case study questions for physics class 12

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Case Study Questions Class 12 Physics

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CBSE will ask two Case Study Questions in the CBSE class 12 Physics questions paper. Question numbers 15 and 16 are case-based questions where 5 MCQs will be asked based on a paragraph. Each theme will have five questions and students will have a choice to attempt any four of them. You can download CBSE Class 12 Physics case study questions from the myCBSEguide App and our free student dashboard .

You can Score High

CBSE class 12 Physics question paper will carry questions for 70 marks. Certainly, the question paper is a bit easier this year. It is because the syllabus is already reduced and there are more internal choices. Besides this, the case study questions are a plus to winning the game with good marks.

In simple words, all circumstances are in favour of the sincere students who are working hard to score high this year. Although it has been a difficult time for students as they were not getting the personal attention of the teachers. We know that online classes have their own limits, but we still expect better scores, especially from students who are putting extra effort into their studies.

Class 12 Physics Case Study Questions

CBSE class 12 Physics question paper will have case study questions too. These case-based questions will be objective type in nature. So, class 12 Physics students must prepare themselves for such questions. First of all, you should study NCERT Textbooks line by line and then you should practice as many questions as possible.

Case Study Syllabus

We know that CBSE has reduced the syllabus. Hence, practice only relevant questions. don’t waste time on case study questions from deleted portion. It is of no use. You can download the latest class 12 Physics case study questions from the myCBSEguide App.

Physics Case Studies

Class 12 Physics has many chapters but all chapters are not important for case studies. As we know case studies are not exactly given from NCERT books but these may be extracted from some newspaper articles, magazines, journals or other books. So, it is very much important that you are studying only the most relevant case studies. Here, the myCBSEguide app helps you a lot. We have case study questions that are prepared by a team of expert teachers. These experts exactly know what types of questions can come in exams.

Case Study Questions

There are a number of study apps available over the internet. But if you are a CBSE student and willing to get an app for the CBSE curriculum, you have very limited options. And if you want an app that is specifically designed for CBSE students, your search will definitely end on finding myCBSEguide. Case study questions are the latest updates in CBSE syllabus. It is exclusively available in the myCBSEguide app.

Here are some example questions. For more questions, you can download the myCBSEguide App.

Physics Case Study -1

Read  the following source and answer any four out of the following questions: Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of charges positive and negative charges. Also, like charges repel each other whereas unlike charges attract each other.

• -3.2  × ×  10 -18  C
• 3.2  × ×  10  18  C
• -3.2  × ×  10 -17  C
• 3.2  × ×  10  -17   C
• -1.6  × ×  10 -18  C
• 1.6  × ×  10  -18  C
• 2.6  × ×  10 -18  C
• 1.6  × ×  10 -21  C
• 9.1  × ×  10 -31  kg
• 9.1  × ×  10 -31  g
• 1.6  × ×  10 -19  kg
• 1.6  × ×  10 -19  g
• there is only a positive charge in the body
• there is positive as well as negative charge in the body but the positive charge is more than the negative charge
• there is equally positive and negative charge in the body but the positive charge lies in the outer regions
• the negative charge is displaced from its position
• valence electrons only
• electrons of inner shells
• both valence electrons and electrons of the inner shell.
• none of the above

Physics Case Study -2

Read the following source and answer any four out of the following questions: Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms. Also, Resistivity is the electrical resistance of a conductor of unit cross-sectional area, and unit length. … A characteristic property of each material, resistivity is useful in comparing various materials on the basis of their ability to conduct electric currents.

• nature of material
• temperature
• dimensions of material
• cross-sectional area
• length of wire
• wire’s nature
• all of the above
• more resistance
• less resistance
• same resistance

Physics Case Study -3

Read the source given below and answer any four out of the following questions: The Bohr model of the atom was proposed by Neil Bohr in 1915. It came into existence with the modification of Rutherford’s model of an atom. Rutherford’s model introduced the nuclear model of an atom, in which he explained that a nucleus (positively charged) is surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

• The energy of the electrons in the orbit is quantized
• The electron in the orbit nearest the nucleus has the lowest energy
• Electrons revolve in different orbits around the nucleus
• The position and velocity of the electrons in the orbit cannot be determined simultaneously
• Single proton
• Multiple electrons
• emitted only
• absorbed only
• both (a) and (b)
• none of these
•  It must emit a continuous spectrum
•  It loses its energy
• Gaining its energy
• A discrete spectrum
• dequantized

Physics Case Study & myCBSEguide App

We at myCBSEguide provide the best case study questions for CBSE class 12 Physics. We have Physics case study questions for every chapter in 12th class Physics. Students can access the Physics case study questions with answers on the myCBSEguide App or on the student dashboard . Here are some features that make myCBSEguide the best learning app for CBSE students:

• Updated syllabus
• Up to date question bank
• Model papers and 10-year questions
• NCERT and Exemplar sulutions
• Best quality learning videos
• Detailed revision notes

12 Physics Question Paper Design

Here is the question paper design for CBSE class 12 Physics. It shows the typology of the questions and their weightage in CBSE board exams.

QUESTION PAPER DESIGN Theory (Class: 12)

Maximum Marks: 70 Duration: 3 hrs

Note:  The above template is only a sample. Suitable internal variations may be made for generating similar templates keeping the overall weightage to different forms of questions and typology of questions the same.

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2 thoughts on “Case Study Questions Class 12 Physics”

Good question l will check answers sheet

Question 2 answer key ?

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NCERT Books and Solutions for all classes

Class 12 Physics Case Study Questions

Please refer to the chapter-wise Class 12 Physics Case Study Questions given below. These questions are expected to come in your class 12 Physics board exams. Our expert teachers have developed these Case Study questions and answers based on the latest examination guidelines and updated syllabus issued by CBSE, NCERT, and KVS. These will help you to understand all topics too and bet way to write answers in your exams. Revise these solved problems prior to your exams to score better marks in Class 12 exams.

Case Study Questions Class 12 Physics

Please click on the links below to access free important Case Study questions and answers for Grade 12 Physics. All solved questions have been designed based on the latest pattern of questions asked in recent examinations.

Chapter-wise Solved Case Study Questions for Class 12 Physics

Class 12 students should go through important Case Study problems for Physics before the exams. This will help them to understand the type of Case Study questions that can be asked in Grade 12 Physics examinations. Our expert faculty for standard 12 Physics have designed these questions based on the trend of questions that have been asked in last year’s exams. The solutions have been designed in a manner to help the grade 12 students understand the concepts and also easy to learn solutions.

You can click on the chapter-wise Case Study links given above and read the Class 12th Physics Case Study questions and answers provided by us. If you face any issues or have any questions please put your questions in the comments section below. Our teachers will be happy to provide you answers.

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CBSE Class 12 Physics Important Case Study Based Questions 2024

Important case study questions for class 12 physics: check here the important case study based questions of section e in the cbse class 12 physics exam 2024 for last minute preparation..

CBSE Class 12 Physics Exam 2024 Important Questions: The Central Board of Secondary Education is the largest and one of the most prestigious school boards in India, and millions of students are currently enrolled in it. The annual CBSE Exams are of utmost importance for the students, and the next paper will be of Physics on 4 March. Physics is a compulsory subject in CBSE Class 12 science stream and is essential for both medical and non-medical science stream students. The subject also demands immense practice, especially the important topics for class 12 Physics, like optics and electromagnetics. There will be five sections in the 2024 CBSE Class 12 Physics exam, and the last section E will comprise two case study-based questions of 5 marks. These questions are very important from the exam point of view, and you can read the solved versions here.

CBSE Physics Class 12 Syllabus 2024

CBSE Class 12   Physics   Unit Wise Marks Distribution 2024

Why for case study questions are beneficial for class 12 physics .

Physics is no walk in the park. It is a mind-boggling subject that’s on par with mathematics for non-medical stream students. However, physics is challenging for all students due to its conceptual and numerical-based nature. Physics requires a clear understanding of the fundamentals, memorisation of several formulas, derivations and expert calculation skills plus the ability to apply them to tricky questions. All this requires practice but not blind practice. You must know which topics are important and which chapters are frequently asked in the exam.

CBSE Physics Previous Year Question Paper Class 12

Important Questions For Class 12   Physics   CBSE Board

Ques. 1  An ammeter and a voltmeter are connected in series to a battery with an emf   of 10V.   When a certain resistance is connected in parallel with the voltmeter, the reading of the   voltmeter decreases three times, whereas the reading of the   ammeter increases two times.

Answer: (2) 2V

Answer: (3) 3 ohm

• None of the above

Answer: (1) 3/5 ohm

Ques. 2 Given figure shows a metal rod PQ resting on the smooth rails AB and positioned between the poles of a permanent magnet. The rails, the rod, and the magnetic field are in three mutual perpendicular directions. A galvanometer G connects the rails through a switch K. Length of the rod = 15 cm, B = 0.50 T, resistance of the closed loop containing the rod = 9.0 mΩ. Assume the field to be uniform.

(a) Suppose K is open and the rod is moved with a speed of 12 cm s-1 in the direction shown. Give the polarity and magnitude of the induced emf. Physics / XII (2020-21)

(b) Is there an excess charge built up at the ends of the rods when K is open? What if K is closed?

(c) With K open and the rod moving uniformly, there is no net force on the electrons in the rod PQ even though they do experience magnetic force due to the motion of the rod. Explain.

(d) What is the retarding force on the rod when K is closed?

(e) How much power is required (by an external agent) to keep the rod moving at the same speed (=12 cm/ sec) when K is closed? How much power is required when K is open?

(f) How much power is dissipated as heat in the closed circuit? What is the source of this power?

(g) What is the induced emf in the moving rod if the magnetic field is parallel to the rails instead of being perpendicular?

(a) EMF = vBL = 0.12 0.50 x 0.15 = 9.0 mV; P positive end and Q negative end.

(b) Yes. When K is closed, the excess charge is maintained by the continuous flow of current.

(c) Magnetic force is cancelled by the electric force set-up due to the excess charge of opposite signs at the ends of the rod.

(d) Retarding force = IBL

• e) Power expended by an external agent against the above retarding force to keep the rod moving uniformly at 12 cm s' = 75 x 10 -3 x 12 x 10 -2 = 9.0 x 10 -3  W

When K is open, no power is expended.

(f) I 2  R = 1x1x 9 x 10 -3  = 9.0 x 10 -3  W

The source of this power is the power provided by the external agent as calculated above.

g) Zero: motion of the rod does not cut across the field lines. [Note: length of Pg has been considered above to be equal to the spacing between the rails.]

Ques. 3 According to Ohm's law, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the ends of the conductor i.e I ∝ V ⇒ V/ I = R, where R is resistance of the conductor Electrical resistance of a conductor is the obstruction posed by the conductor to the flow of electric current through it. It depends upon length, area of cross-section, nature of material and temperature of the conductor.

We can write R∝l/A or R=ρl/A

Where ρ is electrical resistivity of the material of the conductor.

(i) Dimensions of electric resistance is

(a) [ML2 T−2 A−2]

(b) [ML2T−3A−2]

(c) [M−1 L−2 T−1 A]

(d) [M−1L2T2A−1]

(ii) If 1μA current flows through a conductor when potential difference of 2 volt is applied

across its ends, then the resistance of the conductor is

(c) 1.5×105Ω

(iii) Specific resistance of a wire depends upon

(b) cross-sectional area

(d) none of these

(iv) The slope of the graph between potential difference and current through a conductor is

(a) a straight line

(c) first curve then straight line

(d) first straight line then curve

(v) The resistivity of the material of a wire 1.0 m long, 0.4 mm in diameter and having a

resistance of 2.0 ohm is

(a) 57×10−6Ωm

(b) 5.25×10−7Ωm

(c) 7.12×10−5Ωm

(d) 2.55×10−7Ωm

Now, ρ = RA/ l = 2×4π×10−8/ 1 = 2.55×10−7Ωm

(ii) (b) As I = ε/ (R+r)

In first case, I = 0.5 A; R = 12 Ω

0.5 = ε/ (12+r) ⇒ ε = 6.0 + 0.5 r ....(i)

In second case I = 0.25 A; R=25 Ω

ε = 6.25 + 0.25 r ...(ii)

From equation (i) and (ii), r = 1 Ω

(iv) (a) Current in the circuit I= ε/ (R+r)

Power delivered to the resistance R is P = I2R = E2R/ (R+r)2

It is maximum when dP/ dR = 0

dP/ dR = E2[(r+R)2−R(r+R)]/ (r+R)4 = 0

or (r+R)2 = 2R(r+R) or R = r

(v) (b) For first case, ε/ (R+r) = 10/ R ...(i)

For second case, ε/ (5R+r) = 30/ 5R

Dividing (i) by (ii), we get r = 5R

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Class 12 Physics Case Study Questions Chapter 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

• Post author: studyrate
• Post published:
• Post category: Class 12 / 12 board
• Post comments: 0 Comments

In Class 12 Boards there will be Case studies and Passage Based Questions will be asked, So practice these types of questions. Study Rate is always there to help you. Free PDF Downloads of CBSE Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Case Study and Passage-Based Questions with Answers were Prepared Based on the Latest Exam Pattern. Students can solve NCERT Class 12 Physics Case Study Questions Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance  to know their preparation level.

Join our Telegram Channel, there you will get various e-books for CBSE 2024 Boards exams for Class 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th.

In CBSE Class 12 Physics Paper, Students will have to answer some questions based on  Assertion and Reason . There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Case Study Questions With Answers

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 12 Physics  Chapter 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Case Study/Passage-Based Questions

Answer: (b) 20

(ii) A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of 8 pF. The separation between the plates is now reduced by half and the space between them is filled with a medium of dielectric constant 5. Calculate the value of capacitance of the capacitor in the second case.

Answer: (c) 80pF

(iii) A dielectric introduced between the plates of a parallel plate condenser

Answer: (d) increases the capacity of the condenser

(iv) A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance 1 pF has separation between the plates is d. When the distance of separation becomes 2d and wax of dielectric constant x is inserted in it the capacitance becomes 2 pF. What is the value of x?

Answer: (b) 4

Case Study 2: When an insulator is placed in an external field, the dipoles become aligned. Induced surface charges on the insulator establish a polarization field Ē i  in its interior. The net field Ē in the insulator is the vector sum of Ē, and Ē i  as shown in the figure.

In the application of an external electric field, the effect of aligning the electric dipoles in the insulator is called polarization, and the field Ē; is known as the polarisation field. The dipole moment per unit volume of the dielectric is known as  polarisation  ( P ). For linear isotropic dielectrics,  P =χE , where χ = electrical susceptibility of the dielectric medium.

(i) Which among the following is an example of a polar molecule? (2) O₂ (b) H (c) N 2 (d) HCI

Answer: (d) HCI

(ii) When air is replaced by a dielectric medium of constant K, the maximum force of attraction between two charges separated by a distance (a) increases K times (b) remains unchanged (c) decreases K times (d) increases 2K times.

Answer: (c) decreases K times

(iii) Which of the following is a dielectric? (a) Copper (b) Glass (c) Antimony (Sb) (d) None of these

Answer: (c) Antimony (Sb)

(iv) For a polar molecule, which of the following statements is true ? (a) The centre of gravity of electrons and protons coincide. (b) The centre of gravity of electrons and protons do not coincide. (c) The charge distribution is always symmetrical. (d) The dipole moment is always zero.

Answer: (b) The centre of gravity of electrons and protons do not coincide.

(v) When a comb rubbed with dry hair attracts pieces of paper. This is because the (a) comb polarizes the piece of paper (b) comb induces a net dipole moment opposite to the direction of field (c) electric field due to the comb is uniform (d) comb induces a net dipole moment perpendicular to the direction of field

Answer: (a) comb polarizes the piece of paper

Case Study 3: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance, explores the concepts of electric potential energy, electric potential, and capacitance. The electric potential at a point in an electric field is the amount of work done per unit charge in bringing a positive test charge from infinity to that point against the electric force. It’s important to note that the potential energy of a system of charges is defined as the work done in assembling the system of charges from infinity. The chapter further introduces the concept of capacitance. A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It’s essentially a system of two conductors separated by an insulator, and its capacitance is the ratio of the amount of charge stored on one conductor to the potential difference between the conductors.

What is the electric potential at a point in an electric field?

A) The amount of work done per unit charge in bringing a negative test charge from infinity to that point.

• B) The amount of work done per unit charge in bringing a positive test charge from infinity to that point.

C) The force experienced by a unit positive charge at that point.

D) The force experienced by a unit negative charge at that point.

How is the potential energy of a system of charges defined?

A) As the work done in disassembling the system of charges to infinity.

• B) As the work done in assembling the system of charges from infinity.

C) As the force experienced by the system of charges.

D) As the amount of charge in the system.

What is a capacitor?

A) A device that measures the potential difference between two points.

B) A device that measures the amount of charge in an electric field.

• C) A device that stores electrical energy in an electric field.

D) A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

What is the capacitance of a capacitor?

A) The ratio of the potential difference between the conductors to the amount of charge stored on one conductor.

• B) The ratio of the amount of charge stored on one conductor to the potential difference between the conductors.

C) The total amount of charge stored on the conductors.

D) The potential difference between the conductors.

What does a capacitor essentially consist of?

• A) Two conductors separated by an insulator.

B) Two insulators separated by a conductor.

C) A single conductor surrounded by an insulator.

D) A single insulator surrounded by a conductor.

Hope the information shed above regarding Case Study and Passage Based Questions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance with Answers Pdf free download has been useful to an extent. If you have any other queries about CBSE Class 12 Physics Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Case Study and Passage Based Questions with Answers, feel free to comment below so that we can revert back to us at the earliest possible. By Team Study Rate

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Case Study Class 12 Physics With Questions Answers

In Coming Exams, CBSE will ask two Case Study Questions in the CBSE class 12 Physics questions paper. Question numbers 15 and 16 are case-based questions where 5 MCQs will be asked based on a paragraph. Each theme will have five questions and students will have a choice to attempt any four of them. Here are some example questions Based On Case Study Problems: Question 1. Read the following source and answer any four out of the following questions: Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of charges positive and negative charges. Also, like charges repel each other whereas unlike charges attract each other.

1. Charge on a body which carries 200 excess electrons is: 1. -3.2 × 10 -18 C 2. 3.2 × 10 18 C 3. -3.2 × 10 -17 C 4. 3.2 × 10 -17 C 2. Charge on a body which carries 10 excess electrons is: 1. -1.6 × 10 -18 C 2. 1.6 × 10 -18 C 3. 2.6 × 10 -18 C 4. 1.6 × 10 -21 C 3. Mass of electron is: 1. 9.1 × 10 -31 kg 2. 9.1 × 10 -31 g 3. 1.6 × 10 -19 kg 4. 1.6 × 10 -19 g

4. A body is positively charged, it implies that: 1. there is only a positive charge in the body 2. there is positive as well as negative charge in the body but the positive charge is more than negative charge 3. there is equally positive and negative charge in the body but the positive charge lies in the outer regions 4. the negative charge is displaced from its position 5. On rubbing, when one body gets positively charged and other negatively charged, the electrons transferred from positively charged body to negatively charged body are: 1. valence electrons only 2. electrons of inner shells 3. both valence electrons and electrons of the inner shell. 4. none of the above

Question .Read the following source and answer any four out of the following questions: Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms. Also Resistivity, the electrical resistance of a conductor of unit cross-sectional area, and unit length. … A characteristic property of each material, resistivity is useful in comparing various materials on the basis of their ability to conduct electric currents.

1. Resistivity is independent of: 1. nature of material 2. temperature 3. dimensions of material 4. none of the above

2. As compare to short wires, long wires have _______ resistance. 1. more 2. less 3. same 4. zero

3. As compare to thin wires, thick wires have _______ resistance. 1. more 2. less 3. same 4. zero

4. The resistance of a wire depends upon: 1. cross-sectional area 2. length of wire 3. wire’s nature 4. all of the above 5. A copper wire having the same size as steel wire have: 1. more resistance 2. less resistance 3. same resistance 4. none of the above

Question. Read the source given below and answer any four out of the following questions: The Bohr model of the atom was proposed by Neil Bohr in 1915. It came into existence with the modification of Rutherford’s model of an atom. Rutherford’s model introduced the nuclear model of an atom, in which he explained that a nucleus (positively charged) is surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

1. Which of the following statements does not form a part of Bohr’s model of a hydrogen atom? 1. The energy of the electrons in the orbit is quantized 2. The electron in the orbit nearest the nucleus has the lowest energy 3. Electrons revolve in different orbits around the nucleus 4. The position and velocity of the electrons in the orbit cannot be determined simultaneously 2. What is in the center of the Rutherford model? 1. Single proton 2. Multiple electrons 3. A nucleus 4. Neutrons

3. When an electron jumps from its orbit to another orbit, energy is: 1. emitted only 2. absorbed only 3. both (a) and (b) 4. none of these

4. How were the limitations of the Rutherford model which could not explain the observed features of atomic spectra explained in Bohr’s model of a hydrogen atom? 1. It must emit a continuous spectrum 2. It loses its energy 3. Gaining its energy 4. A discrete spectrum

5. When an electron remains between orbits its momentum is: 1. quantized 2. emitted 3. dequantized 4. none of the above

Question. Read the source given below and answer any four out of the following questions: The potentiometer consists of a long resistive wire(L) and a battery of known EMF, ‘V’ whose voltage is known as driver cell voltage. Assume a primary circuit arrangement by connecting the two ends of L to the battery terminals. One end of the primary circuit is connected to the cell whose EMF ‘E’ is to be measured and the other end is connected to galvanometer G. This circuit is assumed to be a secondary circuit.

1. How can we increase the sensitivity of a potentiometer? 1. Increasing the potential gradient 2. Decreasing the potential gradient 3. Decreasing the length of potentiometer wire 4. Increasing resistance put in parallel

2. If l1 and l2 are the balancing lengths of the potentiometer wire for the cells of EMFs ε1ε1 and ε2ε2, then 1. ε1ε1+ ε2ε2 = l1 + l2 2. ε1ε2=l1l2ε1ε2=l1l2 3. ε1ε1ε2ε2 = l1l2 4. None of these

3. An example of a potentiometer is 1. Mobile 2. Modem 3. Joystick 4. All of these

4. The emf of a cell is always greater than its terminal voltage. Why? 1. Because there is some potential drop across the cell due to its small internal resistance 2. Because there is some potential drop across the cell due to its large internal resistance 3. Because there is some potential drop across the cell due to its low current 4. Because there is some potential drop across the cell due to its high current

5. Why is a ten-wire potentiometer more sensitive than a four-wire one? 1. Small potential gradient 2. Large potential gradient 3. Large length 4. None of these

Answer Key: ]1. (b) Decreasing the potential gradient 2. (b) ε1ε2=l1l2ε1ε2=l1l2 3. (c) Joystick 4. (a) Because there is some potential drop across the cell due to its small internal resistance 5. (a) Small potential gradient

Question Read the source given below and answer any four out of the following questions: If two or more capacitors are connected in series, the overall effect is that of a single (equivalent) capacitor having the sum total of the plate spacing of the individual capacitors. If two or more capacitors are connected in parallel, the overall effect is that of a single equivalent capacitor having the sum total of the plate areas of the individual capacitors. ( figure (a) shows parallel combination and (b) shows series combination)

1. Capacity can be increased by connecting capacitors in: 1. parallel 2. series 3. both a and b 4. none of these Answer : parallel

2. Three capacitors having a capacitance equal to 2F, 4F and 6F are connected in parallel. Calculate the effective parallel capacitance: 1. 10 F 2. 11 F 3. 12 F 4. 13 F Answer : 12 F

3. When capacitors are connected in the series ________ remains the same. 1. voltage 2. capacitance 3. charge 4. resistance Answer : charge

4. The plates of a parallel plate capacitor are 10 cm apart and have an area equal to 2m2. If the charge on each plate is 8.85×10 −10 C8.85×10 −10 C , the electric field at a point: 1. between the plates will be zero 2. outside the plates will be zero 3. between the plates will change from point to point 4. between the plates will be 25NC−125NC− 1 Answer : (b) outside the plates will be zero

5. Four 10 F capacitors are connected in series, calculate the equivalent capacitance. 1. 1.5 F 2. 2.5 F 3. 3.5 F 4. 4.5 F Answer (b) 2.5F

Question Read the source given below and answer any four out of the following questions: A charge is a property associated with the matter due to which it experiences and produces an electric and magnetic field. Charges are scalar in nature and they add up like real numbers. Also, the total charge of an isolated system is always conserved. When the objects rub against each other charges acquired by them must be equal and opposite.

1. The cause of charging is: 1. the actual transfer of protons 2. the actual transfer of electrons 3. the actual transfer of neutrons 4. none of the above Answer : the actual transfer of electrons

2. Pick the correct statement. 1. The glass rod gives protons to silk when they are rubbed against each other. 2. The glass rod gives electrons to silk when they are rubbed against each other. 3. The glass rod gains protons from silk when they are rubbed against each other. 4. The glass rod gains electrons when they are rubbed against each other. Answer :: The glass rod gives electrons to silk when they are rubbed against each other.

3. If two electrons are each 1.5×10−10m1.5×10−10m from a proton, the magnitude of the net electric force they will exert on the proton is 1. 1.97×10 −8 N 2. 2.73×10 −8 N 3. 3.83×10 −8 N 4. 4.63×10 −8 N Answer : 1.97×10 −8 N

4. A charge is a property associated with the matter due to which it produces and experiences : 1. electric effects only 2. magnetic effects only 3. both electric and magnetic effects 4. none of these Answer : :both electric and magnetic effects

5. The cause of quantization of electric charges is: 1. transfer of an integral number of neutrons 2. transfer of an integral number of protons 3. transfer of an integral number of electrons 4. none of the above Answer : transfer of an integral number of electrons

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Class 12 Physics Chapter 9 Case Study Question Ray Optics and Optical Instruments PDF Download

In Class 12 Boards there will be Case studies and Passage Based Questions will be asked, So practice these types of questions. Study Rate is always there to help you. Free PDF Download of CBSE Class 12 Physics Chapter 9 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Case Study and Passage Based Questions with Answers were Prepared Based on Latest Exam Pattern. Students can solve NCERT Class 12 Physics Ray Optics and Optical Instruments  to know their preparation level.

In CBSE Class 12 Physics Paper, Students will have to answer some questions based on  Assertion and Reason . There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Case Study Questions With answers

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 12 Physics  Chapter 9 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Case Study/Passage Based Questions

A convex or converging lens is thicker at the center than at the edges. It converges a parallel beam of light on refraction through it. It has a real focus. A convex lens is of three types : (i) Double convex lens (ii) Plano-convex lens (iii) Concavo-convex lens. The concave lens is thinner at the center than at the edges. It diverges a parallel beam of light on refraction through it. It has a virtual focus.

Question 1: A point object O is placed at a distance of 0.3 m from a convex lens (focal length 0.2 m) cut into two halves each of which is displaced by 0.0005 m as shown in the figure.

What will be the location of the image? (a) 30 cm right of lens (b) 60 cm right of lens (c) 70 cm left of lens (d) 40 cm left of lens

Answer: (b) : Each half of the lens will form an image in the same plane. The optic axes of the lenses are displaced,

Two thin lenses are in contact and the focal length of the combination is 80 cm. If the focal length of one lens is 20 cm, the focal length of the other would be.

(a) –26.7 cm (b) 60 cm (c) 80 cm (d) 20 cm

Answer: (a) –26.7 cm

A spherical air bubble is embedded in a piece of glass. For a ray of light passing through the bubble, it behaves like a (a) converging lens (b) diverging lens (c) plano-converging lens (d) plano-diverging lens

Answer: (b) : The bubble behaves like a diverging lens.

Lens used in magnifying glass is (a) Concave lens (b) Convex lens (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither concave lens nor convex lens

Answer: (b) : Convex lens is used in magnifying glass.

The magnification of an image by a convex lens is positive only when the object is placed (a) at its focus F (b) between F and 2F (c) at 2F (d) between F and optical center

Answer: (d) between F and optical center

A compound microscope is an optical instrument used for observing highly magnified images of tiny objects. The magnifying power of a compound microscope is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the angle subtended at the eye by the object when both the final image and the object are situated at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye. It can be given that: m = me × mo, where m e is magnification produced by eye lens and mo is magnification produced by the objective lens.

Consider a compound microscope that consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 6.25 cm separated by a distance of 15 cm

The object distance for eye-piece, so that final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision, will be (a) 3.45 cm (b) –5 cm (c) –1.29 cm (d) 2.59 cm

Answer: (b) –5 cm

How far from the objective should an object be placed in order to obtain the condition described in Q above?

(a) 4.5 cm (b) 2.5 cm (c) 1.5 cm (d) 3.0 cm

Answer: (b) 2.5 cm

The intermediate image formed by the objective of a compound microscope is (a) real, inverted and magnified (b) real, erect, and magnified (c) virtual, erect and magnified (d) virtual, inverted and magnified.

Answer: (a) : The intermediate image formed by the objective of a compound microscope is real, inverted and magnified.

The magnifying power of a compound microscope increases when (a) the focal length of objective lens is increased and that of eye lens is decreased. (b) the focal length of eye lens is increased and that of objective lens is decreased. (c) focal lengths of both objective and eye-piece are increased. (d) focal lengths of both objective and eye-piece are decreased.

Answer: (d) : Magnifying power of a compound microscope increases when fixed length of both objective and eye-piece are decreased.

Answer: (b) – Solve it

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CBSE Case Study Class 12

While preparing for the board exams, students are being judged on different levels of skills, such as writing, reading, etc. CBSE Case Study Class 12 questions are one of them that helps in assessing critical thinking.

The Central Board of Secondary Education will be asking the case study questions in the Class 12 board examination. Therefore, here on this page, we have provided the CBSE Case Study Class 12 for Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and other subjects. Our subject matter experts have prepared Case Study questions so that Apart from the basic standard questions, students can have a variety of problems to solve. 

Just like MCQs, and other written types questions CBSE Case Study Class 12 questions will impact the overall performance of a student. Therefore for the convenience of the students we have provided the download links here, so that they can easily access the Class 12 Case Study.

Download Subject Wise CBSE Case Study Class 12 Question and Answers PDF 

There are three different streams in class 12th: Science, Arts & Commerce. And all these streams have a variety of subjects therefore, here our subject experts have crafted the Subject Wise Case Study For Class 12. Download Subject Wise CBSE Case Study Class 12 Question and Answers PDF from the below given links.

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 12 for Maths

To learn how to answer CBSE Case Study Class 12 maths questions, it would be a good choice to refer to the separate set of questions in PDF. CBSE Case Study Questions for Class 12 Maths can be quite useful and helpful in understanding how the board will prepare the case based questions for maths. 

The Maths Case studies are distributed into different chapters as per the prescribed syllabus of maths. Each and every chapter contains several number of case studies problems which enable the learners to gain in-depth knowledge in the subject.

The maths case study questions of class 12 are usually based on the formula. If any student wants to get a good score in maths case studies then they have to be well versed with a set of formulas as per the chapters and topics. Case Study Class 12 Maths can be downloaded here on this website for free of cost.

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 1 Relations And Functions

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  3 Matrices

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  4 Determinants

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  5 Continuity And Differentiability

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  6 Application Of Derivatives

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  8 Application Of Integrals

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  9 Differential Equations

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  10 Vector Algebra

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  11 Three Dimensional Geometry

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  12 Linear Programming

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  13 Probability

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 12 for Physics

CBSE Class 12 Physics Case Study for different chapters can be interesting to solve. Class 12th physics case studies generally contain descriptive paragraphs and 4 to 5 different questions are given based on the paragraph. Students are required to read the paragraph thoroughly and understand them as well as observe the given data and information to answer the Class 12 Case Study Questions for Physics. 

In order to solve those questions students are required to have a better understanding of the basic level of physics concepts too, so make sure to use Class 12 Revision Notes of Physics. 

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 1 Electric Charges and Fields

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 2 Electrostatic Potential And Capacitance

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 3 Current Electricity

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 4 Moving Charges And Magnetism

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 5 Magnetism And Matter

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Induction

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 7 Alternating Current

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 8 Electromagnetic Waves

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 9 Ray Optics & Optical Instruments

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 10 Wave Optics

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 11 Dual Nature Radiation & Matter

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 12 Atoms

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 13 Nuclei

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 14 Semiconductor Electronics - Materials, Devices & Simple Circuits

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 12 for Chemistry

Students opted for Science stream will have to study CBSE Case Study Class 12 Chemistry. The given PDF of CBSE Class 12 Case Study Questions for Chemistry will enable the students to practice tons of questions on a regular basis. It will help them to revise the chemistry questions and its syllabus frequently. The Case study questions allow students to think more creative and find the answers in the quickest way possible. Links to download the PDF file of Class 12 Chemistry Case Study are given here.

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 1 The Solid State

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  2 Solutions

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  3 Electrochemistry

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  4 Chemical Kinetics

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  5 Surface Chemistry  

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  7 The p-Block Elements

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  8 The d- and f-Block Elements

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  9 Coordination Compounds

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  10 Haloalkanes And Haloarenes

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols And Ethers

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  12 Aldehydes. Ketones & Carboxylic Acids

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter  13 Amines

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 14 Biomolecules

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 12 for Biology

There are lots of chapters in class 12 Biology from which Class 12 Case Study Questions can be framed. Going through such types of questions help the students to assess their understanding level in the topics discussed in NCERT Class 12 Biology Books. By practicing the Class 12 Case Study Questions for Biology students will be very confident to ace the board exam. Also the Biology case study will be very useful for the NEET exam preparation.

Doing a regular practice of Class 12 Biology Case Study questions is a great way to score higher marks in the board exams as it will help students to develop a grip on the concepts. 

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 3 Human Reproduction

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 5 Principles of Inheritance & Variation

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 6 Molecular Basic of Inheritance

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 8 Human Health And Diseases

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 11 Biotechnology - Principles & Processes

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 12 Biotechnology And Its Applications

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 13 Organisms And Populations

Case Study Questions Class 12 Chapter 15 Biodiversity And Conversation

Case study types of questions are generally descriptive that helps to gather more information easily so, it is kinda easy to answer. However, our subject matter experts have given the solutions of all the CBSE Case Study Class 12 Biology questions.

Passage Based Class 12 Case Study Questions in PDF

CBSE Class 12 Case studies are known as Passage Based Questions. These types of problems usually contain a short/long paragraph with 4 to 5 questions. 

Students can easily solve Passage Based Class 12 Case Study Questions by reading those passages. By reading the passage students will get the exact idea of what should be the answers. Because the passage already contains some vital information or data. However a better understanding of the basic concepts that can be learned from the NCERT Class 12 Textbooks will aid in solving the Case based questions or passage based questions.

How to Download CBSE Case Study of Class 12?

Follow the below given simple steps to know how to download CBSE Case Study of Class 12:-

• Open Selfstudys website in your browser
• Go to the navigation menu that look like this
• Now, click on CBSE and then Case Study respectively
• A new page will open, where you have to click on “Class 12”
• Now, you are ready to select the subject for which you want to download the case study questions.

How to Solve Case Study Based Questions of Class 12?

There are very simple methods that a student should keep in mind while solving CBSE Case Study Class 12 for any subject:

• Read each line of paragraph carefully and pay attention to the given data/numbers. Often questions are framed according to the highlighted data of the passage.
• Since case study questions are often framed in Multiple choice questions, students should have the knowledge of elimination methods in MCQs.
• Having a good understanding of the topics that are discussed in CBSE Class 12 Books are ideal to Solve Case Study Based Questions of Class 12.

Features Of Class 12 Case Study Questions And Answers PDF

The three most noticeable features of Class 12 Case Study Questions And Answers Pdf are -

• It Is Free To Use:  Keeping in mind the need of students and to help them in doing Self Study, our team has made all the PDF of CBSE Case Study Class 12 free of cost.
• Answers Are Given:  Not only the PDFs are free provided but answers are given for all the questions of CBSE Case Study Class 12. 
• PDF Can Be Downloaded Or Viewed Online:  Many students don’t like to download the PDFs on their device due to the shortage of storage. Therefore, CBSE Class 12 Case Study questions are made available here in online format, so that students can view them online. However, through the Selfstudys app, a learner can download the PDFs too.

Benefits of Using CBSE Class 12 Case Study Questions and Answers

The CBSE Class 12 Case Study Questions and Answers can help a student in several ways:

• In Exam Preparation:  Those who go through the CBSE Case Study Class 12 will find support during the exam preparation as case based questions are also asked in the CBSE Class 12 Board examination. 
• Help in brushing up the previous learnings:  No matter how brilliant you are, you have to revise the studied topics time and again to keep them refreshed. And in this task, the CBSE Class 12 Case Study Questions and Answers can help a lot.
• To develop the critical thinking:  Able to analyse information and make an objective judgement is a skill that is known as critical thinking. A student of class 12 can use CBSE Case Study Class 12 with answers to develop critical thinking so that they can make better decisions in their life and in the board examination.

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Case Study Questions Class 12 Physics Atoms

Case study questions class 12 physics chapter 12 atoms.

CBSE Class 12 Case Study Questions Physics Atoms. Term 2 Important Case Study Questions for Class 12 Board Exam Students. Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions Atoms.

At Case Study Questions there will given a Paragraph. In where some Important Questions will made on that respective Case Based Study. There will various types of marks will given 1 marks, 2 marks, 3 marks, 4 marks.

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 12 Physics Atoms

Case study 1:

Each element is having specific properties as it emits or shows the specific emission spectrum of radiation. The emission line spectrum has bright lines on the dark surface. The hydrogen spectrum consist of series namely Balmer, Lyman, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series. The Lyman series is formed in the ultraviolet region while Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series are in the infrared region. According to Bohr’s first postulate, electrons are revolving in particular stable orbits without radiating any form of energy. And in his second postulate he told that, these electrons are revolving around the nucleus in stable orbits which are having angular momentum equal to integral multiple of h/2π. And third postulate tells us that, when electron jumps from higher energy state to lower energy state it will emits some amount of energy and which is equal to the energy difference between those energy levels.

And he gave the energy of an electron in an hydrogen atom as

En = -13.6/ n 2 eV

The negative sign shows that electron is tightly bound with the nucleus. And when n = 1, then corresponding energy of electron is called as ground state energy. Bohr’s model is only applicable to single electron system like hydrogen and it cannot be applicable to helium atom also which is having two electrons.

Q 1.) In hydrogen atom, the ground state energy is given by___

a) +13.6 eV

c) -13.6 KJ

d) -13.6 eV

Q 2.) According to Bohr’s second postulate, the angular momentum L is given by

b) L = nh/2π

c) L = 2π/h

d) L = 2π/ nh

Q 3.) What is the shortest wavelength in the Balmer series

a) 656.3 nm

b) 364.6 nm

c) 656.3 mm

d) 364.6 mm

Q 4.) What are the Ha, H B and Hv lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom?

Q 5.) Give the Balmer’s formula?

Answer key:

Q 1.) d) -13.6 eV

Q 2.) b) L = nh/2π

Q 3.) b) 364.6 nm

Q 4.) In Balmer series, the line having longest wavelength 656.3 nm which is red in colour is called as Ha line. Then next line with wavelength 486.1 nm in the blue green colour is called as H B line. And the third line with wavelength 434.1 nm in the violet colour is called as Hv line.

Q 5.) The Balmer’s formula is given by

1/wavelength = R*( 1/2 2 – 1/n 2 )

Where n = 3, 4, 5,…

Case study 2:

Electrons are revolving around the nucleus in particular stable orbits. The energy of the electron is increasing as we go from the orbit closer to nucleus to outer side. The ground state energy is the lowest energy and it is -13.6 eV for hydrogen atom. Thus, the minimum amount of energy required to remove or free the electron from the ground state is the ionisation energy and it has value +13.6 eV. When electrons jumps from higher energy orbit to lower energy orbit emits energy in the form of photons which are in the form of spectral lines and called as emission lines. The light emitted by the ordinary source of light consist of different wavelength. But the laser light is the monochromatic one which emits light of single wavelength. In case of hydrogen atom, the ground state energy is that energy state for which n = 1. And the states for which n > 1, all are the excited states. Where n shows the principal quantum number.

Q 1.) In hydrogen atom, the energy corresponding to principal quantum number n =2 is___

a) -13.6 eV

c) +13.6 eV

Q 2.) For ground state of hydrogen atom the value of principal quantum number is___

d) n = infinity

Q 3.) The minimum energy required to remove the electron from the ground state of the hydrogen atom is called as___

a) excitation energy

b) ionisation energy

c) ground state energy

d) excited state energy

Q 4.) The acronym LASER stands for?

Q 5.) If n = infinity then what is the energy of the state and what does it means?

Q 1.) b) -3.4 eV

Q 2.) c) n = 1

Q 3.) b) ionisation energy

Q 4.) The acronym LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.

Q 5.) When the principal quantum number n = infinity then the corresponding state is having energy 0 eV. And this energy of atom is possible only when electron is totally removed from the nucleus and hence it goes to rest.

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NCERT Class 12 Physics : Latest Syllabus Based Study Material

Learn ncert class xii physics with our easy-to-follow ncert-based study material. we've gathered everything a student needs to explore in physics, equipping you with the core concepts to score 90+ marks in your class 12 exams and explore the concepts of the class 12 physics syllabus. we'll guide you through the essential concepts in a clear, engaging, and easy-to-understand way, so you can build a solid foundation in physics and unlock your potential in this field to score 90+ marks in your class 12 board exam..

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Chapter 1: electric charges and fields.

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Electric Charge and Electric Field - Electric Flux, Coulomb's Law, Sample Problems

Electric Charge

Conductors and Insulators

Basic Properties of Electric Charge

Coulomb's Law

Forces Between Multiple Charges

Electric Field

Electric Field Lines

What is Electric Flux?

Electric Dipole

Continuous Charge Distribution

Gauss's Law

Applications of Gauss's Law

Chapter 2: ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE

12 articles

Electric Potential Energy

Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge

Electric Potential Due to System of Charges

Equipotential Surfaces

Potential Energy of a System of Charges

Potential Energy in an External Field

Electrostatics of Conductors

Dielectrics and Polarisation

Capacitor and Capacitance

What is a Parallel Plate Capacitor?

Capacitors in Series and Parallel

Energy stored in a Capacitor

Chapter 3: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Electric Current

Electric Current in Conductors

Ohm's Law - Definition, Formula, Applications, Limitations

Drift Velocity

Limitations of Ohm's Law

Resistivity

Temperature Dependence of Resistance

Electrical Energy and Power

Electromotive Force

Combination of Cells in Series and Parallel

Kirchhoff's Laws

Wheatstone Bridge

Chapter 4: MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

Magnetic Force on a Current carrying Wire

Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field

Biot-Savart Law

Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop

Ampere's Circuital Law and Problems on It

Force between Two Parallel Current Carrying Conductors

Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole

Moving Coil Galvanometer

Chapter 5: MAGNETISM AND MATTER

Magnetization and Magnetic Intensity

CHAPTER 6: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Experiments of Faraday and Henry

Magnetic Flux

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

Motional Electromotive Force

Inductance - Definition, Derivation, Types, Examples

AC Generator - Principle, Construction, Working, Applications

CHAPTER 7: ALTERNATING CURRENT

AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor

Phasors | Definition, Examples & Diagram

AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor

AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor

Series LCR Circuits

Power Factor in AC circuit

Transformer

CHAPTER 8: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Displacement Current

Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Spectrum

CHAPTER 9: RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Spherical Mirrors

Refraction of Light

Total Internal Reflection

Image formation by Spherical Lenses

Dispersion of Light through a Prism

CHAPTER 10: WAVE OPTICS

Huygen's Wave Theory

Young's Double Slit Experiment

Diffraction of light

Polarization of Light

CHAPTER 11: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

Photoelectric Effect

Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect

Einstein's Photoelectric Equation

Wave Nature of Matter and De Broglie’s Equation

CHAPTER 12: ATOMS

What is Atom?

Alpha Particle Scattering and Rutherford's Nuclear Model of Atom

Atomic Spectra

Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom

Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom

CHAPTER 13: NUCLEI

Nucleus: Structure and Function

Structure of Nucleus

Size of The Nucleus - Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment

Nuclear Binding Energy - Definition, Formula, Examples

Nuclear Force

Radioactivity - Definition, Laws, Occurrence, Applications

Nuclear Energy - Definition, Types, Applications

CHAPTER 14: SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS- MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS

Semiconductors

What is Intrinsic Semiconductor ?

Extrinsic Semiconductor

PN Junction Diode

Class 12th Physics Paperset

CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Question Papers

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Facility for Rare Isotope Beams

At michigan state university, frib researchers lead team to merge nuclear physics experiments and astronomical observations to advance equation-of-state research, world-class particle-accelerator facilities and recent advances in neutron-star observation give physicists a new toolkit for describing nuclear interactions at a wide range of densities..

For most stars, neutron stars and black holes are their final resting places. When a supergiant star runs out of fuel, it expands and then rapidly collapses on itself. This act creates a neutron star—an object denser than our sun crammed into a space 13 to  18 miles wide. In such a heavily condensed stellar environment, most electrons combine with protons to make neutrons, resulting in a dense ball of matter consisting mainly of neutrons. Researchers try to understand the forces that control this process by creating dense matter in the laboratory through colliding neutron-rich nuclei and taking detailed measurements.

A research team—led by William Lynch and Betty Tsang at FRIB—is focused on learning about neutrons in dense environments. Lynch, Tsang, and their collaborators used 20 years of experimental data from accelerator facilities and neutron-star observations to understand how particles interact in nuclear matter under a wide range of densities and pressures. The team wanted to determine how the ratio of neutrons to protons influences nuclear forces in a system. The team recently published its findings in Nature Astronomy .

“In nuclear physics, we are often confined to studying small systems, but we know exactly what particles are in our nuclear systems. Stars provide us an unbelievable opportunity, because they are large systems where nuclear physics plays a vital role, but we do not know for sure what particles are in their interiors,” said Lynch, professor of nuclear physics at FRIB and in the Michigan State University (MSU) Department of Physics and Astronomy. “They are interesting because the density varies greatly within such large systems.  Nuclear forces play a dominant role within them, yet we know comparatively little about that role.” 

When a star with a mass that is 20-30 times that of the sun exhausts its fuel, it cools, collapses, and explodes in a supernova. After this explosion, only the matter in the deepest part of the star’s interior coalesces to form a neutron star. This neutron star has no fuel to burn and over time, it radiates its remaining heat into the surrounding space. Scientists expect that matter in the outer core of a cold neutron star is roughly similar to the matter in atomic nuclei but with three differences: neutron stars are much larger, they are denser in their interiors, and a larger fraction of their nucleons are neutrons. Deep within the inner core of a neutron star, the composition of neutron star matter remains a mystery. 

  “If experiments could provide more guidance about the forces that act in their interiors, we could make better predictions of their interior composition and of phase transitions within them. Neutron stars present a great research opportunity to combine these disciplines,” said Lynch.

Accelerator facilities like FRIB help physicists study how subatomic particles interact under exotic conditions that are more common in neutron stars. When researchers compare these experiments to neutron-star observations, they can calculate the equation of state (EOS) of particles interacting in low-temperature, dense environments. The EOS describes matter in specific conditions, and how its properties change with density. Solving EOS for a wide range of settings helps researchers understand the strong nuclear force’s effects within dense objects, like neutron stars, in the cosmos. It also helps us learn more about neutron stars as they cool.

“This is the first time that we pulled together such a wealth of experimental data to explain the equation of state under these conditions, and this is important,” said Tsang, professor of nuclear science at FRIB. “Previous efforts have used theory to explain the low-density and low-energy end of nuclear matter. We wanted to use all the data we had available to us from our previous experiences with accelerators to obtain a comprehensive equation of state.”   

Researchers seeking the EOS often calculate it at higher temperatures or lower densities. They then draw conclusions for the system across a wider range of conditions. However, physicists have come to understand in recent years that an EOS obtained from an experiment is only relevant for a specific range of densities. As a result, the team needed to pull together data from a variety of accelerator experiments that used different measurements of colliding nuclei to replace those assumptions with data. “In this work, we asked two questions,” said Lynch. “For a given measurement, what density does that measurement probe? After that, we asked what that measurement tells us about the equation of state at that density.”   

In its recent paper, the team combined its own experiments from accelerator facilities in the United States and Japan. It pulled together data from 12 different experimental constraints and three neutron-star observations. The researchers focused on determining the EOS for nuclear matter ranging from half to three times a nuclei’s saturation density—the density found at the core of all stable nuclei. By producing this comprehensive EOS, the team provided new benchmarks for the larger nuclear physics and astrophysics communities to more accurately model interactions of nuclear matter.

The team improved its measurements at intermediate densities that neutron star observations do not provide through experiments at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Germany, the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Japan, and the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (FRIB’s predecessor). To enable key measurements discussed in this article, their experiments helped fund technical advances in data acquisition for active targets and time projection chambers that are being employed in many other experiments world-wide.   

In running these experiments at FRIB, Tsang and Lynch can continue to interact with MSU students who help advance the research with their own input and innovation. MSU operates FRIB as a scientific user facility for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (DOE-SC), supporting the mission of the DOE-SC Office of Nuclear Physics. FRIB is the only accelerator-based user facility on a university campus as one of 28 DOE-SC user facilities .  Chun Yen Tsang, the first author on the Nature Astronomy  paper, was a graduate student under Betty Tsang during this research and is now a researcher working jointly at Brookhaven National Laboratory and Kent State University. 

“Projects like this one are essential for attracting the brightest students, which ultimately makes these discoveries possible, and provides a steady pipeline to the U.S. workforce in nuclear science,” Tsang said.

The proposed FRIB energy upgrade ( FRIB400 ), supported by the scientific user community in the 2023 Nuclear Science Advisory Committee Long Range Plan , will allow the team to probe at even higher densities in the years to come. FRIB400 will double the reach of FRIB along the neutron dripline into a region relevant for neutron-star crusts and to allow study of extreme, neutron-rich nuclei such as calcium-68. 

Eric Gedenk is a freelance science writer.

Michigan State University operates the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) as a user facility for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (DOE-SC), supporting the mission of the DOE-SC Office of Nuclear Physics. Hosting what is designed to be the most powerful heavy-ion accelerator, FRIB enables scientists to make discoveries about the properties of rare isotopes in order to better understand the physics of nuclei, nuclear astrophysics, fundamental interactions, and applications for society, including in medicine, homeland security, and industry.

The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of today’s most pressing challenges. For more information, visit energy.gov/science.