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TAXES Lessons and Worksheets

Welcome to the Taxes section at Money Instructor, where we delve into the intricate world of taxation, making it accessible and understandable for students. Our resources are meticulously designed to not only impart knowledge about different types of taxes, such as sales taxes and income taxes, but also to enhance students' math and reading comprehension skills through practical application.

In this section, you'll find a variety of interactive worksheets that offer real-life scenarios for students to apply and understand tax concepts. These worksheets are ideal for hands-on learning and reinforcing the principles taught in the lessons. Additionally, our comprehensive lessons cover everything from the basics of tax brackets to the complexities of deductions, all presented in a straightforward, easy-to-comprehend manner.

Beyond worksheets and lessons, we also provide engaging activities and simulations. These resources are crafted to give students a realistic understanding of the role of taxes in both personal finance and the broader economic context. They offer an immersive experience, allowing students to explore the practical implications of taxation in everyday life.

Our focus on real-life applications ensures that students don't just learn about taxes in theory but also understand how to interpret tax documents, comprehend paycheck deductions, and navigate common tax forms. By incorporating our tax education materials into your curriculum, you're equipping your students with vital personal finance skills and a deep understanding of how taxes impact financial decisions. Explore our Taxes section to help your students become more financially literate and prepared for their future endeavors.

2024 Tax Filing Season

Tax Deadline 2024 | Dates & Tips for Filing 2023 Returns

Tax season begins ! The tax filing season in the United States usually begins in late January and concludes in mid-April. For the year 2024, the tax-filing season is set to commence on Monday, January 29th. During this period, individuals and businesses are eligible to submit their tax returns to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The specific start date of the tax filing season can change annually, influenced by various factors including the readiness of the IRS to process returns and the availability of necessary tax forms

How to File a Tax Extension

In this video, learn how to file a tax extension to get some extra time to prepare your tax documents. You’ll find step-by-step instructions on how to file IRS Form 4868 and tips to use your extension wisely.

Educator Expense Deduction

Tax Deductions for Teachers

A teacher's guide to the educator expense deduction. Teachers, generally, may claim the educator expense deduction if they have paid for classroom supplies and other materials from their own pocket during the tax year. Here we review the criteria to be eligible, and what are qualifying expenses.

UNDERSTANDING TAXES

We spend a considerable part of our working lives managing taxes, an integral component of both personal and professional spheres. Our financial activities, from earning income to making purchases, are often intertwined with various forms of taxation. This includes not just federal income taxes, but also state taxes, personal property taxes, sales taxes, and capital gains taxes, among others. As the deadline of April 15th, the day to submit tax returns to the Internal Revenue Service, approaches each year, many of us start pondering our tax liabilities, potential deductions, and strategies for minimizing tax payments.

On this critical date, individuals in many states are required to settle three types of taxes: federal, state, and, in some cases, city taxes. These taxes are calculated based on the income earned in the previous fiscal year.

Our educational resources offer comprehensive lessons focused on the tax filing process. These materials are designed to aid in understanding the complexities of filing taxes and preparing for future tax seasons. The lessons aim to demystify the tax system, enabling better financial planning and decision-making. They are a valuable tool for anyone looking to gain a deeper understanding of how taxes work and how to effectively navigate tax obligations each year.

Paying Taxes Lessons and Worksheets

Paying Taxes for Chores

Introductory lesson on taxes with a chores theme. A basic worksheet to help teach young students the concept of paying taxes while practicing basic math.

INTRODUCTION TO TAXES | WHY DO WE PAY?

Introduction to Taxes | Why do we Pay?

An educational animated video that makes learning about taxes easy and fun for beginners. Students get a grasp on the fundamentals of taxes and take the first steps towards understanding why we pay taxes with this entertaining and informative lesson. This educational video lesson covers the basics of taxes, how taxes help our communities, why we pay taxes, and the importance of taxes.

Sales tax is a tax you pay when you buy things like clothes, toys, and food. It's a percentage of the price you pay, and the seller collects the tax and sends it to the government. Sales tax is different in each state and city. It's important to know about sales tax so you can understand how much you're paying for things.

Discount and Sales Tax Lesson Plan

Students learn about sales tax and discounts. Lesson includes changing percents and calculating total cost. Includes a teaching lesson plan, lesson, and worksheet.

Sales Tax Introduction (Level 1)

Worksheet for teaching the concept of a sales tax.

Sales Tax Introduction (Level 2)

Income Tax Time Word Problems

Answer word problem questions with an income tax theme.

WHAT ARE TAXES LESSON

What are Taxes?

Video lesson on the basics of what are taxes, the types of taxes, and how taxes are used.

HOW TO DO TAXES - TAX FILING LESSON

How to do Taxes - Tax Filing

A step-by-step guide on the basics of how to file taxes if you are new to the process or unsure of what to do. It explains tax preparation, necessary documents, tax deductions, tax credits, and tax return filing status. For those first-time filing their taxes or those who want an overview of the process.

Getting Ready for Taxes: Documents you Need

The first step towards filing your tax return is to gather all the documents that you will need. Here, students learn a checklist of what documents, paperwork, and receipts are needed to file your income tax return, including the W-2 and 1099. Includes video lesson and worksheet.

Tax Tips to Help Save Money

Filing taxes and navigating the complexities of the tax code can be overwhelming. In this video, we’ll share some tips to help you make the most of filing your tax return. Using this as a warm-up or lesson starter is an effective way to engage students in a practical and relevant topic that directly affects their lives.

Free Tax Filing - IRS Free File Lesson

This lesson educates on how to file taxes for free using the IRS Free File program. It explains the use of no-cost tax preparation software, a result of the partnership between the IRS and various tax preparation companies, for efficient federal and state tax filing. The lesson includes a step-by-step approach suitable for beginners, detailing the electronic submission process and covering essential forms. It also addresses the income eligibility criteria for the Free File program and provides alternative options for those with higher incomes, ensuring comprehensive knowledge for various tax filing situations.

The Form 1040 is the standard tax form used by individuals to file their annual income tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). It requires taxpayers to report their total income for the year, claim any deductions or credits they are eligible for, and calculate their tax liability. The form is used to determine whether a taxpayer owes more taxes or is due a refund. Filing a complete and accurate Form 1040 is important to avoid penalties or interest charges from the IRS.

What is the IRS Form 1040?

A short video on what is the IRS 1040 tax form. It is a federal income tax form that people use to report their income to the IRS and claim tax deductions or credits. It is used to calculate your tax refund and tax bill for the year.

How to read the IRS 1040 Tax Return Form

Interactive simulation tutorial to learn to read some of the important parts of the income tax 1040 individual tax return.

2021 IRS 1040 Tax Return Form for 2022

Interactive simulation tutorial to learn to read the 2021 income tax 1040 individual tax return for the 2022 tax season.

How to Fill Out Form 1040

A video lesson on how to fill out Form 1040. Learn what is the IRS 1040 tax form, and how to fill it out by looking at an example. Form 1040 is the U.S. Individual Income Tax Return. Here we step through some of the more common filled in lines for the the 1040, to help give you an idea of what things you likely will need to fill out, for help preparing your form. Example provided with single taxpayer. Step by step and line by line instructions.

How to Fill Out 2022 Form 1040 for 2023

Learn how to correctly fill out the 2022 IRS Form 1040 for the 2023 tax year.

How to Fill Out 2023 Form 1040 for 2024

Learn how to correctly fill out the 2023 IRS Form 1040 for the 2024 tax year. This guide includes an overview of the Form 1040 and step-by-step instructions for completion. Updated for filing the 2023 tax return. Learn the basics of the by examining a step-by-step example of a single taxpayer’s form with no dependents. Understand how to fill out the form line by line, including information on the standard deduction, tax tables, tax bracket calculations, and more. This guide provides clear instructions and an example form. Includes information on filing, deductions, exemptions, tax credits, tax liability, wages, earned income, interest income, capital gains, taxable refund, and taxable payments.

Federal Income Tax 1040 Worksheet

Practice filling out and preparing the IRS Federal Income Tax 1040 individual tax return form.

Federal Income Tax 1040EZ Worksheet

Practice filling out the Federal Income Tax 1040EZ tax form.

The W-4 tax form (W4) is a document that employees fill out to provide information to their employers about how much federal income tax should be withheld from their paychecks. It includes details such as the employee's filing status, allowances, and additional amounts to be withheld. Keeping the W-4 form up-to-date is important to ensure accurate tax withholding.

Tax Form W-4

Practice and learn to fill in the W-4 tax form lesson. The W-4 form is often filled out for new employment (or when your tax situation changes) for determining how much money is withheld for federal income taxes.

How to Fill Out an IRS W-4 Form Lesson

In this lesson students will learn how to fill out a W-4 form, an important document for your employment paperwork. You’ll learn about the different sections of the form, such as personal information, dependents and other credits, and adjustments to your tax withholding, as well as the importance of updating it when your tax situation changes.

A W-2 tax form is a document provided by an employer to an employee at the end of the year, which reports the employee's total earnings and the taxes that were withheld from their paychecks throughout the year. The form contains important information such as the employee's Social Security number, employer identification number, and details about any pre-tax deductions or benefits received. The employee uses the W-2 form when filing their personal income tax return with the IRS.

How to Read Your W-2 Tax Form Lesson

In this instructional video lesson, students will learn about the W-2 tax form from the IRS, which is an important document required for filing your taxes that you receive from your employer. Step by step walk-through of the different boxes and sections of the W-2 form that provide information about your earnings and taxes withheld by your employer during the previous year.

Reading the Tax Form W-2 Interactive

Learn to read and understand the W-2 tax form interactive simulation.

IRS Tax Form W-2

Worksheet and lesson to learn to read the IRS W-2 tax form, a basic wage and tax statement used by employers. Understand reported income and taxes.

Tax credits are reductions in the amount of tax owed to the government. Unlike deductions, which reduce the amount of taxable income, credits directly decrease the tax bill. There are various types of tax credits, such as earned income tax credit, child tax credit, and education credits. These credits are designed to provide financial relief, encourage certain behaviors, or support taxpayers in specific situations. It's crucial for taxpayers to understand which credits they're eligible for, as this can significantly lower their overall tax liability. Staying informed about available tax credits and their eligibility criteria is essential for maximizing tax savings.

Child Tax Credit Changes

This lesson covers the anticipated updates to the Child Tax Credit, focusing on its potential to increase tax refunds and aid low-income families. Students will learn about the credit's role in financial support for families, its inflation adjustment, and the importance of meeting IRS eligibility requirements. The aim is to help to understand and maximize this tax benefit for better financial planning and enhanced tax relief.

An earnings statement, also known as a pay stub, is a document that employers provide to employees each pay period. It contains details about the employee's gross pay, net pay, and any deductions or withholdings taken from their paycheck. The statement may also include information about the employee's hours worked, pay rate, and any bonuses or benefits received. Earnings statements help employees track their income and understand how their pay is calculated.

Earnings Statement

Practice reading an earnings statement, also known as a paycheck or pay stub, and answering related questions. Includes questions regarding Federal, State, social security tax, and other payroll deductions.  Students learn about gross income, net income, and taxable income.

Classroom economy is an educational approach that involves creating a mini-economy within a classroom. Students earn "classroom currency" for completing tasks, exhibiting positive behaviors, or achieving academic goals. They can then use the currency to purchase items or privileges in the classroom, such as pencils, erasers, or extra computer time. Classroom economy teaches students valuable lessons about financial literacy, decision-making, and responsibility. It can also help improve classroom behavior and engagement.

Classroom Economy: Taxes

A lesson on taxes for a classroom economy. Students learn about sales tax, federal and state income tax, and the services that are paid for by tax dollars.

ADDITIONAL LESSONS

Taxes: Somebody has to pay

A lesson paying taxes.

Taxes: Voluntary Compliance

A lesson about the reasons for paying taxes.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Understanding Taxes Lesson Plans

IRS website on understanding taxes for teachers.

Explaining Taxes to Students Lesson Plan

Students learn why we pay taxes.

Constitution Costs

This lesson helps students understand the basic services provided for Americans in the United States Constitution and the necessity of a system of taxation to fund those services. Students will debate the pros and cons of having governments fund and provide particular services.

Tic Tac Taxes!

This lesson will assist students in identifying various taxes and the services they help governments provide.

Taxes: Where Does Your Money Go?

Income Taxes

This lesson introduces students to federal and state income taxes, including why we have taxes and what is funded by taxation, average vs. marginal tax rates, taxes and financial (investment) planning, and tax avoidance vs. tax evasion.

No Taxation without Calculation: Filling Out Tax Returns

How much of workers' income goes to taxes? In this lesson, students estimate how much various people would need to earn to cover their expenses, and then take into account their tax burden. After exploring the 1040 form, they work in groups to use mocked-up financial forms to fill out tax returns for taxpayers, then swap with another group to conduct an "audit."

A Few Tips for Tax Savings A few basic tips to help you save money on your tax bill.

Tax Savings - The Teacher Tax Deduction Teachers and other educators should save their receipts for the teacher tax deduction.

ADDITIONAL TAX RESOURCES

For additional help with taxes we suggest using TurboTax. (This is an affiliate link and we may receive compensation if you use this service, at no additional cost to you. We appreciate your support, as it helps us create more content for you.)

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• Corporate tax: Corporate tax is the taxes that are paid by the corporate on their income. There can be a difference in the rate of taxes.
• Property tax: Property taxes are the kind of tax in which taxes are paid on the property in the name of Municipal duty.

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We specialize in offering tailor-made taxation assignment help. Our tutors guarantee meticulously crafted papers that meet the unique requirements of each country's tax laws and regulations. Our team, composed of seasoned taxation experts, is well-versed in the intricacies of international tax policies. We not only provide comprehensive solutions to your taxation assignments but also aim to enhance your understanding of fundamental taxation principles. Our commitment is to deliver in-depth, accurate, and up-to-date assistance that aligns perfectly with your educational needs, ensuring a thorough grasp of taxation concepts.

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What is Taxation?

Taxation is a fundamental concept in economics and finance, involving the compulsory collection of money by a government from individuals, businesses, and other entities. At its core, taxation is a means for governments to raise revenue to fund various public services and infrastructure, such as education, healthcare, transportation, and defense. There are several forms of taxes, including income tax, sales tax, property tax, and corporate tax, each with its specific rules and applications. Income tax is levied directly on personal and corporate earnings, while sales tax is applied to the purchase of goods and services. Property tax is charged based on the value of real estate holdings, and corporate tax is imposed on the profits of businesses. These taxes play a crucial role in shaping economic policies, influencing consumer behavior, and redistributing wealth to achieve a more balanced society.

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AccountingAssignmentHelp.com offers help with taxation assignments, catering to the specific needs of university students. Our team's proficiency spans across various complex topics, from international tax systems to personal income tax planning and corporate compliance strategies. With a focus on both theoretical understanding and practical application, we are dedicated to helping students navigate the intricate world of taxation, ensuring they gain a thorough comprehension of the subject matter.

We Offer Comprehensive Help with All Taxation Assignments & Coursework

AccountingAssignmentHelp.com, we cover a broad spectrum of assistance in taxation assignments. Our diverse services are designed to cater to the different academic needs and learning styles of students, ensuring that they receive tailored support in every aspect of taxation assignment. Whether it's delving into deep research, engaging in practical problem-solving, or presenting complex tax concepts in a digestible format, our expertise is geared towards enhancing students' understanding and performance in the field of taxation:

• Essays: We assist in crafting well-structured essays on taxation, focusing on critical analysis and argumentation to explore various tax concepts and policies.
• Dissertations: Our expertise extends to guiding students through comprehensive dissertations, involving in-depth research and original findings in the field of taxation.
• Case Studies: We help analyze real-world tax scenarios and case studies, enabling students to apply theoretical knowledge to practical situations.
• Research Papers: Our team supports the development of research papers, encouraging a thorough investigation of tax-related topics backed by strong evidence and data.
• Coursework Assignments: We provide assistance in completing various coursework assignments, ranging from short answer questions to detailed project work in taxation.
• Thesis Writing: With our guidance, students can craft compelling theses in taxation, focusing on a specific area of interest or a new perspective in the field.
• Problem-Solving Exercises: We aid in solving complex tax computation problems and analytical exercises, enhancing practical understanding of taxation principles.
• Literature Reviews: Our service includes helping students compile comprehensive literature reviews, analyzing existing research and trends in taxation.
• Reflective Journals: We assist in creating reflective journals, where students critically reflect on their learning and understanding of taxation topics.
• PowerPoint Presentations: We also offer support in preparing informative and visually engaging PowerPoint presentations for taxation-related topics.

Sample Taxation Assignments Curated to Meet the Highest Standards

Explore our sample section to get a glimpse of the quality and range of our work in taxation assignments. These samples are a showcase of the expertise and detailed approach our professionals apply to each assignment. They cover various topics and complexities, providing insight into our writing style, research depth, and problem-solving skills. The samples are an excellent resource for students looking to gauge the standard of our services or seeking guidance in their own assignments. We regularly update this section with new samples, reflecting our ongoing commitment to academic excellence in taxation.

Tips & Insights to Fine-Tune Your Taxation Assignment Solving Skills

Our blog section is a rich resource for anyone interested in the latest trends, insights, and updates in the world of taxation. Here, we publish articles written by our experts, covering a range of topics from basic tax principles to advanced tax strategies. The blog is designed not only to assist students with their assignments but also to enrich their overall understanding of taxation. We frequently update this section with new content, ensuring it remains a valuable and current resource. Whether you're a student or just keen on taxation knowledge, our blog is an informative and engaging platform.

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Our team of taxation experts is the cornerstone of our service, boasting extensive experience and qualifications in the field of taxation. They are selected through a rigorous process, ensuring deep expertise and a commitment to academic excellence. Each expert brings a unique blend of practical experience and theoretical knowledge, enabling them to provide comprehensive and insightful assistance. They stay updated with the latest tax laws and regulations, ensuring that all assignments are accurate and relevant. Our experts are also dedicated to student success, offering personalized guidance and support to cater to individual learning styles and academic needs.

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Taxation Assignment Help (Master Taxation with Expert Taxation Homework Help)

Taxation Assignment Help Online

Are you worried about completing your taxation assignment and looking for some professionals to help you? If so, you are at the right place. We are a group of professionals that help people in completing their assignments on time and get good grades in them. All assignments help the students who are unable to complete their assignment tasks, either because they do not have sufficient time to work on it or they do not have the required knowledge to complete it. There can be various other reasons such as students don’t have ideas, don’t know where to start and how to end etc. Whatever the reason can be, you don’t have to worry as we are concerned about your problem and help you. Come, take our help and we can assist you all the way to complete your assignment with our expertise and help you get a good score. Whatever the study is, we are here to do your assignments with the expert writers that we have and give you the best output in a very short span of time. So, are you ready to lend our help in completing your taxation assignment? Then join hands with us.

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About Taxation Assignment

Taxation is the word that refers to the coercive collection of money by levying authority and usually, it is government. Taxation is the term that applies to all involuntary levies types right from capital gains to income to estate taxes. This is generally referred to as an act. Many of us know about this as we are all paying taxes to the government on what we are earning. In short, we earn money and pay some amount of it to the government for the services they provide to the people. It is a financial charge that is imposed by the state government or its equivalent to the payer of the tax and evasion of it is a crime which is punishable.

Many countries in the world have this taxation system except in the country UAE. It is generally a process in which the government will generate revenue and again it is spent on infrastructure development. It is also used as a tool for taking economic decisions. There are many types of taxes that come under taxation and they include income tax, property and inheritance tax and corporate tax. The money that government collects from the people through all these taxes will be used for carrying out many functions as said above such as on education system, social engineering, health system and lots more. People who read the economics and the cycle of tax will be better able to understand the concept and will be able to complete the assignment by just taking the help of the experts in that field. But an average student who is new to the subject will not be able to complete assignments as they are a bit challenging and they need the help of the professionals like us. There are important points that are to be covered in the taxation which many of the students are not aware of and they include the following.

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Taxation Assignment Help Service by Professional Experts

The taxation law in the US includes policies, rules, and laws that cover all levies. These are imposed on individuals, corporations, businesses, personal and real properties, organizations, transactions, or any outfit within the States as a mandatory fee.

The laws are applied also to the levies by the federal state government for the purposes of running government policies and business. The laws also apply to foreign transactions through the exchange of goods and services. The US treasury has IRS (Internal Revenue Service) for the purposes of taxation law administration.

The tax charges in the US have been at a rate of 13% to 15.3% since 2009 subject to amendments. Our taxation assignment help experts are experienced enough to assist you to attain your assignment as per your guideline.

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Taxation Assignment Help for Direct or Indirect Tax

Taxation assignment help will be the best choice to attain top-notch grades in taxation law. Only a professional having years of experience in the appropriate domain can play your part efficiently. Our taxation assignment help ensure guaranteed top-notch marks.

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Indirect taxation basically means that goods and services are taxed right from the retailer and passed on to you. The receipts issued are already taxed and you will pay for the taxes through the retail product or service. Direct taxation is whereby you are taxed by the government on property, transactions, and income directly.

The salaries or paychecks will come with a certain amount deducted directly from them. This is a form of direct taxation. Individuals are also expected to pay taxes for their businesses and property directly to the government. The IRS makes sure all the people in the state with taxable revenue and property adhere to this process of law.

Taxation laws in the US have been an issue of contention with many crying over the high rates. These have created an influx and some are opening offshore accounts to evade the same. The amendments are consistently changing creating a myriad of effects.

The taxation revenue is seemingly being used for social, political, and other agendas more than developmental issues according to many citizens. Taxation cannot be evaded no matter the opinion of a minority or majority unless an amendment is made by the government.

There are many entities that are imposing taxation on US citizens besides the federal government. The countries, states, municipalities, schools, and other arms of the society have levies for the smooth running of public property. All these are also mandatory and rubber-stamped by law.

The taxation law courts are available for cases dealing with taxation. The IRS audits individuals and firms for the purpose of transparency. Whenever satisfaction for the same is not reached, a lawsuit is issued by either party. The taxation court deals with the issues.

The judges are nominated by the president to deal with the cases. These 19 judges also travel through the states deciding on taxation cases as they are not localized. The US tax attorneys will represent you and help you with the system concerning the taxes at the tax courts, courts of Appeal, and even the Superior court.

The taxation laws are under the Taxation code known as the Internal Revenue code of 1986 as amended (Title 26 of the US revenue code). The Title 26 of the federal taxation laws contains other laws dealing with the powers, jurisdiction, and regulations of the IRS.

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LiveWebTutors is one of the most reliable companies to assist you with the best taxation assignment writing service within the given deadline and with standard quality as per the guidelines. Our taxation assignment writing help service is fully unique and matches university standards. For quick assistance on any assignments, you can contact our professionals 24*7 s per your need. Do not stumble to connect with our taxation assignment help experts anytime you need professional assignment help services.

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What is Taxation and what are its important tenets?

Taxation is one of the most important aspects of a business and various decisions are based on its implication and applicability. Similarly, it is quite important for governments as well because most of the time it is one of the primary sources of revenues. So, there used to be an ongoing tussle between the federal taxation system and businesses regarding its applicability on various topics.

Why availing help in Taxation assignments is favourable for students?

As per our observation and experience in Taxation related assignments over the years, we tend to see students facing difficulties in taxation-related issues. We at LiveWebTutors have helped my students to submit the assignments at very short notice. But, after the evaluation of experience, we suggest the student be early in posting their requirements for peaceful handling of work.

Why taxation assignments are considered difficult?

Taxation is a very intricate subject because it involves innumerable sections, subsections, clauses, etc. these are required to be applied holistically to derive the taxability of a particular item. So, the taxation assignments are quiet complicated and strenuous as one item has a pervasive effect over other items.

How LiveWebTutors helps in taxation related assignments?

A typical tax assignment includes theory as well as practical-based questions. Sometimes the questions contain both and analysis is required for the decision making purpose. We excel at taxation matters because of our robust and experienced expert base. These are industry veterans and brings with them years of knowledge and practical experience. So, for taxation purposes, The LiveWebTutuors is the student’s primary choice.

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• July 1, 2021
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Tax is a vital aspect of every economy. And for a country to remark its progression, it is crucial that the citizens pay tax timely that enables the government to take various steps to help facilitate their development. Students who pursue economics as their bachelor’s degree have a thorough knowledge of what tax is and what are the major taxation policies. Students are taught about tax during their academic year so that they can develop a proper understanding of the subject. And these individuals can further help various companies to manage their taxes in the future.

Some students find it difficult to compile their tax assignments for assessments. Because they’re hard to decipher and demand a lot of time on the part of students to make them successful.

Major aspects of taxation assignments

There are various concepts under taxation assignments . For instance, one might ask them to critically analyze a case and calculate its tax. On the other hand, they might also be asked to file taxes for a client in a given scenario and also provide valid recommendations.

A student can only fulfil the requirements of an assignment once he/she is well-aware of its concepts. When a student has properly studied taxation laws and has calculated the taxes effectively, only then he/she can prepare a perfect assignment. Different countries have different taxation policies and systems. Therefore, students must have proper knowledge of different taxation models so that they can prepare effective assignments for the same. Students must also be aware of the calculation of several taxes, including income tax, toll tax, and property tax.

Problems faced in taxation assignments

In order to prepare a well-structured taxation assignment , students must invest proper time and use their proper understanding for the same. At times, students encounter various problems while compiling their assignments; some of them are mentioned below.

There are times when students are not able to analyze the scenarios well, and due to a lack of understanding of the taxation laws, they’re not able to calculate them effectively. For case study assignments , critical analysis is an important aspect. So, if a student cannot perform it effectively, he/she cannot score well in academics. For the taxation subject, writing theory is only considered good when proper examples are attached with it. Focusing alone on the theoretical aspect might not fetch good grades in academics.

Tight deadlines often make it difficult for students to submit assignments on time. For subjects like business and management, students can still manage their deadlines well. But for subjects like taxation that include more technicality, a lot of calculations seem hard for students, and short deadlines can turn into nightmares. Hence, students always end up scoring low grades in academics due to lack of quality. These problems can make it difficult for students to manage their taxation assignments well.

However, we have got the best solution for you. In case you are not able to understand the concepts well or fail to prepare an effective assignment, then you can take help from online taxation writers who have a proper understanding of the subject and are well-trained to manage assignments in short deadlines.

When you seek an online taxation assignment help service , you get well-researched and referenced assignments . This increases your chance to score good marks in academics. The papers you get from them include extensive research and proper references so that you are able to fetch a lot of recognition from your professor. The papers are original, where writers check the plagiarism of every assignment before sending the final copy to you. The papers are also submitted on time so that you can send them to your professor before the deadline.

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Tax Compliance Best Practices for International Assignments

In our increasingly globalized business environment, many companies now freely send their employees across borders as a means of establishing an international presence. Although maintaining a global mobility program is useful for expanding business operations, it comes with its challenges for organizations and mobility leaders.

Understanding tax compliance is one of the most critical aspects to consider when sending employees on international assignments. With countries having such diverse tax compliance codes and regulations, it’s critical to understand what issues may arise when crossing international borders to avoid potential conflicts and penalties.

Let’s take a look at some tax compliance best practices organizations can implement when sending employees on international assignments.

Consult with Tax Counsel

Tax compliance can be complex. What’s worse, failure to properly adhere to international tax compliance obligations may result in excessive tax bills, financial penalties and various other risks. Establishing a tax counsel team can help organizations understand the costs associated with sending employees on international assignments. 

This should be one of the first steps when setting up the framework of your global mobility program as it can improve operational efficiency related to handling and managing international assignments. If you don’t already have an internal tax team, you can engage with a third-party tax company to act as counsel. 

Consulting with tax counsel is an investment in time and money, but the costs of not being compliant are much greater. 

Determine Taxable Presence 

Employers must practice due diligence when determining if employees are performing work obligations as either permanent or temporary residents. It’s a common misconception that keeping short-term temporary assignments under six months or less can help avoid potential tax implications. The truth is any international assignment may affect tax obligations.

Some items to consider related to taxable presence include:

• The types of activities being performed by the employee
• Which entity is bearing the assignment-related costs
• Tax reporting obligations in both foreign and domestic countries
• Corporate compliance implications such as permanent establishment and economic employer provisions
• Income tax treaties

Understanding taxable presence can help to mitigate tax risk issues. Creating clear assignment letters can help determine responsibility, compensation, and assignment details that may affect tax implications. As a result, relocating employees can better understand the potential tax ramifications associated with working in a foreign country.

Understand Local and Foreign Tax Codes

Companies need to consider the local withholding guidelines for the countries there are doing business in to ensure they are compliant. The actual withholding rates may differ depending on the fact and circumstances of each individual, such as residency and tax treaty applicability.

Understanding the corporate compliance environment, that is, not only the proper reporting but also paying adequate remittances related to business and employee activities, is essential to maintaining an appropriate going concern environment in the operational localities.   

Having a tax counsel team can help you avoid taxation issues such as:

• Double taxation
• Fees and other penalties
• Noncompliance with global reporting requirements

Many countries have also stated agreements that stipulate how income is taxed. For example, the United States and the United Kingdom have a tax treaty and totalization agreement with concessions related to double taxation and Social Security coverage for employees working from foreign countries. 

Understanding income and social tax implications for each country is critical to implementing a compliant yet cost effective international assignment program. 

Use a Central Global Mobility Program

A centralized global mobility program can support adherence to company relocation and assignment policies as well as provide consistency regarding compensation and benefits among the internal assignment or relocation employee populations . 

Implementing such a model can help companies manage taxation considerations on a global basis. Designed to aid employers in successfully transitioning employees to foreign countries, global mobility programs help organizations understand and adhere to international tax compliance laws and requirements.

Moving employees across borders requires understanding various domestic and international tax requirements. Failure to address these considerations may result in various foreign tax disputes and compliance issues. 

Global mobility software provides comprehensive solutions that help organizations manage the tax implications associated with their global workforces. Whether it be short-term assignments or permanent relocations, global mobility software can help manage various logistical responsibilities including:

• Compensation and payroll reporting 
• Assignment details and dates

Accounting for global tax laws, reporting requirements, and other compliance issues can be a complex process for organizations. Understanding the potential penalties and pitfalls associated with relocations can go a long way towards avoiding double taxation rates and excessive fees.

Corporations should utilize global mobility software programs to create full lifecycle management techniques that integrate mobility workflows. Using software solutions such as Ineo’s TechSuite can help to simplify and streamline mobility programs within centralized workflow systems.

By following these tax compliance best practices, you’re setting your organization and employees up for successful international assignments. 

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Taxation is the sum of all direct duties levied or imposed in a state, sub-state region, territories, or autonomous regions, excluding those exempt under the taxation body's general tax exemption regulations and compensation for extraordinary income. Taxes are recognised as a critical development fund for every country and a source of government revenue and funds for development.

In a country, there are majorly two types of taxes

Direct  

Direct taxes must be paid by the person who is subjected to them. Such types of taxes include income tax, corporation tax, wealth tax, etc. It is impossible to subcontract the collection of such taxes.

Indirect taxes can be delegated by the person who is subjected to them. Sales tax, excise duty, V.A.T., service tax, entertainment tax, customs duty, and other taxes are examples of this type of tax.

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A key issue in the literature on fiscal federalism is the question of how subnational authorities might best be financed. This complex issue has no easy solutions, given the wide variety of systems actually applied in different countries and at different times in specific countries. Although there is no ideal system of financing state or regional and local governments, because every country faces different problems and different perspectives, some basic objectives may provide broad guidelines on how tax assignment can best be carried out. Tax assignment can hardly be looked at in isolation. It is an issue intimately related to the question of expenditure assignments across different levels of government, which was discussed in detail in Chapter 2. Even a carefully designed system of intergovernmental expenditure allocation will not work satisfactorily unless it is supported by an equally well-thought-out financing system, and vice versa.

A key issue in the literature on fiscal federalism is the question of how subnational authorities might best be financed. This complex issue has no easy solutions, given the wide variety of systems actually applied in different countries and at different times in specific countries. Although there is no ideal system of financing state or regional and local governments, because every country faces different problems and different perspectives, some basic objectives may provide broad guidelines on how tax assignment can best be carried out. Tax assignment can hardly be looked at in isolation. It is an issue intimately related to the question of expenditure assignments across different levels of government, which was discussed in detail in Chapter 2 . Even a carefully designed system of intergovernmental expenditure allocation will not work satisfactorily unless it is supported by an equally well-thought-out financing system, and vice versa.

This chapter focuses on the questions to be addressed when decisions are being made on tax assignment among different levels of government. The term “tax assignment” here describes the level of government responsible for determining the level and rate structure of various taxes, whether their revenue is to be collected or received by that level, or shared with others.

• Tax Assignment and Tax Sharing

The general principles of decentralization must guide the assignment of taxes to different levels of government. According to these principles, as laid out in the traditional local finance literature, regional and local governments should ideally fulfill mainly allocational functions by providing services that accrue primarily to the local population, services whose costs the local constituency bears as far as possible. In the same vein, because of the degree of openness of local economies, the literature on fiscal federalism argues in favor of limiting regional and local government roles in economic stabilization, as well as in distributional policies.

In very broad terms, the assignment of funds to local jurisdictions may in principle follow one of three options. The first, and probably least attractive, option assigns all tax bases to local jurisdictions and then requires them to transfer upward part of the revenue to allow the national government to meet its spending responsibilities. As this option may hinder effective income redistribution across the national territory, as well as the effectiveness of fiscal stabilization, it may not represent the most efficient way of raising public resources and may provide inadequate incentives for the local jurisdictions to participate in the financing of the national economy. This system resembles that previously in force in the former Yugoslavia and is somewhat similar to the system of negotiated tax-sharing previously practiced in Russia. The system previously in force in China, generally recognized to have inhibited the government’s ability to pursue stabilization policies, had analogous features to this extreme model.

A second option, on the other extreme, is to assign all taxing powers to the center, and then finance subcentral governments by grants or other transfers, either by sharing total revenue or by sharing specific taxes. The main disadvantage of this option is that it completely breaks the nexus between the level of tax revenue collected and the decisions to spend that revenue, which constitute the basic prerequisite for a multilevel governmental system that enhances efficiency. Without this connection, the risk is that fiscal illusion will lead to overprovision of local government services. Also, because of the risk of frequent, discretionary cuts in transfers to local levels of governments, this system could also make it difficult to establish a stable system of service provision at the local level. This kind of system bears some resemblance to that once applied in the former Soviet Union and in Hungary. Substantial grant financing of local governments is still practiced in a number of industrial countries, such as France, Italy, and the Netherlands.

The third broad option is the more normal one of assigning some taxing power to the local jurisdictions, if necessary (that is, if vertical imbalances persist) complementing the revenue raised locally with tax-sharing arrangements or other transfers from the central government. This option leads directly to the question of which taxes should be assigned to local jurisdictions and which taxes should remain the responsibility of the national government (the tax assignment problem). By assigning taxes and thus letting the local jurisdictions bear the tax burden at the margin associated with expenditure decisions, the budgetary actions of local governments will be guided by tax-benefit considerations and will in this way improve economic efficiency. 1

The tax assignment problem is typically not an either/or problem with a specific tax placed clearly and solely under the responsibility of either the local, the state, or the central government: rather, in reality (for most taxes) a spectrum of different designs exists ranging from full and complete local autonomy to systems with some local discretion and to others with no local autonomy whatsoever. In other words, even if a specific tax, such as an income tax, has been assigned to the local level because it is found to satisfy the criteria for a “good local tax” (see below), it is possible to design the income tax with varying levels of local revenue autonomy. Table 1 illustrates this important point in a very general way by providing a ranking of different tax designs with respect to the degree of autonomy that they leave with the local governments. For the sake of illustration, the table also includes the main nontax sources of revenues for local governments, although obviously a ranking of this nature can only be broadly indicative.

Fiscal Autonomy in Subcentral Governments

Complete local fiscal autonomy over revenues requires in principle that local governments can change tax rates and set the tax bases. In many countries, however, the central government either defines local tax bases or sets relatively narrow limits to the capacity of local governments to influence the tax base. In some countries (for example, Norway), the central government also sets out limits to the possible variation of local government tax rates.

Taxes assigned to lower levels of government may take the form of own taxes (sometimes referred to as tax separation systems), defined as taxes accruing solely to lower levels of governments, which can determine the rate and, in some cases, also have some autonomy to influence the tax base. An alternative system is represented by overlapping taxes (sometimes called piggybacking systems of local taxation) with the same (or almost the same) tax base for the different levels of government, but with the right of each level of government to set its own tax rate on that common base. This is the system of personal income taxes applied in, for example, the Nordic countries. In Canada, the income tax system used by the provinces involves levying the tax as a percentage of the federal tax revenue accruing within each province. As opposed to tax separation systems, a system of overlapping taxes may involve administrative advantages with regard to assessing the base and to tax collection. This, however, may be at a potential cost of reduced transparency as the tax levied at each level of government may be less easily identifiable for the taxpayers.

Some, in particular federal, countries prescribe in their constitution the system of tax assignment to be applied. Thus, in India, the Constitution prevents overlapping tax powers so that one type of tax can be levied by only one level of government. Likewise, the modalities of local government taxing powers are specified in the Constitutions of Nigeria and Brazil. In Switzerland, the federal government is prohibited by law from imposing indirect taxes, whereas in Australia a similar rule applies for the states.

The question of local fiscal autonomy may be considered almost completely independent from the question of who actually administers and collects the tax. The allocation of these tasks should be determined on the basis of where they can be carried out most efficiently, although one consideration may be that local accountability may be encouraged if the tax is assessed and collected locally.

Probably the single most critical issue in the discussion of subcentral fiscal autonomy, when looked at from the tax side, is whether the authorities concerned can determine their own tax rates. It could be argued that the case for local discretion, as far as the tax base is concerned, should be limited, because changing tax base definitions (for example, by allowing local governments to set individually the amount of a basic allowance, to introduce special tax reliefs, or to exempt specific sources of income or groups of taxpayers) could lead to distortions in the allocation of resources across localities, and also could have important redistributional consequences—an area in which local autonomy is generally believed to be unwarranted. If local governments cannot alter their tax rates, they cannot alter the level of their services in accordance with local preferences. In some countries, subcentral authorities rely mainly on taxes whose rates are fixed by the central government (for example, the countries with extensive tax-sharing arrangements, such as Portugal and Germany) or whose rate is subject to a ceiling. (Norway is a special case in this regard in that all local governments apply the ceiling rate of the local income tax.)

The importance attached to a lack of discretion in local tax policy depends mainly on the role subcentral authorities are supposed to play. To the extent that they are seen mainly as agents, implementing the policies laid down by other tiers of government, their limited autonomy with respect to tax policy would not appear to be serious. In contrast, if they are meant to implement their own expenditure programs and independently set their service levels in accordance with local preferences, their inability to determine tax rates and thus the level of their own revenues is a serious problem owing to the potential conflict between expectations, needs, and wishes of the local population, and the actual revenue potential available to local governments.

The main arguments against providing subcentral authorities with extensive fiscal autonomy center on the risk of increasing economic disparities between areas or localities and alleged restraints on central government macroeconomic control. Administrative simplicity or administrative economies of scale are also used as arguments for centralized taxes with a specific proportion of tax revenues being allocated to subordinate levels of government.

In what follows, the more specific aspects of tax assignment are dealt with by addressing the basic question of which taxes can be considered good candidates for state and local tax sources and which cannot. What characterizes a good local tax?

A Good Local Tax

A good local tax adequately supports a decentralized public expenditure system. The literature on fiscal federalism and local government finance 2 generally suggests that the following criteria and considerations should form the basis for decisions on which taxes can adequately be assigned to the subcentral level and which should remain at the national level.

To the extent that the tax in question is aimed at, and is suitable for, economic stabilization or income redistribution objectives, it should be left to the responsibility of the central government.

The base for taxes assigned to the local level should not be very mobile, otherwise taxpayers will relocate from high to low tax areas, and the freedom of local authorities to vary rates will be constrained. For this reason, general consumption taxes are found at subordinate levels of government only where geographical areas are very large (for example, Canada and the United States). Thus, the more mobile a tax base, the greater the presumption to keep it at the national level.

Tax bases that are very unevenly distributed among jurisdictions should be left to the central government.

Local taxes should be visible, in the sense that it should be clear to local taxpayers what the tax liability is, thereby encouraging local government accountability.

It should not be possible to “export” the tax to nonresidents, thereby weakening the link between payment of the tax and services received.

Local taxes should be able to raise sufficient revenue to avoid large vertical fiscal imbalances. The yield should ideally be buoyant over time and should not be subject to large fluctuations.

Taxes assigned to the local level should be fairly easy to administer or, in other words, the more important economies of scale in tax administration are for a given tax, the stronger the argument for leaving the tax base for that tax to the national level. Economies of scale may depend on data requirements, such as a national taxpayer identification number and computerization.

Taxes and user charges based on the benefit principle can be adequately used at all levels of governments, but are particularly suitable for assignment to the local level, inasmuch as the benefits are “internalized” to the local taxpayers.

This set of broad criteria translates into more specific recommendations regarding which taxes should be assigned to different levels of government, that is, which taxes may be considered good local taxes and which should be left in the domain of the central government. It is generally acknowledged in the literature 3 that the most obvious candidates as good local taxes are land or property taxes and, to some extent, personal income taxes. With some exceptions, turnover or consumption taxes, as well as taxes on capital income, in particular corporate income taxes, are generally considered less appropriate at the local level and in some cases also at the state level 4 because of the mobility of the corresponding tax bases. This broad conclusion derived from principles of local finance seems in very general terms to conform to the financing system actually found in most countries.

The following discussion addresses these questions on a tax-by-tax basis and is intended to cover all the main taxes to which tax assignment is applied in practice (disregarding whether these taxes according to the general principles are considered appropriate at subordinate levels of government or not). The treatment of the different taxes is also intended to be in descending order of importance for subordinate level of governments, although this ordering must necessarily be somewhat subjective (see Tables 2 and 3 ). 5

Distribution of Tax Revenue Among Different Levels of Government

1 Includes supernational authorities’ share of general government total tax revenue for Belgium (1.5 percent), France (0.7 percent), Germany (0.9 percent), the Netherlands (1.4 percent), and the United Kingdom (1.2 percent).

2 Data for general government do not include local government.

Distribution of Different Taxes Within Different Levels of Government

(In percent)

2 There are no state governments in unitary countries.

3 No data on local governments are available.

• Property Taxes

Property taxes, including in particular land taxes, have historically been widely used as subcentral taxes without any special regard to their alleged incidence. This is the outcome of the perceived advantages of the property tax as a local tax. With a property tax it is always clear which authority is entitled to the revenue it yields, which is not always so for income taxes and other taxes. Administration costs are generally found to be lower for a property tax (provided that there is a registry of properties with updated values) than for an income tax, which requires complex tax returns. The yield of a property tax can be predicted more accurately than for an income tax or a profits tax. Finally, some of the tax will be levied on businesses, which seems reasonable to the extent that businesses derive benefits from subcentral services, such as roads and other infrastructure services.

An additional argument for the use of property taxes is that, while almost all residents pay directly or indirectly (through rents) the property tax, thus avoiding free-rider problems in local service provision, this is not always the case for local income taxes. It has also been argued that property taxes are guided by the benefit principle of taxation to the extent that the corresponding spending by local governments benefits local properties by increasing their value. Against this view, it could be held that, although land and existing structures and thus the tax base cannot move in a physical sense, the tax base can do so in a fiscal sense via the capitalization of property taxes to the extent that property taxes are not used for purposes viewed as beneficial to property owners.

The main disadvantage of property taxes lies in the fact that they almost universally realize lower amounts than needed. There are many reasons for this, including the fact that it is a very visible tax (and thus politically unpopular), that it is perceived to have unwanted distributional consequences to the extent that the tax is borne by renters and not by owners of property, and that there are problems associated with the measurement of the tax base, including in particular the “correct” valuation of property, and its updating.

Some countries prefer to distinguish between residential property and commercial and industrial property, with the former being assigned to local taxation, and the latter either to local taxation with a uniform rate or to national taxation only (as is the case in some Nordic countries). In this regard, a particularly contentious issue in many countries (whether industrial, developing, or in transition) has been the taxation of agricultural land. In countries with a general income tax (including income from agriculture), a tax on land could be seen as a discriminatory surcharge on a basic factor input in one sector of the economy, rather than a local benefit tax. In countries without an income tax on agriculture, it has been argued that a land tax on agriculture impedes the development of this important foreign exchange earning sector. Whatever the merits of these arguments may be, the relatively modest tax burden on agriculture found in most countries (which is generally independent of the level of development of the countries in question) seems to reflect the political influence of this sector rather than economic principles or sound fiscal policies.

Other countries apply alternative criteria for the assignment of property taxes to different levels of government. In Brazil, for example, urban property is taxed at the municipal level, while the federal government levies and administers the tax on rural property.

More specifically, at least four important issues relate to the definition and measurement of the base upon which property taxes are levied: the coverage of the base, the use of capital or rental values, the number and nature of exemptions, and the frequency and methods of updating property values. The main issue regarding coverage has been whether land, improvements to land, and buildings should all be subject to tax. The systems applied vary substantially between countries, although most of the countries for which information is available include the unimproved value of land, the value of land improvements, and usually also the value of buildings. The efficiency and equity implications of property taxes have been intensively debated in the literature and will not be pursued further here (see McLure (1977) for an overview of the issues).

In principle, the impact of using rental values or capital values should be the same, assuming well-functioning property and capital markets. It has been argued, however, that there may be major differences in the actual outcome to the extent that rental values reflect mainly the current use of the property, while capital values are said to reflect the value of the property in the best alternative use. Also in this regard, actual methods vary between countries. Capital values are generally based upon market values, although some countries apply corrections to these market values (for example, use a specific proportion of the market value).

Most countries apply a large number of different reliefs under the property tax, for example, in the form of exemption of government property, highways, railways, and other transport or communication facilities, and mining, agriculture, and forestry industries. The subsidies implicit in this kind of treatment, not least with respect to agricultural land, have been increasingly criticized in a number of countries. As indicated above, many countries apply different tax treatment to residential and business property, with residential property usually subject to a more favorable treatment.

A particularly contentious problem in a number of countries has been the frequency and method used to update property values. Thus, in most developing countries, assessment of property values and updating seem to be the major issues. The unpopularity of this type of tax may in some countries be associated with infrequent updates of values, leading to large and abrupt increases in tax liabilities when updating actually takes place. Although property valuations are generally based on market prices, problems are also encountered during certain periods and in areas with modest turnover of property. State and central governments usually perform the valuation of property in order to achieve the necessary coordination between different areas, but the way in which and frequency with which it is done vary substantially across countries.

Although most of the revenue from property taxes generally accrues to subcentral levels of government, state or local governments do not always have complete discretion over the base or the rate. Central governments typically set the rules governing valuations and their frequency and determine exemptions and other reliefs. Also, the central government may impose restrictions on the variations in property tax rates. In practice, local government discretion may be limited in other ways, for example, in the form of earmarking of property revenues, or if higher rates adversely affect grants (as in the United Kingdom before 1989). In Italy, the central government sets a minimum rate for the property tax. If a municipality does not apply the floor rate, transfers to it from the central government are supposed to be reduced correspondingly. Thus, although most of the revenue from property taxes primarily accrues to subcentral authorities in most countries, the respective central governments are generally heavily involved in formulating and administering the provisions of the taxes.

• Personal Income Taxes

Most countries assign all or a large proportion of personal income taxes to the central government. Exceptions include the Scandinavian countries, Switzerland, the Baltic countries, Russia, and the other countries of the former Soviet Union. Generally, there are advantages as well as disadvantages of using personal income taxes at the subcentral level. Among the advantages is the fact that personal income taxes generally are buoyant and thus capable of raising the necessary revenue, and in addition they are believed not to fall on businesses, thereby avoiding the risk of subcentral authorities, anxious to attract new industry, indulging in tax-cutting competitions with adverse effects on services provided.

One of the main disadvantages of a local income tax as the main revenue raiser is the fact that, depending on the level of the tax threshold, many people may not pay the tax, although they receive local services. 6 This could have an adverse impact on the way a decentralized system works and has been used as an argument for supplementing an income tax with other tax sources, thereby including the majority of the local constituency in the local tax net. In this regard, two schools of thought may be distinguished. First, many countries (including, for example, most Mediterranean countries and Austria) seem to place considerable weight on income redistribution and on making income tax systems easy to administer by setting a high tax threshold, thereby excluding a large proportion of the population from the tax net. In contrast, other countries (such as New Zealand, Switzerland, and the Scandinavian countries) generally put more emphasis on the inclusion of most of the population in the tax net by setting relatively low tax thresholds, so that more people share the cost of public services.

In the context of financing local governments, there seems to be a case for making a distinction between schedular and global income taxes, since schedular income taxes can in some cases be used by local jurisdictions without great difficulties, in particular if the taxes on, for example, interest income, dividend income, and wages and salaries are withheld at source and constitute the final tax paid. However, the more developed is a country, the higher is the likelihood that individuals receive income from different sources, and furthermore that these incomes are derived from different jurisdictions. This may move countries to prefer a global income tax system in which the different income sources are added together for each individual and the tax liability is adjusted according to individual circumstances. 7 For such a system to work well at the local level, it requires flows of information on personal income received from other jurisdictions and thus poses the risk of tax evasion. Against this background, it may be better to leave a global income tax base with the national government, which is in a better position to acquire the necessary information.

However, such a system can be combined with revenue sharing, such as is the case in India, where the states receive about 85 percent of total income tax revenue, allocated on the basis of population, tax effort, and a measure of backwardness. In Brazil, 44 percent of the income tax revenue is transferred to lower level governments under a tax-sharing arrangement, and in Poland, in 1992, 15 percent of the personal income tax revenue was shared with local governments. As part of a recent reform of intergovernmental fiscal relations, shared personal income taxes have also been introduced in Hungary (in 1991, 50 percent of the revenue accrued to local governments). Similar tax-sharing arrangements were also important elements in the financing reform in China in 1980 (under the present financing arrangements, local governments receive all of the yields from personal income taxes).

Notwithstanding these considerations, and to the extent that the administrative capabilities are present at the national level, there is a fairly easy and cost-effective way of taxing a global income tax base in local jurisdictions, namely for the local jurisdictions to use the same statutory tax base as for the national income tax (that is, overlapping taxes or piggybacking). This solution, which reduces administrative as well as compliance cost, is actually used in a number of countries (such as, for example, the Nordic countries and Canada, where the provincial tax is levied as a percentage of the federal tax). 8 However, although it introduces an additional complexity to the tax and thus offsets at least in part some of the administrative savings, some of the countries applying this system (for example, the United States) also use specific tax reliefs in their state and local tax systems. Thus, the extent to which countries using overlapping income taxes coordinate the taxes levied at different levels varies considerably. In the Scandinavian countries and Canada, for example, there is a high degree of coordination, while coordination is lacking in Switzerland and the United States.

Generally, because the system requires a fairly advanced administrative system with up-to-date recording of taxpayers’ residence, overlapping personal income taxes are generally seen only in developed countries. Combined with an efficient equalization system, such a system is seen, in the countries that apply it, to ensure that variations in tax rates across jurisdictions reflect similar differences in locally determined service levels. Even in industrial countries, however, the administrative recording requirements have been used as an argument against the workability of local income taxes (which, for example, is the case in the United Kingdom).

A special case of overlapping personal income taxes (or partly overlapping income taxes, if some differences in tax bases are allowed) arises when local income taxes, as in the United States, are deductible from federal income tax liability (deductibility is not applied in the majority of countries using overlapping personal income tax systems). The rationale of such a system is the protection it provides for the taxpayer against excessive aggregate marginal tax rates as a result of high local income taxes. An unwarranted side effect may, however, be the incentive for local governments to expand their expenditures, partly financed—at the margin—by nonresidents. It may also reduce the overall level of progressivity of the tax system.

Taxes on income deriving from the activities of small business establishments or from agriculture may often be imposed as efficiently by local governments as national governments, and in some cases local governments may even possess more information than national governments. However, since record keeping by small establishments is often modest or even absent, taxation of such business income has in many cases to rely on presumptive income, based for example on gross sales, on the floor space in which the activity takes place, or on other criteria (for example, in Hungary, the local business tax is levied on the gross turnover of businesses at a maximum rate of 0.3 percent). Taxes on income from small businesses, from self-employed, and from agriculture, with the revenues accruing mostly or solely to local governments, are well known in a number of Central and Eastern European economies in transition, including Poland and Romania, as well as in a number of developing countries, such as India.

Notwithstanding which level of government actually receives the revenue of personal income taxes, practice differs substantially across countries with regard to which level is responsible for the assessment and for the collection of the income taxes at the subordinate level. National or central government responsibility, or—at the most—state responsibility, seems, however, to be the main rule owing principally to the economies of scale involved in the administration of these taxes.

• Sales Taxes

The popularity of assigning property taxes—and to some degree also income taxes—to subordinate levels of government is attributable in part to the fact that, with these taxes, differences in tax rates between areas are unlikely to cause serious problems owing to the relative immobility of the tax bases. In contrast, different sales tax rates between different jurisdictions can drive consumers (or rather their purchases) away from high tax areas, as is perhaps best reflected in the serious cross-border trade problems between countries with different tax systems and tax levels (such as between Canada and the United States, and between Ireland and the United Kingdom). A distinction must be made, however, between single-stage sales taxes, such as excises and retail taxes, and multistage sales taxes, such as turnover taxes and value-added taxes (VATs).

Retail sales taxes and excises levied on the final sale to the consumer can be given to local jurisdictions as a revenue source, provided that they do not levy these taxes with highly different tax rates. If they do, citizens will be encouraged to shop in other jurisdictions. The main factors determining the extent to which this will take place are the vicinity of other jurisdictions, the cost of travel, and the value of the goods purchased. 9 Another constraining factor for the use of such taxes at the local level with anything but a modest level of tax rates is the risk of tax evasion, which may be relatively more serious for these (single-stage) sales taxes, especially under high tax rates. However, the existence of, for example, both state and municipal sales taxes in many countries must reflect the fact that these caveats are not universally perceived as serious. Thus, in India, the main revenue source of the states is the sales tax. Turnover taxes and some excises are also important provincial revenue sources in Argentina.

A case can be made for distinguishing between excises on goods, which generally should be assigned to the central level to minimize tax exporting, and excises on selected services, consumed locally, and thus much less prone to tax exporting. Some countries, such as India, assign selected excises to the central government (combined with a tax-sharing scheme), and other excises to state and local governments. A number of countries use local excises or special taxes on automobiles or on fuels, which could be regarded as benefit taxes associated with the costs to local governments of maintaining roads. Municipalities in Brazil are allowed to levy a 3 percent tax on retail sales of fuels and gas. In Poland, own sources of revenue for local governments include a tax on automobiles.

Some countries combine earmarking sales taxes with tax assignment to different levels of government. In Russia, for example, a system of regional and federal road funds is in place, financed in part by excises on fuel and on vehicles, supplemented by taxes on registration and ownership of vehicles.

Sales taxes levied at the manufacturing level should, as a general rule, be assigned to the upper tier of government and to subordinate levels of government only where geographical areas are large.

There seems to be broad albeit not universal consensus in the literature that VATs are most appropriately assigned to the central level of government. This dictum rests on the fairly extensive administrative capabilities required to operate the tax (a requirement that is generally best met by central governments) in combination with the need to make the VAT neutral with respect to the spatial allocation of production and consumption, implying that—generally—the VAT should conform to the destination principle. 10 Implementation of this principle requires, however, border control between jurisdictions if the tax is to be levied by individual provinces or states. This would in most countries be neither feasible nor desirable because of the administrative costs implied and because of the impediments to the free flow of goods and services it would create. In addition, a subnational VAT system would pose problems with regard to which provinces or states should receive the revenues from VAT on imports, and which should bear the burden of VAT refunds on exports. 11 Following this kind of reasoning, comprehensive VATs should be left solely with the national government, as is, in fact, the case in most countries. In some countries (for example, China, Germany, and Russia), central VAT revenues may be shared with subnational levels, although this raises the same kind of problems referred to above, if the tax sharing is based on the derivation principle.

Similar considerations on different aspects of VAT design constitute important elements in the ongoing tax reform discussion in India, which contemplates introducing a comprehensive VAT to replace existing excises and sales taxes, with the aim of sharing the revenue between the three levels of government. However, one of the main questions is whether such a system could function properly without fundamental changes in the present system of intergovernmental fiscal relations in India. According to Bird (1993) , it could prove difficult to establish consensus on a formula distributing the VAT proceeds in a context of sharp regional inequalities as the one currently prevailing in that country. Bird also questions the rationale behind sharing the proceeds of any particular tax, because it would seem doubtful that the central government would go through the pain of increasing tax revenues that will accrue in large part to other governments. A more satisfactory alternative—according to Bird—would be to share with the states a fixed share of aggregate central tax revenues.

Brazil offers an example of a VAT assignment system that is generally believed to have had detrimental effects on economic performance. All three levels of government in Brazil are assigned taxing powers on consumption, but with different tax systems, and with the tax covering the widest base, the VAT-type ICMS assigned to state governments and not to the federal government. Furthermore, a large fraction of the federal government consumption tax (the IPI) is transferred to lower levels of governments under a tax-sharing arrangement. This particular design is believed to encourage tax competition between entities of government and to foster tax evasion, which is, furthermore, exacerbated by a large number of different tax rates and exemptions (see Chapter 18 for details).

• Corporate Profit Taxes

There seems to be almost universal agreement that the taxation of larger businesses, and in particular corporate profit taxes, should be left to the national level and to provinces or states only where these are very large (as in Canada). This reflects the fact that the economic activities of corporations are typically much more diversified and complex, with factor inputs originating from a number of jurisdictions (and possibly also from abroad), and with sales similarly going to a multitude of jurisdictions. Depending on the nature of the specific markets in question, local taxes on corporate profits would to a large degree be exported or shifted to other jurisdictions in a nontransparent way, thus rendering the associated tax burden almost imperceptible to local citizens. In addition, a high local-tax rate may lead the business entity in question to move the tax base to other jurisdictions, either by physically moving the corporation or by adjusting the internal transfer pricing arrangements.

Leaving the taxation of corporate profits entirely in the hands of local governments would thus create serious informational problems because of the administrative issues associated with the allocation of taxable profits between different jurisdictions in cases of enterprises with economic activity spread over many localities. But also in this case these problems could, at least in part, be overcome by some form of overlapping tax bases between the national and the local level (piggybacking), although the room for tax-rate variations is much smaller for the corporate profits tax than for personal income taxes. In Canada, the base is harmonized to a considerable degree between the provinces and the federal level (although provinces do have the possibility of providing individual investment incentives), while provinces have the flexibility to vary rates. In Brazil, the states can levy a 5 percent surcharge on the corporate income tax.

Some countries have, with the above-mentioned problems in mind, chosen instead to allocate a fixed portion of the profit tax revenue originating within each jurisdiction to the local governments under a tax-sharing arrangement. Thus, Russia allocates 25 percentage points of the 38 percent tax rate on corporate profits to regional governments, while the remaining 13 percentage points remain with the federation. 12 Of the corporate tax revenue in Poland in 1992, 5 percent was shared with local governments. In Nigeria, a special system is in force according to which the federal authority has the legal jurisdiction over the company tax, but the states nevertheless collect the tax and retain the proceeds.

• Payroll Taxes

Like VATs and corporate profit taxes, different types of payroll taxes are also generally seen as an appropriate revenue source for the central government only, because different payroll tax rates could drive employers, and jobs, away from high tax areas. In addition, tax exporting is probably significant in the sense that, first, part of the tax may be shifted to prices and thus borne by consumers outside the jurisdiction that receives the revenue, and, second, the tax may be levied on employees with residence outside the revenue-receiving jurisdiction. Thus, the tax may not be visible to the local taxpaying constituency, and the relationship may be weak between tax payments and services provided by jurisdictions. 13

Notwithstanding these general considerations, tax-sharing arrangements for payroll taxes actually exist in a few countries. A relatively small payroll tax is also levied by the states in Australia.

• Natural Resource Taxes

Taxes on natural resources are generally perceived as poor candidates for local taxation, since normally the base of these taxes is very unevenly distributed across jurisdictions. In addition, extraction of economic rent from natural resources could be held to be a national prerogative, which should benefit the whole of the nation and not just selected fortunate regions. The taxes in question are also in many cases characterized by a high level of revenue volatility owing to price fluctuations. The associated uncertainty, it could be argued, should be absorbed by the central government, which generally has a number of alternative revenue sources at its disposition, and not by regional or local governments, which are meant primarily to conduct allocative functions (price fluctuations on oil, for example, have created sharp swings in the revenues of states in Nigeria). These theoretical considerations, however, do not take into account the important fact that, in practice, cultural and ethnic differences may be the reason for strong pressures toward regional independence, including regional control over natural resources, as is seen, for example, in Russia.

Alternatively, it could be held that, at least in part, these taxes should be considered as benefit taxes, that is, as payments for the benefits deriving from the provision by local or regional governments of the necessary infrastructure investment without which either exploitation of the natural resources would not be possible, or the return to the investments required could be significantly reduced. In other cases, the taxes may be considered as compensation for the environmental costs associated with the exploitation of natural resources. This might also constitute part of the reason why a number of countries actually operate tax-sharing schemes for natural resource taxation (see country chapters for details). In Russia, local governments in regions rich in natural resources benefit from the retention of a high share of these taxes. Previously, in Nigeria, all taxes accruing from oil production went to the states. In Argentina, a revenue-sharing scheme is in place for royalties on mineral extraction.

• Import and Export Taxes

Import and export taxes, apart from being generally considered inferior to the taxes dealt with above, should always be imposed by the national government to reduce the possibility of introducing major distortions within the country through differential foreign trade taxes imposed by different jurisdictions. In fact, the large majority of countries assign import duties exclusively to the central government (Nigeria being one exception, with import tax revenue being shared). Nevertheless, in some countries, such as Russia, the formula for sharing important export tax receipts with regions from which the exports originate remains an important tax policy issue (because of the nature of the exports in question, these taxes may as well be considered special cases of taxes on natural resources). India operates a special tax on interstate sales with a maximum rate of 4 percent, and with a number of exemptions (see Chapter 21 for details).

• Benefit Taxes and User Charges

In addition to what has been said above about specific sources of taxation, it is generally held that benefit taxes, license fees, and user charges should all be used to the maximum extent feasible at the local level because they are transparent, they minimize the risk of tax exporting, they generally do not involve problems of vertical or horizontal equity, and they increase economic efficiency. Although these charges are significant sources of revenue for the localities, they are generally modest compared with some of the taxes considered above.

• Tax Assignment in Practice

A striking feature of the financing of subcentral levels of government is the significant variation in the level and composition of local government taxation across countries. This feature is illustrated in Tables 2 and 3 , which for a fairly limited sample of countries show the attribution of total tax revenues to subsectors of general government as percentage of total tax revenue, in federal as well as in unitary countries, and the composition of the tax revenue for each subcentral level of government with respect to different types of taxes (including revenues from the tax-sharing arrangements). These tables by their nature do not indicate the actual degree of state, provincial, or local autonomy over the tax revenues, which, as discussed this chapter, may vary considerably across countries.

Nevertheless, as the tables show, most countries have more than one subcentral tax (although the tables do not distinguish between cases where revenues are solely assigned to the subcentral level and where they are shared under tax-sharing arrangements), and this holds for industrial as well as for developing countries, and for federal as well as for unitary countries. Generally, the personal income tax seems (as expected) to be of greater importance for the subcentral level in industrial countries than in developing countries, although for example in most Anglophone countries the property tax is the dominant tax, especially at the local level (this holds in Australia, Canada, the United States, Ireland, New Zealand, and, until 1990, the United Kingdom).

In some, especially federal, countries, general consumption taxes and in some cases also excises play a considerable role, particularly at the state level (for example, in Austria, Brazil Canada, Germany, India, South Africa, Spain, and the United States). A predominant feature seems to be that these taxes are used by large countries with correspondingly large subcentral areas. Also, in some of these countries, consumption tax systems take the form of tax-sharing arrangements with little or no state or local discretion, as in the case of the Austrian and German VAT.

A common feature not shown in these tables is the dominant use of personal income taxes at the subcentral level as opposed to corporate income taxes, reflecting the fact that corporate income taxes are generally considered unsuitable at the subcentral level owing to the mobility of the tax base.

Although the property tax is among the most popular subcentral taxes, not least in federal industrial countries and unitary developing countries, its revenue measured as a percentage of GDP is generally modest and seldom exceeds about 3 percent. This is probably because it is a highly visible tax, it is hard to evade, there are problems associated with the valuation of property, and it is generally perceived as a regressive tax. For these reasons, the property tax has become increasingly unpopular politically, which may also help to explain why its importance as a revenue source has declined in many countries during the last decade or so.

• Concluding Remarks

The theory on fiscal federalism provides some fairly broad guidelines with regard to which taxes can appropriately be assigned to subnational levels of government and which should be kept at the central level. However, although some general patterns in accordance with these guidelines can be identified in country practices, even fairly homogeneous countries at the same level of development have in many cases chosen different solutions to these problems. One of the main reasons for this is that the historical, geographical, ethnic, and constitutional character of each country has profound implications for the range of feasible and efficient tax assignment policies.

Some lessons may nevertheless be drawn from actual country experiences. First is the importance of tax administration: a decentralized fiscal system cannot function satisfactorily without the necessary administrative capabilities at the subcentral level. In other words, the design of tax systems should clearly be adapted to the level and quality of administrative resources that have been found politically appropriate to devote to the subcentral levels of government. Generally, the more complicated the tax in question is made for other reasons (for example, for reasons of revenue or equity), the stronger the argument for placing the tax with a higher or the highest tier of government. As a reflection of this “rule,” more complex systems of taxation are generally assigned to subcentral levels of governments only in more developed countries.

Second, in addition to the crucial question of the choice of tax sources at subordinate levels of government, actual experience indicates that a decentralized system will work satisfactorily only if state, provincial, and local governments are given at least one major own source of revenue, that is, a source of revenue over which they have autonomy to determine the revenue (assuming that this system is supported by adequate equalization of tax capacities and expenditure needs). Only then can a multilevel system of government promote accountability and ultimately economic efficiency.

Finally, there are obvious potential gains as well as risks associated with decentralizing taxing powers. The gains include improved mobilization of revenue sources and the potential efficiency gains alluded to above. The risks take the form of leaving the central government in a more vulnerable position with respect to its ability to conduct effective fiscal policies, especially for stabilization purposes.

This assumes chat there are no substantial externalities associated with the provision of local services, that the tax cannot be shifted to other jurisdictions, and that an efficient equalization scheme is in place.

For general expositions of the principles of fiscal federalism, see Oates (1972) and King (1984) .

See in particular King (1984) , Musgrave and Musgrave (1980) , and Oates (1972) .

Unless the areas in question are large as is the case in, for example, Canada and the United States.

As illustrated in Tables 2 and 3 , the importance of different tax sources varies considerably across countries. Based on more comprehensive information than that presented here, there seems to be a broad tendency for income taxes at subordinate levels of government to increase in importance with increasing level of development, although there are some exceptions to this rule.

In some countries, such as Finland and Norway, the income tax threshold in the local tax is much lower than in the central government income tax.

However, schedular mechanisms such as withholding or minimum contributions may be widely used under a global system for ease of administration.

This particular feature may increase the revenue elasticity of the subcentral tax compared with a normal flat rate system to the extent that subcentral governments will share the gains of any bracket creep effects in the federal tax.

This disregards the problems posed by mail order systems, particularly with regard to the control and setting of tax rates (in the United States, some of these problems have been addressed by applying the rates of the destination states to mail order sales). Although based on a fairly limited sample of countries, Table 3 seems to indicate that the degree of development is also important in this regard, in that there is a tendency for sales taxes to be of larger revenue importance for local governments in developing than in developed countries.

Which means that the tax is levied by the jurisdiction in which consumption takes place, independent of the origin of the goods (that is, expotts are exempt and imports are liable to tax), as opposed to the origin principle, according to which the VAT is levied by the jurisdiction in which production takes place, that is, interstate exports are taxed and imports are not.

In China and Russia, ail import VAT accrues to the federal government, and only domestic VAT revenues are shared with the regions.

Formally, the 25 percent local rate is a maximum, but the large majority of regions are believed to apply the maximum rate.

In the majority of countries, provision of regional or local government services is related to the residency of individuals.

Bird , Richard M. , 1993 , “Tax Reform in India,” Economic and Political Weekly , Vol. 28 ( December 11 ), pp. 2721 – 26 .

• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

King , David N. , 1984 , Fiscal Tiers: The Economics of Multi-Level Government ( London : Allen & Unwin ).

King , David N. , 1992 , ed. , Local Government Economics in Theory and Practice ( London : Routledge ).

McLure , Charles E. , Jr. , 1977 , “The ‘New View’ of the Property Tax: A Caveat,” National Tax Journal , Vol. 30 , No. 1 , pp. 69 – 75 .

Musgrave , Robert A. , and Peggy B. Musgrave , 1980 , Public Finance in Theory and Practice ( New York : McGraw-Hill ).

Oates , Wallace E. , 1972 , Fiscal Federalism ( New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ).

Tanzi , Vito , 1996 , “Fiscal Federalism and Decentralization: A Review of Some Efficiency and Macroeconomic Aspects,” in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, 1995 ( Washington : World Bank ).

Within Same Series

• 4 Tax Reform in Russia
• PART I Theory
• 6 Recent Tax Policy Trends and Issues in Latin America
• VII: Tax Reform and IMF Tax Policy Advice
• Chapter 2. Modernizing the Tax Policy Regime
• PART III Practice: Developing Countries
• PART IV Practice: Economies in Transition
• Chapter 3. Strengthening Tax Administration
• IV: Income and Wealth Taxes
• PART II Practice: Industrial Countries

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• Determinants of Property Tax Revenue: Lessons from Empirical Analysis
• Exploring Reform Options in Functional Assignment
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Table of Contents

• Front Matter
• 1 Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in a Macroeconomic Perspective: An Overview
• 2 Assigning Expenditure Responsibilities
• 3 Tax Assignment
• 4 Intergovernmental Transfers
• 6 Budgetary and Financial Management
• 7 Control of Subnational Government Borrowing
• 8 Australia
• 13 Switzerland
• 14 United Kingdom
• 15 United States
• 16 Argentina
• 19 Colombia
• 20 Ethiopia
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What is “Assignment of Income” Under the Tax Law?

Gross income is taxed to the individual who earns it or to owner of property that generates the income. Under the so-called “assignment of income doctrine,” a taxpayer may not avoid tax by assigning the right to income to another.

Specifically, the assignment of income doctrine holds that a taxpayer who earns income from services that the taxpayer performs or property that the taxpayer owns generally cannot avoid liability for tax on that income by assigning it to another person or entity. The doctrine is frequently applied to assignments to creditors, controlled entities, family trusts and charities.

A taxpayer cannot, for tax purposes, assign income that has already accrued from property the taxpayer owns. This aspect of the assignment of income doctrine is often applied to interest, dividends, rents, royalties, and trust income. And, under the same rationale, an assignment of an interest in a lottery ticket is effective only if it occurs before the ticket is ascertained to be a winning ticket.

However, a taxpayer can shift liability for capital gains on property not yet sold by making a bona fide gift of the underlying property. In that case, the donee of a gift of securities takes the “carryover” basis of the donor.  

For example, shares now valued at $50 gifted to a donee in which the donor has a tax basis of $10, would yield a taxable gain to the donee of its eventual sale price less the $10 carryover basis. The donor escapes income tax on any of the appreciation.

For guidance on this issue, please contact our professionals at 315.242.1120 or [email protected] .

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Published: May 8, 2024   |   Last Updated: May 8, 2024

​ ​ join the taxpayer advocate service at the 2024 irs nationwide tax forum ​  .

Join hundreds of tax professionals at the 2024 IRS Nationwide Tax Forum. It is a great place to earn Continuing Professional Education Credits, network with other tax experts, learn about tax law changes, the latest news from the IRS, and resolve your difficult tax cases.  

This year, the National Taxpayer Advocate Erin M. Collins will host Town Halls in Chicago, Orlando, Baltimore, and San Diego, and the Deputy National Taxpayer Advocate Kim Stewart will host one in Dallas/Grapevine. They eagerly await input from the tax community during the Q&A sessions. Additionally, the Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS) will host focus groups, present seminars, engage with attendees in the exhibit hall, and provide assistance in resolving challenging cases with our on-site staff in the TAS Case Resolution Room.

2024 Tax Forum Locations and Dates

New this year, tax professionals can schedule appointments for the TAS Case Resolution Room online. No need to stand in line, sign up now to ensure you get a chance to work one-on-one to resolve one of your client’s toughest tax issues.

Focus Groups

TAS invites tax professionals attending this year’s forum to also sign up and participate in our group sessions on “IRS Online Accounts and Tax Pro Accounts” and “Appeals Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).” The knowledge and innovative ideas shared during these discussions help TAS improve taxpayer service on these issues.

• IRS Online Accounts and Tax Pro Accounts : What services are used, how well do they work, and what new feature should be added? Are there access barriers to authentication?
• Appeals Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) : How is it working and how can the IRS improve the process?

Please share your perspective and thoughts in our focus group – look for the sign-up table at your respective tax forum.

TAS is presenting two seminars at this year’s forum. Some of the areas we will explore include:

• Statutes – Protecting your Clients’ Rights and Making sure the Assessment Periods are Calculated Correctly : What you need to know about assessment, statutes, refund statutes, and collection statutes. Protecting your clients’ rights and ensuring the assessment periods are calculated correctly. Understanding the rules, exceptions, and how to advise and protect your clients.
• Let’s Chat about What You need to Know about Transcripts and How we might Improve Them : Understanding the different types of IRS transcripts, which one to request, interpreting their content, and suggestions for improvement.

No advance sign-up is required for seminars, but seating is first-come, first-served, so arrive early.

Taxpayer Advocacy Panel and Low Income Taxpayer Clinics Outreach

Representatives from the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel (TAP) and Low Income Taxpayer Clinics (LITC) will be available at each Tax Forum location to engage with and educate tax practitioners about their programs. For further details on TAP, visit  ImproveIRS.org , and for information about LITC, go to  Taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/litc .

Case Resolution Room

Bring your toughest unresolved IRS case to the Case Resolution Room, where IRS and Taxpayer Advocate representatives will provide one-on-one assistance (by appointment only). For the 2024 IRS Tax Forum, you can now book your appointment with TAS Case Resolution in advance. Online booking will be open for one week, Wednesday to Wednesday, prior to each event. Visit the  Case Resolution Information Page for details.

In-person appointments are still available at each Tax Forum event on Monday from 1 to 7 p.m., look for our table near conference registration. On Tuesday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. and Wednesday from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., we will have a table outside our Case Resolution Program room for any remaining appointments.

If scheduling an in-person appointment, please complete  IRS Tax Forum Case Resolution Data Sheet  in advance and bring your authorization ( Form 2848, Power of Attorney (POA)  or  Form 8821, Tax Information Authorization ) and any relevant documentation to the event.

Electronic document submission options will be provided after setting up your appointment, either online in advance or at the event.

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IRS Tax Tip 2024-47, May 8, 2024

If a taxpayer disagrees with an IRS decision, they can ask the IRS Independent Office of Appeals to review their case. This office is separate from the rest of the IRS. Appeals officers review cases that taxpayers submitted, meet with the taxpayer informally and consider the taxpayer’s position and the IRS's position in a fair and unbiased manner.

Overview of the appeals process

Here's what taxpayers need to know if they want to appeal their case:

• To submit an appeal request, taxpayers mail their request in writing to the office that sent them the letter with their appeal rights. For information on filing a formal written protest or a small case request, taxpayers should review Publication 5, Your Appeal Rights and How To Prepare a Protest If You Disagree PDF . The IRS office that receives the request will consider the taxpayer's request and attempt to resolve the disputed tax issues. If that office can't resolve the taxpayer's issues, they will forward the case to Appeals for consideration.
• Once the request is with Appeals, the Appeals officer contacts the taxpayer within 45 days by mail to schedule an informal conference to review the taxpayer's situation. Appeals conducts conferences by phone, in person and by video. Taxpayers may choose which type of conference they prefer.
• At the conference, the Appeals officer discusses with the taxpayer the law as it applies to the facts of the case, including court rulings on similar cases.
• If a taxpayer hasn't heard about their appeal and it's been more than 120 days since they filed their request, taxpayers can ask for a status update by contacting the IRS office they worked with last.
• If the taxpayer sends new information or documents to Appeals, the Appeals officer may need to send the case back to the original IRS office to review the new information. Appeals will not raise new issues or reopen issues agreed to by the taxpayer or the IRS except in cases of potential fraud or malfeasance.
• In the IRS's favor: If the facts and laws support the government's position, the Appeals officer recommends that the taxpayer concede and give up the issue.
• In the taxpayer's favor: If the law and facts support the taxpayer's position or courts have ruled in favor of taxpayers in similar cases, the Appeals officer recommends that the IRS concede and give up the issue.
• Compromise: The Appeals officer may recommend a compromise when the facts or laws are unclear or the courts have made different rulings on similar cases. In this situation, Appeals may recommend a settlement where the taxpayer pays a percentage of the tax due.

Interest continues to add up on any unpaid balance a taxpayer owes as Appeals reviews a case.

More information:

• Taxpayer Bill of Rights

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