reported speech vysvetlenie

EnglishGuide

Your guide to english – angličtina online, nepriama reč (reported speech).

Stavba vety

• Uvádzacia veta  (so slovesami ako SAY / TELL / ASK apod. zvyčajne v minulom čase)
• Veta, ktorá samotný reprodukovaný výrok obsahuje.

Slovesá SAY / TELL v uvádzacích vetách

Nepriamu reč načastejšie uvádzajú slovesá SAY / TELL . Nie sú však jediné, no robia najväčšie problémy. V akých štruktúrach / väzbách sa používajú sa viac dočítate v tomto článku:  Kameň úrazu #3 – SAY, TELL, TALK, SPEAK . Pri nepriamej reči je znalosť tejto dvojice veľmi dôležitá, preto si tento článok rozhodne dôkladne preštudujte.

Zmeny v nepriamej reči

Zmeny (slovesných) časov

Pri tvorbe nepriamej reči z priamej reči sa na sloveso po uvádzacej vete v minulom čase (napr. S h e told me that … ) uplatní súslednosť časov .  Výrok z priamej reči posúvame v nepriamej reči o jeden čas “naspäť”:

• prítomný čas jednoduchý  → minulý čas jednoduchý
• prítomný čas priebehový   → minulý čas priebehový
• predprítomný čas jednoduchý  → predminulý čas jednoduchý
• predprítomný čas priebehový  →  predminulý čas priebehový
• minulý čas jednoduchý   →  predminulý čas jednoduchý
• minulý čas priebehový  →  predminulý čas priebehový
• budúci čas s “WILL”  → would
• be going to  → was / were going to
• He told me he had hated science at school. (= veta v priamej reči: “ I hated science at school. “)

Minulý čas jednoduchý sa mení na predminulý, no často ho pri prevode z priamej do nepriamej reči môžeme vo vete ponechať bez zmeny, najmä vtedy, ak veta obsahuje príslovkové určenie času alebo čas je z kontextu logicky známy a jasný.

• All students knew (that) the war (had) started in 1939.

Predminulý čas sa nemení!

Minulý priebehový ostáva zvyčajne bez zmeny, ak ho prevádzame do nepriamej reči.

• “I was cooking the dinner while Peter was listening to the radio.” →  He said he was cooking the dinner while Peter was listening to the radio.

Predminulý čas v nepriamej reči sa môže vzťahovať až k trom odlišných časom v priamej reči . Presný význam nám vždy naznačí kontext, z ktorého daná veta pochádza:

• “I ‘ve done my homework.”  → She said she ‘d done her homework.
• “I did my homework last week.”  → She said she ‘d done  her homework the week before.
• “I ‘d done my homework  before, but I did it again.”  → She said she ‘d done her homework before.

Zmeny pri modálnych slovesách

• WILL  →  WOULD
• CAN →  COULD (ALEBO WOULD BE ABLE TO)
• SHALL  →  WOULD
• SHALL v ponukách a návrhoch  → SHOULD
• MAY (ak vyjadruje “možnosť”)  →  MIGHT
• MAY (ak vyjadruje “povolenie”)   →  COULD
• MUST (ak vyjadruje “istotu”)   →  bez zmeny
• MUST (ak vyjadruje “povinnosť”) →  HAD TO / MUST
• COULD / MIGHT / OUGHT TO / USED TO / WOULD  →  bez zmeny

Zmeny pri príslovkách

Príslovky a príslovkové určenia z priamej reči do nepriamej meníme nasledovne:

• ‘I’ll wait for you here tomorrow ,’  I said.  →  I told her I would wait for her there the next / following day .

Keď zámena THIS / THESE používame v príslovkových určeniach času , meníme ich na THAT / THOSE.

• this month  → that month
• these years  → those years

Ak tieto zámena nie sú súčasťou príslovkových určení časov , postupujeme nasledovne. Porovnajte!

• “ This book is interesting,” Fiona told me. →  Fiona told me (that) the book was interesting

Ak THIS / THESE / THAT / THOSE používame ako “prídavné meno” - nachádza sa pred podstatným menom , nahrádza ho v nepriamej reči “ THE “.

• “ This is an interesting book,” Fiona said. → Fiona said (that) it was an interesting book.

Ak THIS / THESE / THAT / THOSE používame ako “zámeno” - nenachádza sa pred podstatným menom , nahrádza ho vo v nepriamej reči “ IT “, poprípade “ THEY / THEM “.

Zmeny pri zámenách

Zámena sa v nepriamej reči pri reprodukovaní výroku z priamej reči menia podľa toho, kto reprodukuje koho priamu reč. Dôležitým faktorom je aj to, komu ju reprodukuje. Všetky tieto zmeny vychádzajú vždy z daného kontextu. Všimnite si!

• “ I love you. ” sa v nepriamej reči zmení na napr. She said she loved me .

V priamej reči máme zámeno “I”- je to človek, ktorý výrok hovorí. Ak vetu prevedieme na nepriamu reč, musíme i toto zámeno zmeniť. Ak nemáme kontext, je veľmi komplikované určiť kto – komu niečo hovorí, preto sa vždy riadime podľa kontextu.

Kedy k zmene (slovesných) časov nedochádza?

Ak sloveso (said, told apod.) uvádzajúce nepriamu reč je v prítomnom čase.

Prítomný čas v uvádzajúcej vete vyjadruje, že výrok padol iba nedávno a je stále relevantný / aktuálny. V takýchto prípadoch nedochádza k zmene časov.

• “I ‘m hungry.”  → Peter  says he ‘s hungry.

Ak výrok obsahuje všeobecné pravdy, stále stavy apod.

• “Water boils  at 100 °C.”   →  She said that water boils  at 100 °C.

Ak hovoriaci reprodukuje výrok hneď po tom ako bol vyslovený.

• “I will take a bus,” she said.  → She said she will take a bus. (bezprostredné / okamžité reprodukovanie, ktoré je aktuálne)
• “I will take a bus,” she said.  → She said she would take a bus. (neskoršie reprodukovanie, ktoré je už neaktuálne)

Ak niečo, čo hovoriaci povedal stále platí (je aktuálne). Toto použitie sa vzťahuje hlavne na situácie, kedy je v priamej reči budúci čas. V takom prípade ho bez zmeny ponechávame aj v nepriamej reči.

• She said that she will cook the dinner. – Povedala, že mi uvarí – stále na to čakám .
• She said that she would cook the dinner. –  Povedala, že mi uvarí – už na to nečakám  (buď mi už navarila alebo nie)

Ak reprodukujeme vety, ktoré obsahujú druhý alebo tretí kondicionál.

• Druhý kondicionál:   “If I  won  the lottery, I  would  travel the world,” she said.

→  She said (that) if she  won  the lottery, she  would  travel the world.

• Tretí kondicionál:   “If I  had taken  a taxi, I  wouldn’t have missed  the plane,” she said. 

→   She said (that) if she  had taken  a taxi, she  wouldn’t have missed  the plane.

Ak reprodukujeme výrok, ktorý je v podstate citátom.

• Dalai Lama said that we can never obtain peace in the outer world until we make peace with ourselves.

Ak reprodukujeme nejaký príbeh / historku, nie je za potreby meniť minulý čas na predminulý.

• “I was waiting for my wife, and I saw what happened ,” he said.

→ He said he was waiting for his wife and saw what happened .

Ďalšie situácie

• “I am interested in cooking,” he said. (= pravda) → He said that he is / was interested in cooking .
• “My sister works for the BBC,” he said.→ He told me his sister works for the BBC. (= Je to stále platné, že pre BBC pracuje.)

Naopak, ak však reprodukujeme niečo nepravdivé   (niečo, čo je neplatné) (výrok hovoriaceho považujeme za nepravdivý), k zmene dôjsť musí .

• PRIAMA REČ: “I have   had a serious accident,” he said to me.
• NEPRIAMA REČ: He said to me that he had had a serious accident, but he escaped without injury.
• He claimed the Earth was flat.

Ak je obsah vety však aktuálny v čase jej reprodukovania, časy môžeme ponechať bez zmeny alebo ich zmeniť .

• “I am going abroad next year ,” he said. → He said (that) he was going abroad the following year . (= táto veta je reprodukovaná po jeho odchode – je teda neaktuálna, k zmene dôjsť musí)
• “I am going abroad next year ,” he said. → He said (that) he is going abroad next year . (= táto veta je reprodukovaná pred jeho odchodom – je teda ešte stále aktuálna, k zmene dôjsť nemusí)
• The forecast said it was going to snow, and it did.
• (Saturday 13 May) Fiona said: “I have got a terrible headache.” (Sunday 20 May) Fiona said (that) she  had got a terrible headache.

Predstavte si situáciu, kde Nikola a Peter potrebujú nového zamestnanca do ich zabehnutej firmy, ktorá sídli v ich rodinnom dome. Nikola volá uchádzačovi. Uchádzač odpovie: “ I’ll be at your house at seven tomorrow morning .”

O chvíľu neskôr Nikola reprodukuje, čo povedal uchádzač Petrovi. Nikola: “ The applicant says  he ‘ll be  here  at nine tomorrow morning. “

V tomto prípade je hovoriaci odlišný, takže “ I ” sa zmení z pôvodnej vety na “ the applicant ” alebo “ he “. Hovoriaci, ktorý reprodukuje je na odlišnom mieste, čiže “ at your house ” sa stáva “ here ” z pohľadu Nikoly.

Ďalší deň uchádzač nepríde. Nikol mu volá neskôr v ten istý deň. Nikola vraví: “ You said you  would  be here at seven  this  morning. “

Teraz je čas o jeden deň neskôr, teda “ tomorrow morning ” sa stáva “ this morning “. A sľub je teraz neaktuálny , takže dochádza k posunu časov. WILL meníme na WOULD. .

Preklad nepriamej reči do slovenčiny

Pri preklade anglickej nepriamej reči do slovenčiny uplatňujeme posun „ o jeden čas dopredu “. Napr.:

“I am happy,” he said.

• He said that he was happy. → Povedal, že je šťastný.
• He said that he was happy. → Povedal, že bol šťastný. (MINULÝ ČAS je v nepriamej reči vlastne chápaný ako prítomný. Tieto pravidlá o posune časov sme si spomínali vyššie.)

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Podmieňovací spôsob: Podmienkové vety v angličtine (Conditional tenses)

Rozkazovací spôsob – The Imperative (stručný prehľad)

Nepriama reč v angličtine (reported speech) – stručný návod.

Nepriama reč (reported speech) funguje v angličtine na trochu inom základe, než v slovenčine. Používa sa nielen v písomnej, ale aj v hovorovej forme, s malými zmenami oproti priamej reči.

Nepriama reč – použitie

Nepriamu reč používame, keď hovoríme, čo iní ľudia povedali, čo si myslia alebo čomu veria.

Keď hovoríme, čo niekto povedal v prítomnom , budúcom alebo predprítomnom čase , nemeníme čas.

Keď hovoríme, čo niekto povedal v minulosti, zvyčajne posunieme čas ešte ďalej do minulosti.

Avšak, keď hovoríme o niečom, čo bolo povedané v minulosti, ale stále to platí, nemusíme pri nepriamej reči posúvať čas ďalej do minulosti. Rozhodnutie je na rečníkovi. Napríklad:

Keď hovoríme, čo bolo povedané, niekedy musíme zmeniť iné slová vo vete.

Musíme zmeniť zámeno, ak hovoríme, čo niekto iný povedal. Porovnaj tieto dve vety nepriamej reči. V obidvoch prípadoch osoba v skutočnosti povedala: Nechcem ísť.

Musíme zmeniť slová, odkazujúce na, tu a teraz , ak hovoríme, čo bolo povedané na inom mieste alebo v inom čase.

Porovnaj si tieto dve vety. V obidvoch prípadoch osoba v skutočnosti povedala: Budem tam zajtra o desiatej.

Teraz porovnaj tieto dve vety.

Ďalšie použitie

Nepriama reč (reported speech) sa používa aj vtedy, keď hovoríme, čo sa iní ľudia pýtali alebo chceli vedieť. V nepriamych otázkach nepoužívame do ani otázniky.

Rovnakú štruktúru nepriamej reči používame, keď hovoríme, ako zneli odpovede.

Otázky, na ktoré sa dá odpovedať áno/nie, reprodukujeme ako nepriamu reč s if alebo whether .

Máš prejdený tento rýchly prehľad?

Pozri si ďalšie časti anglickej gramatiky:

Anglická gramatika

Budem ťa notifikovať o pokračovaniach:

Tím angličtinarýchlo, podobné články, čo získate v online kurze angličtinarýchlo, present continuous – prítomný priebehový čas (kompletný návod), present simple – prítomný jednoduchý čas (kompletný návod), pridaj komentár zrušiť odpoveď.

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Nepriama reč | Reported speech a jej základné použitie

Chceš vedieť základné pravidlá použitia nepriamej reči v angličtine? Vypočuj si novú epizódu podcastu, kde si hovoríme o zmene časov, zmene zámen a prísloviek ako aj rozdiely medzi SAY a TELL.

Pod videom nájdeš túto tému aj rozpísanú :)

Přehráním videa souhlasíte se zásadami ochrany osobních údajů YouTube.

Nepriama reč

Často krát druhým hovoríme to, čo nám niekto povedal. Ak opakujeme presne to isté, čo bolo povedané, používame priamu reč (s úvodzovkami), no ak len referujeme to, čo bolo povedané, používame nepriamu reč (bez úvodzoviek). Veľakrát to je len zhrnutie všetkých myšlienok.

Napríklad: Martina hovorí Jane: „Bye Jane, it´s been great seeing you. I´ll call you next week and we´ll meet up.“ Jana referuje Jill to, čo jej povedala Martina: „I saw Martina yesterday. She said she´d call me next week.“

Zmena slovesa

Ak meníme priamu reč na nepriamu reč, veta väčšinou začína slovami SHE SAID a potom môžeme použiť aj THAT , no nie je to potrebné. Forma hlavného slovesa vo vete sa mení . Posúvame ho o krok do minulosti.

Prítomný jednoduchý – minulý jednoduchý -priama reč: „I need some help.“ – nepriama reč: She said (that) she needed some help.

Prítomný priebehový – minulý priebehový – priama reč: „We are travelling to London.“ – nepriama reč: He said that they were travelling to London.

Predprítomný čas – predminulý čas – priama reč: „I´ve lost my keys.“ – nepriama reč: He said that he´d lost his keys.

Minulý jednoduchý – predminulý čas (alebo ostane nezmenený) – priama reč: „I called her yesterday.“ – nepriama reč: She said that she had called her yesterday. / She said that she called her yesterday.

Will – would, can – could – priama reč: „I will help you.“ – nepriama reč: He said that he would help me.

Ak sa v priamej reči nachádzajú slová ako must, might, could, should, would , tak ich nemeníme. – priama reč: „I must leave straightaway.“ – nepriama reč: He said that he must leave straightaway. Namiesto must vieme použiť had to v nepriamej reči. – nepriama reč: He said that he had to leave straightaway.

Ak hovoríme o všeobecných stavoch, ktoré sa nemenia, tak sloveso ostáva nezmenené. – priama reč: „I like dogs more than I like cats.“ – nepriama reč: She said that she likes dogs more than she likes cats.

Ak hovoríme o činnostiach, ktoré majú okamžitý následok, tak časy nemeníme. – priama reč: „I´m going to the cinema tonight.“ – nepriama reč: Jessie said that he is going to the cinema tonight.

Písanie nepriamej reči:

Ak používame priamu reč, úvodnú vetu vieme dať na začiatok alebo na koniec daného výroku. Oddeľujeme ich čiarkou .

Jack said, “We will see each other tomorrow.“ „We´ll see each other tomorrow,“ said Jack.

V nepriamej reči dávame úvodnú vetu vždy na začiatku . Neoddeľujeme mu čiarkami .

Jack said that we would see each other the next day.

Zmena osoby, miesta a časového výrazu:

Nesmieme zabudnúť, že ak meníme priamu reč na nepriamu reč, musíme zmeniť aj osobu, miesto a čas, pretože meníme uhol pohľadu.

• OSOBA: „I will call you,“ Jack said. Jack said that he would call me. Všimni si, že I sa zmenilo na HE, pretože tú informáciu hovorí on a YOU sme zmenili na ME, pretože tú informáciu hovorí mne
• MIESTO „I´ll meet you here,“ Martina said. Martina said that she´d meet me there. HERE sa zmenilo na THERE, pretože v čase, kedy o tom hovoríme tretej osobe sa Martina na danom mieste nenachádza. Here – there This – that
• ČAS Tomorrow – next day, the following day Today – that day Yesterday – the previous day, the day before Ago – before Last – previous Now – then

SAY vs TELL:

V úvodnej vete môžeme použiť SAY alebo TELL. Je tam ale rozdiel v použití.

• Ak použijeme SAY, tak za tým musí nasledovať daná informácia (SAY SOMETHING). He said that he loves me.
• Ak použijeme TELL, tak za tým nasleduje osoba (TELL SOMEBODY). He told me that he loves me.
• Po slove SAY, vieme použiť aj osobu, no musíme pamätať na to, že po say pridáme predložku TO He said to me that he loves me.

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Reported Speech: Rules, Examples, Exceptions

👉 Quiz 1 / Quiz 2

Advanced Grammar Course

What is reported speech?

“Reported speech” is when we talk about what somebody else said – for example:

• Direct Speech: “I’ve been to London three times.”
• Reported Speech: She said she’d been to London three times.

There are a lot of tricky little details to remember, but don’t worry, I’ll explain them and we’ll see lots of examples. The lesson will have three parts – we’ll start by looking at statements in reported speech, and then we’ll learn about some exceptions to the rules, and finally we’ll cover reported questions, requests, and commands.

So much of English grammar – like this topic, reported speech – can be confusing, hard to understand, and even harder to use correctly. I can help you learn grammar easily and use it confidently inside my Advanced English Grammar Course.

In this course, I will make even the most difficult parts of English grammar clear to you – and there are lots of opportunities for you to practice!

Backshift of Verb Tenses in Reported Speech

When we use reported speech, we often change the verb tense backwards in time. This can be called “backshift.”

Here are some examples in different verb tenses:

Reported Speech (Part 1) Quiz

Exceptions to backshift in reported speech.

Now that you know some of the reported speech rules about backshift, let’s learn some exceptions.

There are two situations in which we do NOT need to change the verb tense.

No backshift needed when the situation is still true

For example, if someone says “I have three children” (direct speech) then we would say “He said he has three children” because the situation continues to be true.

If I tell you “I live in the United States” (direct speech) then you could tell someone else “She said she lives in the United States” (that’s reported speech) because it is still true.

When the situation is still true, then we don’t need to backshift the verb.

He said he HAS three children

But when the situation is NOT still true, then we DO need to backshift the verb.

Imagine your friend says, “I have a headache.”

• If you immediately go and talk to another friend, you could say, “She said she has a headache,” because the situation is still true
• If you’re talking about that conversation a month after it happened, then you would say, “She said she had a headache,” because it’s no longer true.

No backshift needed when the situation is still in the future

We also don’t need to backshift to the verb when somebody said something about the future, and the event is still in the future.

Here’s an example:

• On Monday, my friend said, “I ‘ll call you on Friday .”
• “She said she ‘ll call me on Friday”, because Friday is still in the future from now.
• It is also possible to say, “She said she ‘d (she would) call me on Friday.”
• Both of them are correct, so the backshift in this case is optional.

Let’s look at a different situation:

• On Monday, my friend said, “I ‘ll call you on Tuesday .”
• “She said she ‘d  call me on Tuesday.” I must backshift because the event is NOT still in the future.

Review: Reported Speech, Backshift, & Exceptions

Quick review:

• Normally in reported speech we backshift the verb, we put it in a verb tense that’s a little bit further in the past.
• when the situation is still true
• when the situation is still in the future

Reported Requests, Orders, and Questions

Those were the rules for reported statements, just regular sentences.

What about reported speech for questions, requests, and orders?

For reported requests, we use “asked (someone) to do something”:

• “Please make a copy of this report.” (direct speech)
• She asked me to make a copy of the report. (reported speech)

For reported orders, we use “told (someone) to do something:”

• “Go to the bank.” (direct speech)
• “He told me to go to the bank.” (reported speech)

The main verb stays in the infinitive with “to”:

• She asked me to make a copy of the report. She asked me  make  a copy of the report.
• He told me to go to the bank. He told me  go  to the bank.

For yes/no questions, we use “asked if” and “wanted to know if” in reported speech.

• “Are you coming to the party?” (direct)
• He asked if I was coming to the party. (reported)
• “Did you turn off the TV?” (direct)
• She wanted to know if I had turned off the TV.” (reported)

The main verb changes and back shifts according to the rules and exceptions we learned earlier.

Notice that we don’t use do/does/did in the reported question:

• She wanted to know did I turn off the TV.
• She wanted to know if I had turned off the TV.

For other questions that are not yes/no questions, we use asked/wanted to know (without “if”):

• “When was the company founded?” (direct)
• She asked when the company was founded.” (reported)
• “What kind of car do you drive?” (direct)
• He wanted to know what kind of car I drive. (reported)

Again, notice that we don’t use do/does/did in reported questions:

• “Where does he work?”
• She wanted to know  where does he work.
• She wanted to know where he works.

Also, in questions with the verb “to be,” the word order changes in the reported question:

• “Where were you born?” ([to be] + subject)
• He asked where I was born. (subject + [to be])
• He asked where was I born.

Reported Speech (Part 2) Quiz

Learn more about reported speech:

• Reported speech: Perfect English Grammar
• Reported speech: BJYU’s

If you want to take your English grammar to the next level, then my Advanced English Grammar Course is for you! It will help you master the details of the English language, with clear explanations of essential grammar topics, and lots of practice. I hope to see you inside!

I’ve got one last little exercise for you, and that is to write sentences using reported speech. Think about a conversation you’ve had in the past, and write about it – let’s see you put this into practice right away.

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Nepriama reč (reported speech) je oblasťou gramatiky, kde mnohí, dokonca aj zbehlejší študenti angličtiny, robia často chyby. Problém je v tom, že v prípade tejto gramatiky dochádza do veľkej miery k interferencii slovenčiny, lebo princípy používania nepriamej reči sa v oboch jazykoch líšia.

Povedal, že má rád horory. He said he liked horrors.

Gramatika je sama osebe pomerne ľahká, no správne a automatické používanie nepriamej reči v angličtine si vyžaduje istý cvik.

Prvým krokom však môže byť dokonalé pochopenie mechanizmu fungovania tohto gramatického javu.

V tomto videu však nenájdete iba teóriu gramatiky a vysvetlenie, ale aj cvičenia a preklady viet nepriamej reči.

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Reported Speech

Perfect english grammar.

Reported Statements

Here's how it works:

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. ( Click here for more about using 'say' and 'tell' .) If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

• Direct speech: I like ice cream.
• Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'. (As I'm sure you know, often, we can choose if we want to use 'that' or not in English. I've put it in brackets () to show that it's optional. It's exactly the same if you use 'that' or if you don't use 'that'.)

But , if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

• Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.

* doesn't change.

• Direct speech: The sky is blue.
• Reported speech: She said (that) the sky is/was blue.

Click here for a mixed tense exercise about practise reported statements. Click here for a list of all the reported speech exercises.

Reported Questions

So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. But how about questions?

• Direct speech: Where do you live?
• Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.
• Direct speech: Where is Julie?
• Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.
• Direct speech: Do you like chocolate?
• Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate.

Click here to practise reported 'wh' questions. Click here to practise reported 'yes / no' questions. Reported Requests

There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For example:

• Direct speech: Close the window, please
• Or: Could you close the window please?
• Or: Would you mind closing the window please?
• Reported speech: She asked me to close the window.
• Direct speech: Please don't be late.
• Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.

Reported Orders

• Direct speech: Sit down!
• Reported speech: She told me to sit down.
• Click here for an exercise to practise reported requests and orders.
• Click here for an exercise about using 'say' and 'tell'.
• Click here for a list of all the reported speech exercises.

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• B1-B2 grammar

Reported speech: statements

Do you know how to report what somebody else said? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

Look at these examples to see how we can tell someone what another person said.

direct speech: 'I love the Toy Story films,' she said. indirect speech: She said she loved the Toy Story films. direct speech: 'I worked as a waiter before becoming a chef,' he said. indirect speech: He said he'd worked as a waiter before becoming a chef. direct speech: 'I'll phone you tomorrow,' he said. indirect speech: He said he'd phone me the next day.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Grammar B1-B2: Reported speech 1: 1

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said. To do this, we can use direct speech or indirect speech.

direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Daniel. indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.

In indirect speech, we often use a tense which is 'further back' in the past (e.g. worked ) than the tense originally used (e.g. work ). This is called 'backshift'. We also may need to change other words that were used, for example pronouns.

Present simple, present continuous and present perfect

When we backshift, present simple changes to past simple, present continuous changes to past continuous and present perfect changes to past perfect.

'I travel a lot in my job.' Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job. 'The baby's sleeping!' He told me the baby was sleeping. 'I've hurt my leg.' She said she'd hurt her leg.

Past simple and past continuous

When we backshift, past simple usually changes to past perfect simple, and past continuous usually changes to past perfect continuous.

'We lived in China for five years.' She told me they'd lived in China for five years. 'It was raining all day.' He told me it had been raining all day.

Past perfect

The past perfect doesn't change.

'I'd tried everything without success, but this new medicine is great.' He said he'd tried everything without success, but the new medicine was great.

No backshift

If what the speaker has said is still true or relevant, it's not always necessary to change the tense. This might happen when the speaker has used a present tense.

'I go to the gym next to your house.' Jenny told me that she goes to the gym next to my house. I'm thinking about going with her. 'I'm working in Italy for the next six months.' He told me he's working in Italy for the next six months. Maybe I should visit him! 'I've broken my arm!' She said she's broken her arm, so she won't be at work this week.

Pronouns, demonstratives and adverbs of time and place

Pronouns also usually change in indirect speech.

'I enjoy working in my garden,' said Bob. Bob said that he enjoyed working in his garden. 'We played tennis for our school,' said Alina. Alina told me they'd played tennis for their school.

However, if you are the person or one of the people who spoke, then the pronouns don't change.

'I'm working on my thesis,' I said. I told her that I was working on my thesis. 'We want our jobs back!' we said. We said that we wanted our jobs back.

We also change demonstratives and adverbs of time and place if they are no longer accurate.

'This is my house.' He said this was his house. [You are currently in front of the house.] He said that was his house. [You are not currently in front of the house.] 'We like it here.' She told me they like it here. [You are currently in the place they like.] She told me they like it there. [You are not in the place they like.] 'I'm planning to do it today.' She told me she's planning to do it today. [It is currently still the same day.] She told me she was planning to do it that day. [It is not the same day any more.]

In the same way, these changes to those , now changes to then , yesterday changes to the day before , tomorrow changes to the next/following day and ago changes to before .

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Grammar B1-B2: Reported speech 1: 2

Language level

Hello Team. If the reporting verb is in the present perfect, do we have to backshift the tenses of the direct speech or not?    For example: He has said, "I bought a car yesterday."    

1- He has said that he bought a car yesterday.

2- He has said that he had bought a car the previous day.

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Hello Ahmed Imam,

It's not necessary to backshift the verb form if the situation being reported is still true. For example:

"I'm a doctor"

She told me she is a doctor. [she was a doctor when she said it and she is still doctor now]

She told me she was a doctor. [she was a doctor when she said it and may or may not still be a doctor now]

The reporting verb in your example would be 'said' rather than 'has said' as we are talking about a particular moment in the past. For the other verb both 'bought' and 'had bought' are possible without any change in meaning. In fact, when the verb is past in the original sentence we usually do not shift the verb form back.

The LearnEnglish Team

Hello again. Which one is correct? Why?

- He has said that he (will - would) travel to Cairo with his father.

The present perfect is a present form, so generally 'will' is the correct form.

In this case, assuming that the man said 'I will travel to Cairo', then 'will' is the correct form. But if the man said 'I would travel to Cairo if I had time to do it', then 'would' would be the correct form since it is part of a conditional statement.

I think you were asking about the first situation (the general one), though. Does that make sense?

Best wishes, Kirk LearnEnglish team

Thank you for the information. It states that If what the speaker has said is still true or relevant, it's not always necessary to change the tense. I wonder if it is still correct to change the tense in this example: 'London is in the UK', he said. to He said London was in the UK. Or  it has to be the present tense. 

Hello Wen1996,

Yes, your version of the sentence is also correct. In this case, the past tense refers to the time the speaker made this statement. But this doesn't mean the statement isn't also true now.

Good evening from Turkey.

Is the following example correct: Question: When did she watch the movie?

She asked me when she had watched the movie. or is it had she watched the movie. 

Do Subjects come before the verbs? Thank you. 

Hello muratt,

This is a reported question, not an actual question, as you can see from the fact that it has no question mark at the end. Therefore no inversion is needed and the normal subject-verb word order is maintained: ...she had watched... is correct.

You can read more about this here:

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/reported-speech-questions

Thank you for your response.

Hello Sir, kindly help with the following sentence-

She said, "When I was a child I wasn't afraid of ghosts." 

Please tell me how to write this sentence in reported/ indirect speech.

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• B1-B2 grammar

Reported speech

Daisy has just had an interview for a summer job. 

Instructions

As you watch the video, look at the examples of reported speech. They are in  red  in the subtitles. Then read the conversation below to learn more. Finally, do the grammar exercises to check you understand, and can use, reported speech correctly.

Sophie:  Mmm, it’s so nice to be chilling out at home after all that running around.

Ollie: Oh, yeah, travelling to glamorous places for a living must be such a drag!

Ollie: Mum, you can be so childish sometimes. Hey, I wonder how Daisy’s getting on in her job interview.

Sophie: Oh, yes, she said she was having it at four o’clock, so it’ll have finished by now. That’ll be her ... yes. Hi, love. How did it go?

Daisy: Well, good I think, but I don’t really know. They said they’d phone later and let me know.

Sophie: What kind of thing did they ask you?

Daisy: They asked if I had any experience with people, so I told them about helping at the school fair and visiting old people at the home, that sort of stuff. But I think they meant work experience.

Sophie: I’m sure what you said was impressive. They can’t expect you to have had much work experience at your age.

Daisy:  And then they asked me what acting I had done, so I told them that I’d had a main part in the school play, and I showed them a bit of the video, so that was cool.

Sophie:  Great!

Daisy: Oh, and they also asked if I spoke any foreign languages.

Sophie: Languages?

Daisy: Yeah, because I might have to talk to tourists, you know.

Sophie: Oh, right, of course.

Daisy: So that was it really. They showed me the costume I’ll be wearing if I get the job. Sending it over ...

Ollie: Hey, sis, I heard that Brad Pitt started out as a giant chicken too! This could be your big break!

Daisy: Ha, ha, very funny.

Sophie: Take no notice, darling. I’m sure you’ll be a marvellous chicken.

We use reported speech when we want to tell someone what someone said. We usually use a reporting verb (e.g. say, tell, ask, etc.) and then change the tense of what was actually said in direct speech.

So, direct speech is what someone actually says? Like 'I want to know about reported speech'?

Yes, and you report it with a reporting verb.

He said he wanted to know about reported speech.

I said, I want and you changed it to he wanted .

Exactly. Verbs in the present simple change to the past simple; the present continuous changes to the past continuous; the present perfect changes to the past perfect; can changes to could ; will changes to would ; etc.

She said she was having the interview at four o’clock. (Direct speech: ' I’m having the interview at four o’clock.') They said they’d phone later and let me know. (Direct speech: ' We’ll phone later and let you know.')

OK, in that last example, you changed you to me too.

Yes, apart from changing the tense of the verb, you also have to think about changing other things, like pronouns and adverbs of time and place.

'We went yesterday.'  > She said they had been the day before. 'I’ll come tomorrow.' >  He said he’d come the next day.

I see, but what if you’re reporting something on the same day, like 'We went yesterday'?

Well, then you would leave the time reference as 'yesterday'. You have to use your common sense. For example, if someone is saying something which is true now or always, you wouldn’t change the tense.

'Dogs can’t eat chocolate.' > She said that dogs can’t eat chocolate. 'My hair grows really slowly.' >  He told me that his hair grows really slowly.

What about reporting questions?

We often use ask + if/whether , then change the tenses as with statements. In reported questions we don’t use question forms after the reporting verb.

'Do you have any experience working with people?' They asked if I had any experience working with people. 'What acting have you done?' They asked me what acting I had done .

Is there anything else I need to know about reported speech?

One thing that sometimes causes problems is imperative sentences.

You mean like 'Sit down, please' or 'Don’t go!'?

Exactly. Sentences that start with a verb in direct speech need a to + infinitive in reported speech.

She told him to be good. (Direct speech: 'Be good!') He told them not to forget. (Direct speech: 'Please don’t forget.')

OK. Can I also say 'He asked me to sit down'?

Yes. You could say 'He told me to …' or 'He asked me to …' depending on how it was said.

OK, I see. Are there any more reporting verbs?

Yes, there are lots of other reporting verbs like promise , remind , warn , advise , recommend , encourage which you can choose, depending on the situation. But say , tell and ask are the most common.

Great. I understand! My teacher said reported speech was difficult.

And I told you not to worry!

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Reported Speech in English Grammar

Direct speech, changing the tense (backshift), no change of tenses, question sentences, demands/requests, expressions with who/what/how + infinitive, typical changes of time and place.

• Lingolia Plus English

Introduction

In English grammar, we use reported speech to say what another person has said. We can use their exact words with quotation marks , this is known as direct speech , or we can use indirect speech . In indirect speech , we change the tense and pronouns to show that some time has passed. Indirect speech is often introduced by a reporting verb or phrase such as ones below.

Learn the rules for writing indirect speech in English with Lingolia’s simple explanation. In the exercises, you can test your grammar skills.

When turning direct speech into indirect speech, we need to pay attention to the following points:

• changing the pronouns Example: He said, “ I saw a famous TV presenter.” He said (that) he had seen a famous TV presenter.
• changing the information about time and place (see the table at the end of this page) Example: He said, “I saw a famous TV presenter here yesterday .” He said (that) he had seen a famous TV presenter there the day before .
• changing the tense (backshift) Example: He said, “She was eating an ice-cream at the table where you are sitting .” He said (that) she had been eating an ice-cream at the table where I was sitting .

If the introductory clause is in the simple past (e.g. He said ), the tense has to be set back by one degree (see the table). The term for this in English is backshift .

The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to normally do not change.

If the introductory clause is in the simple present , however (e.g. He says ), then the tense remains unchanged, because the introductory clause already indicates that the statement is being immediately repeated (and not at a later point in time).

In some cases, however, we have to change the verb form.

When turning questions into indirect speech, we have to pay attention to the following points:

• As in a declarative sentence, we have to change the pronouns, the time and place information, and set the tense back ( backshift ).
• Instead of that , we use a question word. If there is no question word, we use whether / if instead. Example: She asked him, “ How often do you work?” → She asked him how often he worked. He asked me, “Do you know any famous people?” → He asked me if/whether I knew any famous people.
• We put the subject before the verb in question sentences. (The subject goes after the auxiliary verb in normal questions.) Example: I asked him, “ Have you met any famous people before?” → I asked him if/whether he had met any famous people before.
• We don’t use the auxiliary verb do for questions in indirect speech. Therefore, we sometimes have to conjugate the main verb (for third person singular or in the simple past ). Example: I asked him, “What do you want to tell me?” → I asked him what he wanted to tell me.
• We put the verb directly after who or what in subject questions. Example: I asked him, “ Who is sitting here?” → I asked him who was sitting there.

We don’t just use indirect questions to report what another person has asked. We also use them to ask questions in a very polite manner.

When turning demands and requests into indirect speech, we only need to change the pronouns and the time and place information. We don’t have to pay attention to the tenses – we simply use an infinitive .

If it is a negative demand, then in indirect speech we use not + infinitive .

To express what someone should or can do in reported speech, we leave out the subject and the modal verb and instead we use the construction who/what/where/how + infinitive.

Say or Tell?

The words say and tell are not interchangeable. say = say something tell = say something to someone

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Maybe later

• Ako sa učiť

Cizí jazyky vám ve škole nešly? Jazykovým expertem se můžete stát…

Vzor eseje – argumentační esej, angličtina pro nejmenší, jazykové kurzy a pobyty v zahraničí, 300 filmů v angličtině zdarma – učte se jazyky zábavně, nebojte se mluvit před publikem: 5 technik pro sebejisté obchodní schůzky…, business fráze pro telefonování v angličtině, prezentace v angličtině, obchodní meeting v angličtině, jak se slaví vánoce ve francii, video: the hours – no choice, video: to rome with love – even her name is hot, video: john malkovich on finding a woman in his garden, nepřímá řeč (reported speech).

• Změny mezi přímou a nepřímou řeči
• Posuny časů
• Převody různých druhů vět do nepřímé řeči

Nepřímá řeč vzniká, když chceme někomu říci něco, co jsme slyšeli nebo někdo jiný řekl nám . K uvedení nepřímé řeči často používáme slovesa jako například: tell (říci), say (říci), mention (zmínit), remark (poznamenat) apod.

Pokud nám tedy někdo řekne I am in the kitchen now. Jsem teď v kuchyni., my tuto zprávu přetlumočíme jako He said that he was in the kitchen then. Řekl, že je teď v kuchyni. Jak jste si mohli všimnout během změny přímé řeči na nepřímou došlo k několika změnám. Na ně se spolu s dalšími pravidly podíváme v následujícím výkladu.

2 Změny mezi přímou a nepřímou řeči

Když převádíme nepřímou řeč na přímou, musíme mít na paměti několik zásad. V prvé řadě se při tomto převodu posouvají časy .

To znamená, že věta I will come at 6. – Přijdu v 6. by v nepřímé řeči zněla He told me that he would come at 6. – Řekl mi, že přijde v 6.

Na všechny postupy posunu časů se podíváme v tabulkách níže.

3 Posuny časů

Je důležité si všimnout, že pokud posunujeme časy, český překlad to většinou neovlivňuje. To nás často svádí k chybám. Anglický posun How are you? – She asked me how I was. bychom přeložili jako Jak se máš? – Zeptala se mě, jak se mám?. Díky tomuto faktu, ale často špatně převádíme, respektive nepřevádíme časy, z čehož může vzniknout chyba jako například She asked me how I am. Čeština jednoduše nedává takový důraz na sled dějů jako angličtina.

Posun přítomného času

Posun minulého času, posun budoucího času, posun modálních sloves, změny v příslovečných určeních.

Pokud změníme čas, nevyhnutelně se nám tím musí změnit i příslovečná určení . Když totiž řekneme například “příští týden”, v době, kdy o tom budeme mluvit už “příští týden” nebude mít stejný význam. S ilustrací těchto posunů nám pomůže následující tabulka:

Lze i neposouvat

Pokud je daná skutečnost z přímé řeči stále pravdivá , převod časů je pouze dobrovolný. Ukažme si příklad:

The house is on that hill. (Ten dům je na tamtom kopci.) Dům na tom kopci pořád stojí a zřejmě i dál stát bude.

• Uvedeme do nepřímé řeči jako: They said that the house is on that hill. (Řekli, že ten dům je na tamtom kopci.)
• Časy ale můžeme i posunout: They said that the house was on that hill. (Řekli, že ten dům je na tamtom kopci.)

4 Převody různých druhů vět do nepřímé řeči

Nyní se podíváme, jak liší převod různých druhů vět z přímé řeči do řeči nepřímé.

1. Oznamovací věty

Jako první si ukážeme, jak do nepřímé řeči převést oznamovací věty. Jako modelovou větu použijeme:

Pokud Petr bude to, co jsme mu řekli, někomu vyprávět, udělá to následovně:

1. Nejdříve je potřeba použít správné zájmeno , tudíž až o nás Petr bude mluvit, nepoužije zájmeno we – my, ale they – oni. První úprava by tedy vypadala takto Petr by řekl:

• They told me that they will arrive next week.

2. To ale pořád není správně a zůstávají nám tam ještě dvě nutné úpravy, které musíme opravit. Jak jsme se dozvěděli v tabulkách výše, v nepřímé řeči dochází k posunu časů . A protože čas budoucí will se mění na would, bude nepřímá řeč vypadat následovně:

• They told me that they would arrive next week.

3. Nyní už jsme skoro u konce, zbývá ale ještě poslední krok. Tím je změna příslovečných určení , aby správně odpovídala času (viz tabulky výše). Next week se nám tedy změní na the following week. Finální podoba věty v nepřímé řeči tedy bude:

• They told me that they would arrive the following week .

2. Rozkazovací věty

Nyní budeme Petrovi něco rozkazovat. Například použijeme vzorovou větu:

Petr při přeříkávání bude postupovat takto:

1. jako první opět změní osobní zájmena z we/us – my/nás na they/them – oni/je:

• They told me to bring them the keys.

2. další a zároveň poslední krok jsme si již načrtli v kroku předchozím. Pokud někomu říkáme/rozkazujeme, aby něco udělal, používáme vazbu tell + osoba + to + sloveso :

3. Tázací věty

V posledním příkladu se Petra na něco zeptáme. Mohli bychom se třeba zeptat:

Až Petr bude někomu vyprávět, na co že jsme se ho to ptali, bude postupovat následovně:

1. Již tradičně změní osobní zájmena , tak aby odpovídala tomu, co říká: we – my na they – oni, you – ty na me/I – mě/já:

They asked me do you like strawberry ice-cream?

2. Pokud by to ale Petr takto ponechal dopustil by se hrubé chyby. Dalším krokem „vyprávění“ otázek je totiž nutná změna věty tázací na větu oznamovací :

They asked me if I like strawberry ice-cream. (Zeptali se mě, jestli mám rád jahodovou zmrzlinu.)

3. Posledním úkonem, který musí Petr udělat – protože se opět jedná o standartní oznamovací větu – je posun časů . Jak si již jistě pamatujete, přítomný čas se posouvá do času minulého. To znamená:

They asked me if I liked strawberry ice-cream.

Pro ilustraci si ještě ukážeme verzi s jiným posunem časů. Například na otázce:

Postup bude opět totožný: 1. změna zájmen: She asked me did he find a job?

2. změna tázací věty na oznamovací: She asked me if he found a job?

3. posun časů (minulý; předminulý): She asked me if he had found a job?

Nejhledanější gramatika

Hodiny v angličtině, datum anglicky – jak ho psát a číst, předpřítomný čas prostý (present perfect simple), nepravidelná slovesa v angličtině (past tense irregular verbs), frázová slovesa (phrasal verbs), anglická gramatika – přehledně pro jednotlivé jazykové úrovně, spojky (conjunctions), anglická abeceda s výslovností.

If we want to say what somebody has said, we basically have two options:

• We can use the person's exact words - in quotation marks "..." if we are writing ( direct speech ).
• We can change the person's words into our own words ( reported speech ).

In this lesson we learn about reported speech , the structure that we use when we report what another person has said, and reported speech rules.

Now we will look at:

• Reported Statements
• Time and Place
• Reported Questions
• Reported Requests
• Reported Orders And then you can check your understanding of reported speech with...
• Reported Speech Quiz

Reported speech is called "indirect speech" by some people. Other people regard reported speech simply as one form of indirect speech. Other forms are, for example:

• questions-within-questions: Can you tell me if they are expensive?
• mental processes: He believes that politics is a dirty game.

Reported Speech

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• An Introduction to Punctuation
• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

Reported speech is the report of one speaker or writer on the words spoken, written, or thought by someone else. Also called reported discourse .

Traditionally, two broad categories of  reported speech  have been recognized: direct speech  (in which the original speaker's words are quoted word for word) and indirect speech (in which the original speaker's thoughts are conveyed without using the speaker's exact words). However, a number of linguists have challenged this distinction, noting (among other things) that there's significant overlap between the two categories. Deborah Tannen, for instance, has argued that "[w] hat is commonly referred to as reported speech or direct quotation in conversation is  constructed dialogue ."

Observations

• " Reported speech is not just a particular grammatical form or transformation , as some grammar books might suggest. We have to realize that reported speech represents, in fact, a kind of translation , a transposition that necessarily takes into account two different cognitive perspectives: the point of view of the person whose utterance is being reported, and that of a speaker who is actually reporting that utterance." (Teresa Dobrzyńska, "Rendering Metaphor in Reported Speech," in Relative Points of View: Linguistic Representation of Culture , ed. by Magda Stroińska. Berghahn Books, 2001)

Tannen on the Creation of Dialogue

• "I wish to question the conventional American literal conception of ' reported speech ' and claim instead that uttering dialogue in conversation is as much a creative act as is the creation of dialogue in fiction and drama. 
• "The casting of thoughts and speech in dialogue creates particular scenes and characters--and . . . it is the particular that moves readers by establishing and building on a sense of identification between speaker or writer and hearer or reader. As teachers of creative writing exhort neophyte writers, the accurate representation of the particular communicates universality, whereas direct attempts to represent universality often communicate nothing." (Deborah Tannen, Talking Voices: Repetition, Dialogue, and Imagery in Conversational Discourse , 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2007)

Goffman on Reported Speech

• "[Erving] Goffman's work has proven foundational in the investigation of reported speech itself. While Goffman is not in his own work concerned with the analysis of actual instances of interaction (for a critique, see Schlegoff, 1988), it provides a framework for researchers concerned with investigating reported speech in its most basic environment of occurrence: ordinary conversation. . . .
• "Goffman . . . proposed that reported speech is a natural upshot of a more general phenomenon in interaction: shifts of 'footing,' defined as 'the alignment of an individual to a particular utterance . . .' ([ Forms of Talk ,] 1981: 227). Goffman is concerned to break down the roles of speaker and hearer into their constituent parts. . . . [O]ur ability to use reported speech stems from the fact that we can adopt different roles within the 'production format,' and it is one of the many ways in which we constantly change footing as we interact . . .."(Rebecca Clift and Elizabeth Holt, Introduction. Reporting Talk: Reported Speech in Interaction . Cambridge University Press, 2007)

Reported Speech in Legal Contexts

• "​ [R]eported speech occupies a prominent position in our use of language in the context of the law. Much of what is said in this context has to do with rendering people's sayings: we report the words that accompany other people's doings in order to put the latter in the correct perspective. As a consequence, much of our judiciary system, both in the theory and in the practice of law, turns around the ability to prove or disprove the correctness of a verbal account of a situation. The problem is how to summarize that account, from the initial police report to the final imposed sentence, in legally binding terms, so that it can go 'on the record,' that is to say, be reported in its definitive, forever immutable form as part of a 'case' in the books." (Jacob Mey, When Voices Clash: A Study in Literary Pragmatics . Walter de Gruyter, 1998)
• Constructed Dialogue in Storytelling and Conversation
• Cooperative Overlap in Conversation
• Dialogue Guide Definition and Examples
• What Are Reporting Verbs in English Grammar?
• The Power of Indirectness in Speaking and Writing
• Definition and Examples of "Exophora" in English Grammar
• Direct Speech Definition and Examples
• How to Use Indirect Quotations in Writing for Complete Clarity
• Politeness Strategies in English Grammar
• Speech Act Theory
• The Meaning of Innuendo
• Conversation Defined
• Dialogue Definition, Examples and Observations
• What Is Relevance Theory in Terms of Communication?
• Speech Acts in Linguistics
• Verbal Hedge: Definition and Examples

What is Reported Speech and how to use it? with Examples

Reported speech and indirect speech are two terms that refer to the same concept, which is the act of expressing what someone else has said. Reported speech is different from direct speech because it does not use the speaker's exact words. Instead, the reporting verb is used to introduce the reported speech, and the tense and pronouns are changed to reflect the shift in perspective. There are two main types of reported speech: statements and questions. 1. Reported Statements: In reported statements, the reporting verb is usually "said." The tense in the reported speech changes from the present simple to the past simple, and any pronouns referring to the speaker or listener are changed to reflect the shift in perspective. For example, "I am going to the store," becomes "He said that he was going to the store." 2. Reported Questions: In reported questions, the reporting verb is usually "asked." The tense in the reported speech changes from the present simple to the past simple, and the word order changes from a question to a statement. For example, "What time is it?" becomes "She asked what time it was." It's important to note that the tense shift in reported speech depends on the context and the time of the reported speech. Here are a few more examples: ●  Direct speech: "I will call you later." Reported speech: He said that he would call me later. ●  Direct speech: "Did you finish your homework?" Reported speech: She asked if I had finished my homework. ●  Direct speech: "I love pizza." Reported speech: They said that they loved pizza.

When do we use reported speech?

Reported speech is used to report what someone else has said, thought, or written. It is often used in situations where you want to relate what someone else has said without quoting them directly. Reported speech can be used in a variety of contexts, such as in news reports, academic writing, and everyday conversation. Some common situations where reported speech is used include: News reports: Journalists often use reported speech to quote what someone said in an interview or press conference. Business and professional communication: In professional settings, reported speech can be used to summarize what was discussed in a meeting or to report feedback from a customer. Conversational English: In everyday conversations, reported speech is used to relate what someone else said. For example, "She told me that she was running late." Narration: In written narratives or storytelling, reported speech can be used to convey what a character said or thought.

How to make reported speech?

1. Change the pronouns and adverbs of time and place: In reported speech, you need to change the pronouns, adverbs of time and place to reflect the new speaker or point of view. Here's an example: Direct speech: "I'm going to the store now," she said. Reported speech: She said she was going to the store then. In this example, the pronoun "I" is changed to "she" and the adverb "now" is changed to "then." 2. Change the tense: In reported speech, you usually need to change the tense of the verb to reflect the change from direct to indirect speech. Here's an example: Direct speech: "I will meet you at the park tomorrow," he said. Reported speech: He said he would meet me at the park the next day. In this example, the present tense "will" is changed to the past tense "would." 3. Change reporting verbs: In reported speech, you can use different reporting verbs such as "say," "tell," "ask," or "inquire" depending on the context of the speech. Here's an example: Direct speech: "Did you finish your homework?" she asked. Reported speech: She asked if I had finished my homework. In this example, the reporting verb "asked" is changed to "said" and "did" is changed to "had." Overall, when making reported speech, it's important to pay attention to the verb tense and the changes in pronouns, adverbs, and reporting verbs to convey the original speaker's message accurately.

How do I change the pronouns and adverbs in reported speech?

1. Changing Pronouns: In reported speech, the pronouns in the original statement must be changed to reflect the perspective of the new speaker. Generally, the first person pronouns (I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours) are changed according to the subject of the reporting verb, while the second and third person pronouns (you, your, yours, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs) are changed according to the object of the reporting verb. For example: Direct speech: "I love chocolate." Reported speech: She said she loved chocolate. Direct speech: "You should study harder." Reported speech: He advised me to study harder. Direct speech: "She is reading a book." Reported speech: They noticed that she was reading a book. 2. Changing Adverbs: In reported speech, the adverbs and adverbial phrases that indicate time or place may need to be changed to reflect the perspective of the new speaker. For example: Direct speech: "I'm going to the cinema tonight." Reported speech: She said she was going to the cinema that night. Direct speech: "He is here." Reported speech: She said he was there. Note that the adverb "now" usually changes to "then" or is omitted altogether in reported speech, depending on the context. It's important to keep in mind that the changes made to pronouns and adverbs in reported speech depend on the context and the perspective of the new speaker. With practice, you can become more comfortable with making these changes in reported speech.

How do I change the tense in reported speech?

In reported speech, the tense of the reported verb usually changes to reflect the change from direct to indirect speech. Here are some guidelines on how to change the tense in reported speech: Present simple in direct speech changes to past simple in reported speech. For example: Direct speech: "I like pizza." Reported speech: She said she liked pizza. Present continuous in direct speech changes to past continuous in reported speech. For example: Direct speech: "I am studying for my exam." Reported speech: He said he was studying for his exam. Present perfect in direct speech changes to past perfect in reported speech. For example: Direct speech: "I have finished my work." Reported speech: She said she had finished her work. Past simple in direct speech changes to past perfect in reported speech. For example: Direct speech: "I visited my grandparents last weekend." Reported speech: She said she had visited her grandparents the previous weekend. Will in direct speech changes to would in reported speech. For example: Direct speech: "I will help you with your project." Reported speech: He said he would help me with my project. Can in direct speech changes to could in reported speech. For example: Direct speech: "I can speak French." Reported speech: She said she could speak French. Remember that the tense changes in reported speech depend on the tense of the verb in the direct speech, and the tense you use in reported speech should match the time frame of the new speaker's perspective. With practice, you can become more comfortable with changing the tense in reported speech.

Do I always need to use a reporting verb in reported speech?

No, you do not always need to use a reporting verb in reported speech. However, using a reporting verb can help to clarify who is speaking and add more context to the reported speech. In some cases, the reported speech can be introduced by phrases such as "I heard that" or "It seems that" without using a reporting verb. For example: Direct speech: "I'm going to the cinema tonight." Reported speech with a reporting verb: She said she was going to the cinema tonight. Reported speech without a reporting verb: It seems that she's going to the cinema tonight. However, it's important to note that using a reporting verb can help to make the reported speech more formal and accurate. When using reported speech in academic writing or journalism, it's generally recommended to use a reporting verb to make the reporting more clear and credible. Some common reporting verbs include say, tell, explain, ask, suggest, and advise. For example: Direct speech: "I think we should invest in renewable energy." Reported speech with a reporting verb: She suggested that they invest in renewable energy. Overall, while using a reporting verb is not always required, it can be helpful to make the reported speech more clear and accurate.

How to use reported speech to report questions and commands?

1. Reporting Questions: When reporting questions, you need to use an introductory phrase such as "asked" or "wondered" followed by the question word (if applicable), subject, and verb. You also need to change the word order to make it a statement. Here's an example: Direct speech: "What time is the meeting?" Reported speech: She asked what time the meeting was. Note that the question mark is not used in reported speech. 2. Reporting Commands: When reporting commands, you need to use an introductory phrase such as "ordered" or "told" followed by the person, to + infinitive, and any additional information. Here's an example: Direct speech: "Clean your room!" Reported speech: She ordered me to clean my room. Note that the exclamation mark is not used in reported speech. In both cases, the tense of the reported verb should be changed accordingly. For example, present simple changes to past simple, and future changes to conditional. Here are some examples: Direct speech: "Will you go to the party with me?" Reported speech: She asked if I would go to the party with her. Direct speech: "Please bring me a glass of water." Reported speech: She requested that I bring her a glass of water. Remember that when using reported speech to report questions and commands, the introductory phrases and verb tenses are important to convey the intended meaning accurately.

How to make questions in reported speech?

To make questions in reported speech, you need to use an introductory phrase such as "asked" or "wondered" followed by the question word (if applicable), subject, and verb. You also need to change the word order to make it a statement. Here are the steps to make questions in reported speech: Identify the reporting verb: The first step is to identify the reporting verb in the sentence. Common reporting verbs used to report questions include "asked," "inquired," "wondered," and "wanted to know." Change the tense and pronouns: Next, you need to change the tense and pronouns in the sentence to reflect the shift from direct to reported speech. The tense of the verb is usually shifted back one tense (e.g. from present simple to past simple) in reported speech. The pronouns should also be changed as necessary to reflect the shift in perspective from the original speaker to the reporting speaker. Use an appropriate question word: If the original question contained a question word (e.g. who, what, where, when, why, how), you should use the same question word in the reported question. If the original question did not contain a question word, you can use "if" or "whether" to introduce the reported question. Change the word order: In reported speech, the word order of the question changes from the inverted form to a normal statement form. The subject usually comes before the verb, unless the original question started with a question word. Here are some examples of reported questions: Direct speech: "What time is the meeting?" Reported speech: She asked what time the meeting was. Direct speech: "Did you finish your homework?" Reported speech: He wanted to know if I had finished my homework. Direct speech: "Where are you going?" Reported speech: She wondered where I was going. Remember that when making questions in reported speech, the introductory phrases and verb tenses are important to convey the intended meaning accurately. Here you can find more examples of direct and indirect questions

What is the difference between reported speech an indirect speech?

In reported or indirect speech, you are retelling or reporting what someone said using your own words. The tense of the reported speech is usually shifted back one tense from the tense used in the original statement. For example, if someone said, "I am going to the store," in reported speech you would say, "He/she said that he/she was going to the store." The main difference between reported speech and indirect speech is that reported speech usually refers to spoken language, while indirect speech can refer to both spoken and written language. Additionally, indirect speech is a broader term that includes reported speech as well as other ways of expressing what someone else has said, such as paraphrasing or summarizing.

Examples of direct speech to reported

1. Direct speech: "I am hungry," she said. Reported speech: She said she was hungry. 2. Direct speech: "Can you pass the salt, please?" he asked. Reported speech: He asked her to pass the salt. 3. Direct speech: "I will meet you at the cinema," he said. Reported speech: He said he would meet her at the cinema. 4. Direct speech: "I have been working on this project for hours," she said. Reported speech: She said she had been working on the project for hours. 5. Direct speech: "What time does the train leave?" he asked. Reported speech: He asked what time the train left. 6. Direct speech: "I love playing the piano," she said. Reported speech: She said she loved playing the piano. 7. Direct speech: "I am going to the grocery store," he said. Reported speech: He said he was going to the grocery store. 8. Direct speech: "Did you finish your homework?" the teacher asked. Reported speech: The teacher asked if he had finished his homework. 9. Direct speech: "I want to go to the beach," she said. Reported speech: She said she wanted to go to the beach. 10. Direct speech: "Do you need help with that?" he asked. Reported speech: He asked if she needed help with that. 11. Direct speech: "I can't come to the party," he said. Reported speech: He said he couldn't come to the party. 12. Direct speech: "Please don't leave me," she said. Reported speech: She begged him not to leave her. 13. Direct speech: "I have never been to London before," he said. Reported speech: He said he had never been to London before. 14. Direct speech: "Where did you put my phone?" she asked. Reported speech: She asked where she had put her phone. 15. Direct speech: "I'm sorry for being late," he said. Reported speech: He apologized for being late. 16. Direct speech: "I need some help with this math problem," she said. Reported speech: She said she needed some help with the math problem. 17. Direct speech: "I am going to study abroad next year," he said. Reported speech: He said he was going to study abroad the following year. 18. Direct speech: "Can you give me a ride to the airport?" she asked. Reported speech: She asked him to give her a ride to the airport. 19. Direct speech: "I don't know how to fix this," he said. Reported speech: He said he didn't know how to fix it. 20. Direct speech: "I hate it when it rains," she said. Reported speech: She said she hated it when it rained.

What is Direct and Indirect Speech?

Direct and indirect speech are two different ways of reporting spoken or written language. Let's delve into the details and provide some examples. Click here to read more

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REPORTED SPEECH / Nepriama reč v angličtine

Reported speech alebo indirect speech je nepriama reč. Pomocou nej reprodukujeme slová inej osoby. V angličtine pri tomto procese treba dodržiavať určité pravidlá (časová súslednosť). Každopádne pri posunoch zohráva svoju úlohu aj logika, treba sa zamyslieť nad tým, kto , čo , kde , kedy a komu vlastne povedal.

V uvádzacích vetách používame podľa kontextu rôzne slovesá, napr. say, tell, ask, wonder atď.

Ak konverzácia práve prebieha, v uvádzacej vete sa môže použiť aj prítomný čas. Okrem toho sa môžu použiť aj iné časy.

ONE TENSE BACK – O jeden čas dozadu

Pozrime sa teraz na vyššie uvedené vety z hľadiska posunu časov (uvedené posuny platia rovnako pre jednoduché i priebehové časy):

Dajme si posuny časov v angličtine pri prevode priamej do nepriamej reči do jednoduchého grafu. V zmysle zásady „jeden čas dozadu“ to vyzerá takto:

ĎALŠIE POSUNY

Okrem času sa posúvajú aj:

• zámená She said, „ I will do it.“ → She said that she would do it.
• výrazy označujúce miesto a  čas

VÝNIMKY PRI POSUNOCH

• Posun časov je voliteľný , ak fakt uvedený v priamej reči stále platí a je aktuálny, alebo ak súhlasíte s rečníkom. To znamená, že v tomto prípade časy môžeme, ale nemusíme posúvať.
• Predminulý čas sa už nemá kam posúvať, tak ten zostáva nezmenený. Napr. I had done it.
• Slovesá could, might, must, needn’t, ought to, should, used to a would sa zvyčajne neposúvajú.

REPORTOVANÉ NEPRIAME OTÁZKY

Pri nepriamych otázkach je:

• slovosled ako v oznamovacej vete a
• pomocné slovesá ( do, does, did ) sa vypúšťajú:

Pri reportovaných nepriamych otázkach sa pridáva ešte aj posun časov:

She asked, „Where do you live?“ → She asked where I lived. He asked, „ Will they do it?“ → He asked if they would do it.

Ak v otázke chýba opytovacie zámeno ( why, where, what… ), použije sa if/whether (či) .

I asked, “Do you sing?“ → I asked if/whether she sang.

Po nepriamej otázke sa nedáva otáznik .

POSUN PRI ŽIADOSTIACH (Reported requests)

Pri žiadostiach nasleduje po uvádzacej vete to + neurčitok . …………. Go home. → He asked me to go home.

Ak je v žiadosti let’s ,  použijeme buď gerundium alebo should . …………. Let’s have dinner. → He suggested hav ing dinner.                                         → He suggested that we should have dinner.

INTERPUNKCIA

Pozor na rozdielnu interpunkciu pri priamej reči :

• V slovenčine používame na oddelenie uvádzacej vety dvojbodku , v angličtine čiarku .
• V angličtine sú obidve úvodzovky hore.

Povedala : „ Prídem zajtra.“ → She said , “ I will come tomorrow.“

Pozor na čiarku v nepriamej reči :

• Pred že sa čiarka dáva, pred that sa nedáva:

Povedala , že príde. → She said that she would come .

Pri preklade anglickej nepriamej reči do slovenčiny nezabudnite uplatniť zásadu „o jeden čas dopredu“.

She said that she was hungry . → Povedala, že bola je hladná.

Anglické would sa podľa kontextu prekladá ako budúci čas alebo podmieňovací spôsob.

He said that he would leave . → Povedal, že odíde / by odišiel.

• kladné vety: 01 , 02 , 03 , 04 ,
• kladné vety s výrazmi času: 01 ,
• kladné vety s výrazmi miesta a času: 01 ,
• nepriame otázky: 01 , 02 , 03 ,
• nepriame otázky s výrazmi času: 01 ,
• bez posunu časov, zmena zámen: 01 ,
• bez posunu časov, zmena zámen a miest: 01 ,
• rozkaz so záporom: 01 ,
• prosby kladné: 01 ,
• prosby záporné: 01 ,
• prosby zmiešané: 01 ,
• prepíš prosby a otázky do nepriamej reči: 01 ,
• zmiešané: 01 , 02 , 03 , 04 ,
• reportovanie rozhovoru: 01 ,
• opravte chyby v nepriamej reči: 01 ,
• vyberte správny koniec vety: 01 ,

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• English Grammar
• Reported Speech

Reported Speech - Definition, Rules and Usage with Examples

Reported speech or indirect speech is the form of speech used to convey what was said by someone at some point of time. This article will help you with all that you need to know about reported speech, its meaning, definition, how and when to use them along with examples. Furthermore, try out the practice questions given to check how far you have understood the topic.

Table of Contents

Definition of reported speech, rules to be followed when using reported speech, table 1 – change of pronouns, table 2 – change of adverbs of place and adverbs of time, table 3 – change of tense, table 4 – change of modal verbs, tips to practise reported speech, examples of reported speech, check your understanding of reported speech, frequently asked questions on reported speech in english, what is reported speech.

Reported speech is the form in which one can convey a message said by oneself or someone else, mostly in the past. It can also be said to be the third person view of what someone has said. In this form of speech, you need not use quotation marks as you are not quoting the exact words spoken by the speaker, but just conveying the message.

Now, take a look at the following dictionary definitions for a clearer idea of what it is.

Reported speech, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a report of what somebody has said that does not use their exact words.” The Collins Dictionary defines reported speech as “speech which tells you what someone said, but does not use the person’s actual words.” According to the Cambridge Dictionary, reported speech is defined as “the act of reporting something that was said, but not using exactly the same words.” The Macmillan Dictionary defines reported speech as “the words that you use to report what someone else has said.”

Reported speech is a little different from direct speech . As it has been discussed already, reported speech is used to tell what someone said and does not use the exact words of the speaker. Take a look at the following rules so that you can make use of reported speech effectively.

• The first thing you have to keep in mind is that you need not use any quotation marks as you are not using the exact words of the speaker.
• You can use the following formula to construct a sentence in the reported speech.
• You can use verbs like said, asked, requested, ordered, complained, exclaimed, screamed, told, etc. If you are just reporting a declarative sentence , you can use verbs like told, said, etc. followed by ‘that’ and end the sentence with a full stop . When you are reporting interrogative sentences, you can use the verbs – enquired, inquired, asked, etc. and remove the question mark . In case you are reporting imperative sentences , you can use verbs like requested, commanded, pleaded, ordered, etc. If you are reporting exclamatory sentences , you can use the verb exclaimed and remove the exclamation mark . Remember that the structure of the sentences also changes accordingly.
• Furthermore, keep in mind that the sentence structure , tense , pronouns , modal verbs , some specific adverbs of place and adverbs of time change when a sentence is transformed into indirect/reported speech.

Transforming Direct Speech into Reported Speech

As discussed earlier, when transforming a sentence from direct speech into reported speech, you will have to change the pronouns, tense and adverbs of time and place used by the speaker. Let us look at the following tables to see how they work.

Here are some tips you can follow to become a pro in using reported speech.

• Select a play, a drama or a short story with dialogues and try transforming the sentences in direct speech into reported speech.
• Write about an incident or speak about a day in your life using reported speech.
• Develop a story by following prompts or on your own using reported speech.

Given below are a few examples to show you how reported speech can be written. Check them out.

• Santana said that she would be auditioning for the lead role in Funny Girl.
• Blaine requested us to help him with the algebraic equations.
• Karishma asked me if I knew where her car keys were.
• The judges announced that the Warblers were the winners of the annual acapella competition.
• Binsha assured that she would reach Bangalore by 8 p.m.
• Kumar said that he had gone to the doctor the previous day.
• Lakshmi asked Teena if she would accompany her to the railway station.
• Jibin told me that he would help me out after lunch.
• The police ordered everyone to leave from the bus stop immediately.
• Rahul said that he was drawing a caricature.

Transform the following sentences into reported speech by making the necessary changes.

1. Rachel said, “I have an interview tomorrow.”

2. Mahesh said, “What is he doing?”

3. Sherly said, “My daughter is playing the lead role in the skit.”

4. Dinesh said, “It is a wonderful movie!”

5. Suresh said, “My son is getting married next month.”

6. Preetha said, “Can you please help me with the invitations?”

7. Anna said, “I look forward to meeting you.”

8. The teacher said, “Make sure you complete the homework before tomorrow.”

9. Sylvester said, “I am not going to cry anymore.”

10. Jade said, “My sister is moving to Los Angeles.”

Now, find out if you have answered all of them correctly.

1. Rachel said that she had an interview the next day.

2. Mahesh asked what he was doing.

3. Sherly said that her daughter was playing the lead role in the skit.

4. Dinesh exclaimed that it was a wonderful movie.

5. Suresh said that his son was getting married the following month.

6. Preetha asked if I could help her with the invitations.

7. Anna said that she looked forward to meeting me.

8. The teacher told us to make sure we completed the homework before the next day.

9. Sylvester said that he was not going to cry anymore.

10. Jade said that his sister was moving to Los Angeles.

What is reported speech?

What is the definition of reported speech.

Reported speech, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a report of what somebody has said that does not use their exact words.” The Collins Dictionary defines reported speech as “speech which tells you what someone said, but does not use the person’s actual words.” According to the Cambridge Dictionary, reported speech is defined as “the act of reporting something that was said, but not using exactly the same words.” The Macmillan Dictionary defines reported speech as “the words that you use to report what someone else has said.”

What is the formula of reported speech?

You can use the following formula to construct a sentence in the reported speech. Subject said that (report whatever the speaker said)

Give some examples of reported speech.

Given below are a few examples to show you how reported speech can be written.

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Cvičení: Nepřímá řeč

PRE-INTERMEDIATE Vydáno dne 10.08.2006

Vyzkoušejte si převod přímé řeči na nepřímou.

1) He said: “I'm late!” He said that .

2) Milo said: “Susie is leaving today.” He said that Susie  .

3) Josh thought: “I've lost my wallet!” He thought he  .

4) Julia decided: “I will never drink alcohol again.” Julia decided that she alcohol again.

5) They said: “We can't do it.” They said that  .

6) She said: “I'd like to apologize.” She said that  .

7) Louis asked: “How old are you, Jack?” Louis asked  .

8) I asked him: “Did you see Jane?” I asked him  Jane.

9) He said to Bob: “Stop that!” He told him .

10) Stephanie asked: “Do you love me?” – George answered: “Yes.” George said that  .

Bezkonkurenční online angličtina za 169 Kč měsíčně . Přečtěte si více informací nebo si ji hned zdarma vyzkoušejte .

Autor článku: Marek Vít

Mgr. Marek Vít je spoluzakladatelem portálu Help for English a spoluautorem několika výukových programů. Je držitelem certifikátu CPE a ocenění Evropský učitel jazyků 2008. Má dlouholeté zkušenosti jako učitel (ZŠ, SŠ i VŠ), soukromý lektor a překladatel.

Pokračovat můžete zde:

Test: nepřímá řeč (1).

Vyberte ze čtyř možností tu, pomocí které lze přímou řeč převést na nepřímou.

Nepřímá řeč - cvičení

Nepřímá řeč (2).

Jak tvořit nepřímé otázky, rozkazy a převádět neúplné věty. Podrobné vysvětlení celé gramatiky doplněné spoustou příkladů.

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