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Advanced Level Biology 2022 (2023) Exam Paper With Answers

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Sat / act prep online guides and tips, the complete ib extended essay guide: examples, topics, and ideas.

International Baccalaureate (IB)

IB students around the globe fear writing the Extended Essay, but it doesn't have to be a source of stress! In this article, I'll get you excited about writing your Extended Essay and provide you with the resources you need to get an A on it.

If you're reading this article, I'm going to assume you're an IB student getting ready to write your Extended Essay. If you're looking at this as a potential future IB student, I recommend reading our introductory IB articles first, including our guide to what the IB program is and our full coverage of the IB curriculum .

IB Extended Essay: Why Should You Trust My Advice?

I myself am a recipient of an IB Diploma, and I happened to receive an A on my IB Extended Essay. Don't believe me? The proof is in the IBO pudding:

If you're confused by what this report means, EE is short for Extended Essay , and English A1 is the subject that my Extended Essay topic coordinated with. In layman's terms, my IB Diploma was graded in May 2010, I wrote my Extended Essay in the English A1 category, and I received an A grade on it.

What Is the Extended Essay in the IB Diploma Programme?

The IB Extended Essay, or EE , is a mini-thesis you write under the supervision of an IB advisor (an IB teacher at your school), which counts toward your IB Diploma (learn more about the major IB Diploma requirements in our guide) . I will explain exactly how the EE affects your Diploma later in this article.

For the Extended Essay, you will choose a research question as a topic, conduct the research independently, then write an essay on your findings . The essay itself is a long one—although there's a cap of 4,000 words, most successful essays get very close to this limit.

Keep in mind that the IB requires this essay to be a "formal piece of academic writing," meaning you'll have to do outside research and cite additional sources.

The IB Extended Essay must include the following:

A title page
Contents page
Introduction
Body of the essay
References and bibliography

Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories , or IB subject groups, which are as follows:

Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature
Group 2: Language Acquisition
Group 3: Individuals and Societies
Group 4: Sciences
Group 5: Mathematics
Group 6: The Arts

Once you figure out your category and have identified a potential research topic, it's time to pick your advisor, who is normally an IB teacher at your school (though you can also find one online ). This person will help direct your research, and they'll conduct the reflection sessions you'll have to do as part of your Extended Essay.

As of 2018, the IB requires a "reflection process" as part of your EE supervision process. To fulfill this requirement, you have to meet at least three times with your supervisor in what the IB calls "reflection sessions." These meetings are not only mandatory but are also part of the formal assessment of the EE and your research methods.

According to the IB, the purpose of these meetings is to "provide an opportunity for students to reflect on their engagement with the research process." Basically, these meetings give your supervisor the opportunity to offer feedback, push you to think differently, and encourage you to evaluate your research process.

The final reflection session is called the viva voce, and it's a short 10- to 15-minute interview between you and your advisor. This happens at the very end of the EE process, and it's designed to help your advisor write their report, which factors into your EE grade.

Here are the topics covered in your viva voce :

A check on plagiarism and malpractice
Your reflection on your project's successes and difficulties
Your reflection on what you've learned during the EE process

Your completed Extended Essay, along with your supervisor's report, will then be sent to the IB to be graded. We'll cover the assessment criteria in just a moment.

We'll help you learn how to have those "lightbulb" moments...even on test day!

What Should You Write About in Your IB Extended Essay?

You can technically write about anything, so long as it falls within one of the approved categories listed above.

It's best to choose a topic that matches one of the IB courses , (such as Theatre, Film, Spanish, French, Math, Biology, etc.), which shouldn't be difficult because there are so many class subjects.

Here is a range of sample topics with the attached extended essay:

Biology: The Effect of Age and Gender on the Photoreceptor Cells in the Human Retina
Chemistry: How Does Reflux Time Affect the Yield and Purity of Ethyl Aminobenzoate (Benzocaine), and How Effective is Recrystallisation as a Purification Technique for This Compound?
English: An Exploration of Jane Austen's Use of the Outdoors in Emma
Geography: The Effect of Location on the Educational Attainment of Indigenous Secondary Students in Queensland, Australia
Math: Alhazen's Billiard Problem
Visual Arts: Can Luc Tuymans Be Classified as a Political Painter?

You can see from how varied the topics are that you have a lot of freedom when it comes to picking a topic . So how do you pick when the options are limitless?

How to Write a Stellar IB Extended Essay: 6 Essential Tips

Below are six key tips to keep in mind as you work on your Extended Essay for the IB DP. Follow these and you're sure to get an A!

#1: Write About Something You Enjoy

You can't expect to write a compelling essay if you're not a fan of the topic on which you're writing. For example, I just love British theatre and ended up writing my Extended Essay on a revolution in post-WWII British theatre. (Yes, I'm definitely a #TheatreNerd.)

I really encourage anyone who pursues an IB Diploma to take the Extended Essay seriously. I was fortunate enough to receive a full-tuition merit scholarship to USC's School of Dramatic Arts program. In my interview for the scholarship, I spoke passionately about my Extended Essay; thus, I genuinely think my Extended Essay helped me get my scholarship.

But how do you find a topic you're passionate about? Start by thinking about which classes you enjoy the most and why . Do you like math classes because you like to solve problems? Or do you enjoy English because you like to analyze literary texts?

Keep in mind that there's no right or wrong answer when it comes to choosing your Extended Essay topic. You're not more likely to get high marks because you're writing about science, just like you're not doomed to failure because you've chosen to tackle the social sciences. The quality of what you produce—not the field you choose to research within—will determine your grade.

Once you've figured out your category, you should brainstorm more specific topics by putting pen to paper . What was your favorite chapter you learned in that class? Was it astrophysics or mechanics? What did you like about that specific chapter? Is there something you want to learn more about? I recommend spending a few hours on this type of brainstorming.

One last note: if you're truly stumped on what to research, pick a topic that will help you in your future major or career . That way you can use your Extended Essay as a talking point in your college essays (and it will prepare you for your studies to come too!).

#2: Select a Topic That Is Neither Too Broad nor Too Narrow

There's a fine line between broad and narrow. You need to write about something specific, but not so specific that you can't write 4,000 words on it.

You can't write about WWII because that would be a book's worth of material. You also don't want to write about what type of soup prisoners of war received behind enemy lines, because you probably won’t be able to come up with 4,000 words of material about it. However, you could possibly write about how the conditions in German POW camps—and the rations provided—were directly affected by the Nazis' successes and failures on the front, including the use of captured factories and prison labor in Eastern Europe to increase production. WWII military history might be a little overdone, but you get my point.

If you're really stuck trying to pinpoint a not-too-broad-or-too-narrow topic, I suggest trying to brainstorm a topic that uses a comparison. Once you begin looking through the list of sample essays below, you'll notice that many use comparisons to formulate their main arguments.

I also used a comparison in my EE, contrasting Harold Pinter's Party Time with John Osborne's Look Back in Anger in order to show a transition in British theatre. Topics with comparisons of two to three plays, books, and so on tend to be the sweet spot. You can analyze each item and then compare them with one another after doing some in-depth analysis of each individually. The ways these items compare and contrast will end up forming the thesis of your essay!

When choosing a comparative topic, the key is that the comparison should be significant. I compared two plays to illustrate the transition in British theatre, but you could compare the ways different regional dialects affect people's job prospects or how different temperatures may or may not affect the mating patterns of lightning bugs. The point here is that comparisons not only help you limit your topic, but they also help you build your argument.

Comparisons are not the only way to get a grade-A EE, though. If after brainstorming, you pick a non-comparison-based topic and are still unsure whether your topic is too broad or narrow, spend about 30 minutes doing some basic research and see how much material is out there.

If there are more than 1,000 books, articles, or documentaries out there on that exact topic, it may be too broad. But if there are only two books that have any connection to your topic, it may be too narrow. If you're still unsure, ask your advisor—it's what they're there for! Speaking of advisors...

Don't get stuck with a narrow topic!

#3: Choose an Advisor Who Is Familiar With Your Topic

If you're not certain of who you would like to be your advisor, create a list of your top three choices. Next, write down the pros and cons of each possibility (I know this sounds tedious, but it really helps!).

For example, Mr. Green is my favorite teacher and we get along really well, but he teaches English. For my EE, I want to conduct an experiment that compares the efficiency of American electric cars with foreign electric cars.

I had Ms. White a year ago. She teaches physics and enjoyed having me in her class. Unlike Mr. Green, Ms. White could help me design my experiment.

Based on my topic and what I need from my advisor, Ms. White would be a better fit for me than would Mr. Green (even though I like him a lot).

The moral of my story is this: do not just ask your favorite teacher to be your advisor . They might be a hindrance to you if they teach another subject. For example, I would not recommend asking your biology teacher to guide you in writing an English literature-based EE.

There can, of course, be exceptions to this rule. If you have a teacher who's passionate and knowledgeable about your topic (as my English teacher was about my theatre topic), you could ask that instructor. Consider all your options before you do this. There was no theatre teacher at my high school, so I couldn't find a theatre-specific advisor, but I chose the next best thing.

Before you approach a teacher to serve as your advisor, check with your high school to see what requirements they have for this process. Some IB high schools require your IB Extended Essay advisor to sign an Agreement Form , for instance.

Make sure that you ask your IB coordinator whether there is any required paperwork to fill out. If your school needs a specific form signed, bring it with you when you ask your teacher to be your EE advisor.

#4: Pick an Advisor Who Will Push You to Be Your Best

Some teachers might just take on students because they have to and aren't very passionate about reading drafts, only giving you minimal feedback. Choose a teacher who will take the time to read several drafts of your essay and give you extensive notes. I would not have gotten my A without being pushed to make my Extended Essay draft better.

Ask a teacher that you have experience with through class or an extracurricular activity. Do not ask a teacher that you have absolutely no connection to. If a teacher already knows you, that means they already know your strengths and weaknesses, so they know what to look for, where you need to improve, and how to encourage your best work.

Also, don't forget that your supervisor's assessment is part of your overall EE score . If you're meeting with someone who pushes you to do better—and you actually take their advice—they'll have more impressive things to say about you than a supervisor who doesn't know you well and isn't heavily involved in your research process.

Be aware that the IB only allows advisors to make suggestions and give constructive criticism. Your teacher cannot actually help you write your EE. The IB recommends that the supervisor spends approximately two to three hours in total with the candidate discussing the EE.

#5: Make Sure Your Essay Has a Clear Structure and Flow

The IB likes structure. Your EE needs a clear introduction (which should be one to two double-spaced pages), research question/focus (i.e., what you're investigating), a body, and a conclusion (about one double-spaced page). An essay with unclear organization will be graded poorly.

The body of your EE should make up the bulk of the essay. It should be about eight to 18 pages long (again, depending on your topic). Your body can be split into multiple parts. For example, if you were doing a comparison, you might have one third of your body as Novel A Analysis, another third as Novel B Analysis, and the final third as your comparison of Novels A and B.

If you're conducting an experiment or analyzing data, such as in this EE , your EE body should have a clear structure that aligns with the scientific method ; you should state the research question, discuss your method, present the data, analyze the data, explain any uncertainties, and draw a conclusion and/or evaluate the success of the experiment.

#6: Start Writing Sooner Rather Than Later!

You will not be able to crank out a 4,000-word essay in just a week and get an A on it. You'll be reading many, many articles (and, depending on your topic, possibly books and plays as well!). As such, it's imperative that you start your research as soon as possible.

Each school has a slightly different deadline for the Extended Essay. Some schools want them as soon as November of your senior year; others will take them as late as February. Your school will tell you what your deadline is. If they haven't mentioned it by February of your junior year, ask your IB coordinator about it.

Some high schools will provide you with a timeline of when you need to come up with a topic, when you need to meet with your advisor, and when certain drafts are due. Not all schools do this. Ask your IB coordinator if you are unsure whether you are on a specific timeline.

Below is my recommended EE timeline. While it's earlier than most schools, it'll save you a ton of heartache (trust me, I remember how hard this process was!):

January/February of Junior Year: Come up with your final research topic (or at least your top three options).
February of Junior Year: Approach a teacher about being your EE advisor. If they decline, keep asking others until you find one. See my notes above on how to pick an EE advisor.
April/May of Junior Year: Submit an outline of your EE and a bibliography of potential research sources (I recommend at least seven to 10) to your EE advisor. Meet with your EE advisor to discuss your outline.
Summer Between Junior and Senior Year: Complete your first full draft over the summer between your junior and senior year. I know, I know—no one wants to work during the summer, but trust me—this will save you so much stress come fall when you are busy with college applications and other internal assessments for your IB classes. You will want to have this first full draft done because you will want to complete a couple of draft cycles as you likely won't be able to get everything you want to say into 4,000 articulate words on the first attempt. Try to get this first draft into the best possible shape so you don't have to work on too many revisions during the school year on top of your homework, college applications, and extracurriculars.
August/September of Senior Year: Turn in your first draft of your EE to your advisor and receive feedback. Work on incorporating their feedback into your essay. If they have a lot of suggestions for improvement, ask if they will read one more draft before the final draft.
September/October of Senior Year: Submit the second draft of your EE to your advisor (if necessary) and look at their feedback. Work on creating the best possible final draft.
November-February of Senior Year: Schedule your viva voce. Submit two copies of your final draft to your school to be sent off to the IB. You likely will not get your grade until after you graduate.

Remember that in the middle of these milestones, you'll need to schedule two other reflection sessions with your advisor . (Your teachers will actually take notes on these sessions on a form like this one , which then gets submitted to the IB.)

I recommend doing them when you get feedback on your drafts, but these meetings will ultimately be up to your supervisor. Just don't forget to do them!

The early bird DOES get the worm!

How Is the IB Extended Essay Graded?

Extended Essays are graded by examiners appointed by the IB on a scale of 0 to 34 . You'll be graded on five criteria, each with its own set of points. You can learn more about how EE scoring works by reading the IB guide to extended essays .

Criterion A: Focus and Method (6 points maximum)
Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 points maximum)
Criterion C: Critical Thinking (12 points maximum)
Criterion D: Presentation (4 points maximum)
Criterion E: Engagement (6 points maximum)

How well you do on each of these criteria will determine the final letter grade you get for your EE. You must earn at least a D to be eligible to receive your IB Diploma.

Although each criterion has a point value, the IB explicitly states that graders are not converting point totals into grades; instead, they're using qualitative grade descriptors to determine the final grade of your Extended Essay . Grade descriptors are on pages 102-103 of this document .

Here's a rough estimate of how these different point values translate to letter grades based on previous scoring methods for the EE. This is just an estimate —you should read and understand the grade descriptors so you know exactly what the scorers are looking for.

Here is the breakdown of EE scores (from the May 2021 bulletin):

How Does the Extended Essay Grade Affect Your IB Diploma?

The Extended Essay grade is combined with your TOK (Theory of Knowledge) grade to determine how many points you get toward your IB Diploma.

To learn about Theory of Knowledge or how many points you need to receive an IB Diploma, read our complete guide to the IB program and our guide to the IB Diploma requirements .

This diagram shows how the two scores are combined to determine how many points you receive for your IB diploma (3 being the most, 0 being the least). In order to get your IB Diploma, you have to earn 24 points across both categories (the TOK and EE). The highest score anyone can earn is 45 points.

Let's say you get an A on your EE and a B on TOK. You will get 3 points toward your Diploma. As of 2014, a student who scores an E on either the extended essay or TOK essay will not be eligible to receive an IB Diploma .

Prior to the class of 2010, a Diploma candidate could receive a failing grade in either the Extended Essay or Theory of Knowledge and still be awarded a Diploma, but this is no longer true.

Figuring out how you're assessed can be a little tricky. Luckily, the IB breaks everything down here in this document . (The assessment information begins on page 219.)

40+ Sample Extended Essays for the IB Diploma Programme

In case you want a little more guidance on how to get an A on your EE, here are over 40 excellent (grade A) sample extended essays for your reading pleasure. Essays are grouped by IB subject.

Business Management 1
Chemistry 1
Chemistry 2
Chemistry 3
Chemistry 4
Chemistry 5
Chemistry 6
Chemistry 7
Computer Science 1
Economics 1
Design Technology 1
Design Technology 2
Environmental Systems and Societies 1
Geography 1
Geography 2
Geography 3
Geography 4
Geography 5
Geography 6
Literature and Performance 1
Mathematics 1
Mathematics 2
Mathematics 3
Mathematics 4
Mathematics 5
Philosophy 1
Philosophy 2
Philosophy 3
Philosophy 4
Philosophy 5
Psychology 1
Psychology 2
Psychology 3
Psychology 4
Psychology 5
Social and Cultural Anthropology 1
Social and Cultural Anthropology 2
Social and Cultural Anthropology 3
Sports, Exercise and Health Science 1
Sports, Exercise and Health Science 2
Visual Arts 1
Visual Arts 2
Visual Arts 3
Visual Arts 4
Visual Arts 5
World Religion 1
World Religion 2
World Religion 3

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How To Answer Biology Essay Questions

Table of Contents:

What Exam Skills are Required to Pass AQA Biology? . We all know that a well designed and rigorous revision schedule is necessary to pass any exam. Here are some tips to revise for Biology.

Before the exam: Try and relax in the last half-an-hour or so before the exam. Read a book, sit quietly somewhere, listen to music – whatever works for you. Just don’t do any last-minute revision. It almost certainly won’t stay in your head anyway. So long as you’ve revised well in the weeks leading up to the exam you should be OK.

Video advice: How to write a good biology essay by Mr. Wanyama

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Tips on Answering AQA Biology Exam Questions – Be clear and concise in your answers. For diagrams, don’t fuss too much over perfect accuracy but make sure that all the key points are there, in the right place, and clearly labelled. For “Brief notes” questions, bullet-point sentences containing relevant information will do as well as, if not better than, a brief essay where the information required is buried under too many words. If you are asked to show your working, do so clearly, making use of the available space to answer the question. Don’t skip too many lines of working at once.

KCSE 2022 Biology Essay Questions and Answers (KCSE 2022 Prediction Questions)

Here are KCSES 2022/2022 Biology Essay Questions and Answers (KCSE 2022 Prediction Questions). Content: 31 pages with 60 questions and answers.

Needed at nighttime stage of photosynthesis it combines using the hydrogen ion in the light stage to create glucose, proteins and lipids low concentrations cuts down on the rate of manufacture of energy and food while high concentrations results in a rise in the quantity of energy and food formed

BIOLOGY (231/2) Revision Questions (Essays): Expected Responses

Has a cell membrane; with pores; that regulates substances entering and leaving the cell; cytoplasm; contain sugars and salts; for maintaining its osmotic pressure; also has a liquid medium; for all biochemical reactions; nucleus; contain chromosomes having hereditary material; and controls all the activities of the cell; ribosomes; are sites for protein synthesis; golgi bodies/apparatus; for secretion of hormones and enzymes; formation of lysosomes; lysosomes; contain lytic enzymes for breaking down worn-out organelles; secretory vesicles; formed from golgi apparatus for secreting substances; smooth endoplasmic reticulum; synthesizes and transports lipids; rough endoplasmic reticulum; transport proteins; nucleolus; controls the activities of the nucleus; produces ribosomes; mitochondria; form sites for energy production; centrioles; formation of cilia and flagella; forms spindle fibres used in cell division; plant sap vacuoles; store salts and other dissolved substances; controls osmotic pressure and turgidity of cells; food vacuoles involved in digestion of engulfed food; chloroplasts; form sites for photosynthesis in plant cells; Max.

Video advice: How to get TOP MARKS in a biology essay: AQA A-level 25 mark essay on paper 3

Learn how to write the 25 mark essay on the AQA A-level paper 3. I fully explain the mark scheme, how to analyse the titles, how to structure your paragraphs and how to write a top plan for success. I model the plan for ‘The Importance of Diffusion’ 2017 title.

AnsweringEssayQuestions

COMMUNICATION IN THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Department of Biology.

Don’t simply create a drawing and expect the teacher to determine that which you were thinking out of this. (Unless of course the issue only insists upon create a drawing. ) Don’t expect the teacher to obtain the relevant information inside a ocean of irrelevant information. Don’t expect the teacher to see between your lines making connections that you ought to make.

The question will always involve two or more related items. “Compare” means that you should explain the similarities between the two items. Ordinarily, instructors do not want you to simply list the similar characteristics, but explain the characteristics and/or how they are similar. “Contrast” means that you should explain the differences between the two items. Typically, a comparison of the similarities and differences between the two items highlights some major concepts in the topic at hand. Be sure to try to address these in your answer. This type of question usually involves the use of specific examples from class.

Biology Form 4 Kssm Questions And Answers – Fill Biology Form 4 Kssm Questions And Answers, Edit online. Sign, fax and printable from PC, iPad, tablet or mobile with pdfFiller ✔ Instantly. Try Now!

Video advice: HOW TO WRITE EXAM ESSAYS! UNIVERSITY BIOLOGY STUDENT TIPS + ADVICE

HOW DO I WRITE MY EXAM ESSAYS? ��⏰

How do you answer an essay question?

6:509:355 Rules for Answering ESSAY Questions on Exams - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipDon't restate the prompt in your introduction. Instead write an interesting thesis statement thatMoreDon't restate the prompt in your introduction. Instead write an interesting thesis statement that covers the prompt. But in your own words. And finally ensure your conclusion. Synthesizes.

How do you write a short answer question in biology?

2:018:53How to answer short response science questions - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipThe verb in the first question is described in the verb in the second sentence is explained. TheseMoreThe verb in the first question is described in the verb in the second sentence is explained. These are two different words that require you to do two different things in your answer.

How do you write a biology essay?

You should create a good first impression regarding your comprehension about the topic of your essay in the introduction section.

State and elaborate on the topic of your paper.
Outline a brief literature review of the topic.
Outline the parameters you've used in your paper.
State your main points and arguments.

How do you write a long answer in biology?

5 Exam tips for Biology

Structure your answers efficiently. There are some easy traps to fall into when it comes to crafting an answer in your Biology exam. ...
Draw if it's easier. ...
Do the multiple-choice questions first. ...
Figure out the key terms in the question. ...
Highlight the key terms in your answer.

What is the proper way to answer exam questions?

Strategies for answering exam and test questions

Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren't right. ...
Don't struggle over a question. ...
Answer all the questions. ...
When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer.

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Biology KCSE Essay Questions and Answers Paper 2; Over 1,000

KCSE BIOLOGY PAPPER TWO 231/2 -ESSAYS FROM 1995 -2023

a). Describe how insect pollinated flowers are adapted to pollination ( KCSE1995)

Progesterone
Luteinizinghormone
Describe how excretion takes place in: ( KCSE1995)
MammalianKidneys
Greenplants
a).Explainhowthemammalianskinisadaptedtoperformitsfunctions (20marks; KCSE 1996)

b). Describe how new plants arise by asexual reproduction (20 marks; KCSE 1996)

a). What is parasitism? (KCSE1997)

b). Describe how the tapeworm is adapted to a parasitic mode of life (KCSE 1997)

a). What is meant by the term digestion? (KCSE1997 )

b). Describe how the mammalian small intestine is adapted to its function (KCSE 1997)

Discuss the various evidences, which show that evolution has taken place (20 marks; KCSE 1998)
Explain how the mammalian intestines are adapted to perform their function (20 marks; KCSE 1998)
a). Describethe:
Process of inhalation in mammals ( KCSE 1999)
Mechanisms of opening and closing of stomata in plants (KCSE1999)

b). Explain how the various activities of man have caused pollution of air (20 marks; KCSE 1999)

a). Describe the role of hormones in the human menstrual cycle (20 marks; KCSE2000)

b). How are leaves of mesophytes suited to their functions (20 marks; KCSE 2000)

a). State the functions of the following parts of the mammalian ear; (KCSE2001)
Tympanicmembrane
Eustachiantube
Earossicles

b). Describe how semicircular canals perform their functions (KCSE 2001 )

a). Describe the process of fertilization in a flowering plant ( KCSE2001)

b). State the change that take place in a flower after fertilization ( KCSE 2001)

a). Describe the role of hormones in the growth and development of plants (20 marks; KCSE 2002)
a). Name three types of skeletons found in multicellular animals ( KCSE2002)

b). Describe how the cervical, lumbar and sacral vertebrae are suited to their functions

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(KCSE 2002)

a). Describe the functions of the various parts of the human eye (20 marks; KCSE2003)

1 | P a ge

(b). Describe how fruits and seeds are suited to their modes of dispersal (20 marks; KCSE 2003)

a). How is the mammalian skin adapted to its functions? (20 marks; KCSE2004)

b). Explain how a biotic factors affect plants (20 marks; KCSE 2004)

a). Describe how gaseous exchange takes place in terrestrial plants (20 marks; KCSE2005)

b). How is the human eye adapted to its function? (20 marks; KCSE 2005)

a). Describe how human kidney functions (20 marks; KCSE2006)

b).Describehowwatermovesfromthesoiltotheleavesinatree (20marks; KCSE2006)

a). Describe the structure and functions of the various parts of the human ear (20 marks; KCSE 2007 )

b). Describe causes and methods of controlling water pollution (20 marks; KCSE 2007 )

Describe the nitrogen cycle (20 marks; KCSE2008)
a). State four characteristics of gaseous exchangesurfaces

b). Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a mammal (16 marks; KCSE 2008)

a). How are flowers adapted to wind and insect pollination? (20 marks; KCSE2009 )

b). Describe the role of the liver in homeostasis in the human body (20 marks; KCSE2009)

a). Describe the process of fertilization in flowering plants (20 marks; KCSE2010)

b). Describe how a finned fish such as tilapia moves in water (20 marks; KCSE 2010)

a). Describe the exoskeleton and its function in insects (13 marks; KCSE2011)

b). Describe how accommodation in the human eye is brought about when focusing on a near object (7 marks; KCSE 2011)

Using a relevant example in each case, describe simple and conditional reflex action (20 marks; KCSE2012)
a).Usingarelevantexample,describehowanallergicreactionoccursinahumanbeing

(10 marks; KCSE 2012)

b).Describehowenvironmentalfactorsincreasetherateoftranspirationinterrestrialplants

a). Describe the process of blood clotting in human beings (10 marks; KCSE2013 )

b).Howarerespiratorysurfacesinmammalsadaptedtotheirfunctions? (10marks; KCSE 2013)

Describe the role of the following organs in excretion andhomeostasis
The liver (10 marks; KCSE2013)
The skin during hot environmental conditions (10 marks; KCSE2013 )
a). Explain how each of the following factors affect the rate ofphotosynthesis:
Temperature (2 marks; KCSE2014)
Chlorophyll concentration (2 marks; KCSE2014 )

b). Describe the process of carbohydrate digestion in human beings (16 marks; KCSE2014)

a). How does excretion take place in plants (4 marks; KCSE2014)

b). Describe the role of the human skin in homeostasis (16 marks; KCSE 2014)

a).Explainthevariouswaysinwhichseedsandfruitsareadaptedtodispersal (20marks; KCSE 2015)

b). How is a mammalian heart structurally adapted to its function? (20 marks; KCSE2015)

2 | P a ge

(a).Usingarelevantexampleineachcase,describesimpleandconditionalreflexaction

(20 marks; KCSE 2016)

b). Describe how the mammalian heart is structurally adapted to its function (20 marks; KCSE 2016)

a ) Explain the importance of protecting the forest ecosystem with reference to the following (20 marks; KCSE 2017 )
a) Climate change
b) Biodiversity

c)Biotechnology

d)Water conservation

e) Pollution
b) Describe how a mammalian eye is structurally adapted to its functions (20 marks)
a) Describe the mode reproduction in a named fungus (5 marks)
b) Describe the roles of hormones in the menstrual cycle (15 marks; KCSE 2018 )
a) Giving examples, describe the following among organisms (20marks; KCSE 2019 )
Predator-prey relationship
b) Explain the effect of increased physical activity on the following organ system (20 marks)
a)(i)Explain the role of the liver in blood regulation (3 marks ; KCSE 2020)
Describe how a mammalian heart is adapted to its functions (17 marks)
b) (i) Explain how the presence of chloroplast in guard cell affect the opening of the stomata (5marks)

(ii) Describe how various environmental factors affect the rate of photosynthesis (15marks)

a) (i) Explain the role of placenta during pregnancy(10 marks) ( KCSE 2021)
ii) Explain features and mechanisms that hinder self pollination and self fertilization(10 marks)

b)( i) Describe how xylem is structurally adapted to its functions (5marks)

(ii) Describe the functions of mammalian blood in the human body(15 marks)

a i) Describe how plants eliminate waste products(8 marks; KCSE2022 )

ii)Describe the structure and function of mammalian nephron (12marks)

b) i. Describe five tropic responses and their survival values (15marks)

ii)Describe how mammalian heartbeat is controlled (5mks)

2022 WAEC Biology Essay and Objective Answers Now Available

Friday, 10th June 2022

Biology 2 (Essay) 09:30am – 11:10am

Biology 1 (Objective) 11:10am – 12:00noon

BIOLOGY-OBJ- Examcode.net

BIOLOGY OBJ 01-10: DCADABCADB 11-20: ABDBABDAAA 21-30: ACBABBCBCB 31-40: ABDDDBDACA 41-50: ACCADCDBBA

BIOLOGY-ESSAY- Examcode.net INSTRUCTION: Answer Three Questions In All. Two Questions in Section A and the Compulsory Question in Section B.

A cell can be defined as the basic structural and functional unit of life. All living organism are made up of cells

(i) Robert Hooke

(ii) Felix Dujardin

(iii) Mathias Schleiden

Draw the Diagram

Red blood cell

It does not replicate itself but rather die off

(i) Nucleus

(ii) Cell membrane

(iii) Cytoplasm

(iv) Chloroplast

(v) Mitochondrion

(vi) Golgi body

===========================

(i) – ELEMENT-

-MACROELEMENT-

(ii) – ELEMENT-

-MICROELEMENT-

(iii) – ELEMENT-

(iv) – ELEMENT-

(v) – ELEMENT-

(vi) – ELEMENT-

(vii) – ELEMENT-

(viii) – ELEMENT-

(ix) – ELEMENT-

(x) ELEMENT

(2bi) TABULATE =HERBIVORE= (i) Absence of canine (ii) Presence of diastema (iii) Weak molar

=CARNIVORE= (i) Presence of canine (ii) Absence of diastema (iii) Strong molar

(2bii) TABULATE =HUMAN= (i) Absence of diastema (ii) Presence of canine (iii) Presence of upper incisors (iv) Presence of upper premolar

=GOAT= (i) Presence of diastema (ii) Absence of canine (iii) Absence of upper incisors (iv) Absence of upper premolar

(2c) Milk teeth are the first set of teeth that grows in an infant when they want to start feeding on solid food. It starts to grow 6months after birth. There 20 milk teeth

(3a) An ecological niche is the role and position a species has in its environment; how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces.

(3aii) (i) Organic matter for soil amendment (ii) Provides fruits (iii) It serves as a wind breaker (iv) It absorbs carbon dioxide (v) It serves as shelter to Animals

(3bi) (i) Selecting a sample requires less time than selecting every item in a population (ii) Analysis of the sample is less cumbersome and more practical than an analysis of the entire population

(3bii) (i) Cluster sampling (ii) Systematic Sampling (iii) Simple random sampling (iv) Stratified Sampling

(3c) (i) arch (ii) loop (iii) whorl (iv) Plain arch

(3di) Garden pea plant (Pisum sativumI)

(3dii) (i) Pea plant are easy to grow, have a short life period, and produce larger flowers. (ii) Pea plants can also self-pollinated.

Conservation law states that the amount of the conserved quantity at a point or within a volume can only change by the amount of the quantity which flows in or out of the volume.

(i)Conservation of mass and energy

(ii)Conservation of linear momentum, conservation of angular momentum

(iii)Conservation of electric charge

(i)Lax and broken regulation systems

(ii)Highly-priced and valued animal parts, products, and pets

(i) Elephants

(ii) Rhinos

(iii) Tigers

(iv) Gorillas

(v) Sea turtles

(i) Loss of biodiversity, migration of wildlife

(ii) Exological imbalance

(iii) Soil erosion

(iv) Disruption in hydrological cycle of water catchment area

A blood transfusion is a routine medical procedure in which donated blood is provided to you through a narrow tube placed within a vein in your arm.

An antigen is any substance to which the immune system can respond. For example, components of the bacterial cell wall can trigger severe and immediate attacks by neutrophils.

SECTION B Answer All The Questions In This Section.

(5a) TABULATE =EARTHWORM= (i) Straight (ii) Simple (iii) It feeds on fluid

=COCKROACH= (i) Curve (ii) More enveloped (iii) It feeds on both fluid and solid

(5aii) (i)Possession of crop (ii)Possession of gizzard (iii)Possession of pharynx

(5b) (i) Water cycle (ii) – Plant contribute through transpiration – Animals contribute through respiration – Animals contribute through perspiration (iii) – X: Condensation – Y: Transpiration – Z: Evaporation

(5c) TABULATE

=ORGAN= (i) Kidney (ii) Skin

=DISEASES= (i) Kidney stones, diuresis and oedema (ii) Eczema, acne, vitiligo

(5di) This is a process whereby heterotrophic organisms utilize the remains of one living tissue as a source of nutrition

(5dii) (i) Fungi (ii) Bacteria

(5diii) Temperature

(5div) Carbon cycle

(5e) They exhibit heterotrophic nutrition known as carnivorous or insectivorous feeding. They have attractive colours that attracts insects to them. Once the insect lands in their spine, they are killed and digested.

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Photo Essay - Cultivate Spring 2024

A groundbreaking ceremony was held Nov. 3, 2023, to celebrate the planned construction of the George Wurzel Plant Sciences Building, which is the first phase of a new state-of-the-art Plant Sciences Complex that will help find solutions to feeding the world in sustainable ways, while enhancing the university’s interdisciplinary approach to conducting world-class teaching, research and production. The facility is named after Cal Poly alumnus George Wurzel (Crop Science, ’87), pictured below.

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