presentation on microbiology

1 Introduction to Microbiology

Welcome to the wonderful world of microbiology ! Yay! So. What is microbiology? If we break the word down it translates to “the study of small life,” where the small life refers to microorganisms or microbes . But who are the microbes? And how small are they?

Generally microbes can be divided into two categories: the cellular microbes (or organisms) and the acellular microbes (or agents). In the cellular camp we have the bacteria, the archaea, the fungi, and the protists (a bit of a grab bag composed of algae, protozoa, slime molds, and water molds). Cellular microbes can be either unicellular , where one cell is the entire organism, or multicellular , where hundreds, thousands or even billions of cells can make up the entire organism. In the acellular camp we have the viruses and other infectious agents, such as prions and viroids.

In this textbook the focus will be on the bacteria and archaea (traditionally known as the “prokaryotes,”) and the viruses and other acellular agents.

Characteristics of Microbes

Obviously microbes are small. The traditional definition describes microbes as organisms or agents that are invisible to the naked eye, indicating that one needs assistance in order to see them. That assistance is typically in the form of a microscope of some type. The only problem with that definition is that there are microbes that you can see without a microscope. Not well, but you can see them. It would be easy to dismiss these organisms as non-microbes, but in all other respects they look/act/perform like other well-studied microbes (who follow the size restriction).

So, the traditional definition is modified to describe microbes as fairly simple agents/organisms that are not highly differentiated , meaning even the multicellular microbes are composed of cells that can act independently– there is no set division of labor. If you take a giant fungus and chop half the cells off, the remaining cells will continue to function unimpeded. Versus if you chopped half my cells off, well, that would be a problem. Multicellular microbes, even if composed of billions of cells, are relatively simple in design, usually composed of branching filaments.

It is also acknowledged that research in the field of microbiology will require certain common techniques, largely related to the size of the quarry. Because microbes are so small and there are so many around, it is important to be able to isolate the one type that you are interested in. This involves methods of sterilization , to prevent unwanted contamination, and observation , to confirm that you have fully isolated the microbe that you want to study.

Microbe Size

Since size is a bit of theme in microbiology, let us talk about actual measurements. How small is small? The cellular microbes are typically measured in micrometers ( µm ). A typical bacterial cell (let us say E. coli ) is about 1 µm wide by 4 µm long. A typical protozoal cell (let us say Paramecium ) is about 25 µm wide by 100 µm long. There are 1000 µm in every millimeter, so that shows why it is difficult to see most microbes without assistance. (An exception would be a multicellular microbe, such as a fungus. If you get enough cells together in one place, you can definitely see them without a microscope!)

When we talk about the acellular microbes we have to use an entirely different scale. A typical virus (let us say influenza virus) has a diameter of about 100 nanometers ( nm ). There are 1000 nanometers in every micrometer, so that shows why you need a more powerful microscope to see a virus. If a typical bacterium (let us pick on E.coli again) were inflated to be the size of the Statue of Liberty, a typical virus (again, influenza virus works) would be the size of an adult human, if we keep the correct proportions.

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/

The Discovery of Microbes

The small size of microbes definitely hindered their discovery. It is hard to get people to believe that their skin is covered with billions of small creatures, if you cannot show it to them. “Seeing is believing,” that is what I always say. Or someone says that.

In microbiology, there are two people that are given the credit for the discovery of microbes. Or at least providing the proof of their discovery, both around the same time period:

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Robert Hooke was a scientist who used a compound microscope , or microscope with two lenses in tandem, to observe many different objects. He made detailed drawings of his observations, publishing them in the scientific literature of the day, and is credited with publishing the first drawings of microorganisms. In 1665 he published a book by the name of Micrographia , with drawing of microbes such as fungi, as well as other organisms and cell structures. His microscopes were restricted in their resolution, or clarity, which appeared to limit what microbes he was able to observe.

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Antony van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch cloth merchant, who also happened to dabble in microscopes. He constructed a simple microscope (which has a single lens), where the lens was held between two silver plates. Apparently he relished viewing microbes from many different sample types – pond water, fecal material, teeth scrapings, etc. He made detailed drawings and notes about his observations and discoveries, sending them off to the Royal Society of London , the scientific organization of that time. This invaluable record clearly indicates that he saw both bacteria and a wide variety of protists. Some microbiologists refer to van Leeuwenhoek as the “ Father of Microbiology ,” because of his contributions to the field.

Microbial Groups

Classification of organisms, or the determination of how to group them, continually changes as we acquire new information and new tools of assessing the characteristics of an organism. Currently all organisms are grouped into one of three categories or domains: Bacteria , Archaea , and Eukarya . The Three Domain Classification , first proposed by Carl Woese in the 1970s, is based on ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) sequences and widely accepted by scientists today as the most accurate current portrayal of organism relatedness.

The Bacteria domain contains some of the best known microbial examples ( E. coli , anyone?). Most of the members are unicellular (but not all!), most members lack a nucleus or any other organelle , most members have a cell wall with a particular substance known as peptidoglycan (not found anywhere else but in bacteria!), they have 70S ribosomes, and humans are intimately familiar with many members, since they are common in soil, water, our foods, and our own bodies. All Bacteria are considered microbes.

Archaea is a relatively new domain, since these organisms used to be grouped with the bacteria. There are some obvious similarities, since they are mostly (but not all!) unicellular, cells lack a nucleus or any other organelle, they have 70S ribosomes, and all Archaea are microbes. But they have completely different cell walls that can vary markedly in composition (but notably lack peptidoglycan and might have pseudomurien instead). In addition, their rRNA sequences have shown that they are not closely related to Bacteria at all.

The Eukarya Domain includes many non-microbes, such as animals and plants, but there are numerous microbial examples as well, such as fungi, protists, slime molds, and water molds. The eukaryotic cell type has a nucleus, as well as many organelles, such as mitochondria or an endoplasmic reticulum. They have 80S ribosomes and are commonly found as unicellular or multicellular.

Viruses are not part of the Three Domain Classification, since they lack ribosomes and therefore lack rRNA sequences for comparison. They are classified separately, using characteristics specific to viruses. Viruses are typically described as “ obligate intracellular parasites ,” a reference to their strict requirement for a host cell in order to replicate or increase in number. These acellular entities are often agents of disease, a result of their cell invasion.

Taxonomic Ranks

Taxonomic ranks are a way for scientists to organize information about organisms, by determining relatedness. Domains are the largest grouping used, followed by numerous smaller groupings, where each smaller grouping consists of organisms that share specific features in common. Each level becomes more and more restrictive as to whom can be a member. Eventually we get down to genus and species , the groupings used for formation of a scientific name. This is the binomial nomenclature devised by Carl Linnaeus in the 1750s.

Binomial Nomenclature

When referring to the actual scientific name assigned to an organism, it is important to follow convention, so it is clear to everyone that you are referring to the scientific name. There are rules in science (just like in English class, where you would never refer to “mr. robert louis stevenson,” or at least not without expecting to get your paper back with red all over it).

A scientific name is composed of a genus and a species, where the genus is a generic name and the species is specific. The species name, once assigned, is permanent for the organism, while the genus can change if new information becomes available. For example, the bacterium previously known as Streptococcus faecalis is now Enterococcus faecalis because sequencing information indicates that it is more closely related to the members of the Enterococcus genus. It is important to note that it is inappropriate to refer to an organism by the species alone (i.e. you should never refer to E. coli as “ coli ” alone. Other bacteria can have the species “ coli ” as well.)

Now for the rules: The genus is always capitalized. The species is always lowercase. And both the genus and the species are italicized (common if typewritten) or underlined (common if handwritten). The genus may be shortened to its starting letter, but only if the name has been referred to in the text in its entirety at least once first (the exception to this is E. coli , due to its commonality, where hardly anyone spells out the Escherichia genus anymore).

microbiology, microorganisms, microbes, unicellular, multicellular, differentiation, sterilization, observation, micrometers (µm), nanometers (nm), Robert Hooke, compound microscope, Antony van Leeuwenhoek, simple microscope, Royal Society of London, Father of Microbiology, Three Domain Classification, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya , obligate intracellular parasites, taxonomic ranks, genus, species, binomial nomenclature

Study Questions

• Who are the members of the microbial world?
• What is the complete definition of microbiology? What characteristics are relevant?
• What size are different groups of microbes?
• What were the contributions of Hooke and Van Leeuwenhoek to the field of microbiology? How did they make these contributions?
• What is the basis for Woese’s classification and what are the three domains?
• What are the basic characteristics of members of the three domains? Where do microbes fit in?
• What are the basic characteristics of viruses? Why are they not classified in one of the three domains?
• What are taxonomic ranks? What is the system of binomial nomenclature? What are the basic rules? How are bacteria named? What is a genus and species? Be able to write a bacterial name correctly.

General Microbiology Copyright © 2019 by Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, that exist in the world around us. It is a vast field that encompasses numerous areas of study, including immunology, genetics, and biochemistry. Our Microbiology PPT (PowerPoint presentations) will help you to study the basic and applied aspects of Microbiology and it can be used for a variety of purposes, including educational lectures. You can download all our Microbiology PPT absolutely free without any subscription or payments.

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1: Introduction to Microbiology

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Microbiology is a broad term which includes virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology, immunology, and other branches. A microbiologist is a specialist in microbiology and these related topics. Microbiological procedures usually must be aseptic and use a variety of tools such as light microscopes with a combination of stains and dyes. As microbes are absolutely required for most facets of human life (including the air we breathe and the food we eat) and are potential causes of many human diseases, microbiology is paramount for human society.

• 1.1A: Defining Microbes
• 1.1B: History of Microbiology - Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, and Cohn
• 1.1C: Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation
• 1.1D: Koch and Pure Culture
• 1.2.1: 1.2A Types of Microorganisms
• 1.2B: Classification of Microorganisms
• 1.2C: Microbes and the Origin of Life on Earth
• 1.2D: Environmental Diversity of Microbes
• 1.3.1: 1.3B Applied Microbiology
• 1.3A: Basic Microbiology
• 1.3C: Immunization, Antiseptics, and Antibiotics
• 1.3D: Modern Microbiology

Thumbnail: A cluster of Escherichia coli bacteria magnified 10,000 times. (Public Domain; Eric Erbe, digital colorization by Christopher Pooley, both of USDA, ARS, EMU).​​

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Learning Domain: Biological Sciences

Standard: Microbiology for Nursing & Allied Health

Standard: General Microbiology (Science Majors)

BIOL 2230 Chapter 10 OER

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Lecture 1 - Introduction to Microbiology

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Microbiology Lecture Power Points Presentation

Introduction

Chapter outline.

From boiling thermal hot springs to deep beneath the Antarctic ice, microorganisms can be found almost everywhere on earth in great quantities. Microorganisms (or microbes, as they are also called) are small organisms. Most are so small that they cannot be seen without a microscope.

Most microorganisms are harmless to humans and, in fact, many are helpful. They play fundamental roles in ecosystems everywhere on earth, forming the backbone of many food webs. People use them to make biofuels, medicines, and even foods. Without microbes, there would be no bread, cheese, or beer. Our bodies are filled with microbes, and our skin alone is home to trillions of them. 1 Some of them we can’t live without; others cause diseases that can make us sick or even kill us.

Although much more is known today about microbial life than ever before, the vast majority of this invisible world remains unexplored. Microbiologists continue to identify new ways that microbes benefit and threaten humans.

• 1 J. Hulcr et al. “A Jungle in There: Bacteria in Belly Buttons are Highly Diverse, but Predictable.” PLoS ONE 7 no. 11 (2012): e47712. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047712.

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Microbiology

A collection of TED Talks (and more) on the topic of Microbiology.

Video playlists about Microbiology

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Exclusive articles about microbiology, inside the fascinating (and delicious) science of sourdough bread, watch: a cellular biologist animates the life cycle of hiv in this hypnotic video, for healthier buildings, just add bacteria.

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Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents.

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Flexible TAM requirement of TnpB enables efficient single-nucleotide editing with expanded targeting scope

Here the authors report that a thermophilic archaeal TnpB enables efficient gene editing in the natural host: they see that the TnpB has different TAM requirements for eliciting cell death and for facilitating gene editing. They show that TnpB can be harnessed for flexible single-nucleotide editing with templated repair.

News and Comment

Nitroplast organelle unveiled.

A recent study reports the existence of a nitrogen-fixing organelle called the ‘nitroplast’.

• Ashley York

The complex life of the HIV-1 full-length RNA

In this Journal Club, Ricardo Soto-Rifo discusses a study on intron-containing HIV-1 RNA, revealing its role as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern in myeloid cells, which has implications for immune activation, inflammation and clinical outcomes.

• Ricardo Soto-Rifo

WHO redefines airborne transmission: what does that mean for future pandemics?

The World Health Organization was criticized for being too slow to classify COVID-19 as airborne. Will the new terminology help next time?

• Bianca Nogrady

Monkeypox virus: dangerous strain gains ability to spread through sex, new data suggest

A cluster of mpox cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo sparks worries of a wider outbreak.

Phages get snappy

This study shows that a single-stranded RNA phage binds to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type IV pilus, leading to phage entry into the cell and the detachment of the pilus, which impairs bacterial motility.

• Andrea Du Toit

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Microbiology Breakthrough

Microbiology breakthrough presentation, premium google slides theme and powerpoint template.

Advances in medicine are always important events, and it’s great if the new findings can be presented in a clear manner. If you want to make a contribution to the medical community and share what you found out in your research, this new breakthrough presentation template is for you.

We think the look of these slides will not only impress you, but also your audience as well. For starters, let’s say you are talking about microbiology, so we’ve thought that a little visual detail on the backgrounds, such as the illustrations of chemical compounds and molecules, would be a nice addition to go with your data. All of them are colored in black and red, which are the main tones of the palette, along with the white hue used in the backgrounds. The design is not complicated at all; the slides use lines as content dividers, separators, ornaments or as part of infographics. Speaking of which, we’ve made sure to include graphs, charts and a timeline, because you’ll need all of these to properly explain the information, the results, the analysis and the statistics. We’ve also included some linear icons, whose color can be changed at will, that you can use in conjunction with text or other resources. Did we say that everything is customizable? Well, it is! What’s more, there are alternative illustrations and even a set of icons related to health in case you need them. Download this template and open Google Slides or PowerPoint to get started. Keynote is also fine too!

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