is getting a phd in chemistry hard

April 19, 2012

What does a Ph.D. in chemistry get you?

By Janet D. Stemwedel

This article was published in Scientific American’s former blog network and reflects the views of the author, not necessarily those of Scientific American

A few weeks back, Chemjobber had an interesting post looking at the pros and cons of a PhD program in chemistry at a time when job prospects for PhD chemists are grim. The post was itself a response to a piece in the Chronicle of Higher Education by a neuroscience graduate student named Jon Bardin which advocated strongly that senior grad students look to non-traditional career pathways to have both their Ph.D.s and permanent jobs that might sustain them. Bardin also suggested that graduate students "learn to approach their education as a series of learning opportunities rather than a five-year-long job interview," recognizing the relative luxury of having a "safe environment" in which to learn skills that are reasonably portable and useful in a wide range of career trajectories -- all while taking home a salary (albeit a graduate-stipend sized one).

Chemjobber replied :

Here's what I think Mr. Bardin's essay elides: cost. His Ph.D. education (and mine) were paid for by the US taxpayer. Is this the best deal that the taxpayer can get? As I've said in the past , I think society gets a pretty good deal: they get 5+ years of cheap labor in science, (hopefully) contributions to greater knowledge and, at the end of the process, they get a trained scientist. Usually, that trained scientist can go on to generate new innovations in their independent career in industry or academia. It's long been my supposition that the latter will pay (directly and indirectly) for the former. If that's not the case, is this a bargain that society should continue to support? Mr. Bardin also shows a great deal of insouciance about the costs to himself: what else could he have done, if he hadn't gone to graduate school? When we talk about the costs of getting a Ph.D., I believe that we don't talk enough about the sheer length of time (5+ years) and what other training might have been taken during that time. Opportunity costs matter! An apprenticeship at a microbrewery (likely at a similar (if not higher) pay scale as a graduate student) or a 1 or 2 year teaching certification process easily fits in the half-decade that most of us seem to spend in graduate school. Are the communications skills and the problem-solving skills that he gained worth the time and the (opportunity) cost? Could he have obtained those skills somewhere else for a lower cost?

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Chemjobber also note that while a Ph.D. in chemistry may provide tools for range of careers, actually having a Ph.D. in chemistry on your resume is not necessarily advantageous in securing a job in one of those career.

As you might imagine this is an issue to which I have given some thought. After all, I have a Ph.D. in chemistry and am not currently employed in a job that is at all traditional for a Ph.D. in chemistry. However, given that it has been nearly two decades since I last dipped a toe into the job market for chemistry Ph.D.s, my observations should be taken with a large grain of sodium chloride.

First off, how should one think of a Ph.D. program in chemistry? There are many reasons you might value a Ph.D. program. A Ph.D. program may be something you value primarily because it prepares you for a career of a certain sort. It may also be something you value for what it teaches you, whether about your own fortitude in facing challenges, or about how the knowledge is built. Indeed, it is possible --- maybe even common --- to value your Ph.D. program for more than one of these reasons at a time. And some weeks, you may value it primarily because it seemed like the path of least resistance compared to landing a "real job" right out of college.

I certainly don't think it's the case that valuing one of these aspects of a Ph.D. program over the others is right or wrong. But ...

Economic forces in the world beyond your graduate program might be such that there aren't as many jobs suited to your Ph.D. chemist skills as there are Ph.D. chemists competing for those jobs. Among other things, this means that earning a Ph.D. in chemistry does not guarantee you a job in chemistry on the other end.

To which, as the proud holder of a Ph.D. in philosophy, I am tempted to respond: join the club! Indeed, I daresay that recent college graduates in many, many majors have found themselves in a world where a bachelors degree guarantees little except that the student loans will still need to be repaid.

To be fair, my sense is that the mismatch between supply of Ph.D. chemists and demand for Ph.D. chemists in the workplace is not new. I have a vivid memory of being an undergraduate chemistry major, circa 1988 or 1989, and being told that the world needed more Ph.D. chemists. I have an equally vivid memory of being a first-year chemistry graduate student, in early 1990, and picking up a copy of Chemical & Engineering News in which I read that something like 30% too many Ph.D. chemists were being produced given the number of available jobs for Ph.D. chemists. Had the memo not reached my undergraduate chemistry professors? Or had I not understood the business model inherent in the production of new chemists?

Here, I'm not interested in putting forward a conspiracy theory about how this situation came to be. My point is that even back in the last millennium, those in the know had no reason to believe that making it through a Ph.D. program in chemistry would guarantee your employment as a chemist.

So, what should we say about this situation?

One response to this situation might be to throttle production of Ph.D. chemists.

This might result in a landscape where there is a better chance of getting a Ph.D. chemist job with your Ph.D. in chemistry. But, the market could shift suddenly (up or down). Were this to happen, it would take time to adjust the Ph.D. throughput in response. As well, current PIs would have to adjust to having fewer graduate students to crank out their data. Instead, they might have to pay more technicians and postdocs. Indeed, the number of available postdocs would likely drop once the number of Ph.D.s being produced more closely matched the number of permanent jobs for holders of those Ph.D.s.

Needless to say, this might be a move that the current generation of chemists with permanent positions at the research institutions that train new chemists would find unduly burdensome.

We might also worry about whether the thinning of the herd of chemists ought to happen on the basis of bachelors-level training. Being a successful chemistry major tends to reflect your ability to learn scientific knowledge, but it's not clear to me that this is a great predictor of how good you would be at the project of making new scientific knowledge.

In fact, the thinning of the herd wherever it happens seems to put a weird spin on the process of graduate-level education. Education , after all, tends to aim for something bigger, deeper, and broader than a particular set of job skills. This is not to say that developing skills is not an important part of an education --- it is! But in addition to these skills, one might want an understanding of the field in which one is being educated and its workings. I think this is connected to how being a chemist becomes linked to our identity, a matter of who we are rather than just of what we do.

Looked at this way, we might actually wonder about who could be harmed by throttling Ph.D. program enrollments.

Shouldn't someone who's up for the challenge have that experience open to her, even if there's no guarantee of a job at the other end? As long as people have accurate information with which to form reasonable expectations about their employment prospects, do we want to be paternalistic and tell them they can't?

(There are limits here, of course. There are not unlimited resources for the training of Ph.D. chemists, nor unlimited slots in graduate programs, nor in the academic labs where graduate students might participate meaningfully in research. The point is that maybe these limits are the ones that ought to determine how many people who want to learn how to be chemists get to do that.)

Believe it or not, we had a similar conversation in a graduate seminar filled with first and second year students in my philosophy Ph.D. program. Even philosophy graduate students have an interest in someday finding stable employment, the better to eat regularly and live indoors. Yet my sense was that even the best graduate students in my philosophy Ph.D. program recognized that employment in a job tailor-made for a philosophy Ph.D. was a chancy thing. Certainly, there were opportunity costs to being there. Certainly, there was a chance that one might end up trying to get hired to a job for which having a PhD would be viewed as a disadvantage to getting hired. But the graduate students in my philosophy program had, upon weighing the risks, decided to take the gamble.

How exactly are chemistry graduate students presumed to be different here? Maybe they are placing their bets at a table with higher payoffs, and where the game is more likely to pay off in the first place. But this is still not a situation in which one should expect that everyone is always going to win. Sometimes the house will win instead.

(Who's the house in this metaphor? Is it the PIs who depend on cheap grad-student labor? Universities with hordes of pre-meds who need chemistry TAs and lab instructors? The public that gets a screaming deal on knowledge production when you break it down in terms of price per publishable unit? A public that includes somewhat more members with a clearer idea of how scientific knowledge is built? Specifying the identity of the house is left as an exercise for the reader.)

Maybe the relevant difference between taking a gamble on a philosophy Ph.D. and taking a gamble on a chemistry Ph.D. is that the players in the latter have, purposely or accidentally, not been given accurate information about the odds of the game.

I think it's fair for chemistry graduate students to be angry and cynical about having been misled as far as likely prospects for employment. But given that it's been going on for at least a couple decades (and maybe more), how the hell is it that people in Ph.D. programs haven't already figured out the score? Is it that they expect that they will be the ones awesome enough to get those scarce jobs? Have they really not thought far enough ahead to seek information (maybe even from a disinterested source) about how plausible their life plans are before they turn up at grad school? Could it be that they have decided that they want to be chemists when they grow up without doing sensible things like reading the blogs of chemists at various stages of careers and training?

Presumably, prospective chemistry grad students might want to get ahold of the relevant facts and take account of them in their decision-making. Why this isn't happening is somewhat mysterious to me, but for those who regard their Ph.D. training in chemistry as a means to a career end, it's absolutely crucial -- and trusting the people who stand to benefit from your labors as a graduate student to hook you up with those facts seems not to be the best strategy ever.

And, as I noted in comments on Chemjobber's post , the whole discussion suggests to me that the very best reason to pursue a Ph.D. in chemistry is because you want to learn what it is like to build new knowledge in chemistry, in an academic setting. Since being plugged into a particular kind of career (or even job) on the other end is a crap-shoot, if you don't want to learn about this knowledge-building process -- and want it enough to put up with long hours, crummy pay, unrewarding piles of grading, and the like -- then possibly a Ph.D. program is not the best way to spend 5+ years of your life.

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10 Top PhD Programs in Chemistry in 2024

A PhD program in Chemistry can equip you with a range of professional skills and advanced knowledge in the field. With a doctorate in chemistry on your resume, you’ll be able to find prestigious jobs in research labs, industry, academia, or government.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary of chemists and material scientists is $79,760 , and jobs are estimated to grow by 6%  over the next decade, in line with growth prospects for all professions.

Which of the best PhD programs in Chemistry is right for you?

Read on to learn about the best programs, including essential information like tuition, acceptance rates, and whether you can get a degree online or not.

Table of Contents

Top PhD Programs in Chemistry

1. massachusetts institute of technology.

PhD in Chemistry

Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been ranked first in the nation  for Chemistry, so it’s no surprise that this is one of the best PhD in Chemistry programs. The program is flexible because students can choose courses based on their long-term research goals.

• Courses include: Principles of inorganic chemistry, crystal structure refinement, and heterocyclic chemistry.
• Credits: 48
• Duration: 4 years +
• Tuition:  Full funding
• Financial aid: Fellowships, teaching assistantships, and research assistantships.
• Delivery: On-campus
• Acceptance rate: 7.3%
• Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts

2. Stanford University, School of Humanities and Sciences

Stanford University is one of the world’s leading research institutions with innovative and flexible programs. This chemistry PhD program is world-class with a cross-disciplinary approach, collaborating with various other departments and institutes.

• Courses include: Advanced inorganic chemistry, organic polyfunctional compounds, and chemical principles.
• Duration: 5 years
• Tuition: Refer tuition page
• Financial aid: Research assistantship, teaching assistantship, fellowships, grants, and loans.
• Acceptance rate: 5.2%
• Location: Stanford, California

3. California Institute of Technology, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Caltech’s Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering is renowned for its large number of faculty members conducting leading research in chemistry, biochemistry, and chemical engineering. This chemistry doctoral program aims to develop students’ creative and original research abilities.

• Courses include: Bioinorganic chemistry, organic reaction mechanisms, and advanced quantum chemistry.
• Duration: 5.5 years average
• Tuition : $56,364
• Financial aid: Scholarships, grants, work-study, fellowships, assistantships, and loans.
• Acceptance rate: 6.7%
• Location: Pasadena, California

4. Harvard University, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences

PhD in Chemistry and Chemical Biology

Harvard University’s faculty in the Chemistry and Chemical Biology division includes several Nobel and Welch Award laureates conducting research in various areas of interest in chemistry. In this PhD program for chemistry, students can pursue interdisciplinary research in various institutes and research centers in the Boston area.

• Courses include: Advanced organic chemistry, materials chemistry, and advanced inorganic chemistry.
• Duration: 5-6 years
• Tuition: Full funding
• Financial aid: Scholarships, research assistantships, and fellowships.
• Acceptance rate: 5%

5. Northwestern University, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences

Northwestern University’s Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences emphasizes interdisciplinary thinking that is adaptive, flexible, and practical in the context of the modern world. This chemistry PhD program aims to provide students with a strong foundation in chemistry and valuable exposure to research projects important to wider society.

• Courses include: Organic chemistry, physical/analytical chemistry, and biological chemistry.
• Financial aid: Fellowships, graduate assistantships, and loans.
• Acceptance rate: 9.3%
• Location: Evanston, Illinois

6. Yale University, Department of Chemistry

Yale is one of the most acclaimed universities in the world, with a diverse student population, including 22%  international students from a total of 115 different nations . This flexible PhD chemistry program allows students to choose their areas of study based on their research subjects rather than maintaining a rigid course list.

• Courses include: Fundamentals of transition metal chemistry, bioinorganic spectroscopy, and organic structures & energetics.
• Financial aid: Stipends, fellowships, and grants.
• Acceptance rate: 6.5%
• Location: New Haven, Connecticut

7. The University of Chicago, Department of Chemistry

The chemistry department was one of the University of Chicago’s first departments to be inaugurated and currently has a strong faculty in organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry, as well as interdisciplinary studies. This is also one of the most flexible Chemistry PhD programs in the country, allowing you to study from different departments as well as giving you the freedom to choose your areas of study.

• Courses include: Complex chemical systems, chemical biology, and chemical dynamics.
• Tuition : $63,936
• Financial aid: Fellowships, research assistantships, health insurance, grants, scholarships, work-study, and loans.
• Location: Chicago, Illinois

8. Princeton University, Department of Chemistry

Princeton University’s prestigious Frick Chemistry Laboratory encourages faculty and students to conduct collaborative and interdisciplinary research in the field. This doctorate degree in chemistry encourages students to pursue individualized studies and conduct original research in specific areas of chemistry.

• Courses include: Advanced quantum chemistry, biophysical chemistry, and synthetic organic chemistry.
• Tuition : $57,410
• Financial aid: Assistantships, fellowships, work-study, veteran benefits, and loans.
• Acceptance rate: 5.6%
• Location: Princeton, New Jersey

9. The University of California, Berkeley, College of Chemistry

The University of California was founded with a vision for a better future and is well-known as a pioneer in various areas, including diversity and free speech. This graduate program offers three concentrations: physical chemistry, synthetic chemistry, and chemical biology.

• Courses include: Chemical kinetics, coordination chemistry, and organic reactions.
• Tuition : $14,476
• Financial aid: Fellowships, teaching assistantships, research assistantships, grants, and loans.
• Acceptance rate: 17.5%
• Location: Berkeley, California

10. Cornell University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology

Cornell’s Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology has a history of discovery and innovation and boasts Nobel laureates as well as National Academy Members among its faculty. The TATP (Teaching Assistant Training Program) is an integral part of this PhD program, and a satisfactory performance in this program is a mandatory part of the doctorate.

• Courses include: Engineering general chemistry, principles of organic chemistry, and physical chemistry of proteins.
• Financial aid: Teaching assistantship, research assistantship, fellowships, grants, stipend, and health insurance.
• Acceptance rate: 10.7%
• Location: Ithaca, New York

What Do You Need To Get a PhD in Chemistry?

To be admitted as a PhD candidate , you’ll generally need a master’s in chemistry or a related field. As part of the application process, you’ll typically need to submit academic transcripts, letters of recommendation, GRE scores, and a personal statement or research proposal.

Other documentation may be required depending on the program you want to apply for, so check the requirements with the admissions office.

Most PhD in chemistry programs involve a mix of coursework, which may cover chemistry courses and related sciences, and a research thesis or dissertation.

To earn your doctorate in chemistry, you typically also need to participate in seminars, pass oral and written exams, and complete a teaching assistantship.

Preparing for a Chemistry Doctorate Program

A PhD in chemistry is a technical, relatively-difficult advanced degree, so it’s important to prepare well to get the best results. Ahead of commencing, or even applying for the program, familiarize yourself with the latest developments and research in the field.

It can be a good idea to join professional associations, take advantage of other networking opportunities, and seek out extra-curricular activities in the field. Practical experience can also be very valuable, so try to work in a lab if possible.

Things To Consider When Choosing a Chemistry PhD Program

There are a range of chemistry doctorate programs offered by different institutions and covering several different concentrations. Before choosing the right program for you, it’s important to carefully consider your interests, passions, and career goals in order to decide on your preferred area of study.

From there, look for strong programs in this discipline with renowned faculty specializing in your area of interest.

Other key factors to consider include the following:

• Mode of delivery: on-campus, online, or hybrid
• School location, accessibility, and affordability to live in the area if you’re planning on studying on campus
• Program costs, including not only tuition but also fees and other expenses
• Financial aid options

Why Get a Doctorate in Chemistry?

A PhD in chemistry is one of the most in-demand and highest-paying PhDs . Graduates with a PhD chemistry are highly employable, with most finding roles in private industry. According to Duke University , from their 242 candidates, 118 were employed in business/industry, and Boston University  also tells us that most PhD Chemistry holders are employed in the private sector.

The benefits of studying for a doctorate in chemistry include:

• High level of prestige
• Many chemistry PhD programs are fully-funded or offer access significant to financial aid
• Wide range of job prospects in academia, research, and management
• Access to senior leadership positions and opportunities to manage research projects

Jobs you can land with a PhD in Chemistry include:

• Post-doctoral Research Assistant ( $52,672 )
• Chemical Materials Scientist ( $130,008 )
• Professor of Chemistry ( $94,914 )
• Development Chemist ( $59,802 )
• Director of Research ( $107,150 )

The tuition for a PhD in chemistry can range from $10,000 to $70,000 based on various factors, with public schools being much more affordable than private schools. On top of tuition, you also need to consider other expenses, such as fees, study materials, and living expenses. However, many chemistry doctorates offer scholarships, grants, and even full funding.

For most programs, you’ll take around five years to complete a chemistry PhD when studying full-time. However, it can take up to seven years or even longer in some cases.

What Skills Do You Gain When Doing a Ph.D. in Chemistry?

You’ll build a range of advanced skills as part of a PhD in Chemistry program, most notably:

• Research skills
• Communication skills
• Critical thinking skills
• Mentoring and teaching skills
• Leadership skills
• Organizational skills

PhD in Chemistry FAQs

How long does a phd in chemistry take.

A PhD in Chemistry takes five years to complete on average, though the duration can typically be anywhere between three and seven years.

Which Field of Chemistry Is Best for a PhD?

There is no single field that is best for a PhD in Chemistry. The best option for you will depend on your preferences, interests, and career ambitions. Common specializations include organic,         inorganic, physical, analytical, and computational chemistry.

What Can You Do With a PhD in Chemistry?

A PhD in chemistry is typically considered the most advanced degree in this scientific field and opens up a range of positions in academia, research, and the private sector. Positions for graduates with PhD doctorates include lecturers, professors, research leaders, environmental scientists, and materials scientists.

Is It Hard To Get a PhD in Chemistry?

Given that chemistry is a highly technical field and a PhD is an advanced degree, it’s not surprising that a PhD in chemistry is an in-depth, involved, and relatively-challenging degree. There’s no denying that you’ll need a background in the field and a certain degree of dedication to earn your doctorate in chemistry, but it’s certainly not impossible with some hard work and a little passion!

Key Takeaways

A PhD in chemistry is a valuable, advanced degree that opens up a wide range of career prospects, including senior-level positions in research, industry, and academia. There are a number of high-quality PhD programs in chemistry offered by renowned institutions across the country, covering a range of disciplines and including both on-campus and online programs .

Be clear on your areas of interest and career objectives, do your research to choose the best program for you, and you can’t go wrong!

For more options, look at our guide to the best online PhD programs , or if you’re ready to start preparing your application, check out our ultimate grad school test guide .

Lisa Marlin

Lisa is a full-time writer specializing in career advice, further education, and personal development. She works from all over the world, and when not writing you'll find her hiking, practicing yoga, or enjoying a glass of Malbec.

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Why You Should Get a PhD in Chemistry

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If you are interested in chemistry or another science career , there are multiple reasons why you should consider pursuing your doctorate or Ph.D., rather than stopping at a master's degree or a bachelor's degree.

Let's start with a compelling reason for higher education -- money. There is no guarantee that having a terminal degree will earn the big bucks (don't get into science for money), but there are several states and companies that compute salaries based on education. The education can count for several years of experience. In some situations, a Ph.D. has access to a pay scale not offered to persons without the terminal degree, no matter how much experience he or she has.

More Career Options

In the US, you can't teach college-level courses without at least 18 graduate hours in the same field of study. However, Ph.D.s technically can teach college courses in any field. In academia, a Master's degree may provide a glass ceiling for advancement, especially to management positions. The terminal degree offers more research options, including some lab management positions not available otherwise, as well as post-doctoral positions.

In addition to getting the 'Doctor' in front of your name, having a Ph.D. commands a certain level of respect, particularly in scientific and academic circles. There are individuals who feel a Ph.D. is pretentious, but with work experience too, even these folk usually concede a Ph.D. is an expert in his or her field.

More Affordable Education

If you are seeking a Master's degree, you will probably have to pay for it. On the other hand, teaching and research assistantships and tuition reimbursement usually are available for doctoral candidates. It would cost a school or research facility considerably more money to pay outright for such skilled labor. Don't feel you have to get a Master's degree before pursuing a Doctorate. Different schools have different requirements, but a Bachelor's degree is usually sufficient to get admitted into a Ph.D. program.

It's Easier to Start Your Own Company

You don't need a terminal degree to start a business, but credibility comes with that Ph.D., giving you a leg up gaining investors and creditors. Lab equipment isn't cheap, so don't expect people to invest in you unless they believe you know what you're doing.

Reasons Not to Get a Ph.D. in Chemistry

While there are good reasons to pursue a doctoral degree, it's not for everyone. Here are reasons not to get a Ph.D. or at least to delay it.

Long Term Low Income

You probably didn't finish your bachelor's and master's degree with a lot of excess cash. It might be in your best interest to give your finances a break and start working.

You Need a Break

Don't go into a Ph.D. program if you already feel burnt out, since it will take a lot out of you. If you don't have energy and a good attitude when you start, you probably won't see it through to the end or you may get your degree but not enjoy chemistry anymore.

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PhD Program Overview

Main navigation, academic and departmental matters.

We have orientations and academic advising sessions for all new graduate students before you select your courses and start your first classes. Furthermore, you'll get ongoing support and advising from faculty and staff throughout your graduate career.

PhD Frequently Asked Questions

Where do i find information.

• Go to Stanford's Graduate Admissions site .
• Explore all the information available on our Chemical Engineering site, (including the faculty pages and and the multiple pages under the PhD and admissions tabs). If these resources do not address any remaining questions, please send an email to the department at [email protected] . Use your email subject line: Admissions - [family name] - [topic of your inquiry]

When may admitted PhD applicants visit Stanford?

March 2-5 2023, is the Chemical Engineering Virtual Visit Weekend. If you are seriously considering Stanford's Chemical Engineering's PhD program for your doctoral work, please reserve these dates for your virtual Stanford visit, as we will be unable to accommodate a request to visit at another time.

How long does it take to get the PhD degree?

The average time to earn a PhD degree is between 5 and 6 years. Some students finish a little earlier and some a bit later.

If I have a master's degree from another university, do I need to get a MS from Stanford before pursuing a PhD?

No. In Chemical Engineering, having an MS degree is not a requirement for conferral of a PhD degree. PhD students without a master's may petition for conferral of a Stanford master's in the course of fulfilling their PhD requirements. Matriculated PhD students with a MS earned elsewhere either may petition for conferral of a Stanford MS or may petition for approval of transfer units, to be applied toward the total unit requirements for a PhD degree. Any student contemplating petitioning for approval of transfer units should consult first with departmental student services.

How many faculty members do you have and how long have they been teaching?

See the faculty pages. Our faculty is well-distributed in terms of experience and areas of emphasis.

What are the course requirements, and how long do they generally take to complete?

PhD students take 10 units per quarter.

PhD students take three 3-unit courses and one 1-unit colloquium (seminar) per quarter in the first two quarters and the majority of their lecture courses during the first two academic years. Then they finish the coursework requirements by taking a class here and there until they have a total of 42 units for lecture courses in science and engineering, plus 3 units of colloquia (seminar). Because of the importance faculty place on honing communication skills while pursuing a doctorate, all candidates are also required to assist in the teaching of two chemical engineering courses.

What are PhD research rotations?

Each first-year PhD student rotates with two different faculty research groups before choosing an advisor and lab in which to develop his or her own research projects. The rotations enable students to gain a better understanding of a given faculty member’s research program and to determine if that lab is a good fit for their future research. Furthermore, during the first six months, there are multiple opportunities to talk with a wide range of faculty members about their research.

How do PhD qualifying examinations work? What is the usual pass rate?

To be admitted to PhD candidacy, students must pass a qualifying examination, taken at the end of the summer quarter of the first year, respectively. The PhD Qualifying Examination has three parts: 

• A one-page written summary of their research project
• A 20-minute presentation about the research project before research advisors and other faculty examiners
• A 20-minute question-and-answer session with faculty

This exam focuses on the student’s progress report on original research performed during the previous half-year, e.g. from April until the time of the exam in late September. A progress report may have no conclusions, but the talk should demonstrate a depth of thinking about the research strategy and the fundamental chemical, physical and biological concepts that govern the molecular behavior of the system being studied.  The focus is on the ability to think critically and to communicate understanding the fundamental concepts, techniques and questions within the field. The faculty are looking for the student's understanding of how one's research relates to the field as a whole and how he or she demonstrates an understanding of where the project will lead.

Most years, all rising second-year PhD students pass their PhD candidacy examination. The format of this examination is designed to test for the essential skills of the successful researcher — the abilities involved in approaching new problems from a perspective grounded in scientific fundamentals. The focus is not on having the right answers, but in formulating approaches rooted in the scientific method. The faculty do their utmost to select applicants who will thrive as doctoral researchers, with the objective that the selection process should take place at the time of admission. The faculty, other students and staff are all motivated by the ultimate success of each year’s PhD students with their examinations. This culture fosters a uniquely positive environment of collaboration and teamwork among all students, rather than competition based on a "survival of the fittest" mentality.

How does PhD advisor selection work?

All during the first two quarters, first-year PhD students have many ways to become familiar with individual faculty, their research projects, students in their research groups, and how a research group functions. Toward the end of the second quarter each student-faculty dyad formalize their advisee-advisor relationship and then PhD students join their advisors’ research groups at the beginning of spring quarter, and start on their own projects.

Can I work with faculty outside of the department?

Yes. Some past examples have been with faculty in physics, chemistry, materials sciences, mechanical engineering, environmental microbiology, bioengineering and biochemistry.  These students also have a Chemical Engineering faculty co-advisor who helps ensure good degree progress and sits on the reading committee formed in the second year.

What sort of job opportunities does a PhD degree in chemical engineering from Stanford usually enable?

Graduates of our department are extremely versatile with regards to their post-doctorate careers. Over the last few years, many of the graduates from various research groups have chosen to spend a couple of years as a post-doc in another research lab (usually not at Stanford) either in preparation for a research/academic job or in profiting from further research experience before entering industry. Stanford grads are now current professors at many top universities (MIT, Harvard, etc.) or members of prestigious research centers (IBM, national labs, etc.). A significant number of students decide to enter industrial positions upon graduation, as engineers, consultants, etc. You will find companies from all sectors actively recruiting Stanford chemical engineers, including companies in the local biotech and nanotechnology industries.

What kinds of jobs do PhDs get and where?

There is a saying that a chemical engineer can do anything, and the range of employment and career options available to our students demonstrates this. Approximately two-thirds of our PhD students find challenging jobs in fundamental or applied research either in industry or national laboratories. Further generalization is not possible — graduates find careers in areas as diverse as the information technology companies, biotechnology, the oil industry, the chemical process industry, renewable resources and private consulting. (Approximately one-third go into teaching and research as a profession).

Student Life

Housing and living.

Stanford has a strong residential character. Over half of all graduate students live in university-operated apartments. The university’s residence system is among the largest and most diverse.

How does on-campus housing work?

There is a lottery and when you enter it, you list your choice of housing options in preferential order. Housing is guaranteed for first-year graduate students, but this means that you must apply on time and select the option that you are willing to accept any living arrangement (studio, two people in a two-bedroom, three people in a two-bedroom, etc.). If you submit your choices by the deadline, usually you obtain your top housing choices.

Students can renew the same housing assignment for the following year without entering a lottery. Thus, if you are happy with whatever assignment you get in the fall of your first year (and you live in a residence that is open year-round), in the spring of your first year you now can just check "renew" on your housing application for the next year and keep your assignment for the following year.

Pets are not allowed in campus housing.

How much does on-campus housing cost per month?

The cost of housing varies. The general rule of thumb is that the more room/suite-mates you have, the lower the rent. If you would like to have a room to yourself (double-occupancy two-bedroom, etc.) then you should expect to pay more. If you do not mind sharing a room, then the cost drops some. 

What is included in on-campus housing costs?

In addition to the rent, the cost of housing covers basic utilities (electricity and water). Laundry is free to students living on campus. Also, most on-campus apartments are furnished so you don't have to worry about the cost of furniture. Additional charges will apply for an internet connection, cable TV, etc. (These facilities are easily available and are relatively inexpensive). If you have a car, you will need to purchase a campus parking permit, but they are inexpensive for students.

What are the off-campus housing options?

A popular way to find off-campus housing is to use Craigslist . You can perform specific searches of price ranges or towns or places that accept pets. The places listed include condos, homes for rent, individual cottages, or apartments. If you do a search on Craigslist, go to "apts/housing" and then click on "Peninsula" at the top of the screen (S.F. Bay Area prompt). Depending upon the specific location, the following towns are within bikeable distance from Stanford: Menlo Park, Atherton and Palo Alto. Redwood City, Los Altos and Mountain View are a minimum of a ~30 min bike ride.

How much do off-campus apartments costs per month?

Depending upon how many roommates you have, monthly rent can range from $900-$1,700/per person.

How can I find a roommate?

Most incoming students do not know people at Stanford and so do not choose their roommates. However, if you do find/choose someone you would like to room with in university housing, then you can request that Housing Assignments Office assign both of you to the same housing location. There is also a roommate-finding website.

What about housing for couples or families?

There are several options for on-campus couples housing-furnished or unfurnished. Please see the Housing Options page for information about housing for couples without children and students with children.

What's the bottom line? Is it comfortable to live on the graduate stipend?

Yes. People can live comfortably and still afford to travel both nationally and internationally. Several students have hobbies such as skiing or cycling that they can afford on the graduate student stipend/salary. (English PhD students get by on ~10K less!)

Activities in the local and surrounding areas

How do i get involved in departmental social events.

All ChemE grad students are welcome to participate on the social subcommittees of the graduate student-run ACTION Committee, as well as staff-student planned events such as the annual Holiday Party in December.

What do people do for fun?

The  Office of Student Engagement supports over 600 university-recognized, incredibly diverse student groups on campus.

There are various gyms on campus, along with many intramural sports and club sports. There are also athletic classes you can take for credit (kickboxing, Pilates, boot camp, yoga, etc) or simply for fun at the residence complexes. Other than sports, there are a plethora of cultural events in the arts, dance, music and other live performances on and off campus. San Jose is ~20 minutes away while San Francisco is ~45 minutes away by car. Both are also accessible by public transportation. If you prefer outdoor activities, hiking trails and extensive bicycle routes are minutes away and a few hours of driving can take you to Lake Tahoe, Yosemite, the northern California Redwoods, etc. while Santa Cruz and Monterrey are closer attractions.

What are the common attractions in the area surrounding the San Francisco Bay?

San Francisco has abundant theaters and cultural events, SFMOMA, Civic Center, Asian Museum, China Town, Fisherman's Wharf, Golden Gate Park (de Young Museum) and Golden Gate Bridge. Further north, you can visit Muir Woods redwood park, various marinas, Point Reyes National Seashore, etc., while further south you can visit Monterey Bay Aquarium, stroll beaches along the Pacific Ocean, go rock climbing and tour wineries in the Santa Cruz mountains.

How is the transportation system? How do you get around?

There are on-campus shuttles that also access the local train stations, local bus lines, CalTrain, BART and Muni. Many students have cars. Many do not. The majority of students also have bikes to get around on campus.

Are there intramural sports and sports clubs?

Yes to both. Intramural sports range from volleyball to soccer to billiards, and club sports range from triathlon to sailing to martial arts. This department fields several teams.

How are the gym facilities?

The Arrillaga Family Sports and Recreation Center is the primary gym for students. The facility is on Campus Drive right across from the track. At Arrillaga, you'll find squash courts, a climbing wall, basketball courts and a weight room with cardio-machines (ellipticals, treadmills, stationary bikes, etc.). Students also can take classes for physical activities such as martial arts (Arrillaga has a training room), fencing, yoga, etc.

Also, the recently opened Arrillaga Outdoor Education and Recreation Center (AOERC) is the newest recreational facility on campus. It's on Santa Teresa Street right next to Roble Field. AOERC features a fitness center, outdoor recreational pool, three indoor courts, academic classrooms, a climbing wall and an outdoor recreation center.

Stanford also has a great outdoor pool center and has several tennis courts spread across campus. It is not unusual for Stanford to host national track-and-field or ATP tour events, so you shouldn't be surprised to see some big names in sports strolling about on campus.

Chemistry, PhD

Zanvyl krieger school of arts and sciences.

Johns Hopkins University was the first American institution to emphasize graduate education and to establish a PhD program in chemistry. Founding Chair Ira Remsen initiated a tradition of excellence in research and education that has continued until this day. The Hopkins graduate program is designed for students who desire a PhD in chemistry while advancing scientific knowledge for humankind.

The graduate program provides students with the background and technical expertise required to be leaders in their field and to pursue independent research.

Graduate students’ advancement is marked by entrance exams, coursework, teaching, seminars, oral examinations, and an individual research project that culminates in a thesis dissertation. The thesis research project represents an opportunity for graduate students to make a mark on the world. Working in conjunction with a faculty member or team, individually tailored thesis projects enable students to think independently about cutting-edge research areas that are of critical importance. Thesis research is the most important step toward becoming a PhD scientist, and our program provides an outstanding base with a proven track record of success.

Graduate students make up the heart of the Chemistry Department, and the department strives to support students’ individual needs. Each student is carefully advised and classes are traditionally quite small. Multidisciplinary research and course offerings that increase scientific breadth and innovation are hallmarks of the program.  In addition to academic and technical development, our department also offers several outlets for professional and social development.

Admission Requirements

Application materials include:

• Academic transcripts
• Three letters of recommendation
• Statement of Purpose
• The GRE General Test is required.  However, this requirement can be waived for individuals for whom personal circumstances make it difficult or impossible to access the GRE General Test at this present time.  If so, please let the Academic Affairs Administrator (information below) be aware of these circumstances, and the application will be given full consideration.
• The GRE Chemistry Subject is Test is recommended, but not required.
• The application fee is $75. However, fee waivers may be requested for applicants that have documentation showing they are a part of SACNAS, MARCC, oSTEM and many other organizations. To access the full list to see if you qualify, go to the  Krieger Graduate Admission and Enrollment  page.

Assistance with the application process is available. Candidates with questions about the application process, or requests for a GRE General Test waiver (or on other matters related to the application) should contact the Admissions Committee’s Academic Affairs Administrator ( [email protected] ).

There are no fixed requirements for admission. Undergraduate majors in chemistry, biology, earth sciences, mathematics, or physics may apply as well as all well-qualified individuals who will have received a BA degree before matriculation. A select number of applicants will be invited to visit campus to tour our facilities and interact with our faculty members and their lab members over a weekend in March.

For further information about graduate study in chemistry visit the Chemistry Department website . 

Program Requirements

Normally, the minimum course requirement for both the M.A. and the Ph.D. degrees is six one-semester graduate courses in chemistry and related sciences. Exceptionally well-prepared students may ask for a reduction of these requirements.

Requirements for the Ph.D. degree include a research dissertation worthy of publication, and a knowledge of chemistry and related material as demonstrated in an oral examination. Each student must teach for at least one year.

Below is a list of the core Chemistry courses for graduate level students.

• Doing a PhD in Chemistry

A PhD in Chemistry aims to prepare highly qualified researchers who are able to bring about new advances in the chemistry fields, including Chemical Engineering, Materials Science and Nanoscience etc. In other words, the core objective of a Chemistry PhD is to train researchers to join or lead research groups in universities, independent R&D departments other public or private organisations to meet the growing demands of society.

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As a research student, your daily activities will largely depend on two factors: what your specific research project is and what training objectives your department sets.

In short, your daily activities will focus on advancing your project, such as designing and conducting experiments, preparing your thesis and attending conferences etc., all while achieving your training objectives. Although training objectives vary from department to department, you can expect them to include outcomes such as:

• Ability to independently devise, plan and carry out scientific research projects.
• Acquire the skills to integrate effectively into any R&D team in the chemical sciences and technologies fields.
• The ability to advise public and private institutions from a scientific and technical perspective.
• To contribute to the development of knowledge, the latest techniques and instrumentation in relation to your specific field of specialisation.
• Ability to update their scientific and technical expertise autonomously and continuously.

Since almost all doctoral degrees in chemistry are highly laboratory-based, your research will likely see you using advanced and innovative equipment. Depending on your research topic and your universities facilities, you may have to opportunity to use, for example, a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer (NMR), Electron Spin Resonance Spectrometer (EPR), Infrared-Raman Fourier Spectrophotometer (FT-IR), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICP) as part of your research.

Lines of Research

As with most STEM subject PhDs, the potential research themes encompassing Chemistry PhDs are numerous; a School of Chemistry may traditionally base their research around the areas of Physical and Theoretical, Organic and Biological and Materials and Inorganic Chemistry.

Academic staff at your particular institution will also have a broad range of research interests they want to pursue, and it’s common to find postgraduate research students involved in a range of projects that overlap with the other sciences.

The following list, whilst not exhaustive, should give you an idea of how many topics you could choose from as part of your doctorate:

• Physical Chemistry,
• Medicinal Chemistry,
• Theoretical Chemistry,
• Materials Chemistry,
• Environmental Chemistry,
• Structural Chemistry,
• Biological Chemistry ,
• Computational Chemistry,
• Supramolecular Chemistry,
• Organometallic Chemistry,
• Atmospheric Chemistry.

Within these topics, there will be numerous specialist areas, one of which will form the central focus of your original research project. Examples of these specialist areas are:

• Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors,
• Liquid chromatography and electrophoresis,
• Basic and technological aspects of ceramic materials,
• Organometallic chemistry and catalysis,
• Asymmetric catalysis with metal complexes and organocatalysis,
• Organic chemistry of metal compounds,
• Synthesis of pharmacologically interesting compounds from chiral precursors,
• Distereo- and enantioselective synthesis of biologically active natural products,
• Photoactive molecules, macromolecules and nanoparticles.

How long does it take to get a PhD in Chemistry?

In the UK, a full-time doctoral student usually takes 3 years to complete their postgraduate study, while part-time study will usually take closer to 6 years.

Most Chemistry PhD students will first register as MPhil students , after which they will complete an upgrade viva after 18 months before they are officially registered as a PhD student. While your supervisor will provide mentorship, it’s ultimately the responsibility of postgraduate students to ensure their project and studies run on time and that they meet their agreed deadlines.

What are the typical entry requirements for a Chemistry PhD Programme?

Most UK universities require at least a 2:1 undergraduate masters degree or the equivalent grade from a university outside the UK. The degree must be in a field that is directly relevant or that can demonstrate your understanding of chemistry as a graduate student to the level expected of your prospective supervisor .

If English is not your first language, you will be expected to meet the English language requirements of the university where you applied to prove your proficiency. This usually means obtaining formal English language qualifications such as an IELTS, which, for research programmes, typically requires a minimum test score of 6.5 as part of your application.

How much does a Chemistry PhD cost?

As a postgraduate researcher in the UK, you should expect annual tuition fees of around £4,500 per academic year . Part-time students should expect approximately half this fee at £2,250 per academic year.

For international students, including now-EU students, the annual tuition fee is considerably higher; for example, the School of Chemistry at the University of Birmingham sets international fees at £23,580/year, equating to over £70,500 assuming your PhD project takes three years to complete.

As with every PhD degree, potential students will need to consider additional costs such as living costs and any bench fees that may be expected from their respective project or graduate school. It’s a good idea to discuss these with your potential supervisors before starting your postgraduate degree.

Funding opportunities

Several funding opportunities are available for a Chemistry PhD research project. The opportunities include:

• Government funding eg. UKRI BBSRC , EPSRC, ESRC, GATEway for research degrees.
• Industry funding eg. AstraZeneca, BP, NC3D, (UK) DSTL (USA), assuming the topic of your PhD study aligns with their research interests.
• Independent funding eg. Grants or Specialist Institutes for research projects in Chemistry or other scientific fields supporting the PhD programme.
• Research charities eg. Cancer Research, MacMillan.
• University funding eg. Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) funding in the form of scholarships/studentships which cover tuition fees and, in some cases, also provide a living allowance.

Thesis grants may also be available to assist with the costs of writing and presenting your thesis at an overseas conference or workshop. These can be awarded directly by institutions or even employers as part of a career development scheme.

What can you do with a PhD in Chemistry?

A PhD degree in Chemistry opens up a wide range of career opportunities, both within academia and industry.

Many graduates follow a career path of becoming postdoctoral researchers, then lecturers and possibly a professor of Chemistry too. Others may see their PhD projects linking with industry partners of the university, naturally leading to opportunities there. This may see graduates going on to work within the chemical engineering field, becoming materials scientists or working within environmental sciences.

With this in mind, the most common career paths after a PhD in Chemistry are:

• University Lecturer A university lecturer may teach and run courses but may also advise on undergraduate study or research, supervise students, and be involved in developing education programs.
• Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship Most chemistry PhDs go on to secure a post-doctoral position within an institution such as a university, governmental department, research charity or a Commercial Research Organisation (CRO).
• Environmental Scientist An Environmental Scientist conducts research to assess and control the impact of human activity on the environment.
• Patent Attorney A patent attorney is often employed by organisations that develop new technology. They are responsible for drafting the application for patents to protect a client’s intellectual property rights, focusing on chemical compounds, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology products.

• Cosmetic Chemist The Personal Care industry employs over 500,000 people in the UK alone and is an expanding market in the UK and global economy. The ingredients used in these products are often chemical compounds with large molecular structure, which is why they are typically developed by a chemist or chemist-biologist.
• Process Engineer (Chemical Industry) A Process Engineer works on designing chemical processes and equipment to increase efficiency and profitability for an organisation. The role requires extensive knowledge of chemical engineering practices, operating conditions, instrumentation and mathematical techniques.

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Requirements

Graduate study in Chemistry at Stanford stresses the unique needs of the students; basic course and examination requirements are deliberately kept to a minimum to allow each candidate flexibility in fulfilling individual research interests. Graduate students are usually engaged in research by the second quarter of their first year. Many first-year students do two, five-week optional rotations during autumn quarter.  All students join labs by the end of February of their first year and only after meeting with at least six faculty members. Generally, University and Department requirements for the Ph.D. degree can be met in less than six years of residence.

The research groups in Chemistry range from small (only two to three students) to large (twenty or more), including postdoctoral research fellows. Much of the advanced instruction, little of which is formally listed in the course catalog, occurs in group seminars organized within the individual research groups. Distinguished visiting scientists often participate in such special seminars, while research seminars of broader interest are arranged through weekly Departmental seminar programs in all areas of chemistry.

Due to the confidence the Department has in its selection of candidates for admission to graduate study, no departmental or comprehensive examinations are required for the Ph.D. degree. Alternatively, scientific development in the second and third years is normally monitored through individual student discussions with the faculty advisor. The only formal test requirement comprises a set of entrance examinations, taken by the incoming class of graduate students before the autumn quarter to display proficiency and breadth in chemistry at the level of a traditional advanced undergraduate curriculum. Any deficiencies are identified and corrected by the student in conjunction with the appropriate faculty. Once the examinations are taken, possible research problems are discussed with individual faculty members. Subsequent coursework and other requirements are largely determined by the student and research advisor(s).

More detailed information concerning degree requirements and course offerings can be found in the Stanford University general catalog, Stanford Bulletin, under these headings:

• Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry
• Explore Courses

See also the  Graduate Academic Policies and Procedures  for specifics on Stanford University admissions, doctoral program requirements, funding, student records, and more.

PhD Timeline

Schedule for Completion of PhD Degree Requirements

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PhD Program Requirements

The Chemistry Department offers a flexible program that allows students to select courses tailored to their individual background and research interests. Students also teach for two semesters.

As part of the requirement for a PhD degree, MIT requires a General Examination, with both an oral and written part. The Oral Examination for the PhD in Chemistry must be passed by the end of the fourth semester of graduate study. No other general written examinations are required. In particular, no qualifying (or entrance) examinations are given.

A final oral presentation of doctoral research is scheduled after the thesis has been submitted and evaluated by a committee of faculty.

Program Requirements

Coursework and teaching.

All chemistry graduate students are required to register for the appropriate chemistry seminar subject (5.913, 5.921, 5.931, or 5.941 depending on research area) each term. This registration carries with it the expectation of seminar attendance whenever possible. These seminars provide an important component to your graduate education and professional development

All students are required to teach for two semesters in their first year. During those semesters, students are required to enroll in a class to support their teaching (5.91 Teaching Experience in the Chemical Sciences).  

2nd Year Oral & Written Exams

MIT requires that all Ph.D. candidates pass general oral and written examinations in their field of study. For chemistry students, these exams occur in the spring of the second year. The faculty committee will (i) assess whether the student has progressed sufficiently to be on-track for obtaining a Ph.D. degree in Chemistry and (ii) provide constructive feedback to help the student reach their full potential during the period of study at MIT. Thus, the overarching purpose of the examination includes fulfilling Institutional requirements for Ph.D. students and evaluating:

1. Progress towards the PhD degree (coursework, research) indicating that the student is on track to receive a doctoral degree in Chemistry 2. General knowledge and understanding in the broad field of study and specific sub-area 3. Critical thinking, including the ability to use core principles to think through unfamiliar topics 4. Ability to communicate effectively in oral and written forms, think logically and independently, and defend a point of view 5. Ability to formulate upcoming research plans and present a feasible timeline for progress towards completion of research goals 6. Overall scholarship

Thesis Committees

As the first step, second-year students meet with their research advisors to discuss which faculty might be appropriate as members of their Thesis Committee.  Thesis Committees must be composed of at least two other MIT faculty besides your advisor. Your Thesis Committee chair must be from the department of chemistry and in your area of chemistry (chemical biology, inorganic, organic, or physical). Please see the notes below if you are working in a research group outside the department and/or are co-advised. You are required to propose at least four faculty members as candidates for your committee in addition to your advisor, though you may propose up to six faculty members.  Students should fill out the online Thesis Committee Nomination Form by Friday, September 15, 2023 . Submitted forms are then reviewed by the Graduate Officer and a faculty advisory group who assign final Thesis Committees.  They will also choose one of these faculty members to be your Thesis Committee Chair.  This process is necessary to avoid the past problem of some faculty being assigned to an inordinately large number of committees. If you are listing any faculty outside the department, please contact them before submitting your form to confirm that they are willing to serve on your Thesis Committee and attend all relevant examinations and meetings. You do not need to reach out to any faculty within the department about serving on your thesis committee.

Students wishing subsequently to change their Thesis Committee, for reasons including significant changes in the direction of their research topic, should email Jennifer Weisman with the reason for requesting a change. Students must receive a positive response from the Chemistry Education Office in order for the change in committee to take effect.  Since changes in Thesis Committee membership can only be granted in unusual circumstances, students should contact the members of their committee to schedule the date for their oral defense well in advance of when they expect to complete their dissertation.

In the second year, each student’s research progress and intellectual development is evaluated through the Oral Examination. If a division requires an examination after the second year, Thesis Committee members also meet then. The thesis committee also meets for the Plan to Finish Meeting described below. Students (and research advisors) may arrange an additional meeting of the Thesis Committee in special circumstances by contacting the chair of the committee. Additionally, beginning in the second year of graduate study, each student meets with the Chair of their Thesis Committee at least once during the fall semester.

*Please note that if you are conducting research outside the department your Thesis Committee must be composed of at least two other MIT faculty besides your advisor and both must be from the Department of Chemistry. As noted above, your Thesis Committee chair must be in your area of chemistry (chemical biology, inorganic, organic, or physical).

Annual Meeting with Research Advisor

Under this system, research advisors are required to meet with each graduate student in their group who is in their second or later year to discuss the student’s intellectual and professional development over the past year and progress toward the degree. Prior to this meeting, students should complete Parts I-II of the required form on their own. Send the file to your Advisor the night before the meeting . At the meeting, students discuss their progress, future plans, and concerns with their advisor. The completed Graduate Student Annual Research Advisor Meeting form must be signed by both the student and their research advisor. Note that this is only a suggested format for the meeting. You and your advisor may choose a different format for the discussion as long as there is some written summary.

Annual Meeting with Thesis Committee Chair

Beginning in the second year of graduate student, each student meets annually with the Chair of their Thesis Committee. At these meetings, students update the Thesis Committee (TC) Chair on their on their research progress and general intellectual development in an informal and relaxed setting. The time, place, and format for this discussion is arranged between the student and Thesis Committee Chair. These meetings aim to encourage productive and stimulating discussions of science and to facilitate the development of further interactions between students and other members of the faculty besides research advisors. Students should keep in mind that these meetings are intended to focus primarily on academic and scientific matters, and that Thesis Committee Chairs are not bound by the same obligations with respect to privacy as are the Chemistry Department Mediators.

Plan to Finish Meeting

Updated October 2022

By June 1 st (and preferably before April 15 th ) of the 4 th year , each PhD student will participate in the Plan to Finish (PTF) meeting with their thesis committee. The purpose of the PTF meeting is for the student to discuss their timeline and plans for finishing a PhD.

In the 5 th year and beyond, if the student is not defending the PhD thesis by August 31 st of the 5 th year, the student will have another PTF meeting before June 1 st (and preferably before April 15 th ) of that calendar year, and the PTF meeting will be repeated annually until the year the student defends their thesis. Thus, a student who graduates in year five will have one PTF meeting, one who graduates in year six will have two, and so forth.

Before the meeting:  The student will prepare and share slides containing a summary of their research progress and their plans for research and completing the PhD thesis.

• Projects that will be wrapped up and/or relinquished
• Papers that will be written and/or submitted
• Opportunities for professional development
• Plans for after graduation
• The presentation should be succinct, not more than 8–10 slides total. These slides should include: (1) 1–2 introductory slides, one of which must display a proposed table of contents for the PhD thesis. The TOC includes the title for each proposed chapter and state of each chapter (e.g. “Experiments complete and manuscript published”, “Experiments nearly completed and manuscript writing in progress”, “Experiments ongoing”). (2) 1–3 slides per thesis chapter and associated future work linked to each chapter. (3) 1 slide summarizing future plans with a realistic timeline for completion of all the proposed activities (the PTF timeline).  Be sure to include the status of plans for after graduation. The student should consult with their research advisor in preparing the PTF timeline.
• The slides must be sent to the committee at least 48 hours in advance of the meeting.
• Meetings will be scheduled at the student’s direction and be organized by the research supervisor’s administrative assistant. These meetings are intended to be in-person, but teleconference can be used in special circumstances.

During the meeting: The meeting will follow the format below.

First, the student will provide a short (10-20 minute) presentation of their research progress and future plans based on their slides. Faculty will participate in discussion of the research and plans during this presentation.

Next, the research supervisor will be asked to leave the room so that the thesis committee can confer privately with the student.

Subsequently, the student will be asked to leave the room for a short period so that the committee can confer privately with the research supervisor.

The thesis committee will offer constructive feedback during and after the presentation and following the private discussions. The committee may request changes and/or revisions to the PTF outline as part of the discussion.

The plan to finish meeting will last ~1 hour altogether.

After the meeting:  The student will write-up a brief summary of the meeting, and submit it along with the PTF timeline and a signed PTF Form to the Chemistry Education Office as proof of completion. These items can be submitted as hard copies to the Chemistry Education Office or emailed to Dr. Jennifer Weisman .

• While the deadline to hold the PTF meeting is June 1 st , students are strongly encouraged to complete their PTF Meeting by April 15 th to avoid scheduling issues later in the spring. As a reminder, the research supervisor’s administrative assistant will schedule the meeting upon the student’s request.
• There is no possibility of failing the PTF meeting. The purpose of the meeting is fulfilled by the process of having it.
• Annual meetings with the research advisor are required every year, including the fourth year.

Graduate Student Exit Interviews

• Graduating students will be sent a list of interview questions by the Chemistry Education Office when the student joins the degree list. Instructions about scheduling a time for the in-person or virtual discussion will be included with other informational correspondence from the Chemistry Education Office regarding degree completion. Graduating students will perform their exit interview after the thesis defense so as to avoid making the interview an additional burden.
• For students departing the program without a degree, the interview questions and instructions for scheduling an in-person discussion will be sent by the Chemistry Education Office at the point in time that a date for termination of their appointment in Chemistry is determined.
• For the majority of departing students, this interview coincides with the end of the semester, but a rolling schedule of surveys is anticipated.

Guide for Graduate Students

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Graduate Program

Science in the 21st century is rich with opportunity and challenge. Our pillars for success in this complex world are all tied to interactions—between people and between disciplines. By building both strong interpersonal connections between our students and faculty, and effective bridges between disciplines, entering graduate students in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology can thrive at the frontiers of research in the chemical and life sciences.

Our graduate programs prioritize research and exploration. With many opportunities to interact with departments, research centers, and institutions across the Boston area, our students benefit from an interdisciplinary environment that encourages curiosity and innovation. Students can choose from one of our following two graduate degree programs:

Chemistry & Chemical Biology

Our program in Chemistry offers research and training opportunities in many subdisciplines of chemistry, including chemical biology, inorganic, organic, physical, and theoretical.

Chemical Physics

Our interdepartmental Chemical Physics program is designed for students who wish to prepare themselves for the study of chemical problems by the methods and theories of modern physics.

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How difficult is it to get a PhD? The real doctorate struggles.

There is no doubt that getting a PhD is no small feat. It requires dedication, hard work, and plenty of motivation to stay on track.

Getting a PhD can be a very challenging process that requires several years of intensive research, coursework, and writing. However, the difficulty of obtaining a PhD can vary depending on factors such as the specific program and field of study.

Also, I have witnessed that the individual student’s background and preparation, and the level of commitment and effort they are willing to invest also highly influence how hard a PhD is for an individual candidate.

In order to complete in a timely fashion PhD candidates must also be prepared to invest a significant amount of time into their studies in order to complete the necessary coursework (US-based PhDs) and research.

The process can be especially difficult if the student is attempting to balance work or family life while completing their studies.

Quite often younger PhD students find it easier than mature age students due to the fact that they have fewer adult commitments and responsibilities in their private life – but this isn’t always the case.

However, with proper planning and perseverance, it is certainly possible for anyone to reach this educational achievement.

It was something I was very proud to have completed and it certainly opened doors to other opportunities.

Why is a PhD so difficult?

A PhD is an advanced academic degree that requires a huge amount of dedication and hard work.

Ask any PhD graduate and they are likely to say that it is one of the most challenging parts of their life in academia.

That is because it is a lengthy process that involves several years of research, writing, and, at the end, defending a dissertation in front of other experts in the field in order to be awarded the degree.

Typically, a PhD student will:

• have completed a Masters degree to a high standard for acceptance into the PhD program
• conduct a literature review of a field to find research gaps
• generate a research question and hypothesis
• work over multiple years to explore their research question and answer it fully
• fail multiple times and have their work critiqued continuously by experts in their field and that PhD supervisor.
• Write up their work in peer-reviewed journals and their thesis
• defend their peer-reviewed papers and their thesis
• continually stay up-to-date with the literature throughout their entire course
• some students may also have teaching and other administrative requirements at the University in which they are studying.

The entire process can be quite challenging and overwhelming, as students must stay up-to-date with new developments in their area of study while also meeting stringent academic standards.

They must also be able to effectively communicate complex concepts to their peers in things like peer-reviewed papers as well as at conferences and symposia.

All these factors make obtaining a PhD an incredibly difficult task but one that is ultimately rewarding for those who are successful.

It can be confronting when you look at a PhD in one whole chunk. However, by splitting down the tasks involved in a PhD it can become much more manageable and less detrimental on your mental health.

If you want to know more about how doing a PhD part-time you can check out my other articles:

• How long does it take to get a PhD part time? Complete a PhD on your own time.
• Is a PhD worth it now in 2023? [the data]  

What is the hardest part of getting a PhD?

One of the most challenging aspects of obtaining a PhD is that it takes a great deal of time and dedication.

You shouldn’t underestimate how easily your brain plays tricks on you over a multi-year project. Staying on course and ignoring your internal monologue is one of the most challenging parts again a PhD.

It can take anywhere from five to seven years of rigorous study and research to complete all the requirements for a PhD.

During this time, students must master complex topics in their field, conduct independent research projects, write lengthy dissertation papers, and navigate any number of other challenges along the way.

Working with your supervisor

Working with your PhD supervisor can, for some, be one of the most difficult aspects of doing a PhD.

Your PhD supervisor will dictate the outcome of your PhD and therefore it is worth spending a lot of time making sure you select the right PhD supervisor for you.

Some supervisors want to completely micromanage whilst others are happy to allow their students to explore freely.

Taking the time to make sure you can fully nurture this relationship will also ensure a less stressful PhD.

If you want to know more about great ways to build a relationship with your supervisor check out my YouTube video:

I also have a lot of content on my YouTube channel on choosing and working with academic supervisors.

Is it worth getting a PhD?

Whether or not it is worth getting a PhD depends on a few different factors.

For some people, having a PhD is important for career advancement and provides an opportunity to pursue higher-level positions in their field.

It may also be beneficial for those that wish to teach at the university level or conduct research in their field of interest.

On the other hand, pursuing a PhD can be time consuming and expensive, and the long years of study may not ultimately result in any tangible rewards.

I also have a YouTube video where I talk about whether getting a PhD is worth the effort:

There are a load of juicy secrets in this one.

Whether or not it is worth getting a PhD will depend on the individual’s goals and objectives. If they are looking for career advancement opportunities or want to pursue teaching or research opportunities, then getting a PhD may be worth the cost and effort involved.

How hard is it to manage the PhD workload?

You may have heard that a PhD is a massive task because of the workload.

If you are doing your PhD in the United States of America you may find that there are three years of coursework to complete before you start the research component of the degree. This workload can be huge.

No matter where you do your PhD the amount of work and effort it takes to complete a PhD is much greater than what was required for an undergraduate degree.

No longer do you have set deadlines and a structured course – you will need to figure out the pathway through your PhD on your own.

Furthermore, given that most U.S.-based PhD programs are structured like traditional college courses, it can be difficult to stay on top of all the readings and material without falling behind.

If you decide to pursue a doctoral degree you must make sure you are prepared for the increased workload and dedication required in order to be successful.

Speak to your support networks and your family to ensure that they will be able to support you when things get tough.

Is a PhD intellectually difficult?

You may be surprised to hear that PhD isn’t necessarily intellectually difficult. But it does require dedication and effort to work through some challenging intellectual problems.

I often say that a PhD is 80% dedication, 10% smarts and 10% luck.

A PhD can be an extremely intellectually challenging experience for any student because it requires a great deal of dedication and hard work to complete, and it is regarded as the highest level of education available.

The expectations of a PhD student are far greater than those of an undergraduate, and the research process can take years to complete.

Nonetheless, it is your ability to persevere through problems and stick to your research plan by improving on your research little by little day after day that will really dictate how successful your PhD is.

I have seen incredibly smart people fail a PhD whilst others, who have not done so well in undergraduate, have flourished in the research environment.

How long are PhD programs?

Research shows that the average amount of time to complete a PhD across disciplines is 4.4 years. Depending on the country, a PhD will take anywhere between two and seven years to complete depending on whether there is a coursework component (US universities).

The majority of students taking anywhere from five to seven years to complete their degree.

This is due to the nature of PhD programs, which require significant research and fieldwork experience in addition to coursework.

Depending on a student’s chosen field of study, some PhD programs may last longer than others.

Here is data from a study that looks at Australian university PhD completion  published in 1994 .

Some PhD programs may have requirements that must be met before graduation, such as publishing research or completing an internship. It is important for prospective students to understand what is expected of them in order to ensure they will be able to complete their program within the allotted timeframe.

If you want to know more about how long a PhD takes check out my other article:

• How long does it take to get a PhD? Complete a PhD quickly
• How long is a PhD dissertation? [Data by field]

How many hours do PhD students work?

Although PhD students often have to put in long hours of work to complete their degree is not necessary that a student puts in an insane number of hours as long as they were continuously and diligently towards the end goal of getting a PhD.

The amount of hours that a PhD student work will depend on the culture of the labs that they are currently researching in.

Some supervisors require students to be in the lab for many hours every day whilst others are happy from a 9-to-5 “work schedule”.

On average, PhD students work around 40-50 hours per week.

This includes time spent in:

• independent study
• researching
• and much more

Researching and writing a dissertation can require even more hours of work.

In addition to this, many PhD students also teach classes or take on other roles within the university that add to their workload.

All of this means that PhD students can often find themselves putting in long hours and having little free time outside of the academic demands of their program.

Wrapping up

This article has been through all of the difficult components that people may face if they decide to get a PhD.

I was able to complete my PhD in three years and I somewhat enjoyed the process. Of course it had its challenges but overall it was a worthwhile and rewarding experience for me.

However, some people’s experiences are also very different due to different pressures outside of academia and the culture in the research group in which they are working.

The ultimate difficulty depends very much on the individual circumstances and dedication of the PhD student but always involves dedicating yourself to the pursuit of knowledge over many years. This, in itself, can be a very challenging aspect to overcome.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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Check out application requirements below and click on this link:  Apply to Graduate School

Application Requirements 

The Admissions Committee reviews applications to identify candidates with the broad training in core areas of chemistry necessary to succeed in graduate coursework, teaching, and research. In addition to applicants with bachelor degrees in chemistry or biochemistry, candidates with degrees in allied disciplines (such as biology, chemical engineering, or physics) and who possess significant training in one or more core areas of chemistry will be considered. Generally, students are admitted to the PhD program for the fall term. In some years, applications for the spring term can be considered. Applications and all supporting documents must be submitted through the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences' (GSAS) online application portal , which opens on October 1st . The deadline for PhD Applications is December 1 . 

Admissions decisions are made on a rolling basis between January and mid-April; given the size of our applicant pool, we are unable to provide status updates to applicants during this period.

Technical questions related to the application system should be addressed to the Graduate Admissions Office, by email ( [email protected] ) or phone (434-243-0209).

The following items are required for an application to be complete:

• Statement of purpose
• Unofficial transcripts (students who accept an offer of admission must then have official transcripts sent directly from their university to the Graduate Admissions Office)
• 2 confidential letters of recommendation submitted directly by the letter writers
• An application fee of $85 

Additional materials for international applicants whose first language is not English

• Self-reported TOEFL/IELTS scores from a test taken within the last 2 years (unless they completed a 4-year undergraduate degree in the U.S. or at an institution with English-only instruction); students who accept an offer of admission must then have official scores sent directly from the testing agency to the Graduate Office of Admissions).
• International students are strongly encouraged to submit GRE Chemistry (or a related subject) test scores.

Admitted students residing in the U.S. will be invited to UVA Grounds for a visitation event in March.

For more information, please visit The Graduate School of Arts & Sciences ’ website, including the page of Frequently Asked Questions about admission. 

Application Fee Waivers 

Due to the substantial volume of requests and the limited availability of departmental fee waivers, the Chemistry Department has implemented a two-step fee waiver policy:

Step 1: Applicants should first ascertain whether they are eligible for a fee waiver from UVA's Graduate School of Arts & Sciences (GSAS).

• US citizens and permanent residents may qualify for GSAS fee waivers based on participation in specified organizations, training programs, and the United States Armed Forces; graduation from a Minority Serving Institution (MSI); and financial hardship. Click on the following link for eligibility requirements and directions for submitting a fee waiver application, https://graddiversity.virginia.edu/application-fee-waiver .

• International students may qualify for an automatic GSAS fee waiver based on their citizenship. Click on the following link for the GSAS Admission Requirements page, https://graduate.as.virginia.edu/requirements , then click on the “Fees” section for details and directions.

Step 2: Applicants who do not qualify for a GSAS fee waiver may request a fee waiver from the Department of Chemistry—though these are extremely limited and rarely granted—by sending a CV ( and only a CV ) containing the information below to [email protected] .  

• Current address
• Citizenship
• Current position
• Educational background (previous institutions, degrees, and GPAs)
• Research experiences
• Research interests
• Publications, awards, honors, and presentations
• UVA faculty members of greatest interest

Applicants will be notified by email when their application fee waiver request has been evaluated. Allow a minimum of two weeks for the review process.

Given the limited number of Departmental fee waivers available, we strongly encourage applicants to apply for our graduate program through the normal process if they are able to do so. This fee waiver application review is separate from the standard application review process, so if an applicant applies for a fee waiver and then later chooses to apply through the normal process, there will be no prejudice against their admission application.

Admission FAQs and Answers to Common Questions

Can I contact faculty directly by phone or email to learn more about research opportunities in their particular laboratories?

Yes, contact information is available on individual faculty pages; additionally, many research groups maintain their own websites and list current research opportunities there.

Do I need to apply directly to a particular laboratory, or do I apply to the Chemistry Department as a whole? Where do I indicate which labs I find interesting?

No, applicants apply to the Graduate Chemistry Program, not to a particular lab; however, you can list up to three faculty you hope to work with in your application and discuss the research group(s) you hope to join in your Statement of Purpose, although you are not obligated to stick with those selections if you are admitted.

Do you accept students for admission in the spring semester?

Most students are accepted for the fall semester; however, under special circumstances we can consider spring admission.

Can I begin research in the summer before my first semester of graduate school?

Students entering the program during the fall semester may begin research in the preceding summer if a research group sponsors them. Admitted students may contact the faculty member(s) they are interested in working with to discuss possible options. Please note that there is no obligation to continue working in the same lab after that summer, and faculty members cannot guarantee summer students a permanent lap position.

If I am an international student and my native language is not English, am I required to submit TOEFL or IELTS scores?

Applicants whose native language is not English but who have an undergraduate degree from a U.S. institution, or from an institution whose instruction is entirely in English, do not have to submit TOEFL/ IELTS scores. All other international applicants self-report test scores on their application. If they accept an admissions offer, they need to have official scores sent from ETS (or IELTS) directly to the Graduate Admissions Office. For more information, see the following website:  https://graduate.as.virginia.edu/requirements

What are the minimum TOEFL/IELTS scores?

The minimum internet-based (iBT) TOEFL score for general admission to the Graduate School is 90, with minum scores in each component as follows: 22 for Speaking, 22 for Writing, 23 for Reading, and 23 for Listening. The minimum IELTS score requirement is 7.0 in each section. The date of the reported test must fall within two years of the application deadline.

Is the GRE general test scored required or accepted? 

No, the Chemistry Graduate Admissions committee will not consider scores from the General GRE exam. 

If admitted to the program, can I visit the Chemistry Department?

Yes, we offer a visitation event (generally in the middle of March) and cover travel expenses up to a specific amount. Upon admission to the program, you will receive information about this event. In addition, although we encourage you to attend the visitation event, we can arrange one-day individual visits to the department if you are unable to attend the larger visitation event.

Does your department have a minimum GPA?

The Graduate School has set 3.0 as the minimum GPA for admission to the graduate program. However, in certain cases warranted by extenuating circumstances, the Chemistry Department can request a waiver of the minimum required GPA. If your GPA is below 3.0, but you believe that there are circumstances that render your application competitive, you are encouraged to apply.

What is the average GPA for students who receive a favorable admission decision?

The average GPA of students who are admitted changes every year. Since evaluation of applications considers many different factors, and the average GPA can change each year, we believe that the average GPA is not, on its own, a definitive metric to gauge an applicant's competitiveness.

Is undergraduate research essential for admission into your program? Will a student's prior research area influence whether or not they are granted admission?

We recognize that students are applying from programs with differing access to undergraduate research opportunities, and undergraduate research is not essential for admission to our program. To the extent possible, we aim to judge each applicant on the basis of their potential for future work in their stated area of research interest. Changes in research topics and areas of interest between undergraduate and graduate level research are to be expected.

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What Can You Do With A PhD In Chemistry?

• Posted on August 14, 2020
• by Lucy Bell-Young

If you’re wondering what you can do with a PhD in chemistry, this article will help you identify some of the possible career paths that will be open to you. 

In this post:

What Is A Chemistry PhD?

A chemistry PhD is a postgraduate degree that is usually focussed on a specific subject in chemistry. At this level of education, you are able to conduct advanced independent research into an area of chemistry that you are passionate about. 

Just like in any field, a PhD is the highest academic degree that can be earned in chemistry. Also known as a doctoral degree, having a doctorate in chemistry can lead to a wide range of high-paying and prestigious positions, either in government or the private and public sectors. 

How To Get A PhD In Chemistry

A PhD in chemistry is one of the more difficult postgraduate courses to be accepted onto. This is not only because of its highly technical subject matter, but also because it is highly competitive. Indeed, the requirements and screening process for a chemistry PhD are often tougher than for other PhD courses:

• Chemistry usually requires higher grades and a competency within a specialised area
• Some universities require PhD applicants to pass an entrance exam before being considered
• These entrance exams usually cover subjects related to science and mathematics, as well as IQ tests

Aside from having the minimum grade requirements and prerequisites, an applicant for a PhD programme in chemistry must also have good aptitude in mathematics. An analytical, logical mind is also very important if you want to thrive in this academic setting.

That said, the requirements for a chemistry PhD will vary depending on the institution you apply to. While some universities require PhD applicants to have a master’s degree in a related course, others may only require a bachelor’s degree, as long as it is above the required grade. Applicants who have significant industry experience, on the other hand, can be accepted for a PhD in chemistry even if they have none of the above.

Moreover, international applicants will be asked to adhere to an additional set of requirements, including:

• The online TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) exam
• An English proficiency test, such as the Pearson Test of English (PTE) 
• An IELTS exam, otherwise known as the International English Language Testing System
• Other standard documentary requirements, like a passport, visa and birth certificate

Earning a PhD in chemistry is no easy feat, and will require at least two years of research work. You will also need to attend lectures and conferences. After completing your research, you’ll typically then go on to present and defend your dissertation before a panel of professors in your field. Oftentimes, passing a comprehensive examination is also required for PhD candidates to graduate.

How Long Does It Take To Get A PhD In Chemistry?

In the UK, a PhD in chemistry is normally finished within three to five years for those who study full-time. For part-time students, however, it could take up to seven or even eight years to complete a PhD in chemistry. 

How long it takes someone to complete their chemistry PhD ultimately depends on their field of study. The main aspects of a PhD that might lengthen its completion time are:

• Lab work and experiments
• What is being researched and how
• The nature of the dissertation
• How long it takes to complete the dissertation 

While earning a PhD takes significantly longer than completing a bachelor’s or master’s degree, the benefit is that you gain a lot of experience. This will position you as an expert in your field and ultimately open up prestigious job opportunities.

What Jobs Can You Get With A PhD In Chemistry?

A PhD in any field can provide you with better career opportunities in terms of position, salary, authority and prestige. But those with a PhD in chemistry are particularly desirable because of the specialised knowledge they gain, as well as the fact that they are becoming difficult to find. 

For the past several years, there has been a significant decline in the number of experts in chemistry who hold a PhD. In fact, in the UK, those with PhDs constitute only 1.4% of the total population ; and those with a doctorate specifically in chemistry constitute less than 1% of that. This is in line with the general STEM skills shortage , which is a concern for the government and many in the various STEM-related industries.

The subsequent demand for chemistry experts in private sectors, public sectors, academic professions and government positions has skyrocketed, meaning that graduates of chemistry PhDs are highly valuable. Here are five of the most common career paths for those with a PhD degree in chemistry:

Lecturer, Researcher or Professor

Those who hold a chemistry PhD are qualified to become a lecturer, researcher or professor in a range of postsecondary education settings. This includes institutions like colleges, universities and vocational schools. As a researcher, you will continue to conduct independent research for the institution you’re working for. Your expertise may also lead you on to publish academic journals based on this research.

As a lecturer or professor, you’ll be able to apply the knowledge gained through your PhD to teaching students about specific topics in chemistry. Based on your experience, you may even be offered a tenured position as a professor of chemistry.

      2. Environmental Science Specialist

As an expert in chemistry, you can pursue a career in environmental science. This is an exciting area because it involves a lot of fieldwork, which might be attractive to PhD graduates after completing several years of intensive study. 

Environmental scientists are often consulted by businesses to help ensure environmental compliance. In this career, you may also lead teams that identify environmental hazards. You can then provide recommendations or design systems that will eliminate, or at least mitigate, the impact of these hazards. As such, environmental scientists have particular influence in policymaking because their research often serves as the basis for implementing government regulations. 

      3. Chemical Engineer

With a PhD under your belt, you can also apply your knowledge in chemistry to designing scientific instruments and industrial machines that process chemicals. A career in chemical engineering can be a very lucrative path, and places you at the centre of many chemical manufacturing processes. 

While this career can be obtained without a PhD, and even without any formal education, a specialised understanding of chemistry, biology and physics gained from a PhD will improve your skills and set you apart from competitors. 

      4. Materials Scientist

As a materials scientist, you can work with government institutions like the Defence Department. You can also work with private corporations that research cutting edge technology. Material scientists can even do private research at their chosen university by securing grants from funding agencies. 

If this is your chosen career, you’ll also be responsible for overseeing other scientists’ research work. You will be expected to use your expertise to improve the testing methods that are currently being used by your employer or client. Research projects for material scientists can range from testing pre-existing materials, to developing new types of materials, such as those used in nanotechnology and 3D-printing .

      5. Medicinal Chemist

Another common career path for those with PhDs in chemistry is as a medicinal chemist. This role usually requires a PhD in medicinal, synthetic, or organic chemistry, as well as some form of experience in the biopharma industry. 

As a medicinal chemist, you’ll be involved in evaluating and developing chemical compounds into pharmaceutical drugs. Typically a lab-based job, this career is well-suited to those with a keen interest in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.

Though the process may take a number of years, a range of career opportunities await you when you obtain a PhD in chemistry. Whether you’re already passionate about a particular area of study and would like to pursue it, or whether you’re unsure about what area of chemistry to specialise in, a chemistry PhD is a great way to develop your skills and experience so that you can secure a promising career.

Find out more in our  careers in chemistry resources hub.

All content published on the  ReAgent.co.uk  blog is for information only. The blog, its authors, and affiliates cannot be held responsible for any accident, injury or damage caused in part or directly from using the information provided. Additionally, we do not recommend using any chemical without reading the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), which can be obtained from the manufacturer. You should also follow any safety advice and precautions listed on the product label. If you have health and safety related questions, visit  HSE.gov.uk .

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The Savvy Scientist

Experiences of a London PhD student and beyond

How Hard is a PhD?

Amongst the general population, having a PhD is often seen as the pinnacle of academic achievements but how hard is it to achieve?

Having passed my PhD viva yesterday I now feel I’m in a position to really judge how difficult a PhD is!

Congratulations to Jeff @savvy_scientist who passed his PhD viva today, remotely! Now we're having a celebration – remotely! #StayHome pic.twitter.com/4rI0ZiCF5z — ImperialBiomechanics (@ICBiomechanics) March 25, 2020

A dive into the unknown

Any time we don’t have experience in something, the element of the unknown can make it hard to evaluate how hard it is.

Coming from your previous qualifications you may extrapolate and think that since your undergraduate degree was a step up from high school in work and difficulty, a PhD must be another step change in difficulty.

With PhDs it’s not helped by the fact that a lot of the time only the most academically capable students are interested in them, which may make you think you have to be really clever to do one. Plus, as they’re not that common it’s not always easy to find people with experience to speak to.

Growing up I didn’t know anyone who had done a PhD degree, heck none of my immediate family had been to university, so I appreciate that gaining an insight about PhDs isn’t available to everyone.

So how hard is a PhD?

The reality is that a PhD can be difficult, but mostly it’s just different .

How hard you might find certain aspects of a PhD really depend on your own working style and to a lesser extent personality. Let’s discuss the factors one by one.

How hard is it to manage the PhD workload?

During a PhD there will be times you have to stay late, or work weekends (every so often) but it’s nothing like undergraduate degrees, with relentless deadlines and all-nighters being a regular occurrence for a lot of us.

Something that studying for a PhD does have in common with undergrad is that there is always more work that you can get on with, which can be disconcerting. Though unlike undergrad this feeling doesn’t stop after exams where you can enjoy a long study-free summer, because there are no term times for a PhD. I’ve previously shared how much holiday I’ve taken as a PhD student .

You need to find a way to switch off, otherwise your mental health will suffer.

Prior to starting my PhD I worked as a research assistant for three years and I found it helpful to view my PhD as a full time job. Even all the way through to submitting my thesis, working consistently 9-5ish every day was enough. I do hear of people working every hour of the week but these are the exception rather than the norm.

For a deeper insight into my typical working schedule check out the post below where I shared my calendar.

How Much Work is a PhD?

PhD depth and breadth of study

If you’ve been in higher education for a while, you’ll have probably got used to learning a wide amount of topics in a short time. Topics are covered at a fast pace, sometimes in not much detail, without much time to build your understanding.

I can’t have been the only person who during undergrad was effectively have to fight fires, not having much time to concentrate and fully understand each topic before having to move on to the next one.

PhDs provide a step-change, where you focus in on a single topic to a much greater depth.

For most PhDs there will be a certain amount of knowledge you’re expected to have picked up from your previous degree(s), but the pace of a PhD is undoubtedly much more slow. The reality is that the breadth of a PhD topic is really quite limited, though it can often span several disciplines. It’s common for your project to involve topics you’re not completely comfortable with.

You have a lot of time to focus on just one topic and you’re expected and required to know the topic inside out. The good news is that you’re given more than adequate time to learn the ropes.

As a PhD student there is nothing wrong with refreshing your knowledge of basic topics, especially if it’s something you haven’t studied in years. I still look things up on YouTube and Wikipedia and there is no shame in doing so: you’re in this position to learn and produce scientific outputs, so it’s much better that you’re comfortable with the topic.

I would suggest that for most people a PhD is generally more relaxed than an undergraduate degree. That’s not to say there isn’t work involved, but the pace gives you breathing room to understand the topic comprehensively.

If there’s one key message I’d like to get across, it’s please don’t ever be scared to ask your supervisor questions. You’re not on your own.

That’s assuming your supervisor is interested in supervising, which sadly isn’t always the case. Lack of supervisor support is one of the main difficulties I’ve seen students face (in other research groups I should add!). I wrote some tips here for choosing projects and supervisors .

How to Choose a PhD Project & Supervisor

Essentially as long as you are willing to learn, I wouldn’t worry too much about this aspect of a PhD.

Is a PhD intellectually difficult?

You’ve probably heard the metaphor about standing on the shoulders of giants, and it’s true that as a PhD student you’re building on previous work carried out in the field.

However there usually isn’t an expectation to make massive intellectual strides forwards. In reality you’ll probably be giving a small nudge forwards to a small area of the field. For some people this can be a relief and make the idea of doing original research much more obtainable, whereas for others it may belittle the entire idea of doing research!

The reality of the situation is that PhD students may be seen as a cost effective source of labour to advance science. Although we’re often working on projects with complicated lofty descriptions such as “ nanoparticles impregnated with silver ions for cancer treatment ” or “ biphasic lubrication mechanics of soft engineering materials ” in reality the practical side of them does not require genius level intellect.

Oftentimes you’ll be doing pretty menial things behind these grand topic titles. These tasks require you to know what you’re doing, but rarely will you have devised the whole thing yourself.

Fun fact: at my first job after undergrad, working at one of the most prestigious universities in the world, my boss would sometimes bring in her gardener to pick up any slack, doing the same work as me and some of the post-docs.

A full house for @trayanovalab at the @ImperialBioeng annual lecture. Amazing work & images! #ComputationalCardiology pic.twitter.com/R2dxE7csbg — Jeff Clark (@savvy_scientist) June 18, 2018

Of course you need to be able to understand the concepts behind what you’re doing, but I wouldn’t worry too much if you’re worried that you have to be a genius to complete a PhD.

So is a PhD easy?

In terms of workload and difficulty a PhD isn’t necessarily as difficult as you might think, so don’t be scared off. That’s not to say it’s not without challenges which we’ll now go on to discuss.

How a PhD can be hard

Of course there are differences between projects, supervisors and universities but I’d say generally the main things which can make a PhD hard are:

Self motivation

Looking after yourself, dealing with isolation.

• Your ability to problem solve
• Fear of public speaking

Prior to studying for a PhD, your studies will likely have been structured by a timetable of contact hours, coursework deadlines and exams. Working towards a PhD is the first time you’re likely to experience fully independent working for extended periods of time. It will also involve work where no one, not even your supervisors, know all the answers. This can be daunting and I think this is where difficulties may stem from for many students.

A PhD is a long-term commitment so you need dedication to reach the end of a PhD.

By the end of your PhD you’ll have to demonstrate that you’ve contributed to your field with a thesis and/or peer-reviewed publications. This can be a challenge and without the regular undergraduate format of deadlines and exams, you may quickly lose focus. Regaining that focus and dedication is key to seeing your PhD through.

If this is something you struggle with check out my post on maintaining motivation during your PhD .

At Imperial we have two progress points throughout the PhD: one at 9-12 months (Early Stage Assessment) and another at 18-24 months (Late Stage Review). These formal progression checkpoints help by giving deadlines and a structure to work towards.

Solution: I believe one of the best ways to keep up productivity, and ensure you’re on the right track, is to meet regularly with the supervisor. I suggest meeting at least a few times per month. I do know some people who meet much less regularly and this can work for some people. However, I personally find myself chatting with my supervisor about far more than the types of things I’d want to ask in an email and this is where the mentorship aspect of a PhD can be made or broken.

In summary, working closely with your supervisor can make your PhD a lot less difficult.

It’s very easy to develop bad habits during your PhD such as:

• Eating badly and drinking too much coffee
• Getting stressed and working long hours
• Not getting exercise and sleeping poorly

From not cycling at all I've now cycled 1k+ miles in London, mostly commuting to @imperialcollege . Great way to get around with so many benefits. Started because of a free course by @RBKC & @Bikeworksuk w/ a refurbished bike! Few words about my experience: https://t.co/rGwSqomikD pic.twitter.com/joyVftxuVn — Jeff Clark (@savvy_scientist) August 30, 2019

Solution: Remember that working longer hours won’t necessarily help your productivity. Instead take time out of your day for breaks and go for walks. Dedicate time to look after yourself. If you’re looking for ways to stay efficient, think of doing things like commuting by walking or cycling. I’d also highly recommend cooking your own meals to stay healthy (and save money ).

When I say isolation I really mean a few different things:

Owning your own project

Every PhD project is different, you may collaborate with friends or colleagues for bits of your work but you are the only person driving forwards your project.

This means that you may face problems other people in the research group or department haven’t encountered. Not only could this be isolating but it may also set your project back if you don’t mitigate the risks.

Solution: Firstly, don’t be afraid to ask people for help. Maybe someone from your group doesn’t have the answer to your problems but they may offer useful advice or know someone else in the department who may help. Coffee breaks offer an opportunity to informally chat with colleagues, which can both be fruitful for your work and your mental health: here is a nice Science article about the positives of coffee breaks.

Imposter Syndrome

As every project is unique it can be very difficult to tell how you measure up to other people. At times you may struggle to understand what other people in your group are working on, but this doesn’t mean you’re not cut out for it! Supervisors have a good idea of what’s required for a project when you’re applying: if you’re accepted you’ll more than likely be fine in this regard.

Solution: Don’t compare yourself to others. This is fruitless, especially when every project is different anyway. Make sure you understand your own project well and you’ll be fine. Having a chat with other students can be a good way to reassure you that everyone goes through difficult times.

Staying social

If I asked you to close your eyes and picture a PhD student, what would you see? Personally I used to conjure up an image of a fatigued student wearing goggles and trapped in a lab, rarely seeing daylight.

That’s not always a hundred miles away from the truth, but it doesn’t have to be the case. We’ve already covered how working such long hours can be counterproductive, but also putting yourself in a solitary position like this can be both demoralising and awful for your mental wellbeing. Please don’t!

Solution: Take frequent breaks, get involved with activities your lab-mates or department are organising: or organise something yourself. Find something you enjoy and can look forward to going along to, you can still join clubs and societies as a postgrad. Being isolated can make a PhD so much more mentally difficult: it doesn’t need to be!

Solving problems

You hear people saying that to be a good researcher you have to be inquisitive and questioning everything. These are certainly good traits to have which can make the work more meaningful, but at the level of a PhD student I believe it’s much more important to work smart.

To me this includes the ability to:

• Think on your feet
• Don’t be afraid to ask your supervisor questions
• Be forward thinking and catch problems early

Solution: Set up a framework to overcome problems and always think of ways to mitigate risks by having a Plan B. For example I work with people who’ve waited six months for consumables to arrive: if you don’t consider risks like this you immediately set yourself up for a less productive and more stressful experience. As before, I really do recommend meeting with your supervisor frequently.

Public speaking

I’m not sure whether presenting your work is a requirement for every PhD but it’s certainly an expectation for most. If nothing else you’ll likely have to present in your viva.

A fear of public speaking is very common and as such it’s a common PhD difficulty to tackle.

It’s completely natural to be nervous with the idea of presenting, however that’s not a reason to avoid public speaking completely. On the contrary you’ll only get comfortable with it by practicing. We’re fortunate as researchers to get regular opportunities to try public speaking.

I certainly still get nervous myself but would rather face the fear than shy away from it: plus you feel great afterwards.

Solution: Take opportunities to give presentations, whether it be at lab meetings, departmental events or conferences. The great thing with being a PhD student is that you get to practice with no expectations that you’ll be perfect. It’s much better to face it now than push the problem back later in to your career. I’ve written some tips for how to keep your presentation interesting.

Presentation Skills for Students: How to Stay On Topic and Keep Audience Attention

Some example issues you might have to overcome as a PhD student

Common phd challenges.

Now that we’ve covered the categories of common PhD difficulties here are some common day to day challenges:

• You need to use a technique or piece of old lab equipment and there’s no one to teach you how to use it
• You’re scared to ask for help because you think you should already know the answer
• You’re not getting the results from an experiment you’re expecting to see
• You need to write a code to do something and have never coded before
• You’re struggling to understand a concept
• You’re bored of reading or are losing interest in the topic
• You feel lonely
• You’re stuck waiting for something to arrive
• You need to create nice looking diagrams
• You need to build a rig or piece of equipment from scratch
• You’re worried about giving a presentation
• Your supervisor isn’t providing support
• You’ve no idea what statistical analysis to use
• You’re facing funding limitations, meaning you can’t do all the experiments you ideally would
• You’re struggling to motivate yourself to write a 100+ page thesis!

I’ve written a separate post covering a range of challenges I faced during my own PhD and you can find that post here: Overcoming Academic Challenges and Failure During a PhD .

Overcoming PhD challenges

It’s normal to face problems during a PhD. It’s how you tackle these problems that will be the defining factor in how difficult you find the PhD.

Part of the joy in completing a PhD is knowing that you’ve managed to overcome these difficulties.

In all these scenarios having a chat with other people will help. Even if other students or staff can’t directly provide assistance, most people are very friendly and supportive which will boost your morale.

I can’t overstate how useful scheduling regular meetings with your supervisor is. It’s so much better to face problems early rather than awkwardly have to deal with it six months later. I meet with my primary supervisor every week and we work together to set short-term deadlines for my work which tie in with the larger targets.

For problems outside of your supervisor’s remit lots of universities provide additional support. For example the graduate school at Imperial lays on courses for PhD students covering how to code, using reference managers, statistics etc.

Plus there are usually facilities for dealing with things such as stress and anxiety via counselling, student support and chaplaincies. Don’t make the PhD more difficult than it needs to be, these facilities are put in place to help you.

Has my PhD been hard?

I’ve been surprised by how manageable the PhD has been. I wouldn’t say that any of the research work was particularly difficult, it has simply required dedication.

Good time management and taking my mental health seriously have helped a lot, as has considering it a full time job. Slow and steady wins the race. Simple steps like always having a backup plan to mitigate the chance of getting stuck if things go wrong has served me well.

I’ve never been a fan of presenting but have learned to expose myself to it in an effort for self improvement. Of the five conference presentations I gave during my PhD, I won prizes for two.

Remember that you may lack self confidence but how you come across to other people may not be how you perceive yourself: this can be very uplifting. If I can do it so can you!

Thesis-writing

I’m currently in the process of writing up a separate post dedicated to my experience of writing a thesis. In summary, for me personally, it wasn’t anything like as stressful as I was thinking it would be.

I gave myself approximately six weeks to write most of it. Mine was 190 pages in total which may sound daunting but I actually only had about 120 pages of proper content and it’s all with 1.5 line spacing. Each chapter was only about 20 pages which sounds much more manageable and really isn’t much for 3 years work!

Things which helped me included:

• Having already written up some results.
• Using figures I’d made for presentations.
• Not expecting it to be perfect.
• Setting myself tight deadlines. I gave myself two weeks to write the introduction, literature review and discussion chapters.

Some of us PhD students make things more difficult than they need to be, trying to make everything perfect. I’ve heard some staff say “good enough is good enough” which I’ve found a useful mantra.

I recommend not spending too long on the thesis because:

• Papers are what count, put your energy into them instead.
• There is no point trying to second-guess what your examiners may want to see, you could spend months deliberating and they’ll still potentially have corrections to suggest.

I was a bit nervous before my viva, which is normal. I was confident in the work I had done for the PhD, but was actually more concerned about being asked any theoretical or technical questions you’d be more likely to encounter in an undergraduate course.

Although it lasted more than five hours, mine was a supportive environment, mostly a discussion to give feedback to improve the thesis and publications. Remember to be honest and be reassured that you know your work better than anyone else.

In summary, how hard is a PhD?

• Most PhDs are not intellectually difficult but they do present other challenges
• How hard you may find a PhD depends on your ability to self motivate, look after yourself, deal with isolation, problem solve and master public speaking
• Everyone experiences challenges during their PhD but it’s how you confront those challenges that matters
• Make the most of your supervisor for support and guidance

If you’d like personalised help with your PhD application I am now starting to offer a small number of one-to-one sessions. Please contact me to find out more or click here to book a call.

If you’re interested in doing a PhD but are scared of the difficulty, please don’t be put off.

As long as you’re willing to learn and are dedicated I am sure you can succeed.

Finally, remember to enjoy the experience!

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10 Comments on “How Hard is a PhD?”

I have really been struggling on whether to apply for a PhD. This post has given me the realistic picture I needed. Thank you

Yay, I’m so pleased you found it useful, Ankita! If you can think of any other questions you’d like answered be sure to let me know. Best wishes

Thanks for sharing your experiences and insights, Jeff 🙂 I find this post really helpful in terms of being aware of what’s to come as I start my PhD journey – and more importantly, what I can do to overcome these potential obstacles!

Hey Julie, I’m pleased you’ve found it useful. Best of luck with your PhD!

Jeff, Thank you very much for putting this together. Im a second year PhD student who regularly finds themselves in crisis of confidence. This article really helps to give me a little perspective, empowering me to plough on regardless of nagging doubts!

Thanks very much for your comment, Callum. I’m really glad the article has helped. Best of luck with the rest of your project: you’ve got this!!

I am currently a full time MBA student who will graduate in December. My professor in Leadership actually approached me about whether I would consider becoming a higher ed professor and researcher. She noticed qualities in my writing and research that she said the job would suit me perfectly. I have been back and forth on the idea and your site has truly been a great boost for me in getting the confidence I need to apply for my PhD, so thank you :)!

Hey Sarah. Yay! I’m so glad the website has been useful for you, thanks so much for your comment. Do let me know if you have any other questions or suggestions for other content which would help. Best of luck with the end of your MBA and future PhD application! Best wishes, Jeff.

Jeff, Thank you for taking the time to put this together. I am entering my final term of my MS in Cybersecurity and graduate in May 21 and I was curious on the level of effort for a PhD. When my wife saw me looking at PhD programs however she lovingly made me close the browser so it may not be in the cards right now. Granted I do have 2 young children under 5, a full time job and am an Army Reservist so she isn’t wrong 🙂 However, I do really appreciate you putting this together to help other students interested in PhD programs. This has given me great insight into what to expect and what it will take. Thanks again! George

Hi George, Thanks so much for your kind comment, I’m glad it has been useful for you. In terms of how much effort a PhD is: anecdotally I did mine keeping pretty strictly to normal office hours of roughly 9-5 Monday-Friday and had the official letter confirming my PhD within 3.5 years of the day I started. Admittedly this is in the UK, I expect in the US it would take a little longer overall but the weekly workload doesn’t need to be overwhelming. I think my peers on average worked similar hours. The nice thing about research is that, assuming you have a reasonable supervisor, you are typically much more in control of your hours than in a traditional job. As long as you get the work done a good PhD supervisor doesn’t tend to care how you schedule your time so could fit quite nicely around other commitments such as childcare. Sometimes people think the flexible hours can only go badly for them: being expected to work longer hours than normal, but I don’t think this needs to be the case. Of course chucking endless hours at a task isn’t always useful, better to work smart! Sure some projects may involve intense sets of experiments but these are either usually few and far between or limited to fields like biology with cell experiments. In my experience anything based on a computer tends to be more flexible so you’re good. Basically the level of effort doesn’t need to be any more intense than a normal job. I hope this helps. Let me know if you have any other questions or I’d be happy to jump on a quick call if that’d help. Best of luck! Jeff.

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Ready, Set, Present! Research Assembly Pushes Limits

NYU Shanghai hosted its second annual Postdoctoral and Doctoral Research Assembly, hosted by the  Office of Graduate and Advanced Education  (OGAE) on April 18-19. The two-day assembly highlighted the research works of two postdoctoral fellows and 18 PhD students across a variety of disciplines including biology, chemistry, computer science, data science, neural science, physics, sociology, transportation systems, and urban studies.

Student research was showcased in a poster exhibition and plenary sessions of oral presentations. Each oral presentation was four minutes, followed by an additional four minutes to answer questions posed by a panel of faculty judges.

Judges determined Best Oral Presentation awardees and a large public audience making up all members of NYU Shanghai’s community voted for Audience Favorite Posters.

Dean of Graduate and Advanced Education  Eric Mao , who oversees NYU Shanghai’s master’s and doctoral programs, said the presentations were a testament to the academic rigor at the university. “I commend all the participants for their outstanding works presented, each one the product of years of intellectual inquiry questing after answers toward critical research questions,” Mao said. “They gained valuable practice in talking to audiences of specialists and non-specialists alike, and shined a light on the contributions of NYU Shanghai’s young scholar community,” 

Poster Exhibition

Post doctoral fellow Mahmuda Akter shared her work on the “Functional specifications of conserved histone variants, H2A.Z to keep genomic stability of higher eukaryotic cells.” Her research, which touches on roles of chromosomal proteins, could lead to understanding solutions for tumor suppression.

Akter said presenting her research helped her grow as a researcher. “I received some interesting questions which made me think differently about my research,” she said. “I also felt excited when a person outside of my discipline of study satisfactorily understood my research.”

Assistant Professor of Biology  Jungseog Kang , Akter’s advisor,said he’s excited for Akter to continue researching the H2AZ histone.“Her study will increase knowledge in the field and eventually provide an effective tool to stop tumors resulting from abnormal H2AZ histone,” he said..

Li Zhi, a doctoral student in Transportation Systems shared his research on “On the Value of Orderly Electric Vehicle Charging in Carbon Emission Reduction,” which addresses the issue of carbon emissions derived from charging electric vehicles. Analyzing 3,777 battery electric vehicles (BEVs) over an 11-month period, Li’s team found that BEVs produced nearly 1.2 tons of carbon emissions. As a solution, Li suggests the implementation of schedules, which could potentially reduce those emissions by up to 39%. 

Doctoral student Li Huilin shared her research at the intersection of mathematics and physics on “Optical effects from free falling plates in fluid,” which seeks to explain certain optical phenomena caused by snowflakes, providing further insights into the way snowflakes fall. 

Oral Presentations 

Xie Zhiye, a computer science doctoral student, presented his research on “Tight Time-Space Tradeoffs for the Decisional Diffie-Hellman Problem,” which offers suggestions for ensuring secure communication and the protection of data privacy online.

Xie said being recognized for his work by the judges and audience was fulfilling. “It makes me more confident about my future research,” he said, adding the experience helped him practice his presentation skills. “It's a great rehearsal for my upcoming conference talk.”

One of the judges, Professor of Practice in Computer Science  Wilson Tam  said he was impressed by Xie’s work. “Xie Zhiye's presentation provided an accessible overview of a complex cryptographic system, a topic often daunting for non-specialists,” he said.  “Through graphical illustrations, he effectively conveyed the research problem's intricacies, making it more tangible and comprehensible.

Urban Studies doctoral student Zhou Yichun presented his research on the “Classification of urban parks through visitation patterns using mobile phone data in Tokyo,” which found that a nuanced park management strategy could support the advancement of green infrastructure planning and policy.  The research team’s findings provide further insights into strategic park utility which could ensure parks remain a place for all to enjoy.

Sociology doctoral student Li Zhi presented his work on the “Perceived structural holes and reputational power in organization,” which expands upon American sociologist Ronald Stuart Burt’s research on structural holes in organizations, which are defined as  “a gap between two individuals with complementary resources or information .” Li’s presentation made suggestions for future research. 

Read on for the full list of this year’s 2nd Annual Postdoctoral and Doctoral Research Assembly awardees. 

The list of Best Oral Presentation winners is as follows:

Biology: Lyu Xiaoai, “Identification of Aneuploidy Sensing Genes.”

Chemistry: Zhao Fanyu, “Will Paxlovid stay effective against SARS-CoV-2 mutants amidst the COVID-19 pandemic?”

Computer Science: Xie Zhiye, “DL = DDH”

Neural Science: Hank Zhang, “The Brain as a Resource-Efficient Computer”

Sociology: Li Zhi, “Perceived structural holes and reputational power in organizations”

Urban Studies: Zhou Yichun, “Classification of urban parks through visitation patterns using mobile phone data in Tokyo”

The list of Audience Favorite Posters is as follows: 

Biology: Mahmuda Akter, “Functional specifications of conserved histone variants, H2A.Z to keep genomic stability of higher eukaryotic cells”

Neural Science: Gu Jintao, “Beyond neural competition, decision made via feedback”

Chemistry: Hu Shiyu, “The magic of protein engineering: less dimerization, less inflammation” 

Physics/Math: Li Huilin “Optical effects from free falling plates in fluid”

Computer Science: Chen Tianyao, “Logic-Assisted Language Model on Music”

Transportation Systems: Li Zhi  “On the Value of Orderly Electric Vehicle Charging in Carbon Emission Reduction”

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Exciting News for Our Students

Over the past few weeks, several of our Chemistry majors have been recognized for their hard work and achievements.

Please join us in congratulating these students on these amazing accomplishments. We’re so proud of them all!

Jasmine Baclig

Jasmine Baclig is a Chemistry major, emphasizing in both ACS Certified Professional and ACS Certified Biochemistry. She is also earning a Computer Science minor and a Certificate in Intermediate Spanish.

Jasmine’s career goal is to go on to earn a Ph.D. in Biomolecular Science and explore novel ways nucleic acids can be utilized in drug discovery to provide long-lasting and curative therapy for various diseases.

Sevio Stanton

Sevio Stanton is a triple major: Chemistry with an emphasis in Biochemistry, Biology with an emphasis in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences, and Physics with double emphases in Astrophysics and Biophysics. He’s also earning a minor in Applied Mathematics.

He has conducted research here in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry with Drs. Cornell and McClain, and Drs. Jackson and Fologea in the Department of Physics. This past summer, he worked at MIT in experimental particle physics.

Sevio plans to pursue a Ph.D. in Physics at University of Colorado Boulder, and is committed to improving the accessibility of science education and contributing to a “culture of academia that uplifts and equips all students with the requisite skills to pursue their intellectual interests.”

Jocelyn Stephens

Jocelyn Stephens is a Chemistry major with an emphasis in Biochemistry. She’s been recognized for her leadership and dedication in both academics and athletics. A captain for the Women’s Soccer team, she’s a two-time Mountain West First Team Defender and has been named Boise State Defensive MVP three times.

She was our winner of the Excellence in Physical Chemistry award in 2023. Researching under Ken Cornell, her work with CAP in combating pathogens earned her the Dr. Ralph Jones Pre-Medical Research Fellowship.

Jocelyn plans to pursue a career in medicine, exploring research while specializing in sports medicine.

Dalton Miller

Dalton Miller, a graduate student working in the Cornell Lab, will graduate this summer from Boise State with his Master’s of Science in Chemistry. He’ll be going on to the MD/PhD program at University of Texas Southwestern in Dallas, Texas.

For the MD portion of the program, Dalton is considering studying oncology, although he is staying open to the possibility of pursuing other interests after gaining more medical experience. He anticipates studying biomolecular condensates for the PhD portion, specifically using biophysical calculations coupled with machine learning methods to assess mechanisms of formation and dysregulation. His hope is that he’ll be able to study how dysregulation of these condensates in cancer cells can be used to develop novel drugs that would be more cancer-specific that current therapeutics.

Caleb Leach

Caleb Leach, a graduate student working in the Cornell Lab, will be graduating this summer with his Master’s of Science in chemistry. He’ll be getting married on July 8th, then he and his new wife will be moving in August to Wisconsin.

Caleb has accepted an offer to join the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s PhD program. The Integrated Program in Biochemistry, or IPiB, is the joint graduate training program of the University of Wisconsin–Madison’s Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biomolecular Chemistry. The unique merged program engages in important and broad approaches to science and medicine, tackling problems in biochemistry from multiple angles. UW-Madison research and education in biochemistry ranks 8th in the nation in U.S. News & World Report’s “Best Graduate Schools.”

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A New Course

Family inspiration, on-campus community support essential to their success

First-generation college students may not have the same familial models for higher education as their continuing-generation peers, but these driven students craft their own communities and support systems. By charting a different path for themselves, they break down generational boundaries and discover new futures.

“The overall best thing about first-generation students earning college degrees is that it changes all generations after them,” said Chris Kroeger, associate dean for undergraduate student services and a first-generation college graduate. “Their kids will be in a better position to go to college, and so will their grandkids. Earning a college degree can have a long-term ripple effect.”

First-generation students also enrich the university experience, especially in the STEM fields, said Lisa Gillis-Davis, senior assistant dean, who leads the development of student support initiatives for first-generation undergraduate students in McKelvey Engineering. Research shows that including more underrepresented minority and first-generation students in a class is positively associated with better outcomes for all students in STEM courses.

Around 1,600 of Washington University’s 7,400 full-time undergraduate students in the 2023-24 academic year are limited income or first-generation students. In the McKelvey School of Engineering, the share of first-generation students in the incoming class has increased from roughly 5% to 20% in the past decade.

Dominique Bradshaw

Class of 2026

Hometown: St. Louis, Mo. Majors: Data Science in McKelvey Engineering and African and African American Studies in Arts & Sciences Activities:  National Society of Black Engineers, Code Black, Society of Women Engineers, ColorStack, FSAP, TRIO, photography and clothing design Future plans:  Graduate school to specialize in AI and machine learning; conduct research on understanding and combating bias, particularly racial bias, in algorithms

Why did you choose WashU?

“My dad is from St. Louis, and he always wanted to be a WashU dad. When I was a senior in high school, I toured campus, including McKelvey Hall, where I got to meet with a computer scientist doing research in this beautiful new facility, and I knew I had to come here.

Since I’ve been a student, WashU has been everything I expected it to be and more. I knew I’d have opportunities to grow, but what has exceeded my expectations is the community I’ve found here.”

Ariel Nochez

Hometown: Germantown, Md. Majors: Data Science in McKelvey Engineering and Linguistics in Arts & Sciences Minor: Speech and Hearing Sciences in Arts & Sciences Activities:  McKelvey Believes; Unlocked Labs, a nonprofit that teaches basic technology skills to incarcerated and recently released, formerly incarcerated individuals; reading; working and playing with children at the Central Institute for the Deaf; tutoring Future plans:  Joint PhD program in hearing and speech science and continuing research in computational linguistics with goal of becoming an audiologist working on hearing aid devices

What are the keys to your success?

“My first semester at WashU, I didn’t do as well as I wanted, and I struggled in terms of mental health. I could have given up, but my parents taught me the value of hard work, and their example helped me push through and seek out resources. Now I’m doing a lot better both academically and mentally. That ‘never give up’ attitude that I learned at home helped me find support here at WashU through the Student Success Fund, and the Taylor Center for Student Success.”

Jenna Nguyen

Class of 2025

Hometown: Oxnard, Calif., and Phoenix, Ariz.

Major: Biomedical Engineering Minor: Mechanical Engineering Activities:  Researcher in Assistant Professor Nathaniel Huebsch’s lab, working on optimizing growth of micro-heart tissue; public relations chair for Washington University STEM Education Association; and resident adviser in the William Greenleaf Eliot Residential College Future plans:  Complete master’s degree in mechanical engineering in four years alongside bachelor’s degree, then continue on to a PhD or enter industry with a focus on research, development and manufacturing of biomedical devices

Who inspires and motivates you to excel?

“My biggest support and inspiration come from the friends I’ve made at WashU, especially other BME majors, who are going through the same very tough courses I am. I’ve found my people here. Every one of them — my friends and my partner — are so amazing that they inspire me to do better myself. I always try to be a better person and to expand my perspective beyond my identity as a first-generation, low-income student.

Part of that drive also comes from my family. My grandparents escaped Vietnam on their fishing boat with my father and his siblings during the war, so a lot of what I do is motivated to make my parents proud and to be a good example for my little brother, whom I want to have the same opportunities and support I’ve had.”

Christina Alexakos

Hometown: Lincolnshire, Ill. Major: Chemical Engineering Minor: Environmental Engineering Activities:  Working at the Women & Engineering Center, tutoring General Chemistry, attending WU Cinema events, reading, drinking matcha lattes, and walking in Forest Park Future plans:  Renewable energy internship this summer with Electric Hydrogen, which will focus on electrolyzers and fuel cells, then continue with a career in renewable energy space

“I chose to study chemical engineering here because of WashU’s emphasis on environmental applications. I knew I wanted to pursue a career in sustainability, but I didn’t know what that would be exactly.

After taking classes here with professors like Dan Giammar and Young-Shin Jun, I learned there's a lot you can do with renewable energy. There's a lot you can do with water treatment. This degree will help me do what I want to do in sustainability while being hands on and working on issues that give me a sense of purpose and let me make a difference in the world.”

Will Smith Jr.

Hometown: Memphis, Tenn. Major: Biomedical Engineering Activities:  Running club; WashU Robotics Club; Books and Basketball, a student-led group that visits local schools weekly to provide tutoring and engage in recreation with students Future plans: Get a master’s degree at McKelvey, then work in the medical device industry at Abbott, building on a summer internship as a development quality engineer

Who are your role models?

“My mom always pushed me to get a college education. She encouraged me to break generational boundaries, and she gives me the support I need to move forward in stressful times. My mom is a single parent with an incredible work ethic, so that has inspired me to work hard, too.

My mentors have also been really helpful for my intellectual and emotional growth. My scholarship sponsor, Rhonda Germany Ballintyn, helped me get acclimated to WashU and continues to mentor me professionally. Professor Patricia Widder and Dr. Patrícia Pereira have helped me feel included and succeed in a really difficult major.”

• MyU : For Students, Faculty, and Staff

Hannah Kenagy and Melissa Ramirez join Department of Chemistry

MINNEAPOLIS / ST. PAUL (04/22/2024) – The Department of Chemistry will welcome Dr. Hannah Kenagy and Dr. Melissa Ramirez to the faculty in January 2025. Both chemists will enter the department as Assistant Professors. 

Hannah S. Kenagy will join the department in January 2025 after completion of her postdoctoral training at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where she currently works as an NSF AGS Postdoctoral Fellow with Prof. Jesse Kroll and Prof. Colette Heald. Prior to her current position at MIT, Kenagy completed her PhD at the University of California Berkeley in 2021 with Ronald Cohen and her BS in Chemistry and the University of Chicago in 2016. 

At the University of Minnesota, the Kenagy research group will focus on atmospheric chemistry. Kenagy’s research explores how emissions into the atmosphere get physically and chemically transformed into gases and particles with impacts on air quality and climate. “We will use an integrated toolset for thinking about these questions, including lab experiments, field observations, and multi-scale modeling,” Kenagy says. “In particular, we’ll focus on questions regarding how atmospheric chemistry and composition are changing as we reduce our reliance on fossil fuel combustion and as temperatures continue to rise with climate change. Integrating measurements and models together will enable us to push forward our understanding of this changing chemistry.”

Kenagy is passionate about integrating environmental chemistry learning opportunities in her classrooms to make real-world connections for students. “Because so much of my research is relevant to air quality and climate – things that impact people’s daily lives, often inequitably – outreach is a really key component of my group’s work,” Kenagy says. She also engages in ongoing efforts to make science more accessible, and to ensure all students have the resources they need to thrive and develop a sense of belonging in science.

The UMN Department of Chemistry’s strong focus on environmental chemistry and the opportunities to engage in interdisciplinary research make the move to Minnesota particularly exciting for Kenagy. “I’m looking forward to joining a university with atmospheric scientists in a variety of departments across both the Minneapolis and St. Paul campuses. I also plan to make some measurements of urban chemistry across the Twin Cities, a unique environment that is impacted by agricultural and biogenic emissions in addition to more typical urban emissions. This mix of emissions makes the Twin Cities an interesting place to study the air!”

When she’s not busy in the office and lab, Kenagy loves being outside, hiking and swimming. She also loves music – she plays piano and sings – and cooking.  You can read more about Kenagy here.

Melissa Ramirez will also make her move to Minnesota in January of 2025. Currently, Ramirez is an NIH K99/R00 MOSAIC Scholar, NSF MPS-Ascend Fellow, and Caltech Presidential Postdoctoral Scholar in the laboratory of Prof. Brian Stoltz at the California Institute of Technology, where her research focuses on enantioselective quaternary center formation using experiments and computations. Before her postdoctoral position, Ramirez completed her PhD in Organic Chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles with Prof. Ken Houk and Prof. Neil Garg in 2021 and her BA in Chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania in 2016. 

The Ramirez laboratory at UMN will develop experimental and computational approaches to address challenges associated with efficiency in the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant small molecules. “The mission of my research program will be to establish synthetic methods in the areas of main group catalysis, asymmetric organocatalysis, and transition metal photochemistry with the aid of computations,” Ramirez writes. “Students trained in my lab will develop strong skills in synthetic and computational organic chemistry with a focus on reaction development. This synergistic skillset in synthesis and computations will also give rise to a range of opportunities for collaboration with the broader scientific community.” Ramirez aims to bridge synthesis and catalysis research with computational chemistry at UMN.

Ramirez says an important goal for her as a professor will be to challenge students, support them, and make them feel connected to the classroom regardless of their background. “Throughout my academic career, some of the most effective teachers I have had are those who believed in my potential even when I experienced self-doubt or failure,” Ramirez says. She is also looking forward to collaborating with the Chemistry Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Committee to explore ways to better connect students with resources to help remove barriers to their science education and career. “I am excited to help recruit a diverse student body by helping organize the  CheMNext session and by continuing my close relationship with organizations such as the Alliance for Diversity in Science and Engineering and Científico Latino, which I have served on the organizational board for during my postdoc,” Ramirez says.

When she’s not on campus, Ramirez enjoys staying active. She’s an avid runner, loves Peloton, and likes taking high-intensity interval training (HIIT) classes.  You can learn more about Ramirez here.

The hiring of Kenagy and Ramirez follows the recent announcement of Dr. Jan-Niklas Boyn and Dr. Kade Head-Marsden joining the faculty in Fall 2024 . These four incoming Gophers will bring the Department of Chemistry total of new faculty hires to nine over the past three years. We are excited for these outstanding chemists to join our community, and be part of the ongoing growth of the College of Science and Engineering on the UMN-TC campus.

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The Zodiac Sign You Have the Best Romantic Chemistry With, Astrologers Say

Posted: April 26, 2024 | Last updated: April 26, 2024

Maybe you've taken a personality test to try to figure out what kind of partner you need. Or perhaps you've narrowed down the red flags to avoid on dating profiles. This "relationship science" can be a lot of work—and it might all be for naught, at least according to astrologers. They say that zodiac compatibility is worth paying attention to.

While it's true that any two zodiac signs can have romantic chemistry, some zodiac matches have a better chance of success than others. Read on to find out who you're most compatible with astrologically when it comes to love, romance, and sexual chemistry.

RELATED: Your Love Language, Based on Your Zodiac Sign .

Aries (March 21-April 19) + Aquarius (Jan. 20-Feb. 18)

As the first sign of the zodiac, Aries has a bold and adventurous spirit that isn't for the faint of heart. Therefore, they are most compatible with a partner who has plenty of confidence to spare.

"Aries is an amazing initiator and likes to break boundaries. At the same time, Aquarius is great at thinking outside the box and always reaches further when it comes to thought," shares Stina Garbis , astrologer and owner of  Psychic Stina . "When they get together, they are an inventive powerhouse, and anything is possible."

Taurus (April 20-May 20) + Virgo (Aug. 23-Sept. 22)

When two earth signs come together, they create zodiac couples that truly bring out the best in each other. That's why Raquel Rodriguez , astrologer and founder of  Your Zodiac , says that "Taurus and Virgo find harmony in their shared values of stability and practicality."

Logistically speaking, both of them are very organized and have similar ideas about handling finances, notes Garbis. However, don't let their sensible sides fool you; "Virgo and Taurus are sensual signs," adds Garbis.

Gemini (May 21-June 20) + Libra (Sept. 23-Oct. 22)

These friendly air signs get along easily since they combine "the forces of love and communication," explains professional astrologer  and media personality  Lauren Ash . They don't take life too seriously and value outside friendships and socializing.

RELATED: The Zodiac Sign That Kisses Best, Astrologers Say .

Cancer (June 21-July 22) + Pisces (Feb. 19-March 20)

Cancer's compatibility with Pisces is the pairing that all astrologers seem to agree on.

"Both water signs, they understand each other's needs for affection and security without words," explains Rodriguez. "Their relationship is characterized by empathy, deep care, and a nurturing environment where both can flourish."

And because these sweet and sensitive signs are some of the most romantic members of the zodiac , they'll have plenty of flirty energy and stolen kisses.

Leo (July 23-Aug. 22) + Sagittarius (Nov. 22-Dec. 21)

As the sign ruled by the Sun, Leo needs a partner who will let them shine. Sagittarius is just as spontaneous and optimistic, notes Rodriguez, which is why these two will bring out the best in each other.

Ash adds that they "both help the other feel more comfortable being authentic and expressing themselves." She explains that Leo is attracted to Sagittarius' wild and playful energy and Sagittarius to Leo's confidence. And since they're both fire signs, Ash points out that the pairing will be "hot and steamy."

Virgo (Aug. 23-Sept. 22) + Capricorn (Dec. 22-Jan. 19)

You may think that pairing two type-A signs would be a recipe for disaster. However, according to Rodriguez, Virgo and Capricorn "support each other's aspirations and build a relationship based on mutual respect and admiration."

RELATED: The Zodiac Sign You Should Be Best Friends With Based on Compatibility .

Libra (Sept. 23-Oct. 22) + Aries (March 21-April 19)

"This match is a classic case of opposites attract," says astrologer Bella Nguen , co-founder of Cosmicate . "Fiery Aries loves Libra's balanced approach, while Libra finds Aries' passionate nature irresistible."

As Ash explains, Libra is drawn to the fact that Aries complements the traits they lack. And this ultimately leads to above-average sexual chemistry , she adds: Libra is ruled by Venus, the planet of romance, while Aries is ruled by Mars, the planet of passion, making their relationship "hot and heavy."

Scorpio (Oct. 23-Nov. 21) + Cancer (June 21-July 22)

This may seem like another case of opposites attract since Scorpio is known for being dark and brooding, while Cancer is caring and sensitive. However, Scorpio is attracted to their fellow emotional water sign because they help them open up.

As Ash explains, Scorpio plays their cards close to the chest, which is why the empathetic communication of a Cancer helps to break down their walls. And for both of these signs, a strong emotional bond is the key to romantic chemistry.

Sagittarius (Nov. 22-Dec. 21) + Gemini (May 21-June 20)

Sagittarius and Gemini is another pairing that astrologers agree on. Ash says their relationship is "relatively easy, fun, and often full of laughter." And this is important to adventurous, world-traveling Sagittarius, since they don't like to feel tied down.

RELATED: The Most Incompatible Zodiac Signs, According to an Astrologer .

Capricorn (Dec. 22-Jan. 19) + Taurus (April 20-May 20)

"Taurus and Capricorn's compatibility is extremely high—in fact, it doesn't get much more compatible than this," states Ash, who refers to them as the zodiac's "power couple."

While both of these earth signs are practical and dependable, Ash adds that "Capricorn can provide a stable and secure relationship for Taurus, and Taurus can help Capricorn to open up more to become more intimate and romantic." And since they both like nice things, they'll spoil each other rotten.

Aquarius (Jan. 20-Feb. 18) + Leo (July 23-Aug. 22)

"Leo and Aquarius make one of the most alluring and dynamic couples of the zodiac," says Ash.

Aquarius is a bit of a rebel who can oftentimes have unconventional opinions. Not only does Leo accept their quirky nature, but they celebrate it. "Leo loves to be the center of attention and knows how to shine the spotlight on Aquarius' individuality," Ash explains.

Since both these signs are a bit spontaneous and incredibly witty, there will never be a dull moment in their relationship.

Pisces (Feb. 19-March 20) + Scorpio (Oct. 23-Nov. 21)

It's all about the passion when these two water signs get together.

"Pisces tends to get lost in the romance of relationships and often choose partners who don't reciprocate their effort," Ash explains. "For this reason, Scorpio's obsessive and passionate approach to relationships is sure to sweep them off their feet."

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