

Case Studies of Major Disasters in India

Preparedness for disasters

Preparedness Measures for Different Types of Disasters:

Role of individuals in Disaster Management

Disaster Management Project Presentation:

Disaster Project Management Conclusion:

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Best Topics for Presentation for Students

Disaster Management Case Study on River Flooding at Uttarakhand

Introduction

What does Disaster mean?

i) Natural disaster

ii.) Man Made disasters

What is Disaster Management?

Disaster, Disaster Management and India

Microeconomics Aspect

River flooding at Uttarakhand: a timeline of events [6]

Operation Surya Hope[7]

Economical hit

Comparative Study

Organisation working at international level for the purpose of disaster management

ii. United Nations

iii. World Bank[9]

· Various National organizations working in their respective countries

ii. Canada

iii. Germany[10]

iv. New Zealand[11]

v. Pakistan

vi. United States

RELATION WITH LAW

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