ma vs ms thesis

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Choosing Between a Thesis or Non-thesis Master's Degree

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•       Resources       Choosing Between a Thesis or Non-thesis Master's Degree

As of 2015, approximately 25.4 million Americans held advanced degrees , with more citizens joining these ranks each year. As studies continue to show the career advancement and salary benefits of completing a master's degree, more and more students elect to pursue advanced educations. When considering their options, many question whether to enroll in a master's requiring a thesis or not. The following guide examines some of the reasons degree seekers may want to write a thesis while also highlighting why they might not. Students on the fence about this important decision can find expert advice, actionable tips, and relevant guidance to help them make an informed choice in the guide that follows.

Understanding the Master's Thesis

What is the difference between a thesis & non-thesis master's program, the decision not to do a thesis.

As students research various master's programs in their chosen discipline, it's common to find that many degrees require a thesis – especially if they want to enter a research-heavy field. While this word gets thrown around a lot in academia, some learners may want more information regarding what it entails in order to make an informed decision.

What is a Master's Thesis?

The master's thesis is an original piece of scholarship allowing the student to dig into a topic and produce an expanded document that demonstrates how their knowledge has grown throughout the degree program. These documents require significant independent research of primary and secondary sources and, depending on the subject, may require interviews and/or surveys to support the overarching argument.

Individual schools and departments dictate the length of these documents, but they typically range between 60 and 100 pages – or approximately 20,000 to 40,000 words. While tackling a document of such heft may seem overwhelming at first, learners need not fret. Each master's candidate receives a faculty advisor early in their tenure to provide support, feedback, and guidance throughout the process. Because the final thesis is expected to be of a publishable quality, learners seeking the highest marks typically send their supervisor excerpts of the document as they write to ensure they are on the right track.

When picking a thesis topic, no magical formula exists. Students should consider their interests and read extensively on that topic to get a better sense of existing scholarship. They should also speak to other academics working in that sphere to familiarize themselves with ongoing projects. Only after they feel reasonably well-read should they begin looking for uncovered angles or interesting ways of using emerging methodologies to bring new light to the topic.

When considering formatting, degree seekers should check with their specific schools and departments, as they may have unique requirements. To get a general understanding of what to expect, learners can review Simon Fraser University's guidelines on thesis formatting. After completing the thesis, some programs require an oral defense before a committee while others read the document and provide a grade. Check with your prospective schools to get a better sense of procedure.

Format & Components of a Master's Thesis

While this guide attempts to provide helpful and actionable information about the process of deciding whether to follow a thesis or non-thesis track in a master's program, readers should remember that specific components and requirements of a thesis vary according to discipline, university, and department. That being said, some commonalities exist across all these – especially when it comes to what students must include in their final drafts.

As the first section a reader encounters after moving through the table of contents and other anterior text, the introductory allows the writer to firmly establish what they want to accomplish. Sometimes also called the "research question" section, the introductory must clearly state the goals of the paper and the overarching hypothesis guiding the argument. This should be written in a professional yet accessible tone that allows individuals without specializations in the field to understand the text.

This section allows learners to demonstrate their deep knowledge of the field by providing context to existing texts within their chosen discipline Learners review the main bodies of work, highlighting any issues they find within each. Constructive criticism often centers around shortcomings, blind spots, or outdated hypotheses.

Students use this section to explain how they went about their work. While scientists may point to a specific method used to reach conclusions, historians may reference the use of an emerging framework for understanding history to bring new light to a topic. The point of this section is to demonstrate the thought processes that led to your findings.

This section allows for learners to show what they learned during the research process in a non-biased way. Students should simply state what information they gathered by utilizing a specific framework or methodology and arrange those findings, without interpretation, in an easy-to-read fashion.

After providing readers with all the necessary information, the discussion section exists for candidates to interpret the raw data and demonstrate how their research led to a new understanding or contributed a unique perspective to the field. This section should directly connect to the introduction by reinforcing the hypothesis and showing how you answered the questions posed.

Even though the previous sections give prospective degree seekers a better sense of what to expect if they decide to write a thesis during their master's program, they don't necessarily help learners decide whether to pursue a thesis or non-thesis track. The following section highlights some of the reasons students frequently choose to complete a thesis or bypass the process altogether by providing a pros and cons list.

Why a Thesis Program

• Especially when entering a research-heavy discipline, completing a thesis shows prospective schools and employers that you possess the skills needed for researching and writing long-form reports.
• Students hoping to pursue a Ph.D. stand in better stead with admissions panels if they wrote a thesis during a master's program.
• Individuals hoping to enter a field that values syntax and grammar often better their writing skills by completing a thesis.
• Students who write a thesis can submit the final product to various academic journals, increasing their chances of getting published.
• Theses expand students' understanding of what they're capable of, deepen their ability to carry out an argument, and develop their skills in making connections between ideas.

Why a Non-thesis Program

• Because they don't require a significant written product, non-thesis master's tend to take less time to complete.
• Often mirrors a bachelor's program in terms of structure, allowing learners to complete classes and take exams without a great deal of research or writing.
• Students who excel in project-based assignments can continue building skills in this arena rather than focusing on skills they don't plan to use (e.g. research)
• Provides learners the opportunity to work more closely and more frequently with faculty on real-world projects since they don't spend hundreds of hours researching/writing.
• Allows learners to take more classes and gain hands-on skills to fill the time they would have spent researching and writing a thesis.

How to Choose a Master's Program: FAQs

Within some academic disciplines and professional fields, research and writing plays a key role in work done on a daily basis. Because of this, master's programs in these fields require learners to complete theses to compete against peers and be seen as competent in their work. Other disciplines, conversely, rely on other tools to accomplish work and progress ideas – making theses less important.

Yes. Master's programs focused more on application than research typically don't require a thesis – although they may still give students the option. Examples of common non-thesis master's programs include nursing, business, and education.

Even though non-thesis students won't be writing a 100-page paper, that doesn't mean they avoid completing a significant project. In place of a thesis, most applied master's programs require students to take part in at least one internship or complete a culminating project. These projects typically ask learners to take what they learned throughout coursework and create an expansive final project – examples include case studies, creative works, or portfolios.

While students who followed a non-thesis path routinely receive acceptance to Ph.D. programs, those with theses often find the process easier. Even if a learner pursues a Ph.D. in a discipline that isn't research-heavy, admissions panels still want to get a sense of your academic interests and ability to engage in independent, nuanced thought. Students with theses can provide solid proof of these skills, while those without may struggle to demonstrate preparedness as thoroughly.

The answer to this question depends on many factors, but typically it is okay not to do a thesis if you plan to enter a field that doesn't depend heavily on research or writing, or if you don't plan to complete a Ph.D.

Students wanting to work in academic, research, or writing should always opt for the thesis track. They should also follow this path if they have any doctoral degree aspirations.

Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to complete a thesis rests with the individual student. Figuring out how to proceed on this front requires lots of careful consideration, and learners should ensure they consider various aspects before coming to a final decision. The following section helps students consider how they should and should not come to a conclusion.

Dos and Don'ts of Choosing a Thesis or Non-thesis Program

• Consider the longevity of your decision: will you feel the same in 5-10 years or are you making a decision based on current desires?
• Talk to others who with experience in this area. Ask them questions about their decision-making process and if they regret their choice.
• Research potential thesis topics before starting a program. Going in with a game plan can help you feel more confident and settled about the process than if you're scrambling for a topic while in school.
• Reach out to prospective schools to speak with faculty and/or current students following both tracks. This will provide knowledge specific to the school while also expanding your network if you choose to attend there.
• Research Ph.D. entrance requirements to ascertain if the majority expect learners to possess a thesis when applying. This will give you a sense of whether you may experience issues later on if you do not complete one.
• Decide not to complete a thesis simply because you have never taken on such a task and feel overwhelmed or fearful that you will fail.
• Complete a thesis simply because you think it will look good on your resume. Theses require intense devotion over an extended amount of time; learners who complete them without conviction often find the process miserable.
• Forget to research alternatives to writing a thesis. Just because you don't complete a research paper doesn't mean a non-thesis track lacks rigor or challenging coursework.
• Forget to read examples of theses by previous students. If you feel overwhelmed by the task, reading work other people have done can often make the task at hand feel less scary.
• Let yourself off easy by taking the non-thesis path. If you find you have extra time in the program, talk to your advisor about taking more classes, develop meaningful projects for yourself, or see about presenting at an academic conference.

From the Expert

Sudiksha Joshi, Ph.D. is a learning advocate. Her mission is to empower our youth to think bigger, bolder thoughts and forge a career path that will change the world. She taps into her natural curiosity and ability to identify strengths to help students and those in transition find their path from feeling lost in the traditional ways of achieving success to charting their own path. Her work has been featured in Forbes, Huffington Post, Thrive Global, Medium and LinkedIn.

Why might a student decide to follow a thesis track? Why might they follow a non-thesis track?

A student might decide to take a thesis track if she/he wants to pursue a Ph.D. Also, if the students want to focus on careers where research and writing have a strong focus, the students opt for the thesis option. Research assistantships at the graduate level are also more often available to students who opt for the thesis option.

A student who might feel that writing is not one of their strengths might choose to go the non-thesis track. Likewise, a student who has other work commitments may find a non-thesis option more convenient.

Do you have any tips for deciding on a program?

I chose a thesis option because being able to conduct independent research was a big reason to go to graduate school. Also, showing the ability that I could do research was what afforded me research assistantships which meant that my tuition was paid for and I got a stipend that paid for expenses while I was in graduate school. This also allowed me the opportunity to work closely with the faculty mentor that provided me with the support and the accountability I wanted.

I would not recommend taking a non-thesis option if all the degree requires is for you to take courses. You have little to show in terms of your learning other than your grades unless you are already working on something on the side that does that for you and all you need is a certificate.

Opt for a non-thesis option if you can still work closely with a professor or on a project and if you'd rather be involved in multiple projects rather than focus on a single project. If you already have a good (informed) reason for choosing one over the other, go for it.

What's the most important thing to consider when choosing a program?

The most important thing to consider when choosing a program is getting excited about the projects that at least one of the faculty members are involved in. Do some research and see why you are excited about a particular work that at least one of the faculty members have been involved in.

Who should students talk to when considering options?

Students should talk to other students and also reach out directly to the graduate coordinator and even individual faculty members. This means that students should have done prior homework and have some good questions ready. Asking good questions will get you at least halfway through to make the right decision.

• October 15, 2023
• Academic Advice

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs: Which is Right for You?

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Continuing your educational journey within your chosen field is an experience that fosters personal and professional growth. The next milestone in your academic path often involves pursuing a Master’s degree , with options ranging from thesis-based programs to non-thesis alternatives.  Deciding between these two paths is significant as it shapes your academic and career paths.

But how can you decide which is right for you before getting decision fatigue?

Let’s explore the difference between thesis vs. non-thesis Master’s programs, their unique characteristics, and reasons for choosing one or the other. 

Do You Have to Write a Thesis for Your Master’s Program?

Whether you have to write a thesis for your Master’s program depends on the specific requirements of the program you’re enrolled in. It’s important to note that while not all Master’s programs require writing a thesis, a significant number of them do.

What is a Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Program?

A thesis Master’s program involves completing a large research project spanning over several semesters. Students are expected to conduct original research on a specific topic under a faculty advisor’s guidance, culminating in a thesis likely to be published. Completing and defending the thesis is a crucial part of the degree requirement.

A non-thesis Master’s program doesn’t involve a specific research focus but rather a more coursework and practical experience, allowing students to gain specific skills and knowledge applicable to their field of study. After completing their program’s core course requirements, students can choose any of the electives to meet their degree requirements. Depending on the institution, you may be required to do a Master’s Degree Capstone project, including reviewing previous courses, a comprehensive exam, or a summary project. 

Why Choose a Thesis Master’s Program?

Thesis Master’s programs offer several advantages, be that contributing to new findings in your field, close collaboration with professors and researchers, and standing out to potential employers with your abilities to work independently and analyze complex issues. However, the primary advantages are:

Research Experience

Thesis programs allow you to conduct extensive research on a specific topic that piques your interest.  This way, you’ll gain expertise and a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. 

Academic Growth 

Writing a thesis helps sharpen your critical thinking, analytical, and writing skills. It also challenges you to think independently, analyze a large amount of data, and draw meaningful conclusions. Furthermore, it prepares you for doctoral studies, familiarizing you with the rigor of independent research and equips you with the necessary skills to succeed.

Why Choose a Non-Thesis Master’s Program?

Non-thesis master’s programs also come with numerous advantages for students, including flexibility in scheduling, a range of career opportunities, shorter competition time, etc. Here are the main advantages: 

Non-thesis programs prioritize coursework, fostering the development of practical skills and their real-world application. This approach enables you to actively engage in hands-on learning experiences highly sought after in today’s job market. Critical thinking, communication, problem-solving, and leadership abilities are some of those skills.

Suitability for Professionals

Another advantage to pursuing a non-thesis Master’s program is that it doesn’t take as much time as the thesis Master’s programs. That way you can enter the workforce faster. It’s also well-suited for professionals already established in their field who are seeking to further their education and advance in their careers. 

The Academic and Career Outcomes of Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs

The academic outcomes for the thesis Master’s program graduates involve preparation for Ph.D. programs , opening doors to advanced research and specialized roles in research institutions. This provides solid research skills and helps them publish their work. Common career paths for graduates include research positions in academia, government, or private sectors. Some also pursue teaching careers in colleges and universities. Degree programs that usually require a thesis include sciences, social sciences, engineering, and humanities (history, philosophy, and language studies).

Non-thesis Master’s program graduates typically achieve academic outcomes focused on mastering practical, directly applicable skills within their field. While these programs are more career-oriented, graduates can still pursue a Ph.D. They can benefit from diverse career options in different settings and find employment in managerial, administrative, or specialized roles in their field. Degree programs that don’t usually require a thesis are business, education, healthcare administration, IT management, etc.

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs, That is the Question 

With their abundance of advantages, choosing between the two can be pretty tricky. So, let’s compare thesis vs. non-thesis Master’s programs and help you make an informed decision. 

Personal and Career Goals

A thesis Master’s program is ideal if you’re interested in furthering in academia and want to pursue a Ph.D ., as these programs can provide the necessary tools to enhance your credentials for research-based careers. Meanwhile, a non-thesis Master’s program will suit you better if you’re seeking to gain practical skills to integrate into the industry immediately, as they can include practical projects or internships according to industry demands. 

Time and Financial Considerations

Thesis Master’s programs can extend the duration of your studies, as researching, writing, and defending the thesis can take several semesters to complete and can cause financial strain due to additional costs like lab fees and materials. In contrast, non-thesis ones can help you enter the job market promptly as they are shorter, allowing you to save time and money.

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Field of Study and Program Requirements

When deciding between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program, a crucial element to take into account is the field of study and the program’s specific requirements. A thesis Master’s program is better suited for those pursuing research-oriented fields, while a non-thesis program is a more fitting choice for individuals with a strong focus on their career. Furthermore, program requirements for thesis programs require substantial research to culminate in a thesis, whereas non-thesis ones require capstone projects, internships, or comprehensive exams. 

Switching from a Non-Thesis to a Thesis Master’s Program, or Vice Versa

Switching from a non-thesis to a thesis Master’s program, or vice versa, is possible in many institutions, although the process and requirements may vary. Switching from a non-thesis to a thesis program generally requires getting approval from the academic advisor or department, completing additional research methodology classes, finding a thesis advisor, and applying to the thesis program. 

Switching from a thesis to a non-thesis Master’s program requires having at least a 3.0 GPA, getting approval from the academic advisor, transferring credits of research methodology classes, and formally applying to the thesis program.

Choosing between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program ultimately depends on your career goals, research interests, and personal preferences. Thesis programs provide a robust foundation for research-oriented careers and advanced studies, while non-thesis programs offer practical skills tailored for immediate industry integration. Regardless of your choice, both paths offer unique advantages, ensuring you gain the knowledge and skills needed to thrive in your chosen field. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):

What is the difference between a thesis vs. non-thesis master’s program.

The key difference between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program is that thesis Master’s programs require original research and completion of a thesis, whereas non-thesis ones focus on coursework and practical experiences. 

Do I have to write a thesis for a Master’s program?

If you’re pursuing a research-oriented Master’s degree in sciences, engineering, social sciences, humanities, etc., you’ll probably have to write a thesis. Whereas, if you’re pursuing a Master’s degree in education, business healthcare administration, or IT management, you’re more likely not to have to complete a thesis. 

Is a thesis required for all Master’s degree programs?

Although a thesis isn’t required for all master’s degree programs, many programs require one.

What should I consider when deciding between a thesis and non-thesis program?

There are several factors to consider when choosing between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program, including your career goals, interest in research, duration of studies, personal strengths and preferences, cost, and program requirements.

Are there any financial and duration differences between thesis and non-thesis Master’s programs?

There can be financial and duration differences between thesis and non-thesis Master’s programs. Thesis programs can be more expensive as you’ll have to spend additional resources on materials, lab fees, and data collection. In contrast, the main cost for non-thesis programs is tuition fees, which can be slightly lower. Furthermore, thesis programs require additional time to conduct research, write, and defend the thesis. In contrast, non-thesis programs allow students to earn the degree in a shorter period. 

Why should I choose a thesis Master’s program?

You should choose a thesis Master’s program if you’re interested in a research-heavy discipline and want to showcase your knowledge and expertise in an evidence-based, thorough thesis. 

Why should I choose a non-thesis Master’s program?

You should choose a non-thesis Master’s program if you want to enter the workforce earlier, don’t want to spend several semesters collecting data, and want to focus more on application than research.

Can non-thesis Master’s graduates still pursue doctoral studies later?

Yes, non-thesis Master’s graduates can still get accepted into a doctoral program. However, thesis Master’s graduates can go through the process more efficiently, as admissions panels want to gain insight into your academic interests and ability to engage in nuanced thought.

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MA vs. MS in Psychology: What's the Difference?

So maybe you have already decided that a master’s degree in psychology is the path that gets you where you want to go next. You have your eye on a job as a school psychologist, or maybe you want to work on Wall Street analyzing investor behavior. Or you binged on CSI: Miami over the weekend and you know the ticket to get there is a master’s degree in forensic psychology . But now that you are looking at master’s programs, you’re finding another choice you have to make:

Should you pick a master of science in psychology or master of arts in psychology degree program?

Fortunately, it’s not going to be a tough choice. You will get the same advanced psychology education with either path. No employer will hit the delete key on your resume if they see the wrong letter after the M. You won’t wake up in the middle of the night realizing that some vital region of the human brain is not described in one particular degree but is covered by the other.

Master of Arts vs Master of Science Psychology – Key Curriculum Differences MA vs MS in Psychology – Which Should You Choose? Is There a Difference in Salary Potential that Comes with Earning an MA-Psychology vs MS-Psychology?

Still, committing to a master’s degree means two years of your life and tens of thousands of dollars in tuition. You have every reason to do your homework to find out exactly what master of arts vs master of science in psychology programs do differently before you sign up.

EXPLORE TOP UNIVERSITIES FOR MASTER OF PSYCHOLOGY DEGREES

The Difference Between a Master of Arts (MA) and a Master of Science (MS) in Psychology

In general, master’s degrees in psychology are available as either a Master of Science (MS) or a Master of Arts (MA) in general psychology studies or in a recognized subspecialty of psychology, such as:

• Clinical neuropsychology
• Clinical psychology
• School psychology
• Clinical child psychology
• Counseling psychology
• Industrial-organizational psychology
• Forensic psychology
• Family psychology
• Behavioral and cognitive psychology
• Rehabilitation psychology
• Geropsychology
• Sleep psychology

The Master of Social Work (MSW) is also often categorized as a master’s degree in psychology.

MA and MS programs in psychology tend to be fairly fluid, allowing students to focus their graduate program on more than one area of psychology or a combination of two or more areas.

In general, MA degrees in psychology place a stronger emphasis on advanced statistical analysis and research methodology, whereas MS degrees often focus more heavily on counseling and the behavioral sciences. Still – there are exceptions to these general rules when it comes to master’s degrees in psychology.

The major difference among master’s degree programs in psychology is whether they prepare students to enter the workforce upon graduation or whether they serve as a stepping-stone to doctoral work.

Master of Arts vs Master of Science Psychology – Key Curriculum Differences

It’s hard to compare the curriculum differences between the two kinds of degrees because every college will always have a slightly different curriculum from every other college, regardless of the degree type. That’s a good thing! It gives you more options to find a program tailored to your interests and expectations.

But there are some key differences you can often find between arts and sciences master’s programs:

• Hard sciences courses are more common in MS programs – Hard in this sense doesn’t mean difficult, but rather those scientific classes that are more grounded in mathematics or proven research and experimental data.
• Social and cultural courses are more common in MA programs – Exploring larger issues is a big part of the arts perspective on education, so MA degrees in psychology tend to lean into societal and cultural studies in psychology.
• Thesis and non-thesis options may differ – Although it’s not a rule, you are more likely to find that MS degrees in psychology require completion of a master’s thesis, while MA degrees are more likely to offer non-thesis options for finishing the degree.

It’s also often thought that an MS degree is a more appropriate choice for someone who has earned a bachelor’s in the field of psychology, while an MA is better suited to anyone coming from a non-psych background. And MS programs are thought to be better preparation for being successful at the doctoral level.

This isn’t too important for most degrees. But in some cases, you might want to think about your career path. If you pick a master’s in counseling psychology with the intent to eventually go after a doctorate, then a science degree may be to your advantage.

MA vs MS in Psychology – Which Should You Choose?

For most people, the answer to that question will be “Yes.” In other words, it’s just not going to matter as you look at the different options between MS and MA programs compared to the differences in concentrations between different programs. You’re always going to be better off picking the program that lines up better with the kind of psychology career you plan to pursue.

If you check out top online psychology master’s programs , you’ll find they have the same options in online learning, as well.

What is the difference between MS and MA in psychology degrees?

A master of arts in psychology is rooted in traditional liberal arts approaches to education. That means it has an emphasis on critical thinking skills and exposing students to information in broader cultural and social contexts. Communication and writing skills are an important part of arts programs. In psychology, arts degrees have coursework in social psychology, cultural studies, and the history of psychology.

A master of science in psychology sticks more closely to the scientific bases of the field. These degrees emphasize research and hard data. The neurological and physical processes that impact thought and behavior are a more important part of studies in MS degrees. You’re more likely to spend time exploring the biological bases of behavior, neuropsychology, and health and psychology.

Both degrees offer excellent preparation for a career in the field of psychology, however.

Is There a Differences in Salary Potential That Comes with Earning an MA-Psychology vs MS-Psychology?

You might already be able to guess the difference in salary levels for MA vs MS in psychology graduates if you have read this far: there probably isn’t any.

That’s because the distinction is more or less lost by the time you get out into the job market. A master’s in child psychology is always going to route you into the same type of jobs, regardless of whether it is a science or arts degree. And the pay scales for those jobs are based around what your skills and what the demands of the job are, not the kind of degree you earned.

So how much does a master’s in psychology graduate make?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the 2020 median salary level for all psychologists in the United States was $82,180.

That number includes psychologists at all levels of practice and in all industries, however. There’s no specific breakdown for MA vs MS in psychology or between master’s and doctoral or bachelor’s graduates in the field.

There are definitely differences between those levels, however, and between different types of practice. Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists average $79,820 per year, for instance, while industrial-organizational psychologists made $96,270 in their profession.

You can expect the same basic salary regardless of whether or not you choose a master of arts vs master of science in psychology, however. And you will enjoy the same selection of amazing jobs in many industries to choose from.

Bottom line: save your brainpower for your actual psychology studies, and don’t worry too much about whether you end up in an MA vs MS in psychology program.

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Master of Science vs. Master of Arts

Read Time Estimate: 4 minutes

By Charlie Davenport

December 21st, 2023

A master’s degree is a higher education degree that you can pursue after graduating with your bachelor’s. Choosing the right graduate school impacts what specific field you will specialize in.

The field you choose to focus on for your master’s degree does not have to correlate with your undergraduate major. For example, if you have a bachelor’s degree in fine arts, you can apply for a computer science master’s.

If you’re finishing your bachelor’s or considering grad school, it’s important to research the best option for you. The most common master’s degrees are the Master of Science (MS) and the Master of Arts (MA). Both degrees can take you to the next level of education but differ in emphasis.

As technology and demands for flexible programs expand, there are various options for you to grow. You can enroll for a master’s degree online, in person, or in a hybrid program. 

The fundamental difference between an MA and an MS lies within their focus, curriculum, and career outcomes. Learning more about each master’s characteristics will help you make an informed choice.

Master of Science (MS)

A Master of Science degree emphasizes hands-on applications and equips you with specialized skills to address real-world challenges. You’ll learn how to apply your knowledge to work in practical ways. The most common field of practice for an MS degree is in:

Engineering

A field of study focused on applying math and science to problem-solving, designing, testing, and building machines, structures, and processes. 

Computer science 

The study of computers and computational systems focuses on software and software systems. Learn about the theory, design, development, and application of these concepts.

Natural Science

Explores the physical world and all its natural occurrences. Science has two main branches: physical sciences and biological sciences. Physical sciences include chemistry, geology, physics, and math. Biological sciences include biology, botany, zoology, genetics, and microbiology.

Concentration on population health management, research methods, human resource management, financial management, laws and ethics, and quality improvement. 

Many MS programs often design laboratory work, internships, and/or industry partnerships into the curriculum. This gives you a huge advantage when applying for mid-level, senior or executive positions in the field you choose.

Master of Arts (MA)

A Master of Arts degree dives deep into theories and concepts. The focus is getting you to think critically, analyze information, and really understand the underlying frameworks. 

MA programs are commonly offered in liberal arts fields such as: 

The study of human culture, including literature, history, the arts, music, philosophy, etc.

Social Sciences

Learn about the origin of humanities, social sciences, and natural science and how they are present in today’s world.

Understand literary theory and criticism, literary history, and genres. Introduction to various critical and methodological stances.

These MA programs emphasize critical thinking, research, and the exploration of cultural, historical, or philosophical concepts.

What You’ll Study

Another distinguishment between an MS and an MA is the specific curriculum and coursework requirements. MS programs generally emphasize quantitative and technical courses relevant to your field.

The coursework includes advanced mathematics, statistics, data analysis, scientific research methods, and specialization-specific topics.

On the other hand, MA programs focus on all things qualitative and interdisciplinary. The curriculum often includes seminars, research papers, literature reviews, and discussions that encourage critical analysis and reflection.

Immerse yourself in a broader range of courses that explore historical context, cultural perspectives, literary analysis, and social theories.

MA vs MS Research Strategies

Research plays a significant role in both MS and MA programs and they approach research differently. MS programs typically require you to conduct original research.

Usually, you’ll work on a thesis or a capstone project that pushes the boundaries of knowledge in your field. These research projects expand your skills in scientific methodologies and how you can apply them to real-world situations.

In contrast, MA programs conduct literature reviews and serious critical analyses. Instead of starting new research, the emphasis is to expand on existing research to add new ideas to the academic discussion. Get ready to become a master of unraveling ideas and shedding light on the unseen.

Career Goals and Opportunities

Deciding between an MS and an MA can have a significant effect on your career prospects and opportunities. Having valuable skills that employers seek will open up a range of opportunities for you in your career path. To employers, a master’s degree signifies field expertise, leadership knowledge, and the ability to start your new role right away.

MS graduates are ideal candidates for technical and research-based positions within various industries. Having these specialized skills will make you stand out for competitive roles that require advanced technical expertise. Those with an MS degree may find suitable employment opportunities in fields such as engineering, information technology, healthcare, and scientific research.

For those interested in academia, public administration, journalism, social services, or cultural institutions, pursuing an MA degree can lead to success. The skills gained through critical thinking, research, and communication will enhance your analytical abilities and comprehension of social and cultural dynamics.

NDNU Master Programs

At Notre Dame de Namur (NDNU) we offer master’s programs in Business and Management, Education, and Psychology. We focus on social justice and aim to help you become a skilled and confident leader. Many of our online graduate programs offer scholarships up to $5,000 or $10,000.

School of Business and Management (SBM)

SBM provides practical education that blends industry-specific knowledge with theoretical concepts to equip graduates for career progression. SBM programs, such as MBA, MPA, STEM, and MSTM, feature hybrid learning with a focus on small class sizes. SBM also offers a fully online undergraduate program, the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BS BA).

School of Education (SOE)

Some master’s and credential programs are available for concurrent enrollment at the School of Education . We offer a number of integrated programs to prepare you to become a professional educator or a community leader.

In-person programs offered are education, school administration, special education, single subject, and multiple subject credentials. We offer opportunities to obtain your master’s degree fully online in educational therapy, TESOL, and DEIL.

School of Psychology (CPD)

The School of Psychology will provide you with the necessary skills to pursue a career as a licensed mental health professional.

We offer a program called Master of Science in Clinical Psychology (MSCP) on campus. It has two specializations: Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT) and Marriage and Family Therapy and Licensed Professional Clinical Counseling (MFT/LPCC).

Additionally, we offer a hybrid online and in-person Bachelor of Arts (BA) program in psychology.

Master of Science Programs at NDNU

Master of Business Administration (MBA)

The MBA is a well-liked option that concentrates on creating strong management and leadership skills. This degree benefits fields like marketing, finance, and entrepreneurship.

Master of Public Administration (MPA)

MPA programs emphasize skills in organizational management, public finance, and policy-making. Created for people who want to lead in the public and nonprofit sectors. 

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)

STEM programs offer MS degrees in disciplines like computer science, engineering, and data science. These programs teach how technology impacts businesses, with a focus on decision-making, project management, and using new technologies efficiently.

Master of Science in Technology Management (MSTM)

MSTM programs teach how technology impacts businesses, with a focus on decision-making, project management, and using new technologies efficiently. 

Master of Science in Clinical Psychology (MSCP)

An MSCP can open up many career opportunities. These include counseling, mental health, research, human resources, and other areas that need knowledge of human behavior and psychology. 

Master of Arts Programs at NDNU

Master of Arts in Education (MA Ed)

The MA in Education teaches students how to lead schools. They learn about managing organizations, making policies, and being a good leader. 

Master of Arts in School Administration (MA SA)

The MA in School Administration is a program for leaders in schools. It teaches about managing organizations, making policies, and supervising teaching. 

Master of Arts in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL)

The TESOL program helps students teach English to people who speak another language. By placing a strong emphasis on language acquisition theories, curriculum development, and efficient language instruction.

Master of Arts in Educational Therapy (MA ET)

The MA in Educational Therapy teaches how to help people with learning disabilities. It covers assessment, intervention, and therapy techniques. 

Master of Arts in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Leadership (DEIL)

The DEIL degree teaches about systemic unfairness and how to create inclusive spaces. It covers the history and culture that lead to inequality and ways to remove obstacles.

Which master’s degree will you choose?

Choosing between a Master of Science and a Master of Arts affects your academic and professional path. Think carefully before deciding. In short, an MS program is practical and technical, while an MA program focuses on thinking, theory, and different perspectives.

Online Grad School vs. In-Person Grad School

Consider if an online master’s program fits your needs and goal better than the traditional in-person option. Ultimately, the key to success is selecting the program that complements your strengths, passions, and aspirations. By understanding the unique opportunities and challenges of each program, you can confidently embark on your graduate journey.

Why Choose NDNU?

Whether online or in-person our class sizes remain intimate, guaranteeing connection with your professors and peers. On average class sizes are between 8 to 15 students. Your future professors are professionals that actively work in the field you are majoring in. And we offer various student services to support you every step of the way to graduation!

NDNU welcomes you and we cannot wait to have you speak to our Admissions Team for more details about enrolling.

Interested In Learning More? Fill out this form and we'll be in touch with more information!

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Magellan Solutions USA launched under the visionary leadership of Mark A. K. Dee, Chief Executive Officer – a consultant and service provider for healthcare administrative support, IT development, energy, call center, and business process outsourcing. Mark has served in various multi-level management positions in his 21 years of service in the United States Air Force (USAF). He performed as Immunology and Microbiology department manager, Medical Laboratory Assistant Director, Facility and Security Manager, and finally retiring in the military in 2008 as Superintendent/Assistant Chief of Operations of 330 personnel Medical Group. Mark has experiences in the services industries since he retired, including running a restaurant chain as the CEO. He has also developed other businesses in the Martials Arts studio and 3d-printing industries. He has a BS in Health Sciences and Hospital Administration, Board Certified in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Graduated in the Senior Executive Leadership School from the USAF, Master’s in Business Administration, and a Master’s of Science in Systems Management at Notre Dame De Namur University.

Chosen Cheng

Chosen Cheng is owner of CMC Group, a privately held engineering and marketing consultancy for small business startup ventures. He currently works with project teams developing patented award-winning solar roofing systems and patent pending drone-based augmented reality geological and thermal mapping solutions. He was formerly a Silicon Valley marketing and innovative corporate training manager. As an avocation and a way to “pay it forward” he enjoys teaching and career coaching college and graduate MBA students many of whom are pioneering first generation college students from underserved communities. He and his wife, a Notre Dame alum, celebrated their wedding reception at the Ralston Mansion in the 70’s and have two stupendously successful, married adult children who between them have four stupendously adorable grandchildren.

Arthur Chait

Entrepreneur, Executive, Engineer, Investor, Professor, Mentor. Founder & CEO EoPlex Inc. ($31 million VC funded startup acquired by ASTI Singapore). President Stanford Research Institute (SRI) Consulting Division (800 staff worldwide). SVP Flextronics (responsible for $8 Billion in global accounts). President Zitel Software. Principal Booz Allen. R&D Director Halliburton. Adjunct Professor Menlo College, Visiting Professor Universidad Francisco Marroquin (Guatemala), Mentor Draper University, Judge Startup Chile. BS Engineering Rutgers, MBA Strategy University Pittsburgh.

Kelly Cansler

Kelly completed both her BS (Finance/Economics) and MBA from NDNU. She utilized her business education to launch an insurance agency in 2008 with Farmers Insurance. It’s grown into multi-million-dollar agency, organically and through acquisition. She has been recognized by Farmers Insurance being ranked within the top 10% of agents nationwide, but also as a speaker, trainer, and mentor within the Farmers Insurance Community. Kelly is extremely connected with local businessowners through several networking channels.

Cliff Burnette

Cliff is the senior vice president and chief human resources officer at Rambus, a global chip and IP provider that advances data center connectivity and solves the bottleneck between memory and processing. Cliff has over 20 years of experience leading global human resources operations for publicly traded companies with expertise in employee relations, organizational development, and compensation strategy. Prior to Rambus, Cliff worked for several other high-tech companies in the semiconductor and medical device space and holds a bachelor’s degree in Business Management and Marketing from Texas State University and a master’s degree in Human Resources Management and Organization Development from the University of Texas at Austin.

Memo Morantes

Memo Morantes has been a San Mateo County resident for more than 45 years. He has been a three-term San Mateo County Board of Education incumbent, a Redwood City/San Mateo County Chamber of Commerce board member, a Sequoia Hospital Foundation member, a co-chair of the Latino Leadership Council of San Mateo, and a civic/community activist. 

Sheryl Young

Sheryl serves as a director for Philanthropic Ventures Foundation, which provides $10M each year for innovative teachers and social entrepreneurs throughout the Bay Area. Prior Sheryl served as CEO of Community Gatepath and AbilityPath.org. She has over 30 years of managerial experience in operations, finance, and marketing. Young is a graduate of the Stanford University Graduate School of Business Executive Program for Non-Profit Leaders, earned an M.A. of Public Health from UC Berkeley, an M.A. in Special Education from Ball State University and a B.A. in Political Science from Purdue University.

Brian Schumacker

Brian manages South San Francisco-San Bruno’s wastewater treatment plant and with a dedicated staff of over 40 professionals who safeguard community health and protect the fragile San Francisco Bay ecosystem. Brian holds a Master’s Degree in Public Administration and a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Business Administration, both from Notre Dame de Namur University. Brian has also earned the highest levels of professional certifications in wastewater treatment.

Mario Rendon

Mario Rendon serves as District Director for State Assemblymember Kevin Mullin. He develops the communications, public relations and constituent service strategy for the office and supervises a small team that represents Mr. Mullin in the 22nd Assembly District within San Mateo County. He has over twenty year’s experience working with elected officials at the local, state and federal level developing public policy.

Jerry’s public service started with his local neighborhood association that progressed to the California State Assembly and Senate where he authored legislation resulting in laws on issues related to consumer protection, utility safety, coastal protection, public health, education and the environment. Jerry was born and raised in San Francisco, receiving his BA from the University of California, Berkeley and a Teaching Credential from San Francisco State University.

Magda Gonzalez

Magda was most recently the City Manager for the City of Half Moon Bay, California. Prior she was the City Manager of East Palo Alto, California and Assistant City Manager, Redwood City. Magda was President of Cal-ICMA, representing the Local Government Hispanic Network and serves on the Board of Directors for the San Mateo Credit Union and the Latino Leadership Council of San Mateo County. Magda is also a member of ICMA and the State Bar of California and received several awards and recognitions, including Career Excellence Award (WLG) and the Ethical Hero Award from Cal-ICMA.

Jeremy Dennis

Jeremy currently serves as Portola Valley Town Manager. Previously, he’s worked for elected officials at all governance levels, including twice as District Director for local assemblymembers. He worked as the Palo Alto Long Range Planning Director, and for San Mateo County in management roles. Jeremy has a Masters in Urban Planning from the London School of Economics, and graduated from UC Davis studying US History/Political Science.

Kate Comfort-Harr

Kate is Executive Director of HIP Housing, a nonprofit specializing in creative affordable housing solutions throughout San Mateo County. Kate is a frequent speaker on a wide array of affordable housing topics and is passionate about the cultivation of collaborations between the private, public and social sectors. She serves on the Board of Directors for the San Mateo Credit Union and was awarded the Chamber San Mateo County’s 2020 Business Woman of the Year Award.

Program Director for Master of Public Administration

Jerome nadel.

Jerome Nadel is Internationally experienced design-led marketing executive (CMO and GM) with a track record of improved market position, revenue growth, and M&A. He is an advance degreed psychologist and user experience product/service design expert, board member and advisor. Jerome recently retired from Rambus as where he was CMO and GM of the security software division that he led the sale to Visa. He has had a variety of chief marketing officer and chief user experience officer roles at companies including Human Factors International, SLP InfoWare, Gemplus, and Sagem. He started his career in the IBM Human Factors Labs. He is also an avid cyclist with National and multiple California State Champion titles.

Unveiling the Distinctions: Master of Arts (MA) vs. Master of Science (MS) Degrees

Introduction: decoding academic variations.

Embarking on the pursuit of advanced degrees often involves choosing between a Master of Arts (MA) and a Master of Science (MS). This section sets the stage for unraveling the intricacies that differentiate these two academic paths and understanding how the choice between an MA and an MS can shape one’s educational experience.

The Core Philosophies: Arts vs. Sciences

At the heart of the MA vs. MS debate lies a fundamental difference in philosophical approach. This part of the guide explores how the distinction between arts and sciences influences the curriculum, coursework, and overall focus of these degrees, providing insights into the foundational principles that define each.

Academic Rigor: Analyzing Course Structures

Delving into the academic rigor of MA and MS programs, this section scrutinizes the course structures and requirements. It examines how each degree emphasizes theoretical knowledge, practical application, and research components, offering prospective students a glimpse into the intellectual demands of their chosen path.

Research Emphasis: Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Tracks

A crucial aspect that distinguishes MA and MS programs is the emphasis on research. Here, we explore the thesis and non-thesis tracks associated with each degree. From the intensive research projects required in MS programs to the broader exploration of topics in MA programs, this section sheds light on the research-centric nature of these degrees.

Subject-Specific Examples: Navigating Disciplinary Variances

To provide a concrete understanding, this part of the article delves into subject-specific examples, illustrating how the MA vs. MS dynamic plays out in various disciplines. Whether it’s psychology, computer science, or economics, we explore how the choice between an MA and an MS aligns with the unique demands of each field.

Professional Applications: MA and MS in the Working World

How do MA and MS degrees translate into the professional realm? This section investigates the practical applications of these degrees in the working world. It examines how employers perceive and value MA and MS qualifications, shedding light on the career trajectories that each degree might facilitate.

Flexibility in Specialization: Customizing Your Academic Journey

One of the advantages of pursuing an advanced degree is the opportunity to specialize in a particular area of interest. Here, we explore how MA and MS programs offer flexibility in specialization, allowing students to tailor their academic journey to align with their passions and career aspirations.

Admission Criteria: Navigating the Entry Gates

The journey towards an MA or MS degree begins with the admission process. This section breaks down the admission criteria, shedding light on the prerequisites, standardized testing requirements, and other factors that prospective students need to consider when applying for these advanced programs.

Financial Considerations: Investing in Your Education

As with any educational pursuit, financial considerations are paramount. This part of the guide discusses the potential costs associated with MA and MS programs, exploring factors such as tuition, scholarships, and the return on investment in terms of future career opportunities.

Alumni Perspectives: Learning from Those Who Have Walked the Path

To offer a holistic view, this section features insights from alumni who have earned MA or MS degrees. Their experiences, challenges, and successes provide valuable perspectives for those considering or currently navigating the MA vs. MS decision-making process.

Conclusion: Your Academic Odyssey Awaits

In conclusion, the choice between a Master of Arts and a Master of Science is a nuanced decision that goes beyond mere nomenclature. It shapes the trajectory of your academic journey and influences your future career. Whether you lean towards the depth of research in an MS program or the interdisciplinary approach of an MA program, remember that your choice is a reflection of your academic passions and career aspirations. As you embark on this academic odyssey, consider the distinct features of each degree and choose the path that aligns with your educational and professional goals.

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• Choosing Between a Professional Project or a Master’s Thesis
• UB Directory

Choosing Between a Professional Project or a Master’s Thesis

Students have the option of culminating their program by completing either a professional master’s project or a master’s thesis.  This section reviews these options, which vary by nature of supervision, number of credits, and product outcome.  

Professional Master’s Project

The professional project report option simulates an exercise typical of professional planners in practice.  The exercise occurs in the final semester of a student’s program and is completed as part of a 3-credit semester-long course that provides practice and guidance under faculty direction.  The exercise yields a professional report of approximately 12-15 pages (not including cover and executive summary) that includes an introduction to an assigned planning issue or problem, background information sufficient to understand the issue or problem, application of appropriate analytic methods and data, and recommendation of appropriate approaches or solutions all of a professional quality sufficient to be submitted for public scrutiny.  Students pursuing a specialization within the program will also be expected to demonstrate mastery of material and skills in that area of concentration.

The instructor will present a planning issue, municipality or challenge on which the student must work.  The planning issue or challenge will be formulated to allow students sufficient breadth to individually synthesize material and apply skills and knowledge to competently address the situation, just as in a real-world planning context.

Master’s Thesis

The master’s thesis is an academic product prepared under the direction of a faculty committee with a minimum of two department faculty members, one of whom is designated the chair and the other the reader.  Additional academic or professionally qualified persons may also serve as readers. 

The thesis   is a scholarly work conforming to academic conventions and yielding a finished product typically including a clear research question, review of literature, hypotheses, appropriate research design/methodology, implementation of the research design, findings, and conclusions.  The format of the thesis product is an electronic version of a formal document consistent with stipulations of the UB Graduate School.  Theses may also take the form of an applied product emphasizing data collection, analysis, and interpretation, perhaps involving plan preparation or policy analysis. 

The thesis option carries 6 course credits, with a maximum of 3 credits taken in any single semester.  Students must take 3 credits of URP 698 Master’s Thesis Preparation in their next-to-last semester, with the remaining 3 credits in their final semester as URP 699 Master’s Thesis.  Students completing a thesis will be scheduled for a final oral public presentation of their work toward the end of their final semester.  The scheduling of the thesis presentation/defense should be arranged by the student and his/her thesis committee.

Students do not automatically qualify to pursue a thesis as their culminating option.  To follow this option, students must prepare a formal thesis proposal and must gain agreement from a two-person faculty committee willing to supervise the work.  This is then forwarded to our school’s Divisional Committee for approval.  If students are unable to form a thesis committee, they shall follow the professional project option as their culminating exercise. 

Which Path Should You Follow?

Students should select the option that most closely matches their professional and academic career path. Students pursuing professional planning practice may prefer the professional project report option. This option draws upon a student’s coursework and skills to demonstrate professional competency in the field.  As a 3-credit project, it frees the student to take an additional 3-credit course in the program. Most students select the professional project report option. 

Students who have a deep interest in a particular planning topic, have strong writing and analytic skills, have an interest in conducting independent research, and who anticipate additional academic degree work in the future (say, toward a Ph.D. degree) may wish to pursue the master’s thesis option.  The thesis is the more traditionally academic of the two options. 

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MA vs MS in Biology: What’s the Difference?

July 25, 2021 By WLU Webmaster

Pursuing a graduate degree in biology, students can choose between the two programs, a Master of Arts degree or a Master of Science degree. As a student deciding which program to pursue, continue reading for more information on a MA vs MS in biology. 

MA in Biology

When considering the differences between MA vs NS in Biology, the traditional MA in Biology is usually chosen by students who want to obtain a degree that will prepare them for future schooling. A MA in biology is also an opportunity to advance skill sets, often giving students the ability to move up in the workplace. A MA in Biology allows students to focus on their expertise in one or more subjects, such as biochemistry or cell biology.

MS in Biology

The traditional MS in Biology will prepare students for teaching and research-related careers. This degree can also lay the groundwork for students who are interested in doctoral programs. Throughout this program, students will be able to choose which subjects they want to specialize in.

Requirements

An MS in Biology requires students to complete a research thesis and participate in a graduate seminar. Both degrees require a 3.0 GPA or higher to complete the programs along with other graded requirements. One of the main differences between the MA vs MS in biology is MA candidates do not conduct thesis research throughout their studies. 

Coursework for both programs is usually about the same, consisting of at least 30 hours. Both degrees will consist of mostly upper-level biology coursework with a few variations between the two, MS being more research-focused. Each degree takes around 2 years to complete for a full-time student.

What Can I do With an MS in Biology?

Upon completion, students will be able to conduct laboratory research, demonstrate advanced concepts in biological sciences, interpret and analyze biometric principles, communicate research findings, and more. Students can find job opportunities as zoologists, microbiologists, environmental scientists, epidemiologists, etc. 

What Can I do With a MA in Biology?

Upon completion, students will be able to demonstrate fundamental biological concepts, communicate ideas through writing and oral presentation, analyze and review literature, and demonstrate other scientific skill sets. Students can find job opportunities as Ecologists, education program managers, educational specialists, research scientists, and more.

Find out which program interests you and apply today at West Liberty University or visit our MA/MS Biology programs for more information.

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In-Depth Guide: Differences Between an MA and an MS in Psychology

Ma vs ms in psychology.

An MA in psychology focuses on the actual application of psychological and counseling concepts and techniques in clinical settings, whereas an MS in psychology focuses on the research, scientific methods and the science behind psychology rather than the application of psychological techniques in clinical settings.

If you are considering attending a graduate psychology school , you are almost immediately faced with a decision – should you pursue a Master of Arts (MA) in Psychology or a Master of Science (MS) in Psychology?

In many ways, these degrees are extremely similar. In fact, you will find that there’s likely much more overlap between the two than differences. Yet, there are some features of these programs that make them unique, and those features could have an impact on your choice of program.

This guide offers some insights into the differences between these popular psychology degree options. Use it to inform yourself about each program’s unique qualities so you can make an informed decision about your educational future.

What is an MA in Psychology?

An MA in psychology is a Master of Arts. These programs are typically two to three years in length and require the completion of 30 or more semester credits of coursework. The number of credits needed to graduate varies significantly, though.

In most cases, MA programs follow a liberal arts curriculum. In psychology, this means focusing less on research and focusing more on the application of psychological theories and techniques, such as in a therapeutic setting.

For example, an MA in psychology might require that you take courses that expose you to social or cultural applications of psychology, like multicultural psychology or the psychology of racism. Moreover, you might be more likely to learn counseling and therapeutic skills in a Master of Arts program.

Moreover, you may find that certain psychological specialties tend to be MA programs rather than MS programs. For example, clinical psychology and counseling psychology programs frequently culminate in a Master of Arts degree.

Additionally, MA programs are usually structured to be stepping stones for licensure as a practicing psychologist . So, if you want to pursue a career as a psychologist who helps clients with mental health issues, a Master of Arts program might be a better fit than an MS program.

What is an MS in Psychology?

An MS in psychology is a Master of Science. Like an MA, an MS in psychology is also a two or three-year program, though you will find great variability in the length of MS programs, with some requiring 33-36 credits to graduate and others requiring more than 60 credits.

Generally speaking, MS programs focus much more on the science of psychology rather than the application of psychology in a therapeutic setting. This means that coursework often includes psychological statistics, psychological research methods, and experimental design, to name a few.

With this focus on the scientific bases of psychology, an MS degree in psychology might be a good fit if you want to work in psychological research. For example, you might specialize your MS education to focus on Alzheimer’s research, then work as a research assistant in an Alzheimer’s research lab. Similarly, an MS might be more appropriate if you want to study animal behavior in a comparative psychology setting.

As such, if you don’t want to work in a therapeutic setting or pursue licensure, an MS program might be a better fit for your needs.

Overlap in MA and MS Programs

It’s important to note that despite the general differences outlined above, there is a lot of overlap between MA and MS programs.

For example, while MA programs might focus more on liberal arts studies, you will likely find that most MA programs also have psychological research components. Likewise, many MS programs include theoretical coursework.

In other words, it might be prudent to focus less on the type of master’s degree and more on the program’s requirements. This includes any specializations that are offered as part of your studies.

For example, if you want to be a counseling psychologist , you will find many MA programs that might suit your interests. However, it might surprise you to find that the best fit is actually an MS program that includes studies in both psychological science and the application of psychological theories in a therapeutic setting.

Conversely, if you want to become a research psychologist , the likeliest path you will take is in an MS program. But, you may discover that an MA program with a specialization in psychological research offers a better fit for your career goals.

As mentioned earlier, most MA programs lead to licensure, while many MS programs do not. This is not always the case, though. There are some non-licensure MA programs, just like there are some MS programs that prepare you for licensure.

The overlap between these two programs can be extremely confusing. Yet, this is all the more reason to pay closer attention to the specific training a program offers rather than the type of degree you will earn.

Can I Earn MA and MS in Psychology Online?

Yes! Online learning is far more common than it used to be. You can earn an MA or an MS in psychology at hundreds of different colleges and universities around the nation. This includes well-known and high-ranking schools like Arizona State University, the University of Oregon, and Harvard University, to name a few.

When choosing an online psychology graduate program (or an on-campus one, for that matter), take care to choose one that’s accredited. You can consult the programs accredited by the Masters in Psychology and Counseling Accreditation Council (MPCAC). Alternatively, you can select a program accredited by the National Association of School Psychologists if you specialize in that field.

Accreditation is critical for a variety of reasons, not the least of which is that accredited programs are held to a higher standard of academic rigor.

Likewise, licensure may depend on holding a degree from an accredited program. Graduating from an accredited program is a must if you intend to become a professional psychologist.

Differences in Career Opportunities

Ultimately, the career opportunities available after graduation have more to do with the specific studies in your program rather than your degree saying Master of Arts or Master of Science.

For example, suppose you want to work in community mental health as a counseling psychologist. In that case, employers will be more interested in the coursework you completed and your field experiences rather than whether you have an MA or an MS. Likewise, if you apply for a job as a psychological researcher with a governmental agency, they will look more at your research experience than they will at the type of degree you earned.

Having said that, the course of study of your degree can greatly impact the type of jobs for which you qualify.

For example, a Master of Arts that has a 1,000-hour internship in psychology prepares you to be a clinical psychologist much better than a Master of Science with a required thesis. On the flip side, if your goal is to become a psychology professor, a Master of Science degree with a required research component might open more doors for your future career than a Master of Arts in general psychology.

Which One is Better? MA or MS?

MA and MS programs in psychology are both excellent routes for achieving your academic and occupational goals. One isn’t better than the other, per se. Rather, the best degree program for you is the one that best prepares you for your future. In some instances, this will be an MA program. In other instances, an MS program will be more appropriate.

As you search for a graduate program in psychology, it’s worth consulting with psychologists for guidance about how you should proceed. For example, if you want to become a developmental psychologist, reach out to someone that practices developmental psychology and ask them if an MA or MS program is more appropriate.’

It’s also worth contacting department chairs to ask questions about their degree programs. University faculty are typically very open about helping prospective students determine the best course of action.

Can You Get a Masters in Psychology with a Different Bachelor’s?

Though it’s often easier to go into a graduate program in psychology with a bachelor’s degree in psychology , it isn’t always required. In many cases, psychology graduate schools accept students with related degrees, such as human services, social work, or sociology. You might even find that you can be admitted to a graduate program in psychology with a completely unrelated bachelor’s degree, too.

If your undergraduate degree isn’t in psychology, you might have to complete some prerequisite courses before being fully admitted to a psychology graduate program. Usually, schools outline what these prerequisites might be on their websites.

If need be, contact the school’s psychology department to obtain more information about the admissions requirements and what you need to do to meet them without a bachelor’s degree in psychology.

What is the Difference Between an MS and MA in Forensic Psychology?

An MS in Forensic Psychology emphasizes scientific research, quantitative methods, and data analysis. In contrast, an MA in Forensic Psychology offers a broader approach, focusing on theory, counseling techniques, and qualitative research. The MS is research-oriented, while the MA leans towards practical application within the criminal justice system.

MS in Forensic Psychology

• Emphasis : Strongly oriented toward the scientific and research aspects of forensic psychology.
• Coursework : Prioritizes quantitative research methods, statistical analysis, and empirical study.
• Career Trajectory : Geared towards students interested in research roles, policy development, or further academic pursuits like a PhD.
• Project Requirement : Generally mandates a research thesis.

MA in Forensic Psychology

• Emphasis : Takes a broader, more holistic approach, often focusing on the theoretical and practical application aspects of the field.
• Coursework : May highlight counseling techniques, qualitative research, and a socio-cultural understanding of individuals in legal contexts.
• Career Trajectory : Suitable for those aiming for counseling, therapy, or practical roles within the criminal justice system.
• Project Requirement : Might offer options such as capstone projects, fieldwork, or practical experiences instead of a traditional thesis.

When choosing between an MS or MA, consider your long-term goals, whether they lean more towards research or practical application, and always investigate specific program offerings of individual institutions.

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M.A. Degree in Energy and Earth Resources

The Master of Arts degree in Energy and Earth Resources (EER) is intended for those that seek to build critical knowledge and skills with qualitative underpinnings for their graduate work and who desire to take courses and conduct a thesis project along the lines of the types carried out in policy, law, business, humanities, liberal arts, and some technical fields.

Admission Requirements Specific to the M.A. Degree

Bachelor of Arts or Science or subsequent graduate degree that included successful completion of a course in or advance credit for economics or calculus. The Graduate Advisor will determine the eligibility of international students whose previous degrees and course requirements do not conform directly with the U.S. model.

Students who enter the EER program seeking the Master of Arts degree and decide they would prefer to seek the Master of Science degree, but do not meet these admission requirements for that degree, may petition the Graduate Advisor to complete them as additional credit hours. These credit hours may not count towards the Master of Science Degree. Students who enter as Master of Science degree candidates may switch to the Master of Arts degree during the course of their studies with permission of the Graduate Advisor.

M.S. Degree in Energy and Earth Resources

The Master of Science degree in Energy and Earth Resources (EER) is intended for those that seek a quantitative underpinning for their graduate work and who desire to conduct a thesis project that is research based along the lines of those prepared in science and engineering. It is the preferred degree with some employers in the energy, mineral, and water resources fields.

Admission Requirements Specific to the M.S. Degree

Bachelor of Science degree or Bachelor of Arts or subsequent graduate degree that included successful completion of a course in or advance credit for calculus and at least 24 hours of credit in science, engineering, economics, mathematics, computer science or statistics. The Graduate Advisor will determine the eligibility of international students whose previous degrees and course requirements do not conform directly with the U.S. model.

Students who enter the EER program seeking the Master of Arts degree and decide they would prefer to seek the Master of Science degree, but do not meet these admission requirements, may petition the Graduate Advisor to complete them as additional credit hours. These credit hours may not count towards the Master of Science Degree. Students who enter as Master of Science degree candidates may switch to the Master of Arts degree during the course of their studies with permission of the Graduate Advisor.

Nine credit hours from courses of a quantitative or analytical nature. These courses will include quantitative and/or analytical methods and approaches applicable to understanding energy and earth resources and technologies and must be approved by the student’s thesis supervisor and the Graduate Advisor.

The thesis supervisor must be a faculty member in an M.S. degree granting department or an EER Graduate Studies Committee member from a research organization conducting research appropriate for this M.S. degree.

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Ma/ms thesis.

For any MS/MA degree you must complete a thesis. You do not complete a thesis for the MTC program. The English Department offers two thesis options: Plan A and Plan B. 

The Supervisory Committee

A master’s thesis committee must be comprised of at least three members. Once a faculty member has agreed to serve as your committee chair (which means they will be the faculty member you work most closely with as you complete your thesis), you should work with the chair to select the other two committee members.

Each member of the committee must have at least a master’s degree, and at least one member of the committee should be from outside your area of emphasis (whether inside or outside of the department). If you request a non-tenure-line faculty member to chair or be a member of a thesis committee, and this faculty member has not previously been approved by the area (folklore, etc.) committee to do so, the DGS must receive written approval from the area committee.

Once you’ve selected your committee, you will need to fill out a Supervisory Committee Form with Carol Hatch , the department’s Graduate Program Coordinator (GPC)

The committee should be approved by the end of the second semester of your graduate study.

The Proposal

Before you write a thesis you will write a thesis proposal, which will describe your intended project for your committee and ensure that you have their approval and recommendations before you get too far into your work. You will schedule a proposal “defense” (much less intense than the actual thesis defense) with the whole committee one you’ve completed the proposal, and then with their approval you will fill out the Thesis/Project Approval form [LINK]. 

The faculty in your specific program, especially your thesis advisor, will help guide you on the specifics of a proposal for your field. As a general guide, please see the following documents:

• Plan A Thesis Proposal Guide  
• Plan B Thesis Proposal Guide  

Before you start writing even the roughest draft of your Plan A thesis or your Plan B project, do the following:

• Change the left margins on your document to 1.5” and verify that the top, bottom, and right margins are 1”.
• Learn what page breaks are and how to use them. Do not use multiple returns to create page breaks. Use the actual page break feature. For example, table of contents, copyright page, and the first page of your writing should all have a page break.
• Learn how to use headings and associated section breaks. Using headings and section breaks keeps your table of contents accurate as you write and edit. It also makes your work more accessible to people with disabilities.
• Consult with your major professor/thesis chair to determine which style guide (e.g., MLA, APA, or Chicago) you’re going to use. If it involves footnotes, put those in as you go!
• Learn how to use tab stops. You should not be using tab repeatedly to create an indent other than a general paragraph indent.

If you are writing a non-traditional thesis (such as incorporating a podcast or a website or incorporating a multi-paper format), make sure your thesis committee approves the structure/format at your proposal defense.

If you are writing a creative writing thesis, most likely you will wish to preserve the intellectual property rights for future publication. If so, you will need to complete an  Embargo Request  . Your thesis chair will inform the GPC to send the form around for signatures.

Contact the English Department’s Thesis Reviewer,  Jenny Mansfield  as you begin writing your thesis for help with formatting your thesis in accordance with  USU publication guidelines . Jenny will also check your completed thesis before you submit it to the Graduate School.

The Defense 

Once you and your thesis chair decide that your thesis is complete, you will need to defend it before your supervisory committee. This is a formal event, about which your thesis chair will talk with you in detail. A typical MA/MS thesis defense involves a short presentation / overview of the work by the student, which can be open to the public if the student chooses, followed by a closed session (meaning the student and any guests leave the room) during which the committee discusses their thoughts and creates a series of questions or talking points that they want to pose to the student. When the student is invited back in, the discussion period begins, during which the student addresses the committee’s comments and questions.

The student will be asked to leave the room again while the committee confers, and the student will be brought back in to hear the committee’s decision. The committee may decide to pass the thesis with or without revisions, which may be major or minor. Remember, while this is called a “defense,” and while you will indeed be expected to defend your work, the goal of the thesis defense is not to trip you up and catch you in a mistake. Rather, the goal is to provide you with an opportunity to contextualize your work, to explain the decisions you made along the way, and to showcase your expertise on the topic. 

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MastersInCounseling.org

Online guide to counseling degrees and careers

MA vs MS In Counseling (Master Of Arts vs Master Of Science)

There are few different degree options for students interested in pursuing a master’s degree in counseling. Throughout your search, you’ve likely come across Master of Science (MS) in counseling programs AND Master of Arts (MA) in counseling programs—two degrees with similar requirements, but slightly different outcomes.

To learn more about both degrees, as well as other graduate-level counseling programs, click on the links below:

What Is A Master Of Arts (MA) In Counseling?

What is a master of science (ms) in counseling, what is the difference between the two degrees, other degree types to consider: m.ed. in counseling, masters in counseling psychology, and masters in social work, can i earn an ms or an ma in counseling online.

Online counseling programs are incredibly popular due to their versatility in the professional world. Counseling degrees come in all shapes and sizes, and you can specialize in a number of different areas. The accredited degree programs below will help you find the right one that meets both your profession and educational goals.

A Master of Arts (MA) in counseling is a humanities-based postgraduate degree. MA degrees are often interdisciplinary, incorporating skills and knowledge from subjects like history, philosophy, literature, ethics, and psychology.

Many MA programs require students to complete a thesis or a research project to graduate. A thesis project or research papers are not always required, but both involve crafting an argument on a specific topic. Research projects, required or elective, are a great way to bolster your resume.

MA in counseling programs offer a unique set of courses and seminars designed to prepare students to work as trained clinicians. While enrolled in an MA in counseling program, you can expect to take a variety of different courses that cover topics such as:

• Foundations of Counseling
• Social and Cultural Foundations of Counseling
• Theories of Counseling
• Techniques of Group Counseling
• Professional Orientation and Ethical Practice

These are just a few of the many classes you’ll take. You’ll also take classes that cover areas of specialty, counseling techniques, human growth and development, and many others.

You’ll likely have to choose an area of specialty while enrolled in an MA program. This isn’t always the case, but it’s something to consider before applying to a program. If you know which area you’d like to specialize in, make sure the school you wish to attend offers that concentration. There are over 20 different specialties in the counseling field.

Below are few of the many areas of specialization from which to choose:

• Substance abuse
• Marriage and family therapy
• School counseling
• Career counseling
• Child/Adolescent therapy
• Mental health
• Spiritual counseling

Again, not all MA programs require students to choose an area of interest. But if you want to practice as a licensed counselor, you’ll likely need to consider the population you wish to serve. If you want to work with children, you’ll need to take courses in child psychology. If you want to work with individuals with substance-related problems, courses in addiction counseling and treatment methods will be required by your state’s licensing board. Your level of education will also determine what jobs you qualify for.

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A Master of Science (MS) in counseling is a postgraduate degree often based on scientific learning. These programs are largely research-based and provide a more scientific and evidence-based overview of the field.

Some programs are uniquely designed to prepare graduates for post-doctoral training as either researchers or professors. If you want to continue your studies even further, a school with an existing PhD-degree program, might be worth looking into. Students planning to continue in a doctoral program are often encouraged to complete a thesis or to take the lead in research projects during their master’s program. This helps with applying to doctoral programs.

while enrolled in an MS in counseling program, you can expect to take a variety of different courses that cover topics such as:

• Research Methods and Techniques
• Psychological Measurement and Evaluation
• Research Problems in Adult Education
• Psychometrics

An MS in Counseling program often requires students to choose an area of specialty. There are many areas of specialty in this field, some of which include the following:

Many states require you to earn a master’s degree from a CACREP-accredited program. This is part of the licensing process, and an important consideration when researching schools. This accreditation confirms that the program has voluntarily undergone a rigorous review process.

To verify accreditation, visit the school’s website as well as the counseling department’s website. If you plan to choose an area of specialty, verify that the required courses will fulfill the qualifications necessary to practice in your state. Each state has its own licensing criteria. This information can be found by contacting your state’s professional counseling licensure board.

Counselors also voluntarily seek out national credentials and membership in professional organizations. These organizations often include the following:

• The American Mental Health Counseling Association : The American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) is the leading national organization for licensed clinical mental health counselors.
• The American Counseling Association : The American Counseling Association is a not-for-profit, professional and educational organization that is dedicated to the growth and enhancement of the counseling profession.
• The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy : The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) is the professional association for the field of marriage and family therapy. They represent the professional interests of more than 50,000 marriage and family therapists throughout the United States, Canada, and abroad.
• The American School Counselor Association : The American School Counselor Association (ASCA) supports school counselors’ efforts to help students focus on academic, career, and social/emotional development so they achieve success in school, and are prepared to lead fulfilling lives as responsible members of society.

Each school has its own set of required coursework. However, while no two programs are the same, you can expect some overlap when it comes to the core courses and some electives. But in order to choose the right degree, we’ve outlined a few notable differences to consider:

An MS degree is best suited for students who have earned a bachelor’s degree in psychology or a related field, while a master of arts in counseling is ideal for students with a general bachelor’s degree, such as English. These programs are designed to incorporate lab work, scientific research, analysis, and evaluation. Students with strong logical and mathematical skills are best suited for this type of degree.

If you’re leaning towards an MA degree, you likely have a bachelor’s degree in the humanities. The humanities include, but are not limited to, history, literature, philosophy and ethics, foreign languages and cultures, linguistics, and archaeology. While this not always the case, MA programs typically focus on research and advanced educational experiences that include workshops and research projects.

Again, both an MS and an MA require students to conduct research, complete a clinical component, and study the laws and regulations that govern this field. Counselors in BOTH a theoretical and an applied manner must be knowledgeable about treatment and support options.

For students who earn an MS in Counseling, the same accreditation standards apply. To practice in your state, you’ll need to earn your degree from a CACREP-accredited program. You’ll also need to verify your state’s licensing requirements for counselors.

Both programs often take two years to complete; however, the length of time students are in school depends on their particular program and whether or not they’re attending part-time or full-time.

Some schools offer an accelerated program that allows students to complete their bachelor’s and master’s degree in counseling in five years rather than six. Accelerated programs are typically designed for full-time working adults. These programs are structured for minimal commitment of in-class/on-campus time but require full-time attendance. Accelerated programs also move at a much faster pace. This may not be ideal for all students. Those enrolled in accelerated programs are comfortable learning at a quicker rate.

Your degree options are not limited to an MS or an MA. There are a few other degree options worth researching. The more you know about your interests and the program options available to you, the better.

Let’s take a look at other graduate-level programs in counseling. These degree programs are similar to an MA or an MS in counseling, but with a slightly different scope.

• M.Ed. In Counseling : This degree is designed for practitioners who wish to work in education as a researcher or a school counselor. If you want to work as a school counselor, make sure the program offers the necessary coursework to do so. Not all M.E.d. programs are designed to prepare graduates to work as school counselors. However, if you’re interested in education and education research, an M.E.d. might be worth pursuing.
• Masters In Counseling Psychology : This degree is similar to an MA or an MS in counseling in that graduates are prepared to work as a licensed counselor. The difference lies in the curriculum. Counseling psychology programs require students to take courses in the core areas of psychological science. These courses may cover such topics as the psychology of aging, psychopathology, applied psychological research, psychodynamic models of counseling, just to name a few.
• Masters In Social Work (MSW) : While not a counseling degree, an MSW allows graduates to provide counseling services. Social workers are employed in a variety of settings, including hospitals, mental health clinics, schools, nonprofit agencies, and government offices.

If you want to work as a licensed counselor, you’ll need to find a program designed to prepare graduates for licensure. If you don’t want to work as a counselor, but instead, as a researcher or an educator, an M.E.d. program might be better fit. It’s a good idea to know your career goals in advance to ensure your degree is worth your time and resources. Professional counselors are licensed in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

While there is overlap between counseling and psychology programs, they are not the same. If you want to study psychology and work as a licensed psychologist, a degree in counseling is not the right fit. Counselors and psychologists are not the same. A psychologist is a health professional with specific training based on clinical psychological research.

Similar to a counselor, a psychologist must regularly receive continuing education and maintain licensure, but these requirements are different and are regulated by different governing bodies.

Many schools now offer online degree programs in counseling, at both the bachelor’s and master’s degree levels. Online programs are great options for students who need scheduling flexibility to accommodate family, work, or other responsibilities. What’s unique about online programs is the flexibility. Some programs allow students to complete their studies without set deadlines. This gives working students the freedom to progress at their own pace.

Not all online programs provide scheduling flexibility. Each school has its own program structure. Some online programs do require students to attend a few classes on-site. If you’re interested in taking classes online, make sure to inquire about attendance requirements.

Most programs require students to complete a clinical component. In fact, if a program does not include a clinical component, you might want to investigate the school further. Students must be approved for field placement by an advisor. Approval often requires the completion in courses that comprise the counseling core.

Students must complete a certain amount of clinical hours in order to receive their counseling license. The number of hours differs from state to state. It’s important for students completing their MA or MS in counseling degrees online to make sure their chosen school has a partnership with a local hospital or other facility in order to complete their clinical training.

Clinicals are a critical part of the counseling education. Here’s what you should know about clinicals:

• Clinical training typically requires students to complete a set amount of hours in order to graduate.
• A portion of your clinical training will include working face-to-face with clients while supervised by a licensed counselor.
• Clinical training requires on-site supervision and must be completed in specified amount of time, as determined by the degree program and your advisor.
• Online students must allow complete clinical training. Each online program is different and will have its own requirements and plan for completion.

When researching degree programs, it’s also helpful to consider what areas with the highest concentration of jobs and location quotients in this occupation. If you’re able to move, you might want to research degree programs in metropolitan areas with more counseling jobs available. This way you’re trained AND licensed in the state you wish to practice. Let’s have a look at the areas with the highest concentration of jobs and location quotients for counselors. (Source: BLS.gov: Occupational Employment And Wages: Nursing Assistants, data as of May 2017 .)

The BLS annually publishes updated job statistics for my occupations, including counseling. It’s helpful to know where you skills are needed most, in case it’s difficult to find work where you currently reside. If you want to go into private practice, this information might be more useful, you’ll need to assess the local market and raise awareness of your services.

Before making a final choice, students should make sure to research a variety of graduate schools, both traditional and online. For more information about counseling graduate programs, visit the Council for Accreditation of Counseling & Related Educational Programs’ website or the American Psychology Association’s website for a list of accredited graduate programs.

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