phd student salary in sweden after tax

Doctoral student salary agreement

The doctoral student agreement are locally agreed monthly salaries for employees as doctoral students at KTH

Doctoral student salary

Initial - step 1: 32 000 kr (30 800 kr)

30 % - step 2: 32 600 kr (31 600 kr)

50 % - step 3: 35 000 kr (33 800 kr)

80 % - step 4: 36 100 kr (35 100 kr)

The amounts apply from 2023-10-01. Last years amounts in paranthesis. Monthly salary at full-time before tax.

Structure of the doctoral degree:

Step 1 is the initial salary. Advancement to step 2, 3 and 4 is done after achieving the sub targets which are defined in the Individual Study Plan (ISP) corresponding 30 %, 50 % and 80 % of the total degree requirements of a doctoral diploma. Deviations from the schedule in the ISP must be motivated in writing by the main supervisor in consultation with the Director of Third Cycle Education. In absence of explicit and objective sub targets in the ISP advancement in the doctoral ladder is done after 30 %, 50 % and 80 % of the time plan for the studies.

Deviation from initial salary:

Agreements on higher wages may, after consultation with the director of personnel or persons appointed by the director, be concluded in cases of clearly stated recruitment competition or a professional experience relevant to the employment.

PhD, Postdoc, and Professor Salaries in Sweden

There’s no denying Sweden is a great place to work. Swedish employees have some of the world’s best vacation, healthcare, pension, and job security benefits. Combine that with several high-ranking universities and it’s easy to see why Sweden is a favourite destination for academics. Here's a breakdown of the most common Swedish academic jobs and their salaries. All salary statistics in this article are in Swedish kronor (SEK) and are pre-tax. Swedish taxes are based on where you live (around 30%) and how much you earn .

PhD Student Salary

A student working towards a PhD is called a doktorand in Swedish. On average it takes four years to complete a PhD in Sweden. Each university regulates its PhD salaries in a local collective agreement. This means that base salaries and the accompanying salary scales will differ between universities. For example at Karolinska Institutet, PhD student salaries range from 27,900 kr to 31,200 kr per month. At KTH Royal Institute of Technology, the minimum PhD salary was 30,300 kr and the maximum was 34,800 kr per month. According to SACO, the Swedish Academics Central Organization, the median salary for a PhD student in September 2020 was 30,223 kr per month.

Postdoc Salary

After earning their PhD, most researchers go on to do a postdoc or postdoktor in Swedish. In Sweden, postdocs can either be on a stipend/fellowship or have an employment contract with their university. Stipend postdocs are not entitled to the benefits that usually come with an employment contract (such as sick pay and paid parental leave), however their stipends are not taxed. According to SACO the average salary for a postdoc in Sweden in September 2020 was 37,548 kr per month. The median postdoc salary at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in 2022 is 38,000 kr per month.

Biträdande Lektor Salary

Biträdande Lektor is the Swedish position equivalent to a tenure-track assistant professor. It is a position that allows an academic who earned their PhD in the last five years to develop as a researcher, scholar, and teacher. At the end of their contact, the biträdande lektor is evaluated promoted to the permanent position of lektor if successful. The average salary for a biträdande lektor was 44,760 kr per month in September 2020 according to SACO and the median salary at KTH Royal Institute of Technology for 2022 is 48,960 kr per month.

Lektor Salary

This position is equivalent to a tenured associate professor. In addition to researching and publishing, a lektor is expected to teach and supervise PhD students. The avera ge monthly salary for a lektor was 49,586 kr in September 2020 according to SACO . The median salary for this position at KTH Royal Institute of Technology i n 2022 is 57,500 kr per month while at Uppsala University it is 52,900 kr per month. 

Professor Salary

This position used to be quite rare at Swedish universities as was only held by department chairs, but since 1999 it has become more and more common. Similar to a full professor in the US, Swedish professors have strong publication records, proven teaching skills, and have been successful as a PhD supervisor. They have usually established themselves as an international or national leader in their field. According to SACO , the average monthly salary of a Swedish professor was 67,550 kr per month in September 2020 but there is some variance from university to university. In 2022, professors were paid a median of 78,050 kr per month at KTH Royal Institute of Technology and a median of 78,266 kr per month at Uppsala University .

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Master, PhD and Postdoc Scholarships

PhD salary in Sweden

Sweden, renowned for its exceptional quality of life, progressive values, free healthcare, and robust social welfare system, also stands as an educational beacon, attracting students and researchers from across the globe. For those aspiring to attain advanced academic qualifications, Sweden beckons with generous financial support for doctoral students. In this post, we delve into the average PhD salary and highlight the most lucrative study fields in Sweden.

Funding Doctoral Education in Sweden

Sweden’s publicly funded education system paves the way for diverse funding opportunities for doctoral students. Aspiring PhD scholars can pursue scholarships or opt for employment as doctoral candidates or research assistants within the university. While doctoral candidates are typically university employees with monthly salaries, research assistants are hired on a project basis.

However, funding avenues for doctoral studies extend beyond universities. The Swedish Research Council and other funding organizations provide grants and scholarships spanning various fields. Additionally, Sweden’s government champions research and development through initiatives such as the Strategic Research Areas program and the Research and Innovation bill.

Understanding the Average Salary in Sweden

Sweden boasts one of Europe’s highest average salaries, with PhD student salaries varying based on the field of study, experience, and funding source. According to the Swedish Association of University Teachers and Researchers (SULF), the average monthly gross salary for doctoral students in 2021 stood at SEK 35,000 (approximately USD 4,080), with an average net salary of SEK 27,400 (approximately USD 3,210) after income tax and social security contributions.

Let’s explore the salary ladders for PhD students across different study fields:

Salary ladder for PhD students in Sweden:

• Starting salary: SEK 27,700 (USD 3,215)
• Year 2: SEK 28,500 (USD 3,307)
• Year 3: SEK 29,700 (USD 3,447)
• 50%: SEK 30,700 (USD 3,563)
• 80%: SEK 33,500 (USD 3,888)

Salary ladder for PhD students with a medical degree:

• Starting salary: SEK 32,000 (USD 3,714)
• Year 2: SEK 32,800 (USD 3,806)
• Year 3: SEK 34,000 (USD 3,946)
• 50%: SEK 35,000 (USD 4,062)
• 80%: SEK 37,800 (USD 4,387)

Salary ladder for doctoral students who are registered doctors:

• Starting salary: SEK 34,000 (USD 3,946)
• Year 2: SEK 34,800 (USD 4,039)
• Year 3: SEK 36,000 (USD 4,178)
• 50%: SEK 37,700 (USD 4,375)
• 80%: SEK 39,800 (USD 4,619)

Unveiling the Highest-Paid PhD Fields in Sweden

The salary landscape for doctoral students unfolds differently across fields of study. Traditionally, the highest-paid PhD students gravitate towards engineering, natural sciences, and technology. According to SULF’s report, the highest average gross salary in 2021 belonged to engineering doctoral students, with an impressive SEK 38,800 (approximately USD 4,540) per month. Natural sciences followed closely at SEK 38,200 (approximately USD 4,470), with technology at SEK 37,400 (approximately USD 4,380) per month.

Conversely, humanities and social sciences typically feature lower PhD student salaries. In humanities, the average gross salary was SEK 31,200 (approximately USD 3,650) per month, while social sciences stood at SEK 33,000 (approximately USD 3,860) per month.

It’s essential to note that PhD student salaries may also fluctuate based on funding type. Doctoral candidates employed by universities as research assistants often receive higher salaries compared to those on scholarships.

Open Academic Positions at Swedish Universities

In the following list, you can find out available fully funded PhD and Postdoctoral Positions in Sweden.

• Fully-funded PhD positions at Chalmers University of Technology
• Funded PhD and Postdocs Positions at Lund University
• Available fully funded PhD and Postdoc Positions at the Gothenburg University
• Open fully funded PhD and Postdoc Positions at Uppsala University
• Stockholm University Fully Funded PhD and Academic Positions
• Karolinska Institutet Fully Funded PhD and Postdoc Positions
• Fully Funded PhD and Postdoc Positions at Umeå University
• Fully Funded PhD Positions at Linköping University

Interested in discovering the salary figures for PhD and postdoctoral positions in Europe?:

• PhD Salary in Denmark
• Postdoc Salary in Denmark
• Salary of a PhD student and Postdoc in Norway
• PhD Salary in Switzerland
• Salary ladder for PhD students in Sweden
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in Germany
• Salary of PhD and Postdoc in Ireland
• Salary of Postdocs in France
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in the UK
• Professors’ salary in the UK
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in the Netherlands
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in Finland
• Salary of PhD student and Postdoc in Austria
• Salary of Marie-curie postdoctoral fellowship
• Salary of PhD student in Marie-Curie ITN
• Doctorate Degree Business Administration Salary

Fully Funded PhD Positions with Salary

• Germany – Fully Funded PhD
• Switzerland – Fully Funded PhD
• Denmark – Fully Funded PhD
• UK – Fully Funded PhD
• Sweden – Fully Funded PhD
• Finland – Fully Funded PhD
• Netherlands – Fully Funded PhD
• Norway – Fully Funded PhD
• Belgium – Fully Funded PhD
• Austria – Fully Funded PhD
• Australia – Fully Funded PhD
• France – Fully Funded PhD
• New Zealand – Fully Funded PhD
• Canada – Fully Funded PhD
• USA – Fully Funded PhD
• Luxembourg – Fully Funded PhD
• Spain – Fully Funded PhD
• Italy – Fully Funded PhD
• Iceland -Fully Funded PhD

Additionally, we update the Academic Vacancies section regularly to include Fully Funded PhDs , Fully Funded Scholarships , and Open Postdoctoral Positions in different countries. Above all, be sure to follow us on social media and our Youtube channel for the latest information.

Related Post

Fully funded phd and postdoc positions at lund university, phd and postdoctoral vacancies at university of leuven (ku leuven), fully funded phd and postdoc vacancies at the university of uppsala, phd and postdocs at university of amsterdam, fully funded phd and academic jobs at the university of hamburg, fully funded phd and academic vacancies at heidelberg university.

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• Employment at KTH

Most doctoral students are employed by KTH, with a contract, a monthly salary and the accompanying conditions and benefits. Employed doctoral students may work for the department up to 20% of full-time.

Working conditions and benefits

Working at KTH means being part of an organisation founded on the values of democracy, equality and free and open discussion. At the core of this ideal is the basic principle of equal rights, opportunities, and obligations irrespective of ethnic identity, gender, religion or faith, disability, social background, sexual orientation, or age.

If you work and pay taxes in Sweden, you will have access to employment-based benefits within the Swedish social security system, which include sickness benefits, a rehabilitation allowance and parental-leave insurance, etc.

As an employee of KTH, you will enjoy benefits like occupational pension, subsidised preventive healthcare and parental compensation.

Contract and Salary

The first employment contract covers a maximum period of one year. After that, the contract may be renewed for up to two years at a time. The total employment time should not correspond to more than four years of full-time studies. If a student´s doctoral studies end with a licentiate degree, the total employment time should not correspond to more than two years of full-time studies. The total employment time may be extended if a doctoral student is absent due to illness, parental leave, or another legitimate reason.

The salary for doctoral students is based on a collective wage agreement currently starting at SEK 30 800 per month in the beginning of the employment and reach up to SEK 35 100 per month (according to the agreement of 2022-10-01), Doctoral student salary agreement .

Working for the department

As a doctoral student, you should primarily focus on your education; however, you might need to dedicate some time to working for your department in education, research or administration, up to a maximum 20% of full time. The content of this work is determined by each department head after consultation with the doctoral student and his or her supervisor.

Doctoral studies at KTH

• Being a doctoral student
• Doctoral programmes and subjects
• How to apply
• Entry requirements
• Joint programmes and scholarships
• Courses for external doctoral students

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PhD programmes

When you apply for a phd programme in sweden, you’re actually applying for a job. yeah, you read that right. 👀.

“Do a master’s here – I’d say it’s a very good step to doing a PhD in Sweden. I did my master’s at Malmö University and now I’m doing a PhD at Lund University” – Sanjay, Malmö University. Photo: Oskar Omne

So that means – no tuition fees, no scholarships. But you’ll receive a monthly salary instead. Nice, eh? And that’s why available PhD positions are listed on a university’s job board.

How to apply for a PhD position? You’ll apply directly to the university.

Just so you know, there’s no centralised application process. And things like requirements and application dates? This kind of stuff is decided by each department. But we do know that you’ll need to have a master’s degree – in the same field of study – and a great level of English to apply for a PhD here. You might even need to be fluent in Swedish. But that’ll depend on the subject.

+ - Find a PhD at a Swedish university

• PhD at Blekinge Institute of Technology ↗️
• PhD at Chalmers University of Technology ↗️
• PhD at Dalarna University ↗️
• PhD at Halmstad University ↗️
• PhD at Jönköping University ↗️
• PhD at KTH Royal Institute of Technology ↗️
• PhD at Karlstad University ↗️
• PhD at Karolinska Institutet ↗️
• PhD at Konstfack ↗️
• PhD at Linköping University ↗️
• PhD at Linnaeus University ↗️
• PhD at Luleå University of Technology ↗️
• PhD at Lund University ↗️
• PhD at Malmö University ↗️
• PhD at Marie Cederschiöld University ↗️
• PhD at Mälardalen University ↗️
• PhD at SLU (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences) ↗️
• PhD at Stockholm School of Economics ↗️
• PhD at Stockholm University ↗️
• PhD at Stockholm University of the Arts ↗️
• PhD at the Swedish Defence University ↗️
• PhD at Södertörn University ↗️
• PhD at Umeå University ↗️
• PhD at University College Stockholm ↗️
• PhD at University West ↗️
• PhD at University of Borås ↗️
• PhD at University of Gothenburg ↗️
• PhD at University of Gävle ↗️
• PhD at University of Skövde ↗️
• PhD at Uppsala University ↗️
• PhD at Örebro University ↗️

+ - Find other academic positions in Sweden

• University Positions ↗️
• Academic Positions ↗️
• EURAXESS academic positions in Europe ↗️

+ - Useful info about research

• CORDIS ↗️ – EU Research and Information Service
• EURAXESS information ↗️ – Portal for information and practical assistance for researchers moving to Sweden
• Formas ↗️ – The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning
• Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare ↗️
• Swedish Research Council ↗️
• Vinnova — Sweden’s Innovation Agency ↗️ – An organisation that integrates research and development in technology, transport and working life
• Handbook for International Researchers ↗️ – Stockholm University’s handbook for international researchers

• 👩🏽‍🎓 Beyond the master's: a PhD?
• Find a research position at a Swedish university ↗️

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Uppsala - Stockholms nordligaste förort.

In Hand compensation/salary (after the tax) of a PhD student in Uppsala/KTH/Lund and in EU in general?

Sorry for being so straightforward. It's just not easy to ask a PhD student this straight away. It would be of real help in general to me and my friends out here.

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Doctoral student salary agreement

Salary ladder.

* Adjusted from 1 October 2023 according to the local collective agreement for doctoral student salaries at SLU (SLU id: SLU.ua.2023.2.5.2-4211).

** As SLU's ability to recruit doctoral students is indicative in determining entry salary, a higher entry salary can be agreed upon.

***Level C salaries will be paid retroactively following completion of the mid-way review. The payments will begin in the first month of the second half of the actual period of study.

Please contact your HR specialist if you have any questions.  

Agreement from 1 July 2015  (in Swedish only)

HR specialists HR Unit , Division of Human Resources

Nov 12 2022

Doing phd in sweden.

Sven Johanson

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Sweden Tax Calculator

The employer pays

Total cost to the employer

Employer fee

This is a fee your employer pays

Your gross salary

This is your salary before deductions, taxes, and fees.

Basic Allowance

A deduction that lowers taxable income.

Taxable income

This is what taxes and fees are calculated on

Employment tax credit

A tax reduction on earned income, intended to increase work incentives by reducing the tax burden.

Municipal tax

The municipal tax in Stockholm är 17.74%

The tax in your county is 12.08%

State income tax

An extra 20 percent tax is levied on income above that 509 300 kr per year

If you are a member of the Church of Sweden, you also pay church fees

A mandatory fee charged by Stockholms domkyrkoförs. stift (i din kommun) 0.18%

Your net salary

This is what you get to keep after taxes and fees

Taxes & Fees

This is what you and the employer paid in total in taxes and fees

An extra 20 percent tax is levied on income above that 523 200 kr per year

An extra 20 percent tax is levied on income above that 540 700 kr per year

An extra 20 percent tax is levied on income above that 598 500 kr per year

The municipal tax in Stockholm är 17.98%

The tax in your county is 12.38%

Howto calculate Your Net Salary in Sweden: A Detailed Walkthrough

Your gross salary: the starting point for your net salary.

Your gross salary is the first step in the salary calculation. It is the amount on your pay slip before any deductions are made, which forms the basis for the calculation of the amount that ultimately reaches your bank account (the net salary).

Basic Deduction: Reducing Your Taxable Income

The basic deduction is a tax deduction that reduces the part of your income that is taxable. This deduction varies depending on income and other factors, and its purpose is to provide each individual with a tax relief space for part of the income.

Taxable Income: What the Tax is Calculated On

After your basic deduction is applied, the remaining amount is your taxable income. It is this amount that your municipal and state taxes and any church fees are based on.

Municipal Tax: Impact of Your Residence

Where you live plays an important role as the municipal tax varies depending on the municipality. This tax funds local services such as schools, healthcare, and infrastructure.

County Tax: Your Contribution to Regional Welfare

The county tax is a tax that goes to your region or county and is used to fund regional services such as hospitals and public transport. Like the municipal tax, this is a significant part of your total tax rate and reflects the value of the services you have access to.

Church Fee for Members of the Swedish Church

As a member of the Swedish Church, you pay a church fee, which varies between different parishes. This fee is also part of the taxable income and is included in the calculation of your net salary.

Net Salary Calculation: A Complete Perspective

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Only children are often misunderstood. Take a closer look at the science

Vol. 55 No. 6 Print version: page 56

• Journalism and Facts

• Research indicates that the common stereotypes that only children are selfish, lonely, and maladjusted do not hold true.
• Though the birth rate continues to decline, most Americans still think the ideal family has more than one child.
• Unrivaled attention from parents can be both empowering and overwhelming. Bearing the full burden of parents’ expectations and emotions can make it harder for only children to develop and embrace a separate self—particularly during adolescence—a period key for differentiation.

Growing up without siblings in the 1950s, it did not take long for psychologist Toni Falbo, PhD, to learn about stereotypes. She was often told she was nothing like an only child—presumably because she played outside and had friends, like other kids.

“In the United States, the only child stereotype in a nutshell is: selfish, lonely, and maladjusted. So far, that stereotype cannot be confirmed by any empirical social science research,” said Falbo, a professor of educational psychology at the University of Texas at Austin who has studied only children and sibling effects for more than 40 years.

Those long-standing stereo­types have deep roots in psychology. G. Stanley Hall, PhD, the first president of the APA, wrote that being an only child is “a disease in and of itself.”

But the American family is changing. The share of mothers who had one child doubled between 1976 and 2021 , when it reached 22%, according to Pew Research Center data. The U.S. birth rate is at an all-time low , and nearly half of childless adults say they are unlikely to have children, citing financial concerns, climate change, and lack of supportive policies for parents.

[ Related: Americans are having fewer kids—if they have them at all ]

“Women are also waiting longer to start their families, so many are hitting a fertility wall. That’s a big factor in this huge swing toward the one-child family,” said Susan Newman, PhD, a social psychologist who has written extensively about parenting.

The trend toward smaller families extends abroad, too. Of households with children in EU countries, 49% have one child; South Korea, Japan, Italy, Spain, Canada, and China are among the countries with fertility rates lower than that of the United States ( Fertility Rate, Our World in Data, 2024 ). Though birth rates in most African countries are much higher, they are also rapidly declining ( AFD, Agence Française de Développement, March 5, 2021 ).

Given that one-child families are on the rise in many countries, what is known about how only children fare? Do the stereotypes hold true? Though research on the subject is limited, evidence suggests that overall, people who grow up with and without siblings do equally well. Only children may face some unique challenges such as high parental expectations and special advantages such as more attention at home, but they do not show substantial differences in personality, cognition, social aptitude, or well-being.

Only children did at least as well as other kids on cognitive tests during childhood and measures of well-being in adulthood, according to research that compared four cohorts of children born in the United Kingdom in 1946, 1958, 1970, and between 2000 and 2002 ( Goisis, A., et al., Population and Development Review , Vol. 49, No. 2, 2023 ; Chanfreau, J., & Goisis, A., Ageing & Society , Vol. 44, No. 1, 2024 ).

“Are only children really spoiled, lonely, bossy, and aggressive, with more imaginary friends?” asked Newman, who authored the book Parenting an Only Child: The Joys and Challenges of Raising Your One and Only . “That stereotype is so far from true, but when you get a cultural thinking that’s buried so deep, it can be very hard to change it.”

Challenging the stereotype

Though the birth rate continues to decline, most Americans still think the ideal family has more than one child. In a series of Gallup polls conducted in 2023, 44% of U.S. adults said having two children is best and 45% said having three or more children is ideal ( Brenan, M., Gallup, Sept. 25, 2023 ).

“Many people still believe that it’s a moral obligation to have children—and that is plural. One is not enough,” Falbo said.

Early psychology research, dating back to 1896, played a part in reinforcing those beliefs. Hall said children without siblings tended to be “jealous, selfish, egotistical, dependent, aggressive, domineering, or quarrelsome” because of the undue attention they demanded or received. His conclusions rested largely on observations from the disproportionate number of only children he saw in his clinic and an anecdotal research effort he oversaw, “A Study of Peculiar and Exceptional Children” ( Bohannon, E. W., The Pedagogical Seminary , Vol. 4, No. 1, 1896 ).

“Hall concluded that only children were particularly at risk. But the other option is that parents of only children had the time and resources to take their child to a guidance center,” Falbo said.

That pattern is precisely what Carl Pickhardt, PhD, a counseling psychologist and parenting expert, observed during 30 years of private practice in Austin, Texas. He has worked with a large share of only children—not because kids without siblings were more troubled or maladjusted, but because their parents were highly vigilant, he said.

“All of their focus was on this kid, and if they saw something they couldn’t understand or had trouble dealing with, they sought help to try to comprehend it,” said Pickhardt, who authored the book The Future of Your Only Child: How to Guide Your Child to a Happy and Successful Life .

Many parents who have a single child invest the entirety of their resources—time, money, and energy—in that child’s future, as well as their emotional needs and parental expectations. That focused attention can come with both benefits and challenges. The research is mixed, but only children appear to perform at least as well academically as children who grow up with siblings ( Downey, D. B., American Psychologist , Vol. 56, No. 6–7, 2001 ).

“They get the precious gift of full attention from their parents without distraction, which is beneficial for their cognitive development, in particular linguistic development,” said Linda Blair, PhD, MPhil, a clinical psychologist based in Bath, England, and author of the book Birth Order .

The unrivaled attention of parents can be empowering, but it can also be overwhelming. Only children are acutely aware that theirs is the only report card coming home, Newman said. Bearing the full burden of parents’ expectations and emotions can also make it harder for only children to develop and embrace a separate self—particularly during adolescence—a period key for differentiation, Pickhardt said.

“There’s no free lunch in this world,” he said. “There are costs and benefits to being only; there are costs and benefits to having siblings.”

Personality and social skills

Large-scale research studies have searched for personality differences between only children and those with siblings, but most have found only minimal effects, if any.

“For a long time, people have stereotyped only children as being selfish and egotistical. They’ve absorbed all of Mom and Dad’s love, and they’re unable to share and cooperate with others,” said Joshua Foster, PhD, a professor of psychology at the University of South Alabama. “All of these negative stereotypes can roughly be thought of as narcissism.”

Foster and his colleagues administered two measures of narcissism to 8,689 college students, finding no differences between people who grew up with versus without siblings. They also found no differences in specific facets of narcissism, such as arrogance or entitlement ( Personality and Individual Differences , Vol. 161, 2020 ).

In another study of personality traits, psychologist Samantha Stronge, PhD, a researcher at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, investigated the Big Six personality traits (honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience) in a sample of more than 20,000 New Zealand adults. Only children reported slightly lower levels of conscientiousness and honesty-humility and slightly higher levels of neuroticism (emotionality) and openness to experience, but all differences failed to reach the threshold for a small effect size ( Journal of Research in Personality , Vol. 83, 2019 ).

“Beliefs about only children appear to contradict actual group differences,” the researchers concluded.

But there is no denying that for most kids, growing up without siblings is qualitatively different. The house is quieter, sibling rivalry is not a thing, and their closest confidants might be adults—factors that can, in theory, influence a child’s social development.

Adolescence can be an especially challenging time, as children who have borne the full weight of their parents’ expectations and approval enter a phase of life where individuation is key. For an only child, that differentiation and opposition require extra courage, Pickhardt said.

“These are hard things to do, particularly if you’re an only child,” he said. “You don’t want to alienate your parents—they’re the most important people in your world.”

Older research suggests that overall, only children tend to have more positive relationships with their parents than children with siblings ( Falbo, T., & Polit, D. F., Psychological Bulletin , Vol. 100, No. 2, 1986 ). Skills developed in those relationships often translate into healthy interactions with adults outside the family, too, Pickhardt said.

“Only children learn early on how to get along with adults, which is a huge advantage,” he said. “When they exit adolescence, their emotional sensitivity and social skills for getting along in the adult world are typically very well developed.”

Do better social skills in the adult world come at the cost of peer relationships? One longitudinal study suggests only children may be less social at school. Researchers from Project Talent , a large longitudinal study of U.S. youth that tracked well-being and life outcomes, interviewed more than 400,000 teenagers in 1960 and several times thereafter, finding that only children were more interested in solitude than their counterparts with siblings ( Flanagan, J. C., et al.,The Project TALENT Data Bank: A Handbook, 1972 ).

Those differences may not cause long-term harm. Though no large-scale studies have examined sibling effects on loneliness throughout the life span, some data suggest that only children are not lonelier later in life ( Lin, S., et al., American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , Vol. 91, No. 4, 2021 ).

“The greatest gift of being an only child is that you learn to be content with your own company and spend a lot of time with yourself. And that’s huge,” Pickhardt said. “After all, our primary relationship in life is with ourselves.”

With more alone time, only children may also have extra opportunities to explore their creativity and learn time management skills from an early age, Newman said. A study of 303 young adults in China found that only children scored higher than people with siblings on cognitive flexibility (a measure of creative thinking) and that those higher scores were related to differences in brain structure ( Yang, J., et al., Brain Imaging and Behavior , Vol. 11, 2017 ).

The study also found that only children were less agreeable than people who grew up with siblings. Another Chinese research group measured the neural signatures of trust by conducting simultaneous brain scans of participants playing a game together (a technique known as hyperscanning) and found that only children showed less interpersonal synchronization in the medial prefrontal cortex than people who grew up with siblings ( Wu, S., et al., Brain and Cognition , Vol. 149, 2021 ).

In clinical work, Pickhardt observed a related pattern. Only children often struggled with conflict and joint decision-making, issues that arose during their early romantic relationships and required special attention. He suggested that the lack of exposure to the rough and tumble of sibling rivalry and play could be one cause of discomfort with conflict.

A struggle with shared decision-making could impact some people’s long-term relationships. A study using data on more than 57,000 people, collected by the University of Chicago’s National Opinion Research Center between 1972 and 2012, found that only children were slightly more likely to get divorced than people with siblings. Each additional sibling was associated with a 3% drop in the chance of divorce ( Merry, J. J., et al., Journal of Family Issues , Vol. 41, No. 2, 2020 ).

Only children as adults

As children, people without siblings may benefit from receiving all the family’s resources, but that advantage may disappear—or even become a burden—later in life. In the study of only child cohorts in the United Kingdom, demographer Alice Goisis, PhD, found that only children were more likely to provide care to their aging parents in middle adulthood ( Ageing & Society , Vol. 44, No. 1, Sept. 13, 2024 ). That can include the combined responsibilities of power of attorney, tax preparer, physical caretaker, and more.

“What in earlier life was a resource can potentially become a disadvantage later in life,” said Goisis, an associate professor of demography and research director in the Centre for Longitudinal Studies at University College London.

Goisis’s research also helps challenge the stereotypes of growing up without siblings. By comparing the only child experience across different countries and time periods, she and others have shown that differences in outcomes are better explained by parental resources than a universal “only-child syndrome.”

“It’s not so much being an only child per se, but what does being an only child mean in different times and places?” she said.

In the United Kingdom, only children landed in the middle of the pack on socioeconomic measures such as parental education and income and did at least as well as children with siblings on cognitive measures and when it came to overall well-being ( Population and Development Review, Vol. 49, No. 2, 2023 ).

In other countries, being an only child looks different. A long-standing two-child norm in Sweden meant that for many years, families with a single child had fewer resources. Research shows that only children in Sweden have worse long-term health outcomes than people from larger families: They are more likely to be overweight or obese in adolescence and more likely to die before age 50 ( Keenan, K., et al., Population Studies , Vol. 77, 2023 ).

Only children born under China’s one-child policy, by comparison, appear to have better mental and physical health than their counterparts with siblings. Many only children were raised by educated urban parents who—if allowed by law—could have afforded to support a larger family ( Falbo, T., & Hooper, S. Y., American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , Vol. 85, No. 3, 2015 ; Short, S. E., et al., in Kaufmann, E. P., & Wilcox, W. B., [Eds.] Whither the Child?: Causes and Consequences of Low Fertility , Routledge, 2013 ).

“We should avoid overgeneralizing to anyone who’s an only child, because within that category there will be a multitude of experiences,” Goisis said.

Research gaps

The paucity of research on only children makes it hard to draw clear conclusions about the prospects for those who grow up without siblings. Virtually all findings are correlational, said Blair, and it can be hard to know what other variables to control for when making comparisons.

Foster suggested that the lack of publications could, in part, be driven by research like his narcissism study, which found no effect. “We’re getting better at publishing null effects than in the past, but there’s still a bias against them,” he said.

More insights on how only children do across contexts, as well as later in life, could help paint a clearer picture of what it truly means to grow up without siblings.

“There has been a lot of focus on the early child period, but extending the focus to other stages of life, showing that these children develop well into adulthood, will also help debunk the stereotypes,” Goisis said.

As life trajectories and family priorities continue to shift, only children may soon outnumber children with siblings in many countries. Contrary to the stereotypes, those conducting research say that is not a cause for concern.

“It’s a necessary trend that we are having fewer children,” Blair said. “With every birth order position, there are great assets and there are drawbacks. But this is undoubtedly a very positive way to grow up.” 

Further reading

Being an only child doesn’t affect your development—family background matters more Goisis, A.,  The Conversation , Sept. 13, 2023

Chinese only children: Advantaged or disadvantaged? Lin, S., et al.,  Frontiers in Psychology , 2021

The values of only-children: Power and benevolence in the spotlight Griffiths, N. L., et al.,  Journal of Research in Personality , 2021

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