research topics for public health dentistry

The Oral Health in America Report: A Public Health Research Perspective

ESSAY — Volume 19 — September 8, 2022

Jane A. Weintraub, DDS, MPH 1 ( View author affiliations )

Suggested citation for this article: Weintraub JA. The Oral Health in America Report: A Public Health Research Perspective. Prev Chronic Dis 2022;19:220067. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd19.220067 .

PEER REVIEWED

Introduction

Data needed, health disparities and social determinants of health, individual and community relationships, scientific advances and equitable distribution, educational opportunities, acknowledgments, author information.

In December 2021, the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, released its landmark 790-page report, Oral Health in America: Advances and Challenges (1). This is the first publication of its kind since the agency’s first Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General described the silent epidemic of oral diseases in 2000 (2). This new, in-depth report, an outstanding resource, had more than 400 expert contributors. Its broad scope is exemplified by its 6 sections ( Box ), each of which includes 4 chapters: 1) Status of Knowledge, Practice, and Perspectives; 2) Advances and Challenges; 3) Promising New Directions; and 4) Summary. In this essay, I provide a public health research perspective for viewing the report, identify some advances and gaps in our knowledge, and raise research questions for future consideration.

Box. Section Titles, Oral Health in America: Advances and Challenges (1)

1. Effect of Oral Health on the Community, Overall Well-Being, and the Economy

2A. Oral Health Across the Lifespan: Children

2B. Oral Health Across the Lifespan: Adolescents

3A. Oral Health Across the Lifespan: Working-Age Adults

3B. Oral Health Across the Lifespan: Older Adults

4. Oral Health Workforce, Education, Practice, and Integration

5. Pain, Mental Illness, Substance Use, and Oral Health

6. Emerging Science and Promising Technologies to Transform Oral Health

A recurring theme in the report is the need for many types of data, from microdata — the molecular, nanoparticle level — to macrodata — the population and global level. Data are needed to guide public health policies and programs at the federal, state, and local levels. Future research using big data from multiple sources (eg, community health needs assessments, surveillance systems, GIS mapping, electronic health records, practice-based research networks) will provide timely, population-based information to evaluate and drive changes to policy and delivery systems and oral health advocacy efforts.

This new report includes descriptive national data from 3 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). To continue monitoring national oral health surveillance data and trends, oral health data need to be included routinely in NHANES and in other large national studies. Too often, questions about oral health are missing from surveys, or clinical oral health data are not collected. For example, very little about oral health was included as part of the planned data collection protocol for the National Institutes of Health All of Us Research Program. This program aims to collect health information from 1 million people (3). Local and state data are often outdated, incomplete, or unavailable. Most oral health data are cross-sectional and are useful for studying trends and associations, but population-based longitudinal data to study causality and the effectiveness of interventions and policies are sparse.

How does oral health care improve other health conditions? Proprietary claims data from insurance companies (4) show the inter-relationship between treatment of periodontal disease and systemic conditions, but secondary data analysis has many limitations and confounding factors. Clinical trials show that periodontal treatment improves glycemic control among people with diabetes (5), but long-term outcome assessments are lacking. We need more answers to convince policy makers and payers about the importance of including comprehensive adult oral health services in publicly financed programs such as Medicaid, which is currently lacking in many states, and Medicare, where those services are missing altogether.

Many examples of substantial oral health disparities and inequities are presented in Section 1 of the report. For some conditions and population groups, little improvement has been made, especially among adults and seniors. Section 1 also describes the adverse social, economic, and national security effects of poor oral health, barriers to care, social and commercial determinants of oral health, and related common risk factors. More than the clinical data collected in a typical dental history is needed to understand social determinants and employ local and upstream interventions. The report suggests obtaining social histories from patients to get information about where people live, learn, work, and play. For example, to learn about socioeconomic status, diet, and medications, we want to know not only “What’s in your wallet,” (as touted in a frequent television advertisement) but what’s in your refrigerator? What’s in your medicine cabinet? Telehealth has given clinicians a look inside patients’ homes. Collaboration with social workers, home health aides, and visiting nurses could inform us even more about the home environment. With integrated electronic medical and dental patient records, oral health professionals and medical colleagues can share information. Barriers to integration and assessment of population health outcomes affect many dentists who still use paper records or software specific to dental care that lacks diagnostic codes and interoperability with other health care records systems (6).

The report highlights the need for more information about adolescents and older adults and other understudied population groups. Section 1 describes many diverse, vulnerable populations (eg, people with special health care needs, low health literacy, mental illness, substance abuse disorders; victims of structural racism) who all need to be included in oral health research. Non-English speakers and hard-to-reach populations that have physical and/or financial barriers to traditional dental care are less likely to be recruited and represented in clinical trials, making results less generalizable and interventions less applicable. The applied research agenda being developed by the American Association of Public Health Dentistry (7) and the “Consensus Statement on Future Directions for the Behavioral and Social Sciences in Oral Health,” which is based on an international summit (8), are helpful in setting research and methodologic priorities, including qualitative, implementation, and health systems research.

Knowledge about the interrelationships between oral and systemic health has greatly expanded since the 2000 report. About 60 adverse health conditions have now been shown to be associated with oral health (1), which is part of the rationale for the integration of oral health and primary care. Research will advance our understanding of the mechanisms by which oral and systemic conditions are affected by upstream environmental and social factors, epigenetic factors, and the aging process, both individually and communally. For example, how do external exposures change our microbiomes? Our oral microbiome may be exposed to air containing Sars-CoV-2, water containing protective fluoride, or many kinds of food, beverages, medications, illicit substances, smoked products, and sometimes the biome of close personal contacts. How does the health of a community’s high caries risk groups change with policies such as a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages, Medicaid reimbursement changes, or health promotion efforts to improve oral health literacy and dietary behaviors? To what extent will increased application of value-based health care reimbursement with emphasis on disease prevention, early detection, and minimally invasive care improve oral health? Will the World Health Organization’s addition of dental products (eg, fluoride toothpaste, low-cost silver diamine fluoride, glass ionomer cement) to its Model List of Essential Medicines (9) increase their use to prevent and treat dental caries for under-resourced populations without access to conventional high-cost dental care?

The report’s Section 6 describes many exciting advances in biology, biomimetic dental materials, and technology. Rapid advances in salivary diagnostics are providing information about early, abnormal changes in remote organ systems in the body. Advanced imaging techniques and artificial intelligence can be used for early diagnosis of oral lesions before they are visible to the human eye. The validity and accuracy of these techniques need careful evaluation. Can these earlier clinical end points be used to shorten the length of expensive clinical trials? Guide new preventive strategies? At what point do providers intervene with early preventive or therapeutic strategies instead of letting the body heal itself?

Will populations at greatest risk for disease and the greatest barriers to accessing dental care be able to benefit from early intervention? Every intervention has a cost. If access to new prevention and therapeutic discoveries is not equitable, will health disparities worsen? We need community engagement in the research process and the tools from many disciplines to measure and facilitate the best outcomes. The national Oral Health Progress and Equity Network’s blueprint for improving oral health for all includes 5 levers to advance oral health equity: “amplify consumer voices, advance oral health policy, integrate dental and medical [care], emphasize prevention and bring care to the people” (10).

Who will analyze all these data mined from many micro and macro sources, and who will interpret the data? Health learning systems and complex software algorithms are being developed to provide automated diagnostic information. Data analysts with knowledge of these and other sophisticated tools and modeling approaches are needed.

The dental, oral, and craniofacial research and practice communities increasingly need to be part of interdisciplinary research and educational programs with opportunities for collaboration and learning. Federally qualified health centers and look-alikes are good sites for medical–dental integration, but many of these facilities do not provide dental care.

More positions are needed for dental public health specialists who can lead advocacy efforts, interdisciplinary teams of researchers, clinicians, and community partners and conduct research. For example, the new Dental Public Health Research Fellowship at the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research will provide more intensive research training to further advance dental public health and population-based research. Mechanisms are needed to promote, facilitate, and reward sharing of research and training resources across disciplines in our competitive environment.

Public health perspectives are an important part of interdisciplinary approaches to guide, conduct, and apply research and implement policies to improve oral health. Preventive approaches exist as do barriers to their dissemination and implementation. To prevent disease and improve population oral and overall health, systems change and policy reform are needed along with scientific advances across the research spectrum, more population-level data and analysis, and community participatory engagement. I am optimistic that the next Oral Health in America report will describe fewer inequities and more progress toward oral health for all.

This article is based on a presentation made in the webinar, Oral Health in America — Advances and Challenges: Reading the Report through a Research Lens , sponsored by the American Association for Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Research. The author received no financial support for this work and has no conflicts of interest to declare. The statements made are those of the author. No copyrighted materials were used in this article.

Corresponding Author: Jane A. Weintraub, DDS, MPH, R. Gary Rozier and Chester W. Douglass Distinguished Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric and Public Health, Koury Oral Health Sciences Building, Suite 4508, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450. Telephone: (919) 537-3240. Email: [email protected] .

Author Affiliations: 1 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Adams School of Dentistry and Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

• National Institutes of Health. Oral health in America: advances and challenges. Bethesda (MD): US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; 2021. Accessed February 23, 2022. https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2021-12/Oral-Health-in-America-Advances-and-Challenges.pdf
• US Department of Health and Human Services. Oral health in America: a report of the Surgeon General. Rockville (MD): US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health; 2000. Accessed February 23, 2022. https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2017-10/hck1ocv.%40www.surgeon.fullrpt.pdf
• US Department of Health and Human Services. All of Us Research Hub Research Projects Directory. Updated 2/23/2022. Accessed February 23, 2022. https://www.researchallofus.org/research-projects-directory/?searchBy=workspaceNameLike&directorySearch=oral
• Jeffcoat MK, Jeffcoat RL, Gladowski PA, Bramson JB, Blum JJ. Impact of periodontal therapy on general health: evidence from insurance data for five systemic conditions. Am J Prev Med 2014;47(2):166–74. CrossRef PubMed
• Baeza M, Morales A, Cisterna C, Cavalla F, Jara G, Isamitt Y, et al. Effect of periodontal treatment in patients with periodontitis and diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Oral Sci 2020;28:e20190248. CrossRef PubMed
• Atchison KA, Rozier RG, Weintraub JA. Integration of oral health and primary care: communication, coordination and referral. Washington (DC): National Academy of Medicine; 2018. Accessed February 21, 2022. https://nam.edu/integration-of-oral-health-and-primary-care-communication-coordination-and-referral/
• Banava S, Reynolds J, Naavall S, Frantsve-Hawley J. Introducing the AAPHD 5-year research agenda. Presentation, National Oral Health Conference, April 12, 2022; Fort Worth, Texas.
• McNeil DW, Randall CL, Baker S, Borrelli B, Burgette JM, Gibson B, et al. Consensus statement on future directions for the behavioral and social sciences in oral health. J Dent Res 2022;101(6):619–22. CrossRef PubMed
• World Health Organization. Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2021: report of the 23rd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines, virtual meeting, 21 June–2 July 2021. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization. Accessed April 9, 2022. https:// www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MHP-HPSEML-2021.01
• Oral Health Progress and Equity Network. OPEN blueprint for structural improvement. Accessed April 22, 2022. https://openoralhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/OPEN_FLS_BlueprintOverview_F.pdf

The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors’ affiliated institutions.

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Oral diseases are among the most prevalent diseases globally and have serious health and economic burdens, greatly reducing quality of life for those affected. Although oral diseases are preventable, they remain highly prevalent especially in low- and middle-income countries where affordable oral care is ...

Keywords : Oral Health, Oral Disease, Disease Mechanisms, Disease Awareness, Oral Infections, Oral Investigations, Diagnosis, Prevention

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• Vision and Mission
• Organizational Chart
• Policy Document
• Performance Appraisal System
• Optimum Utilization of Resources
• Resource Mobilization and Utilization Policy
• Code of Conduct
• Dental Faculty
• Medical Faculty
• Non Teaching Staff
• Hostel Life
• Oral Medicine and Radiology
• Prosthodontics
• Conservative Dentistry
• Pedodontics
• Orthodontics
• Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
• Periodontics
• Oral Pathology

Public Health Dentistry

• BEST PRACTICES 1
• BEST PRACTICES 2
• Institutional Distinctivenss
• Committee Members
• Minutes of Meeting
• List of Programs organized
• Structure & Mechanism
• IIQA Documents
• Admission Procedures
• Clinic Holidays
• Departments
• Comprehensive Clinic
• Online Public Access Catalogue
• Discipline Specific Databases
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• Activities for Slow Learners and Advanced Performers
• Books Published
• Photos of Activities like Camps & Rallies with footnote
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• List of MoU
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To improve the oral health of the population through preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative and maintenance care with a focus on providing comprehensive, accessible and affordable oral health care.

SHORT TERM GOALS

• To encourage students in understanding and practicing the concept of comprehensive health care
• To make students identify the importance of a holistic concept of health through interdisciplinary approach.
• To imbibe ethical ‘practice and research’ culture among the students.
• To increase the number of camps and outreach programs by at least 20% each year.
• To enhance the outreach activities by adoption of schools, orphanages, old age homes
• To enhance community participation and utilization of health care provided
• To increase the awareness regarding oral and general health among the community.
• To promote undergraduate and faculty research projects
• To effectively continue and enhance the reach of the project ‘Say ‘No’ to Oral Cancer’ and to envisage projects with a focus on substance abuse on the same lines.
• Effective utilization of the Tele Medicine Unit for ‘Reaching the Unreached’

LONG TERM GOALS

• To improve the oral health status of the community.
• To have a commitment to the society in reducing their oral disease burden.
• To increase the awareness and enhance the utilization of oral health services.
• To participate in funded research projects.
• To foster collaboration with NGO’s, educational institutions, residents’ association, and establishments.
• To motivate students to develop an inclination towards public health.
• To adopt villages, schools and establishments and focus on the upstream approach of prevention.
• To associate and be a part of Government run schemes and programs with a focus on oral health.
• To nurture professionally competent and empathetic students capable of attending patients on palliative care and providing oral health care.

SPECIAL CLINICS

• Tobacco Cessation Centre in association with Department of Oral Pathology; Oral Medicine and Radiology; and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
• Satellite Clinic at Panichayam
• Comprehensive clinic

COMPLETED RESEARCH PROJECTS

• Knowledge, attitude and practice towards droplet and air-borne isolation precautions among dental health care personnel in a dental college in Kothamangalam – a cross sectional study.
• Knowledge, attitude and practice about Universal Precautions among dental health care personnel in a dental college in Kothamangalam – a cross sectional study.
• Prevalence of dental anxiety among patients visiting a dental college in Kothamangalam, Kerala, India.
• The use of jargons in dental case history taking. A cross sectional questionnaire based survey among dental students and faculty members of Ernakulam District, Kerala
• Knowledge, attitude and practice about biomedical waste management among dental health care personnel in dental colleges in Kothamangalam – a cross sectional study.
• Oral Health Related Quality of Life of life before and after wearing complete dentures fabricated by dental undergraduate students in a dental college in Kothamangalam – a six months follow-up study.
• Knowledge, attitude and practices of apron hygiene among dental students, faculty and auxiliaries in a dental college in Kerala.
• Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding clinical diagnosis and certification of death by dentists.
• Prevalence of mobile phone usage among dental students and faculty in a dental college in Kothamangalam – a cross sectional study.
• Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding pharmacovigilance among dental students and faculty in a dental college in Kerala
• Covid-19 awareness among patients visiting a dental hospital in Kerala, India
• Knowledge and Attitude regarding National Oral Health Policy among dental faculty and students in a dental college in Kerala.
• Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding non-behavioral methods of tobacco cessation among dental faculty and students in a dental college in Kerala.
• Knowledge and Attitude regarding second hand and third hand smoke among dental faculty and students in a dental college in Kerala.
• Perceptions and usage of masks among dental professionals – the impact of COVID
• Acceptance and concerns regarding COVID 19 vaccine in Kerala – a cross-sectional survey

ICMR STS 2019

• An analysis of leptospirosis control in a flood affected region of Kerala and the role of Accredited Social Health Activists – a questionnaire study.
• Defluoridation potential of various indigenous thirst-quenching herbal products.

ICMR STS 2020

• Estimation of fluoride concentration and fluoride mapping of ground water and all drinking water sources in Kothamangalam Taluk, Kerala
• Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of commercially available gel-based hand sanitizers and alcohol-based hand rubs routinely used in dental practice in relation to different hand washing regimen

ICMR STS 2022

• Estimation of fluoride concentration in commercially available vegan milks in India
• Estimation of fluoride levels in indigenous ayurvedic preparations prescribed for infants, toddlers, and pre-school children in Kerala

KSCSTE Funded Projects

• Antifungal activity of natural sugar substitutes against candida albicans – an in vitro study – KSCSTE funding approved
• Antibacterial activity of Green tea leaves and leaves commonly added to green tea preparations against periodontal pathogens – an invitro study. – KSCSTE approved – – Public Health Dentistry

Collaborative research

• Awareness and Perception of hospital staffs against novel coronavirus: a global survey. (in collaboration with Nagasaki University, Japan)
• Acceptance of COVID 19 vaccines at different efficacies and safety in ten countries in Asian, Afrian and South America during COVID 19 pandemic (in collaboration with Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia)
• Vaccine Hesitancy among Communities in Ten Countries in Asia, Africa, and South America during the COVID-19 Pandemic (in collaboration with Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia)
• Willingness-to-pay for COVID-19 vaccine in ten low-middle-income countries in Asia, Africa and South America (in collaboration with Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia)
• Perceived risk of infection and death from COVID-19 among community members of low- and middle-income countries: A cross- sectional study. (in collaboration with Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia)

Ongoing research projects

• Gender preference among patients in choosing a dental health care provider – a cross sectional study.
• Perceptions regarding tobacco control legislations – a cross sectional study
• Changing perceptions and preferences for fixed orthodontic treatment among 18-25 year old before and during the COVID 19 pandemic – a qualitative study
• Impact of Covid 19 on other healthcare needs – a questionnaire study.

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

Dr. Subramaniam R

• Mahesh Hiregoudar, Subramaniam R, Simpy Mittal, Prashant GM, Chandu GN. In vitro effect of smokeless tobacco extracts on the growth of Streptococcus mutans in relation to nicotine and sugar contents. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry;2010;16:174-8.
• Subramaniam R, Simpy Mittal, Mahesh Hiregoudar, Muralikrishna KS, Sakeenabi B, Prashant GM, Chandu GN. Antimicrobial activity of antidiabetic herbs on Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Candida albicans – an in vitro study. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry;2011;17:319-24.
• Subramaniam R, Simpy Mittal, Mahesh Hiregoudar, Muralikrishna KS, Sakeenabi B, Prashant GM, Chandu GN. Antimicrobial activity of Stevioside on Periodontal pathogens and Candida albicans – an in vitro study. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry;2011;17:325-9.
• Mahesh Hiregoudar, Subramaniam R, Simpy Mittal, Muralikrishna KS, Sakeenabi B, Prashant GM, Chandu GN. Antifungal effectiveness of some spice extracts on Candida albicans : an in-vitro study. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry;2011;17:330-5.
• Mahesh Hiregoudar, Subramaniam R, Simpy Mittal, Muralikrishna KS, Sakeenabi B, Prashant GM, Chandu GN. Antibacterial activity of some spice extracts on Streptococcus mutans : an in-vitro study. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry;2011;17:347-51.
• Simpy Mittal, Mahesh Hiregoudar, Subramaniam R, Muralikrishna KS, Sakeenabi B, Prashant GM, Chandu GN. Effect of three herbal extracts against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus in comparison to chlorhexidine. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry;2011;17:336-40.
• Simpy Mittal, Mahesh Hiregoudar, Subramaniam R, Muralikrishna KS, Sakeenabi B, Prashant GM, Chandu GN. Efficacy of three herbal extracts against three common oral microbes in comparison to chlorhexidine: an in vitro study. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry;2011;17:341-6.
• R. Subramaniam, R Sanjeev, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Mathew T Joy, B Muralikrishnan, John Paul. Jargon – a barrier in dental case history taking? – a cross sectional questionnaire based study among dental students and Staff. Dental Research Journal 2017;14(3):203-8
• Allama Prabhu CR, BG Prasanna, B Sakeenabi, GM Prashant, R Subramaniam, Mallikarjuna Ragher. Effect of fluoride varnish and dentifrices amd its combinations on deciduous enamel demineralization. Journal of Pharmacy and Bio-allied Sciences 2017;9(Suppl 1):112-6.
• Swagathika Panda, Alakananda Sahoo, Neeta Mohanty, Sujit R Sahoo, Ramanarayanan Subramaniam. Tooth morphometry and palatal rugae in monozygotic and dizygotic twins of India. Journal of Orofacial Sciences 2017;9(2):99-106
• Pooja Latti, Subramaniam Ramanarayanan, GM Prashant. Antifungal Efficacy of Spice Extracts against Candida albicans: An in vitro study. Indian Journal of Community Medicine 2019;44:S77-80.
• Sreelakshmi MK, Kuruvilla S, Subramaniam R, Latti P, Venkitachalam R. An analysis of leptospirosis control in a flood affected region of Kerala and the role of Accredited Social Health Activists – a questionnaire study. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2021:1-5

13 Pooja Latti, Subramaniam R, Sakeenabi Basha, Prashant GM, Naveen Kumar PG, Sushanth Hirekalmath. Efficacy of tea tree oil and garlic mouthwashes on Candida albicans – an in vivo study. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences 2021;12(67):32660-7.

• Harapan Harapan, Samsul Anwar, Amanda Yufika,….Subramaniam R,.. et al. Vaccine hesitancy among community in ten countries in Asia, Africa and South America during COVID 19 pandemic. Pathogens and Global Health published online on 20/12/2021 https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2021.2011580

15.Nguyen Tien Huy, R Mathew Chico, Vuong Thanh Huan… et al. Awareness and preparedness of healthcare workers against the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey across 57 countries. PLoS ONE 16(12): e0258348. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258348 (collaborator)

• Mahir Gachabayov, Khan Sharun, Daniel M Felsenreich… Subramaniam Ramanarayanan.. et al. Perceived risk of infection and death from COVID-19 among community members of low- and middle-income countries: A cross-sectional study – F1000
• Pooja Latti, Deepa Ramesan, Subramaniam Ramanarayanan. Parental perceptions, attitudes and practices regarding their children’s oral health in Kerala, India – a cross sectional study – Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine 2022;5:268-72
• Pooja Latti, R Subramaniam, Sakeenabi Basha, GM Prashant, Naveen Kumar, Sushanth Hirekalmath. Antibacterial Activity of Garlic Extract, Tea Tree Oil, and Its Mouthwashes against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus: An In vivo Study Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry 2022;20:271-6.
• Arshiya Tabassum, Mansharan Kaur Chainchel Singh, Norliza Ibrahim, Subramaniam Ramanarayanan, Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera Mohd Yuso. Quantifications of Mandibular Trabecular Bone Microstructure using Cone Beam Computed Tomography for Age Estimation: A Preliminary Study. Biology 2022, 11, 1521
• Subramaniam Ramanarayanan, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Sabith Methar, Pooja Latti. De-fluoridation potential of various indigenous thirst-quenching herbal products. Environment Engineering and Management Journal 2022;9(4)

21.Psychological and physiological relaxation using yoga with biomarker assessment in patients undergoing dental implant therapy: A pilot randomized controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Yoga Therapy 2022;32: Article 14

• Subramaniam R, Simpy Mittal, Mahesh Hiregoudar, Usha Mohandas, Sakeenabi B, Prashant GM, Chandu GN .Knowledge of upper primary and secondary school physical education instructors in Davangere city about emergency management of dental trauma. Journal of Education and Ethics in Dentistry 2011;1:18-23.
• Gururaju CR, Raghu KM, Subramaniam R, Mahesh Hiregoudar. Connecting implant to the teeth: Does tooth intrude? Indian Journal of Stomatology 2012;3(3):180-3.
• Shwetha R, Subramaniam R, Sakeenabi B, Prashant GM, Chandu GN. Periodontal status and its relation to body mass index among upper primary and

secondary school physical education teachers in Davangere city, India. Journal of Odontological Research 2013;1(1):25-9.

• Sanjeev R, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam R. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards droplet and air-borne isolation precautions

among dental health care personnel in a dental college in Kothamangalam – a cross

sectional study. Journal of Odontological Research 2013;1(1):30-6.

• Suneesh Kuruvilla, Sanjeev R, Subramaniam R. Knowledge, attitude and practice about Universal Precautions among dental health care personnel in a dental college in Kothamangalam – a cross sectional study. Malanadu Dental Journal 2013;2(1):10-6.
• Subramaniam R, Simpy Mittal, Mahesh Hiregoudar, Sakeenabi B, Prashant GM, Chandu GN. Individual variation in salivary factors and its variation in relation to dental caries experience among twelve year old residential school children in Davangere city – a six months follow up study. Journal of Odontological Research 2013;1(2):21-33.
• Simpy Mittal, Amit Mahuli, Mahuli, Mahesh Hiregoudar, Subramaniam Ramanarayanan, Usha Mohandas, Prashant Goudar Manjunath, Chandu Gowrapura Natraj. Knowledge of oral cancer and screening practices of B. Sc. Nursing students in Davangere city, India. Journal of Education and Ethics in Dentistry 2013;3(1):40-3.
• Subramaniam Ramanarayanan, Simpy Mittal, Mahesh Hiregoudar, Sakeenabi Basha, Prashant Goudar Manjunath, Chandu Gowrapura Nataraj. Antifungal activity of four commercially available intense sweeteners against Candida albicans – an in-vitro study. Universal Research Journal of Dentistry 2013;3(2):60-3.
• Sanjeev R, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam R, Prasanth PS, Meera Goplakrishnan. Knowledge, attitude and practice about biomedical waste management among dental health care personnel in dental colleges in Kothamangalam – a cross sectional study. Health Sciences Journal 2014;1(3):1-12
• Pius AV, Sanjeev R, Sanju John Jolly, Meenu Merry C Paul, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam R. The oral health related quality of life before and after wearing complete dentures among the patients visiting a dental college in Kothamangalam – a six months follow up study. Journal of Odontological Research 2014;2(2):11-7.
• Subramaniam R, Simpy Mittal, Mahesh Hiregoudar, Pooja Latti, Prashant GM, Chandu GN. Comparative antibacterial effectiveness of five hand antiseptics after hand washing with cosmetic, antiseptic and ayurvedic soap. Journal of Odontological Research 2015;3(2):5-11.
• Simpy Amit Mahuli, Amit Vasant Mahuli, R Subramaniam, Mahesh Hiregoudar, GM Prashant, GN Chandu. Effect of acid and fluoride release from four glass ionomer cements on Streptococcus mutans – an in vitro study. International journal of Dental Health Concerns 2015;1:1-4
• Pramod Philip Mathews, Subramaniam R, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Pooja Latti, R. Venkitachalam. Knowledge, attitude and practices of apron hygiene among dental students, faculty and auxiliaries in a dental college in Kerala. Journal of Odontological Research 2017;5(2):5-9.
• Sanjeev R, Anis Ahmed, Shibu Thomas, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam R. Prevalence of dental anxiety among patients visiting a dental college in Kothamangalam, Kerala, India. Health Sciences Journal 2016;1(4):27-33
• Pooja Latti, Thara Bhavani, Subramaniam R. Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding medical emergencies among clinical dental students in a dental college in Kerala. Malanadu Dental Journal 2018;7(3):203-8
• Subramaniam R, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Pooja Latti, Anesha Sebastian, Akhil VS. Prevalence of Nomophobia among students, interns and faculty in a dental college in Kerala. Journal of Odontological Research 2018;6(2):5-10
• Subramaniam R, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Pooja Latti, Noushida NM, Liyas Pius. Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding pharmacovigilance among students, house surgeons and teaching faculty in a dental college in Kerala. Journal of Indian Dental Association – Kochi 2019;1(1):8-14
• Pooja Latti, Subramaniam R, Prashant GM, Sushant Hirekalmath, Rashmi Girish Chour. Preparedness towards bioterrorism – A survey among post graduate students and faculty members of Dental colleges of Davangere city, Karnataka. Journal of Indian Dental Association – Kochi 2019;1(4):2-9
• Pooja Latti, Thara Bhavani, Subramaniam R, Dennis Johny. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of HIV/AIDS among the Clinical Dental Students in a Dental College in Kerala. Annoor Journal of Scientific Research 2019;2(1):146-50.
• Subramaniam R, Pooja Latti, R. Venkitachalam. Protective masks in dental practice. Malanadu Dental Journal 2020;9(1):59-62
• Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam R, Serin Varghese, Riya Davis, Rahumath, Shaheena Latheef, Ashif Muhammed, Vidya Venugopal, Pooja Latti. Covid-19 awareness among patients visiting a dental hospital in Kerala, India. International Journal of Current Research 2020;12(5):11589-92.
• Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam R, Pooja Latti, Lakshmi B, Meenakshy Suresh, Musthaq Ummer, Keerthana Pradeep. Awareness about National Oral Health Policy among dental house surgeons and faculty. Journal of Odontological Research 2020;8(1):11-5.
• Joshua Johnson, Achsah Rachel Johnson, Keerthy Rathan, Jesline Merly James, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam R. Pandemic Bruxism – A review. Journal of Indian Dental Association – Kochi 2021;3(2):4-7
• R. Subramaniam, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Pooja Latti, Nitha Jose, Nimda Ameena, Hamlu Haleem, Fathima Shahjahan. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding clinical diagnosis and certification of death by dentists. Journal of Global Oral Health 2021;4(1):33-7
• Ala Beegum S, Ashiya Samad, Ashida Annie Arikattu, Dona Sara Biju, Fathima Sakkeer, Jesline Merly James, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam R. Precision Dentistry – A personalized approach. Journal of Odontological Research 2020;8(2):11-7
• Anamika Anil, Sulthana Sharafudeen, Anjali Krishna, Revathy Rajendran, Jesline M. James, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam Ramanarayanan. Acceptance and concerns regarding COVID 19 vaccine in Kerala – a cross-sectional survey. Public Health Toxicology 2021;1(1):Online first
• Adette Mariyam Alexander, Afnan Rahim, Alifna MM, Ammu P Paul, Subramaniam R, Jesline Merly James, Suneesh Kuruvilla. Voice as a diagnostic tool. Journal of Odontological Research 2021,9(1):18-23.
• Dott F Rosiello, Samsul Anwar, Amanda Yufika, Rashed Y Adam… Subramaniam R… et al. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination at different hypothetical efficacy and safety levels in ten countries in Asia, Africa, and South America. Narra J 2021; 1(3): e55
• Pooja Latti, R Subramaniam, GM Prashant. Antibacterial efficacy of Spice extracts against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus – an in vitro study. Journal of Global Oral Health 2021;4(2):73-7
• Ani Antony, Ansa Basheer, Hanna John, Irfana Ismail, Jesline Merly James, R Subramaniam. Coronavirus disease 19 virus strains in India. International Journal of Preventive and Public Health Sciences 2021;7(1):1-5.
• Malik Sallam, Samsul Anwar, Amanda Yufika,… Subramaniam R…et al. Willingness-to-pay for COVID-19 vaccine in ten low-middle-income countries in Asia,

Africa and South America – Narra J

• NB Ameena, Subramaniam Ramanarayanan, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Pooja Latti. Perceptions and usage of masks among dental professionals – the impact of COVID. Journal of Global Oral Health doi :10.25259/JGOH_9_2021
• Subramaniam R, Kuruvilla Suneesh, Latti Pooja, Suresh Meenakshy, Ummer Musthaq, Lakshmi B, Pradeep Keerthana. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding pharmacological methods of tobacco cessation among dental students and teaching faculty members in Ernakulam District, Kerala – Journal of Oral and Biomedical Sciences 2022;1(2):76-83
• Sreelakshmi MK, Subramaniam R, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Jesline Merly James. Hand hygiene – a review – Journal of Odontological Research 2022;10(1):5-9.
• Suneesh Kuruvilla, Ashbin Paul, Ashique Manzoor, Akhil Sasi, Derin George, Rohit Krishna, Priya Babu, Jesline Merly James, Subramaniam R. Antibacterial activity of green tea leaves and leaves commonly added to green tea preparations against common periodontal pathogens – an in vitro study. Journal of Odontological Research 2022;10(2): 33-40

Dr. Suneesh Kuruvilla

3.Nguyen Tien Huy, R Mathew Chico, Vuong Thanh Huan… et al. Awareness and preparedness of healthcare workers against the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey across 57 countries. PLoS ONE 16(12): e0258348. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258348 (collaborator)

• Sanjeev R, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam R. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards droplet and air-borne isolation precautions among dental health care personnel in a dental college in Kothamangalam – a crosssectional study. Journal of Odontological Research 2013;1(1):30-6.

Dr. Jesline Merly James

• James JM, Puranik MP, Sowmya KR. Radiation induced caries. International Journal of Health Science and Research. 2016;6(8):343-351
• James JM, Puranik MP, Sowmya KR. Mothers’ Sense of Coherence as a Predictor of Oral Health Related Quality of Life Among Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2017;15:11-6.
• James JM, Puranik MP, Sowmya KR. Dentinal tubule occluding effect of potassium nitrate in varied forms, frequencies and duration: An in vitro SEM analysis. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2017 Aug;11(8):ZC06.
• Sowmya KR, Puranik MP, James JM, Sabbarwal B. Perceptions about toothbrush contamination and disinfection among dental students in Bengaluru City: A cross-sectional study. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2017 Nov 1;28(6):646.
• Jesline Merly James , Manjunath P Puranik , Sowmya K R. Effects of radiotherapy on dentition. Lambert Publishers (ISBN no 6204718886 published on November 15, 2021)
• Gis George, Ranjini M. A., Swapna D. V., Rashmi K., Jesline Merly James, Roopa R. Nadig. Evaluation of Dentinal Crack Formation by ProTaper Next, HyFlex CM and Wave One Reciprocating File Systems at the Apical and Middle Third of Root in Mandibular Molars–An In-Vitro Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2021 Aug 9;10(32):2597-602.
• T Chandran, NS Ravindranath, R Raju, S Samuel, JM James, F Mistry. Association of Self-Concept with Oral Health Status among Children Residing in Orphanages in Bengaluru. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 10(33), pp.2795-2799.
• Adette Mariyam Alexander, Afnan Rahim, Alifna M M, Ammu P Paul, Subramaniam R, Jesline Merly James, Suneesh Kuruvilla. Voice as a diagnostic tool. J Odontol Res. 2020; 9(1): 18-23.
• Ala Beegum S., Ashiya Samad, Ashida Annie Arikattu, Dona Sara Biju, Fathima Sakeer, Jesline Merly James, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam R. Precision dentistry- a personalized approach. J Odontol Res.2020; 8(2): 11-7.
• Anamika Anil, Sulthana Sharafudeen, Anjali Krishna, Revathy Rajendran, Jesline M. James, Suneesh Kuruvilla, Subramaniam Ramanarayanan. Acceptance and concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccination in Kerala, India. Public Health Toxicol 2021;1(1):5
• A Antony, H John, I Ismail, JM James, R Subramaniam. Corona virus disease-19 virus strains in India: A review. International Journal of Preventive and Public Health Sciences; 2021: 7(1):1-5
• Joshua Johnson, Dr. Achsah Rachel Johnson, Dr. Keerthy Rathan. , Jesline Merly James, Dr. Suneesh Kuruvilla, Dr. Subramaniam R. Pandemic bruxism. An unwanted gift of COVID 19. J Ind Dent Assoc Kochi 2021; 3(2): 4-7.
• James JM, Puranik MP, Sowmya KR. Self-perception of dental esthetics, malocclusion, and oral health-related quality of life among 13–15-year-old schoolchildren in Bengaluru: A cross-sectional study. J Nat Sci Med 2022;5:262-7.
• JM James, G George, MR Cherian, N Rasheed. Third hand smoke- composition and consequences: a narrative review. Public Health Toxicol. 2022; 2 (3): 1-6.
• Sreelakshmi M K, Subramaniam R Suneesh Kuruvilla, Jesline Merly James. Hand Hygiene – A Review. J Odontol Res 2022;10(1)5-9
• Thara Chandran, Jesline Merly James, Shabna G S. Antibiotic resistance and stewardship in the context of COVID 19 pandemic: A review. J Odontol Res 2022;10(2)5-9
• Gis George, Jesline Merly James, Shahna N, Nazia Rasheed. Noise pollution – An under diagnosed potential occupational hazard in dentistry. J Odontol Res 2022;10(2)10-4.
• Antibacterial activity of green tea leaves and leaves commonly added to green tea preparations, against common periodontal pathogens – An in vitro study. Suneesh Kuruvilla, Ashbin Paul, Ashique Manzoor, Akhil Sasi, Derin George, Rohit Krishna, Priya Babu, Subramaniam R, Jesline Merly James. J Odontol Res 2022;10(2)33-8

Dr. Priya Babu

• Babu P, Chandra KM, Vanishree MK, Amritha N. Relationship between academic procrastination and self-esteem among dental students in Bengaluru City. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2019;17:146-51.
• Amritha N, Vanishree MK, Chandra KM, Babu P. Assessment of dental students’ attitudes and perceptions toward professionalism. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2019;17:19-24.
• Amritha N, Chandra KM, Vanisree MK, Babu P. Dental records: Do we maintain it the right way?. Karnataka State Dental Journal. 2019;36(1):5-9.
• Babu P, Chandra KM, Vanisree MK, Amritha N. Genetic Counselling -bridging The Gap Between Genetic Field Complexity And Life. Karnataka State Dental Journal. 2019; 36(1):15-19.
• Babu P, Ingale PC. Risks associated with the use of face masks during the COVID-19 crisis. J Odontol Res 2022; 10(1):10-3.

OBSERVANCE OF IMPORTANT DAYS

• Dentist Day – 6 th March
• World Oral Health Day – 20 th March
• World No Tobacco Day – 31 st May
• National Public Health Dentistry Day – 19 th June

FLAGSHIP PROJECTS

• ‘Say No to Oral Cancer’ (2013 onwards) – in association with the Rotary Club of Perumbavoor Central
• Professional Enrichment Program for Interns (PEPI) – 2019 onwards
• Ethics and Jurisprudence workshops
• Most Promising Dental Intern Award – Dentist Day – 2022 onwards

ACHIEVEMENTS AND POSITIONS HELD

• Editor-in charge – Journal of Odontological Research (ISSN 2320-7795), August 2012-April 2014, November 2018 to November 2021
• Review board member – International journal of oral care and research, International Journal of Dental Health Concerns, Amrita Journal of Medicine, Indian Journal of Dental Research
• Editorial advisory board member – International archives of Integrated medicine, Annoor Journal of Scientific Research
• Editor in-charge – Journal of Indian Dental Association, Kochi – 2018-2020.
• Section Editor (Public Health Dentistry) – Journal of Clinical Dentistry
• Member Secretary – Institutional Ethics Committee, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Kothamangalam.
• Joint Secretary and Treasurer – Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry – Kerala Chapter – 2014-2015.
• Secretary – Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry – Kerala Chapter – November 2016 – March 2019
• Executive committee member IDA Kochi – 2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2022-2023
• Chairperson – Institutional Ethics Committee, Mar Baselios Dental College and Hospital, Kothamangalam
• PhD Guide – Kerala University of Health Sciences
• Doctoral committee member for PhD students – Kerala University of Health Sciences
• President elect – Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry, Kerala Chapter 2022-23
• Guided 3 ICMR STS projects and 1 KSCSTE funded project

Invited Speaker –

• ASWAS – District Seminar on Cancer care – Organised by Rotary International at Hotel Elite Palazzo, Angamaly, Kerala, on 09/11/2014
• International Public Health Conference at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, on 2 nd and 3 rd November 2018.
• 9 th Research Methodology Workshop at Government Dental College, Kottayam, on 24 th September 2019, on the topic ‘Fundamentals of Journal Based Learning’
• Pathfinder VII – Organized by Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry, Bangalore Chapter on the topic ‘An approach to research methods and biostatistics’ at KLE International School, Bengaluru on 23 rd January 2020.
• National Public Health Dentistry Day 2020 – Webinar hosted by Amrita School of Dentistry and Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry – Kerala Chapter, on 19 th June 2020. Topic: Public Health Dentistry in Kerala – An introspection.
• Resource faculty – Fundamentals of Health Research – Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi on 30 th September and 1 st October 2020.
• Pathfinder VIII – Organized by Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry, Bangalore Chapter on the topic ‘The Art of Scientific Publication’ on 19 th March 2021. (online)
• CDE on Tobacco cessation – a professional update by Al Badar Dental College and Hospital, Kalaburagi, on the topic – Role of dental professional in tobacco control, on 31 st May 2021 (online)
• PHOENIX 2021 – Virtual conference of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry, Kerala Chapter on the topic ‘Publish or Perish – The art of Scientific publication’ held on 20 th of June 2021.
• One Day Workshop on ‘From research to publication’ – Lecture on the topics ‘Introduction to Scientific Publication, Preparation of Manuscript, Selection of journals, Submission of manuscript and Publication Process’ – Conducted by Mahe Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Mahe, on 10 th of October 2021.
• Keynote address on the topic ‘Oral Disease Burden and Oral Health Workforce in India – an introspection’ at Oral Health Week organized by St. Gregorios Dental College, Chelad, Kothamangalam, on 24 th March 2022.
• Resource Person in RIMS-ECHO model of capacity building for Tobacco Cessation Services (online), for the workforce employed under the National Tobacco Control Program, Jharkhand, organized by Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi on 02 nd June 2022.
• Resource faculty on the topic ‘Oral Disease Burden and Oral Health Workforce in India – an introspection’ at Cognizance, a webinar organized by Mahe Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahe, on 19 th June 2022.
• Value added course on Evidence Based Dentistry and Fundamentals of Scientific Publication – Organized by Annoor Dental College and Hospital, Muvattupuzha on 18 th October 2022.
• Resource person in a CDE on the topic ‘Fundamentals of Scientific Publication’ conducted by Al Azhar Dental College and Hospital, Thodupuzha, on 29 th of November 2022.
• Invited speaker for Value added course on ‘ Basic Research Methodology for Biomedical Research’ on the topic ‘Evidence Based Dentistry’ at KMCT Dental College, Mukkom, Kozhikode on 4 th of February 2023.
• Ethics committee member – IEC, IGIDS
• Ethics committee member – Mar Baselios Dental College, Kothamangalam
• Nodal officer – Students Support and Guidance Program Cell (SSGP, IGIDS)
• Project co-ordinator – Say No to Oral Cancer
• Executive committee member – IDA Smart City (2021-2022, 2022-2023)
• Certified Counsellor
• Guided 2 ICMR-STS Projects and 1 KSCSTE funded project
• Editor-in charge – Journal of Odontological Research (ISSN 2320-7795), since 2021
• Review board member – Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry (JIAPHD)
• Guided 1 ICMR-STS Project and 1 KSCSTE funded project
• National Service Scheme (NSS) Co-Ordinator, IGIDS

FUTURE PLANS

• Enhancing collaborative and funded research projects
• Adoption of palliative care centers and remote tribal villages
• Extending the scope of our flagship project – ‘Say No to Oral Cancer’
• Providing holistic and comprehensive training for interns through Professional Enrichment Program for Interns
• Ensuring primary oral health care through community participation, intersectoral coordination, tie up with governmental and non-governmental agencies, use of appropriate technology, and focus on prevention

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April 29, 2024

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Research reveals link between fitness, health behaviors, built environment in largest US cities

by Amanda Briggs, Indiana University

Two new studies from the Fairbanks School of Public Health on Indiana University's Indianapolis campus examined the link between health behaviors, the built environment, and the health status of America's largest cities.

Using data from the American Fitness Index spanning from 2018 to 2022, the researchers determined that the maximum percentage of residents with good health status was 70 percent. The American Fitness Index is an American College of Sports Medicine initiative that quantitatively measures the overall health and fitness level of the 100 largest cities by population in the United States.

"Fitness and sports are vital parts of public health and well-being," said lead author Jiali Han, a professor and chair of the Department of Epidemiology in the Fairbanks School of Public Health.

"Our research underscores the pivotal role of fitness and health behaviors in shaping the health outcomes of entire communities. By understanding the association between individual choices and community health , policymakers and public health officials can develop targeted interventions to promote healthier lifestyles and improve overall population health."

The researchers explored various fitness and health behaviors and their correlation with good health status among residents. They further examined how the built environment affected health and how it could be used to improve health behaviors.

Calculating a city's health status

Good health status was defined as a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not just by the absence of disease. The researchers used a mix of statistical models to measure health behaviors.

The behaviors included:

• Meeting aerobic and strength activity guidelines.
• Bicycling, walking or using public transportation to commute to work.
• Consuming two or more fruits or three or more vegetables a day.
• Sleeping more than seven hours per day.
• Avoiding smoking.

In 84 of the 100 largest U.S. cities, health status improved from 2018 to 2022. However, there was a 40% difference between Arlington, Virginia, which had the highest health status, and Fresno, California, which rated the lowest. Indianapolis ranked 93rd out of the 100 cities with an overall score of 32.4; Chicago ranked 13th with an overall score of 66.5.

Other key findings include:

• Across all 100 cities, on average, less than 50 percent of residents observed the health behaviors outlined above from 2018 to 2022.
• Higher percentages of residents engaging in physical activity, adhering to dietary guidelines , and avoiding smoking were associated with cities' improved rates of good health.
• In the city with the highest aerobic activity score, 65% of residents met aerobic activity guidelines, compared to an overall average of 51% across all 100 cities.

How the built environment affects health

The researchers determined that cities with higher walkability, a supportive infrastructure for biking, and more parks within walking distance for residents were associated with an improved health status.

"Our study included only modifiable measures," Han said. "City policymakers and community stakeholders can use these measures to identify opportunities to improve the built environment."

The built environment factors included:

• Parks per 10,000 residents.
• Percentage of walking-distance parks.
• Park expenditures per resident .
• Walkability of the city.
• Supportive city infrastructure for biking.
• Air-quality index.
• School physical education requirements.
• Complete Streets policy, which is how a community plans, designs, and maintains streets to ensure users of all ages and abilities are able to use streets safely.

Higher scores in walking-distance parks, walkability, bike infrastructure, and Complete Streets were independently associated with higher percentages of good health. These four factors are related to a person's level of physical activity and can be enhanced to improve population health.

"There is far-reaching potential in informing public health strategies aimed at reducing the burden of chronic diseases and improving quality of life nationwide," Han said. "This comprehensive analysis not only highlights the importance of adopting healthy behaviors on an individual level but also emphasizes the collective responsibility in fostering healthier environments within cities."

The papers " Association Between U.S. Residents' Health Behavior and Good Health Status at the City Level " and " Association Between Built Environment Policy and Good Health Status ," were published in the Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine .

Bojung Seo et al, Association between US Residents' Health Behavior and Good Health Status at the City Level, Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine (2024). DOI: 10.1249/TJX.0000000000000258

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40 Facts About Elektrostal

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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