sports history assignments

North American Society for Sport History

The purpose of the North American Society for Sport History (NASSH) is to promote, stimulate, and encourage the study of the history of sport; to support, stimulate and encourage scholarly writing and research related to the history of sport; and to cooperate with local, national, and international organizations having the same purpose. 

Recent Announcements

Dear NASSH Members,

The  Journal of Sport History  ( JSH ) is pleased to announce that it is moving to Scholastica for managing submissions and peer review as of February 1, 2024. To submit, visit:  https://press-jsh.scholasticahq.com/ . If you do not already have a Scholastica account, you will be prompted to create one.   The previous submission portal,  JSH  Open Journal Systems, is no longer accepting new submissions. Manuscripts that were submitted to the  JSH  prior to February 1, 2024, are still active and are being processed.   The  JSH  staff thanks contributors in advance for their patience during this transition. We are confident that Scholastica will improve the submission process, and we look forward to working with you.

Daniel A. Nathan,  Journal of Sport History  Editor Department of American Studies Skidmore College

2024 Annual Conference of the North American Society for Sport History (NASSH)

Call for papers:  “sport studies as a public service: popular scholarship, histories, and activism”.

NASSH 2024 Pre-Conference Workshop

Thursday May 23 and the morning of Friday May 24

Call ends February 16, 2024

For the full 2024 NASSH call for papers, click here.

In the concluding piece of the   Journal of Sport History ’s special issue on the fiftieth anniversary of NASSH, historians Andrew Linden and Alison Wrynn highlight how “there are now myriad opportunities for the publishing of academic articles, and even more ways for scholars to disseminate their research to the field and the public at large.” Despite these new opportunities, there remains a barrier between the public and academics. As the current president Sarah Fields remarks, “‘The academy in general and sport history in particular have moved further away from the general public and lay audiences.’” Linden and Wrynn describe this phenomenon as “concerning,” highlighting how “academic research needs to strive to do something to advance society” and that the legitimacy of our field depends on the public’s interest in “the sporting past.” In the time since Linden and Wrynn wrote their piece, dramatic changes, such as the end of the   New York Times ’ sports section and HBO’s   Real Sports   with Bryant Gumbel, befell our popular media landscape, making communicating with the broader public even harder than before. [1]

As programming with a more critical view, such as   Real Sports , decreases, we believe it is time to revisit the question: what is the sport scholar’s role today? Overall, we believe it is necessary to reflect on how scholars of sport and adjacent fields tell what Fields calls “‘good stories’” to the public. We open this workshop to individuals who have gone beyond academic journals to critically examine recreation, sport, and/or leisure through teaching, museums, public policy, activism, new media (podcasts, social media, documentary), or any number of alternatives. Overall, the intent of the pre-conference workshop is for sport scholars to reflect, share, and write about their responsibility to the public and their efforts to provide “good stories.”

The following questions, as a starting point, will help to frame the workshop:

• How are sport scholars engaging with and disseminating information to the public-at-large?
• What are the successes and challenges of such plans?
• What can the general field do to improve its outreach to the public on a school, local, state/provincial, and/or regional level?
• How has our ability to communicate our research changed over time?
• How can we make our work simultaneously rich with academic rigor and yet compelling to the general society?
• How can JSH, and other academic journals on sport and leisure, change to better convey historical research and “good stories”?
• How can our research provide a mutually benefiting outcome for ourselves, our subjects, and the public?

Venue:   Hyatt Regency Denver at the Colorado Convention Center, Denver, Colorado.

Dates:   The workshop will be held in-person prior to the 2024 NASSH conference. The workshop dates will be Thursday, May 23 (all-day) and the morning of Friday, May 24, 2024.

Requirements:  Please indicate your interest by submitting a 300-500 word abstract and a 200-word biography via the 2024 Pre-Conference Submission Form   https://forms.gle/apwj88PGoBABFmNf7   by Friday, February 16, 2024.

Those selected will be notified by the end of February and are required to submit a completed paper by April 30, 2024. Participants will present their paper to the workshop and have their work reviewed by attendees. Accepted participants may receive some financial assistance. Workshop papers will be considered for a special issue of the   Journal of Sport History .

For additional questions, please contact the organizers: Aaron Bonsu – Pennsylvania State University:   [email protected] Cam Mallett – Pennsylvania State University:   [email protected] Carly Adams – University of Lethbridge:   [email protected]

Endnote: [1] Andrew D. Linden and Alison M. Wrynn, “Looking at the Past, Thinking about the Future: The   Journal of Sport History ,”   Journal of Sport History   48, no. 3 (2021): 414-424; Katie Robertson and John Koblin, “The New York Times to Disband its Sports Department,”   The New York Times,   July 10, 2023; Joe Otterson, “‘Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel’ to End HBO Run After 29 Seasons,”   Variety,   September 6, 2023.

As part of the call for papers for NASSH 2024, the program committee has received abstracts for proposed session, where session organizers shared a theme for a session while seeking participants for those sessions. 

This year, the program committee received two session abstracts. Please review these (below) and if you are interested in having your work considered for inclusion in one of these sessions,  contact the session organizer directly . The abstract submission deadline – with all abstracts submitted through Conftool – is  January 31, 2024 .  

Self-Tracking and Sport History  

Session organizer: jonathan finn, wilfrid laurier university,  [email protected]  .

Whether in the form of Cederström and Spicer’s (2015) ‘wellness syndrome,’ Martschukat’s ‘Age of Fitness’ (2021) or Millington’s (2020) ‘Fitness 2.0,’ self-tracking has become a dominant practice within contemporary society. This rise in practice has been met by a parallel rise in scholarship. Exemplified in the work of Deborah Lupton, critical analyses of self-tracking emphasize the neoliberal underpinnings of the practice, through which the responsibility of health, wellness and fitness has been reconfigured as a moral quest for the individual. Often borrowing from Foucault, scholars of self-tracking rightly point to the disciplining and surveillant functions of the practice while also finding room for user agency, resistance and play.  

Work by Vertinsky (2008) and Crawford, Lingel and Karppi (2015) has identified the historical origins of current self-tracking practices; however, the majority of scholarship in the field comes from the social sciences, often producing ethnographic studies of self-trackers. This has the effect of emphasizing self-tracking as a uniquely contemporary phenomenon. This proposed panel aims to address this by examining the relationship between self-tracking and sport history. Given its prominence, why is self-tracking largely absent in sport history? In what ways is self-tracking a continuation of, response to, or rejection of historical practices in sport and fitness? How might the theories, methods and practices of sport history help us better understand 21st century self-tracking? This panel seeks to address these and related questions at the intersection of self-tracking and sport history. 

Sport and the American Civil Rights Movement  

Session organizer: kevin witherspoon, lander university,  [email protected]  .

Seeking individual paper proposals for a session exploring connections between sport and Civil Rights leaders, and/or Black athletes and protest more generally. 

The central question the session would seek to answer is, “What role did athletics play in the lives of Civil Rights activists?” While we don’t generally think of someone like Martin Luther King playing baseball, or Malcolm X shooting hoops, others involved in the Civil Rights movement either played or supported sports avidly. Several of the participants in the protests precipitating the Orangeburg Massacre in 1968, for instance, were athletes at South Carolina State University. The involvement of prominent athletes such as Jim Brown, Muhammad Ali, Kareem Abdul Jabbar, Wilma Rudolph, and Bill Russell in various protests has been well documented. How did sport impact their actions as activists? This session hopes to deepen and expand our understanding of the ties between athletics and activism.  

Suitable papers might address Martin Luther King, Jr. or other Civil Rights figures and their views on sport, and/or personal interaction with specific athletes in that era, or the sporting experiences of such figures. Alternatively, papers might consider Black athletes and their involvement in civic activism in the 1950s and ‘60s (or beyond that timeframe as well). Another possibility might be papers addressing the intersections between sport and the quest for equality in specific cities noted for Civil Rights activity, including Atlanta, Birmingham, Montgomery, New Orleans, Chicago, and many others.

Submission of an abstract/proposal for the NASSH 2024 program indicates acceptance of the   NASSH Participation Guidelines .

To be included on the program for NASSH 2024, presenters   must be current NASSH members and registered conference participants, with all relevant fees and dues paid in full no later than May 1, 2024.

The NASSH Program Committee has sole discretion over all decisions related to the content and scheduling of the NASSH 2024 program. For any enquiries, please contact Russell Field ( [email protected] ).

Program Committee

Kate Aguilar, Gustavus Adolphus College Chris Bolsmann, California State University Northridge Russell Field, University of Manitoba (chair) Jennifer Guiliano, IUPUI/IU Indianapolis Matthew Hodler, University of Rhode Island Amanda Schweinbenz, Laurentian University Samantha White, Manhattanville College

Dear NASSH members,   At the end of 2023, Professor Maureen M. Smith completed her tenure as Editor of the  Journal of Sport History , the flagship journal of the North American Society for Sport History (NASSH). She successfully guided the journal through the COVID-19 pandemic, providing vital continuity when she accepted a second term as Editor. We appreciate her steady hand, not only during this challenging period but throughout her time with the journal. During Smith’s Editorship, the  JSH   published brilliant, valuable work, and her leadership contributed to diversifying the JSH staff and editorial board. The Publications Board warmly thanks Professor Smith for her stewardship of and dedication to the journal for the past six years.   We are excited to announce that Professor Daniel A. Nathan has been chosen as the next Editor of the  Journal of Sport History . A long time member of NASSH—he was the organization’s President (2013-2015)—Nathan has also served as Associate Editor and as the Film, Media, and Museum Reviews Editor for the  JSH . With fellow NASSH members Sarah K. Fields, Thomas Hunt, and Patricia Vertinsky, he co-edits the Terry and Jan Todd Series on Physical Culture and Sports for the University of Texas Press. He is Professor of American Studies at Skidmore College, where he holds the Douglas Family Chair in American Culture, History, and Literary and Interdisciplinary Studies. The author of the award-winning  Saying It’s So: A Cultural History of the Black Sox Scandal  (2003), Nathan has published essays and reviews in a variety of periodicals. He is the editor of  Rooting for the Home Team: Sport, Community, and Identity  (2013) and  Baltimore Sports: Stories from Charm City  (2016), and co-editor of  Baseball Beyond Our Borders: An International Pastime  (2017) with George Gmelch, and co-editor of the forthcoming  Sports through the Lens: Essays on 25 Iconic Photographs  with Maureen M. Smith and Sarah K. Fields.   Thank you to both Professors Smith and Nathan for their service to the JSH and NASSH!   Sincerely,

The NASSH Publications Board Michelle Sikes, Chair Cat Ariail Janice Forsyth Matt Llewellyn Toby Rider Maria Veri

Call for Paper and Session Proposals

The North American Society for Sport History (NASSH) will gather in 2024 on the traditional territories and ancestral homelands of the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Ute nations and peoples. We recognize that these lands are a historical and contemporary site of trade and gathering for other Native peoples and honor knowledge keepers of these lands.

The 2024 NASSH annual conference will take place on May 24-27, 2024, at the Hyatt Regency Denver at Colorado Convention Center in Denver, Colorado. Participation in NASSH 2024 will be available to both in-person and virtual participants. All sessions will be hybrid, with no separate pre-recorded virtual presentations. Virtual participants will be able to attend all sessions live via the Hopin/Ring Central platform. Registration fees will be tiered according to the nature of participation.

Participation Modes

The Program Committee encourages NASSH members and others interested in the scholarly study of sport history to submit proposals and/or participate in one of the following categories:

Individual papers, with or without discussant (see below) Proposals for individual 12-15-minute research presentations (both in-person and virtual), which the Program Committee will then group into appropriate sessions. NASSH members submitting abstracts will be asked whether they wish to be scheduled in a session that includes a discussant/commentator. The program committee will endeavor to accommodate all NASSH members who wish to their papers included in such a session. Requesting a session with a discussant indicates that NASSH members agree to submit their completed full paper to the discussant by the May 1, 2024, deadline.

Complete themed panels (3 papers + moderator and/or discussant) NASSH members are encouraged to submit complete three-paper themed sessions. Such sessions are strongly encouraged to include a discussant/commentator and can include virtual participants. The Program Committee strongly encourages themed panels that explore diverse topics in sport history  and  whose composition reflects this diversity.

Themed sessions NASSH members both interested in proposing a themed session and in publicizing this session to reach potential presenters are encouraged to share their proposed theme/topic and a 250-300-word abstract with the Program Committee chair, Russell Field ( [email protected] ) by January 15, 2024. These details should be accompanied by the name and email address of the session organizer (to allow NASSH members to contact them directly). Session topics will be publicized through NASSH communication channels. The Program Committee takes no responsibility for ensuring that presenters are assigned to proposed topics. The session organizer is responsible for recruiting session participants and submitting complete session abstracts by the January 31, 2024, deadline. A proposed session will be reviewed by the Program Committee for acceptance/rejection in the same manner as other papers and themed sessions (see above).  

Moderators and Discussants/Commentators

NASSH members, particularly those who are attending NASSH 2024 but not presenting a paper are encouraged to volunteer to be session moderators and/or discussants/commentator. The Program Committee welcomes expressions of interest. Please  click here .  

A Note regarding Scheduling

NASSH members submitting abstracts for individual papers or as part of themed panels should be aware that the presentation of their work will be scheduled at the discretion of the Program Committee sometime between Saturday, May 25, and Monday, May 27 (inclusive). Specific scheduling requests are not being accepted.

A Note regarding Virtual Participation

NASSH members who choose to participate in the conference virtually will have their presentations integrated within the in-person program. Virtual presentations should be pre-recorded and submitted by May 1, 2024 (details can be found in the   NASSH Participation Guidelines ). These will be played live during the relevant session. Virtual participants are expected to attend their session and be part of the live post-panel Q-and-A discussion. Presenters who cannot attend the live Q-and-A will not have their pre-recorded presentations shown live. The Program Committee will endeavor to schedule the presentations of virtual participants at a time that respects the time zones in which they reside, but not all requests can be accommodated. 

Attending NASSH

Registration and accommodation.

Details regarding registration and accommodation will be available on the NASSH website early in 2024 ( https://conference.nassh.org/lodging/ ). Note: registration and accommodation bookings will open in mid-January 2024.  

First-time attendees

First-time attendees of NASSH 2024 ( in-person only ) are eligible for a 50% discount on their registration fee regardless of registration category. Use the coupon code FIRSTTIME when registering.  

Graduate students

Graduate students who have an in-person presentation accepted for NASSH 2024 are eligible for a grant from the Roberta Park Graduate Travel Fund. (The value of the award for 2024 is TBD, but students should not rely on this award to cover all travel, registration, and accommodation expenses.) No application is needed; Treasurer Thomas Hunt will distribute checks at the conference. Annual interest from the Park Fund is divided equitably among all graduate students presenting at the conference.  

Abstract/Proposal Submission

  All abstracts/proposals should be submitted using the Conftool platform. To submit an abstract, you will need to register for an account using your preferred email and contact information. A guide to using the submission system is available ( https://conference.nassh.org/ ). Additional questions can be referred to  [email protected] .  

Guidelines for Submitting Individual Abstracts (in-person or remote)

Submit abstracts for individual papers to  https://www.conftool.org/nassh2024/ . Required information includes:

• Selecting whether presentation will be in-person or virtual
• title of presentation
• corresponding author’s name, email address, and affiliation
• if relevant, co-authors’ names, emails addresses, and affiliations
• session topic suggestions/keywords
• Abstracts should include the question(s) addressed in the paper, the evidence used, a statement of the argument and conclusions, and what significance the paper has to our understanding of sport history.

Guidelines for Submitting Complete Sessions

Submit proposals/abstracts for complete sessions to  https://www.conftool.org/nassh2024/ . Required information includes:

• title of session
• name of session organizer (including email address and affiliation)
• names of session participants (including email address and affiliation), including an indication of which participants will present in-person and which will be virtual
• name of discussant, if applicable (including email address and affiliation)
• name of moderator, if applicable (including email address and affiliation)
• session abstract (250-300 words), which describes the theme of the session, how the individual papers contribute to a consideration of that theme, and an explanation of the theme’s significance to the study of sport history

Decisions on abstract/proposal submission

• Individual authors and session organizers will be notified of the acceptance or rejection of their submission by February 29, 2024.The Program Committee will evaluate all submissions according to their individual merit, contribution to the field, and fit within the total program. Proposals missing requested information will be returned to the author(s).

A Brief History of Sports

From Rocks and Spears to Laser Tag

• Famous Inventions
• Famous Inventors
• Patents & Trademarks
• Invention Timelines
• Computers & The Internet
• American History
• African American History
• African History
• Ancient History and Culture
• Asian History
• European History
• Latin American History
• Medieval & Renaissance History
• Military History
• The 20th Century
• Women's History

The documented history of sports goes back at least 3,000 years. In the beginning, sports often involved the preparation for war or training as a hunter, which explains why so many early games involved the throwing of spears, stakes, and rocks, and sparring one-on-one with opponents.

With the first Olympic Games in 776 BC—which included events such as foot and chariot races, wrestling, jumping, and discus and javelin throwing—the Ancient Greeks introduced formal sports to the world. The following by no means exhaustive list takes a look at the beginnings and evolution of some of today's most popular sporting pastimes.

Games with Bats & Balls: Cricket, Baseball, and Softball

• Cricket: The game of cricket originated in south-east England sometime in the late 16th century. By the 18th century, it had become the national sport, making inroads globally in the 19th and 20th centuries. The prototype for the modern cricket bat featuring a willow blade and a cane handle layered with strips of rubber, and then tied with twine and covered with another layer of rubber to form a grip was invented around 1853. (The longest recorded game of cricket took place in 1939 and spanned a period of nine days.)
• Baseball : Alexander Cartwright (1820-1892) of New York invented the baseball field as we know it in 1845. Cartwright and the members of his New York Knickerbocker Base Ball Club​ devised the first rules and regulations that became the accepted standard for the modern game of baseball.
• Softball: In 1887, George Hancock, a reporter for the Chicago Board of Trade, invented softball as a form of indoor baseball that was first played on a cold winter day inside the warm Farragut Boat Club.

The first formal rules for basketball were devised in 1892. Initially, players dribbled a soccer ball up and down a court of unspecified dimensions. Points were earned by landing the ball in a peach basket. Iron hoops and a hammock-style basket were introduced in 1893. Another decade passed, however, before the innovation of open-ended nets put an end to the practice of manually retrieving the ball from the basket each time a goal was scored. The first shoes specifically designed for the game, Converse All Stars, were introduced in 1917 and were soon made famous by legendary player Chuck Taylor who became an early brand ambassador in the 1920s. 

Rugby and American Football

• Rugby: The origins of rugby can be traced back over 2000 years to a Roman game called  harpastum (from the Greek for “seize”). Unlike soccer, in which the ball was propelled by means of the foot, in this game, it was also carried in the hands. The game made its modern debut in 1749 at a newly built school in Rugby in Warwickshire, England, which boasted “every accommodation that could be required for the exercise of young gentlemen.” The eight-acre plot on which the game evolved was known as "The Close." Between 1749 and 1823, rugby had few rules and the ball was kicked rather than carried to move it forward. Games could go on for five days and often more than 200 students participated. In 1823, player William Webb Ellis was the first to took pick up the ball and run with it. This was the beginning of the modern version of the sport as it’s played today. 
• Football: American football is a descendant of rugby and soccer. While Rutgers and Princeton played what was then billed as the first college football   game on November 6, 1869, the game did not come into its own until 1879 with rules instituted by Walter Camp, a player/coach at Yale University. On November 12, 1892, in a game that pitted the Allegheny Athletic Association football team against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club, AAA player William (Pudge) Heffelfinger was paid $500 to participate—marking him as the first-ever professional football player.

The game of Golf is descended from a game that originated in the Kingdom of Fife on the eastern coast of Scotland in during the 15th century. While there were similar games in other parts of Europe at the time that involved swatting a rock with a stick around a predetermined course, the game as we know it—including the innovation introduction of the golf hole—was invented in Scotland.

• During the mid-15th century, the games of golf and soccer suffered something of a setback. As Scotland prepared to defend its borders against English invasion, the rising popularity of the games was thought to be responsible for men neglecting more useful pursuits such as archery and swordsmanship. Golf and soccer were officially banned in Scotland in 1457. The prohibition was lifted in 1502 with the signing of the Treaty of Glasgow.
• In the 16th century, King Charles I popularized the golf in England and Mary Queen of Scots, who was French, introduced the game to her homeland. (In fact, it’s possible that term “caddie” is derived from the name given to the French cadets who attended Mary when she played).
• The first reference to golf at Scotland's most famous golf course, St Andrews, was in 1552. The clergy allowed public access to the links the following year.
• The golf course at Leith (near Edinburgh) was the first to publish a set of rules for the game, and in 1682, was also the site of the first international golf match during which a team pairing the Duke of York and George Patterson playing for Scotland beat two English noblemen.
• In 1754, the St Andrews Society of Golfers was formed. Its annual competition relied on the rules established at Leith.
• Stroke play was introduced in 1759.
• The first 18-hole course (now standard) was constructed in 1764.
• In 1895, St Andrews inaugurated the first women's golf club in the world.

While the exact origin of ice hockey is unclear, the game likely evolved from the centuries’ old Northern European game of field hockey. The rules of modern ice hockey were created by Canadian James Creighton. The first game was played in  Montreal, Canada 1875 at Victoria Skating Rink between two nine-player teams, and featured a flat circular piece of wood that served as a prototype for what would eventually evolve into the modern hockey puck. Today, barring penalties, each team has six players on the ice at a time, including the goalie, who guards the net.

Lord Stanley of Preston,  Governor-General of Canada , inaugurated the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup—known today as the Stanley Cup—in 1892, to recognize the best team in Canada each year. The first award went to the Montreal Hockey Club in 1893. The awards were later opened to both Canadian and American league teams.

Ice Skating

Around the 14th Century, the Dutch started using wooden platform skates with flat iron bottom runners. The skates were attached to the skater's shoes with leather straps. Poles were used to propel the skater. Around 1500, the Dutch added a narrow metal double-edged blade, making the poles a thing of the past, as the skater could now push and glide with his feet (called the "Dutch Roll").

Figure skating was introduced at the 1908 Summer Olympics and has been included at the Winter Games since 1924. Men's speed skating debuted during the 1924 Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix, France. Ice dance became a medal sport in 1976, with a team event debuting for the 2014 Olympics.

Skiing and Water Skiing

• Skiing: Although the sport of skiing in America is little more than a century old, researchers have dated a rock carving of a skier, found on the Norwegian island of Rodoy as more than 4,000 years old. Skiing was so revered in Scandinavia that the Vikings worshiped Ull and Skade, the god and goddess of skiing. Skiing was introduced to the United States by Norwegian gold miners.
• Water Skiing: Water skiing came about on June 28, 1922, when 18-year-old Minnesotan Ralph Samuelson proved the theory that if a person could ski on snow, a person could ski on water.

Competitive Swimming

Swimming pools did not become popular until the middle of the 19th century . By 1837, six indoor pools with diving boards had been built in London, England. When the modern Olympic Games were launched in Athens, Greece, on April 5, 1896, swimming races were among the original events. Soon after, the popularity of swimming pools and the related sporting events began to spread.

Several famous 20th Century swimmers, including three-time gold medalist Johnny Weissmuller who competed in the 1924 Paris Games , two-time Olympian Buster Crabbe, and Esther Williams, an American competitive swimmer who set multiple national and regional swimming records (but did not compete in the Olympics due to the outbreak of WWII) went on to have successful careers in Hollywood.

While there’s evidence to suggest that ancient Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians played some version of a game that resembled tennis, court tennis as we know it is descended from a game enjoyed by 11 th -century French monks called paume  (meaning "palm"). Paume was played on a court and the ball was struck with the hand (hence the name). Paume evolved into  jeu de paume  ("game of the palm") in which racquets were used. By 1500, racquets constructed of wooden frames and gut strings were in play, as were balls made of cork and leather. When popular game spread to England, it was played exclusively indoors, but rather than volley the ball back and forth, players attempted to hit a ball into a netted opening in the roof of the court. In 1873, Englishman Major Walter Wingfield invented a game called Sphairistikè (Greek for "playing ball") from which modern outdoor tennis evolved.

William Morgan invented volleyball in 1895 at the Holyoke, Massachusetts, YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he served as Director of Physical Education. Originally called Mintonette, after a demonstration match during which a spectator commented that the game involved a great deal of "volleying," the sport was renamed volleyball.

Surfing and Windsurfing

• Surfing: The exact origins of surfing are not known, however, most research suggests the activity dates back to ancient Polynesia and was first observed by Europeans during a 1767 voyage to Tahiti. The first surfboards were made of solid wood, measuring between 10 and 10 feet, and weighing from 75 to upwards of 200 pounds. Solid boards were designed for forward-motion only and were not meant to cross waves. At the dawn of the 20th century, a Hawaiian surfer named George Freeth was the first to cut a board down to a more manageable eight-foot length. In 1926, American surfer Tom Blake invented the first hollow board and later introduced the fin. During the late 1940s through the early 1950s, inventor and surfing aficionado Bob Simmons began experimenting with curved boards. Thanks to his innovative designs, he is often referred to as the "Father of the Modern Surfboard." Later designs would aim for lighter, more maneuverable boards. Boards carved from balsa wood, then laminated with fiberglass and coated with epoxy resin became popular, but as technology advanced, balsa core boards were eventually eclipsed those constructed of foam core.
• Windsurfing: Windsurfing or boardsailing is a sport that combines sailing and surfing and uses a one-person craft called a sailboard. The basic sailboard is composed of a board and a rig. In 1948, 20-year-old Newman Darby first conceived of using a handheld sail and rig mounted on a universal joint, to control a small catamaran. While Darby did not file for a patent for his design, he is recognized as the inventor of the first sailboard.

According to the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), more than 240 million people around the world play soccer on a regular basis. The history of the game can be traced back more than 2,000 years to ancient China, where it all began with a bunch of players kicking an animal-hide ball around. While Greece, Rome, and areas of Central America claim to been seminal to the development of the game, soccer as we know it—or football as it’s called in most places other than the United States—came to the fore in England during the mid-19th Century, and it’s the English who can claim credit for codifying the first uniform rules for the sport—which made tripping opponents and touching the ball with the hands are forbidden. (The penalty kick was introduced in 1891.) 

The earliest evidence of boxing can be traced back to Egypt circa 3000 BC. Boxing as a sport was introduced to the ancient Olympic Games in the 7th century BC, at which time, boxers’ hands and forearms were bound with soft leather thongs for protection. Romans later traded in leather thongs for metal-studded gloves called cestus .

After the fall of the Roman Empire, boxing died out and did not make a comeback until the 17th century. The English officially organized amateur boxing in 1880, designating five weight classes: Bantam, not exceeding 54 kilos (119 pounds); Feather, not exceeding 57 kilos (126 pounds); Light, not exceeding 63.5 kilos (140 pounds); Middle, not exceeding 73 kilos (161 pounds); and Heavy, any weight.

When boxing made its Olympic debut at the 1904 Games in St. Louis, the USA was the only country entered, and as a result, took home all the medals. Since its initial admittance in the Olympic program, the sport has been included at all of the subsequent Games, with the exception of the 1912 Stockholm Games, since boxing was outlawed there. But Sweden wasn't the only place where fisticuffs were illegal. For a good deal the 19th century, boxing was not considered a legitimate sport in America. Bare-knuckle boxing was outlawed as a criminal activity and boxing matches were regularly raided by the police.

Gymnastics began in ancient Greece as a form of exercise for both men and women that combined physical coordination, strength, and dexterity with tumbling and acrobatic skills. (The translation for the word “gymnasium” from the original Greek is “to exercise naked.”) Early gymnastics exercises included running, jumping, swimming, throwing, wrestling, and weight lifting. Once the Romans conquered Greece, gymnastics became more formalized. Roman gymnasiums were mostly used to prepare their legions for the rigors of battle. With the exception of tumbling, which remained a fairly popular form of entertainment, as the Roman Empire declined, the interest in gymnastics, along with several other sports favored by gladiators and soldiers dwindled as well.

In 1774, when prominent German educational reformer Johann Bernhard Basedow added physical exercise to the realistic courses of study he advocated at his school in Dessau, Saxony, modern gymnastics—and the Germanic countries’ fascination with them—took off. By the late 1700s, German Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (the "father of modern gymnastics”) had introduced the sidebar, the horizontal bar, the parallel bars, the balance beam, and jumping events. German educator Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths (also known as Guts Muth or Gutsmuths and the "grandfather of gymnastics") developed a more graceful form of gymnastics focusing on rhythmic movement, opening the Jahn's school in Berlin in 1811. Soon after, gymnastics clubs began to spring up in both continental Europe and Great Britain. As gymnastics evolved, the Greco-Roman events of weight lifting and wrestling were dropped. There was also a shift in emphasis from simply beating an opponent to the pursuit of excellence in form.

Dr. Dudley Allen Sargent, a pioneering Civil War-era physical education teacher, athletic proponent, lecturer, and prolific inventor of gymnastic equipment (with more than 30 pieces of apparatus to his credit) introduced the sport to the United States. Thanks to a wave of immigration at the end of the 19 th century, an increasing number of turnverein (from the German “ turnen,”  meaning to perform gymnastic exercises + “ verein,” meaning  club) sprang up as recently arrived Europeans sought to bring their love of the sport to their new homeland.

Men’s gymnastics debuted at the Olympic Games in 1896, and have been included in all Games since 1924. An all-around women’s competition arrived in 1936, followed by a competition for separate events in 1952. During early competitions, male gymnasts from Germany, Sweden, Italy, and Switzerland, dominated the competition, but by the ’50s, Japan, the Soviet Union, and several Eastern European nations were turning out top male and female gymnasts. The widespread coverage of Olympic performances by the Soviet Union’s Olga Korbut in the 1972 Olympics and Nadia Comaneci of Romania at the 1976 Games raised the profile gymnastics dramatically, resulting in a major promotion of the sport, particularly for women in the China and the United States.

Modern international competition has six events for men—the rings, parallel bars, horizontal bar, side or pommel-horse, long or vaulting horse, and floor (or free) exercise, and four events for women—vaulting horse, balance beam, uneven bars, and floor exercise (which is performed with musical accompaniment). Tumbling and trampoline exercises are also included in many U.S. competitions. Rhythmic gymnastics, a non-acrobatic performance of graceful choreographed moves incorporating the use of a ball, hoop, rope, or ribbons, have been an Olympic sport since 1984.

The use of swords dates to prehistoric times. The earliest known example of swordplay comes from a relief found in the temple of Medīnat Habu, near Luxor that was built in Egypt by Ramses III circa 1190 BC. In ancient Rome, swordplay was a highly systemized form of combat that both soldiers and gladiators had to learn. 

After the fall of the Roman Empire and through the Middle Ages, sword training became less systematic and sword fighting took on a seedy reputation as criminals increasingly used the weapons to further their illicit pursuits. As a result, communities began outlawing fencing schools. But even in the face of such obstacles, including a 1286 London edict passed by King Edward I condemning the practice, fencing flourished.

During the 15 th century, guilds of fencing masters came to prominence throughout Europe. Henry VIII was one of the sport’s earliest supporters in England. The English convention of using a cutting sword and with a buckler (a small shield worn on the free arm) was replaced by the rapier combat more prevalent in continental European countries. It was the Italians who first began using the point rather than the edge of the sword. The Italian fencing style emphasized speed and dexterity rather than force and was soon adopted throughout Europe. When the lunge was added, the art of fencing was born.

By the end of the 17th century, the changes in men’s fashion dictated by the court of Louis XIV changed the face of fencing as well. The lengthy rapier gave way to the shorter court sword. Initially dismissed, the lighter court sword soon proved an effective weapon for a variety of movements impossible to achieve with earlier blades. Hits could be made with sword-point only, while the side of the blade was used for defense. It was from these innovations that modern fencing evolved.

The French school of sword fighting focused on strategy and form, and specific rules were adopted to teach it. A practice sword, known as the foil, was introduced for training. The first fencing masks were designed by French fencing master La Boëssière and infamous duelist Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges in the 18 th century. Basic fencing conventions were first organized codified by French fencing master Camille Prévost in the 1880s.

Men’s fencing has been an Olympic event since 1896. After numerous disputes, the Fédération Internationale d’Escrime was founded in 1913 as governing body of international fencing for amateurs (both in the Olympics and in world championships) to ensure uniform enforcement of rules. Individual foil for women was introduced at the 1924 Olympic Games. The women’s foil team event debuted at the 1960 Games. Women’s team and individual épée arrived for 1996 Games. The women’s individual saber event was added for the 2004 Games, and women’s team saber followed in 2008.

Rowing has been in existence as long as people have traveled by boat, however, the first historic reference to rowing as a sport dates to an Egyptian funerary carving from the 15 th century BC. Roman poet Virgil mentions rowing in the Aeneid . In the Middle Ages, Italian oarsmen zoomed across Venice’s waterways during Carnevale regatta races. Beginning in 1454, London’s early water taxi drivers battled it out on the Thames River hoping to win monetary prizes and bragging rights. A race between London Bridge and Chelsea Harbor has been held annually since 1715. America’s first recorded rowing event took place in New York Harbor in 1756, and not long after, the sport took hold in the athletic programs at many of the country’s elite colleges.

England's Oxford University Boat Club, one of the oldest established college teams, and its perennial rival, Cambridge, held their first men’s competition, known simply as the University Boat Race, in 1929. The event has been held annually since 1856. Similar rowing rivalries, most notably those between Harvard, Yale, and the U.S. service academies, soon surfaced across the pond. Yale challenged Harvard to its first intercollegiate boat race in 1852.

Rowing became an Olympic sport in 1900. The United States took gold that year, and again in 1904. The English won gold medals in 1908 and 1912, after which the United States ditched professional rowers, and instead, tapped the best college team to compete at the 1920 Games. The U.S. Naval Academy went on to beat the British team, recapturing the gold medal. The trend continued from 1920 to 1948, however, by then, the nature of American sports was changing. As the immense popularity of collegiate basketball and football grew, interest in rowing waned. While still wildly popular at some schools, rowing will likely never regain its former widespread audience.

Sports Miscellany: Wiffleball, Ultimate Frisbee, Hacky Sack, Paintball, and Laser Tag

David N. Mullany of Shelton, Connecticut invented the Wiffle ball in 1953. A Wiffle ball is a variation of a baseball that makes it easy to hit a curveball.

While Frisbees date back to 1957, the game of Ultimate Frisbee (or simply Ultimate) is a non-contact team sport that was created in 1968 by a group of students led by Joel Silver, Jonny Hines, and Buzzy Hellring at Columbia High School in Maplewood, New Jersey.

Hacky sack (a.k.a. "footbag") is a modern American sport invented in 1972 by John Stalberger and Mike Marshall of Oregon City, Oregon.

Paintball was born 1981 when a group of 12 friends playing "Capture the Flag" added the element of firing at one another with the tree-marking guns. After investing with a tree marking gun manufacturer called Nelson, the group began promoting and selling the guns for use in the new recreational sport.

In 1986, George A. Carter III became the "founder and inventor of the laser tag industry," another variation of "Capture the Flag," in which teams equipped with infrared and visible light-based guns tag each other out until one side is victorious.

As anyone writing a compendium on the history of sports can tell you, there's a staggering amount of information to sift through and only so much time. Sports is such a huge topic (with events such as horse racing, wrestling, track & field, and mixed martial arts—to name only a few—that are more than deserving of coverage), it would take an encyclopedia to do it justice. That said, the ones included in this list should give you a fair sampling of the popular athletic endeavors that continue to fascinate sporting enthusiasts around the globe.

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History of Sport – SMGT 201

CG • Section 8WK • 11/08/2019 to 04/16/2020 • Modified 09/05/2023

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Course Description

This course investigates the historical development of sport and recreational activities practiced in North America. Major influences on the development of sport are examined including religions beliefs, social and cultural values, economics, politics, and technological advances. 

For information regarding prerequisites for this course, please refer to the  Academic Course Catalog .

As sport is a reflection and re-enforcer of society, it is important for the aspiring sport management professional to understand how society and sport affect each other. By understanding the reasons behind past events in sport history, and comprehending recent phenomenons, students will be able to theorize on possible future sport developments

Course Assignment

Textbook readings

Course Requirements Checklist

After reading the Course Syllabus and  Student Expectations , the student will complete the related checklist found in the Course Overview.  

Discussion (2)

Discussions are collaborative learning experiences. Each student will be required to participate in Discussions. Answers to the discussion questions should be well thought out, presented using good grammar and spelling, and to the point. Your discussion should provide clear insights, ideas, and questions that advance the discussion. Each thread must be 300-400 words, and each reply must be at least 150. Each thread must be supported by at least 2-3 citations, and each reply must be supported by at least 1 citation. Discussion posts must be made in accordance with current APA format. Please refer to the assignment instructions for specific details.  (CLO: A, B, C, D, E). 

Research Assignments (5)

The student will answer questions related to the assigned chapters. The answer to each question must be 200-300 words. These answers will be typed in Microsoft Word following current APA format. The research assignments must include at least 1 reference in addition to the course textbook and include a scriptural reference that relates to the topic, for each answer. Please refer to the assignment instructions for specific details.  (CLO: A, B, C, D, E)  

Powerpoint Presentation Assignment

Each student will develop and submit a PowerPoint presentation over a chapter of their choice from the textbook. There must be a minimum of 10 slides and no more than 15 slides per presentation, as well as being informative regarding the content of the chapter. Please refer to the assignment instructions for specific details. (CLO: C, D, E).  

Quizzes (8)

Each quiz will cover the Learn material for the assigned Modules: Weeks. Each quiz will be open-book/open-notes, contain 7 multiple-choice and 5 true/false, 2 short answer questions, and have a 1-hour time limit. CLO: A, B, C, D, E).  

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Online · School of Business · Sport Management

History of Sport SMGT-201

• Section 8WK
• 11/08/2019 to 04/16/2020
• Modified 02/01/2024

Course Description

This course investigates the historical development of sport and recreational activities practiced in North America. Major influences on the development of sport are examined including religions beliefs, social and cultural values, economics, politics, and technological advances. 

For information regarding prerequisites for this course, please refer to the  Academic Course Catalog .

As sport is a reflection and re-enforcer of society, it is important for the aspiring sport management professional to understand how society and sport affect each other. By understanding the reasons behind past events in sport history, and comprehending recent phenomenons, students will be able to theorize on possible future sport developments

Course Learning Outcomes

Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:

• Identify the integration of the Biblical worldview to the historic development of sport.
• Understand the roles of culture and sport as lenses to study and evaluate American history.
• Analyze the impact of race, gender, social class, disability, age, and other factors and their impact on sport participation.
• Understand the significant events, ideas, and figures of American sports history.

Course Resources

Click on the following link to view the required resource(s) for the term in which you are registered:  Liberty University Online Bookstore

Additional Materials for Learning

• Computer with basic audio/video output equipment
• Internet access (broadband recommended)
• Canvas recommended browsers
• Microsoft Word
• Microsoft PowerPoint
• APA formatting information: https://go.openathens.net/redirector/liberty.edu?url=http%3A%2F%2FAPAStyleCENTRAL.apa.org

Course Assignments

Textbook readings, course requirements checklist.

After reading the Course Syllabus and  Student Expectations , the student will complete the related checklist found in the Course Overview.  

Discussion (2)

Discussions are collaborative learning experiences. Each student will be required to participate in Discussions. Answers to the discussion questions should be well thought out, presented using good grammar and spelling, and to the point. Your discussion should provide clear insights, ideas, and questions that advance the discussion. Each thread must be 300-400 words, and each reply must be at least 150. Each thread must be supported by at least 2-3 citations, and each reply must be supported by at least 1 citation. Discussion posts must be made in accordance with current APA format. Please refer to the assignment instructions for specific details.  (CLO: A, B, C, D, E). 

Research Assignments (5)

The student will answer questions related to the assigned chapters. The answer to each question must be 200-300 words. These answers will be typed in Microsoft Word following current APA format. The research assignments must include at least 1 reference in addition to the course textbook and include a scriptural reference that relates to the topic, for each answer. Please refer to the assignment instructions for specific details.  (CLO: A, B, C, D, E)  

Powerpoint Presentation Assignment

Each student will develop and submit a PowerPoint presentation over a chapter of their choice from the textbook. There must be a minimum of 10 slides and no more than 15 slides per presentation, as well as being informative regarding the content of the chapter. Please refer to the assignment instructions for specific details. (CLO: C, D, E).  

Quizzes (8)

Each quiz will cover the Learn material for the assigned Modules: Weeks. Each quiz will be open-book/open-notes, contain 7 multiple-choice and 5 true/false, 2 short answer questions, and have a 1-hour time limit. CLO: A, B, C, D, E).  

Course Grading

Late assignment policy.

Course Assignments, including discussions, exams, and other graded assignments, should be submitted on time.

If the student is unable to complete an assignment on time, then he or she must contact the instructor immediately by email.

Assignments that are submitted after the due date without prior approval from the instructor will receive the following deductions:

• Late assignments submitted within one week after the due date will receive up to a 10% deduction.
• Assignments submitted more than one week and less than 2 weeks late will receive up to a 20% deduction.
• Assignments submitted two weeks late or after the final date of the course will not be accepted outside of special circumstances (e.g. death in the family, significant personal health issues), which will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis by the instructor.
• Group projects, including group discussion threads and/or replies, and assignments will not be accepted after the due date outside of special circumstances (e.g. death in the family, significant personal health issues), which will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis by the instructor.

Disability Assistance

Students with a disability and those with medical conditions associated with pregnancy may contact Liberty University’s Online Office of Disability Accommodation Support (ODAS) at [email protected] for accommodations.  Such accommodations require appropriate documentation of your condition.   For more information about ODAS and the accommodations process, including how to request an accommodation, please visit https://www.liberty.edu/online/online-disability-accommodation-support/ . Requests for accommodations not related to disabilities or pregnancy must be directed to the Registrar’s Office, which generally handles medical needs support.

If you have a complaint related to disability discrimination or an accommodation that was not provided, you may contact ODAS or the Office of Equity and Compliance by phone at (434) 592-4999 or by email at  [email protected] .  Click to see a full copy of Liberty’s  Discrimination, Harassment, and Sexual Misconduct Policy  or the  Student Disability Grievance Policy and Procedures .

Course Attendance

In an effort to comply with U.S. Department of Education policies, attendance is measured by physical class attendance or any submission of a required assignment within the enrollment dates of the course (such as examinations, written papers or projects, any discussion posts, etc.) or initiating any communication with one’s professor regarding an academic subject. More information regarding the attendance policy can be found in the Academic Course Catalogs . Regular attendance in online courses is expected throughout the length of the term. Students who do not attend within the first week of a sub-term by submitting a required academic assignment (such as the Course Requirements Checklist, an examination, written paper or project, discussion post, or other academic activity) will be dropped from the course. Students who wish to re-engage in the course are encouraged to contact Academic Advising to discuss their enrollment options. Students who begin an online course, but at some point in the semester cease attending, and do not provide official notification to withdraw, will be assigned a grade of “FN” ( Failure for Non-Attendance ). Students wishing to withdraw from courses after the official start date should familiarize themselves with the withdrawal policy .

Grading Scale

For courses with a Pass/NP final grade, please refer to the Course Grading section of this syllabus for the assignment requirements and/or point value required to earn a Passing final grade.

Add/Drop Policy

The full policy statement and procedures are published in the Policy Directory .

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Communities are predicated on shared values and goals. The Code of Honor, an expression of the values from which our Doctrinal Statement was born, defines the fundamental principles by which our community exists. At the core of this code lie two essential concepts: a belief in the significance of all individuals, and a reliance on the existence of objective truth.

While we acknowledge that some may disagree with various elements of the Code of Honor, we maintain the expectation that our students will commit to respect and uphold the Code while enrolled at Liberty University.

Adherence to the principles and concepts established within facilitates the success of our students and strengthens the Liberty community.

The Code of Honor can be viewed in its entirety at https://www.liberty.edu/students/honor-code/ .

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The Origins of 7 Popular Sports

By: History.com Editors

Updated: June 29, 2023 | Original: August 16, 2022

Lacrosse is older than the printing press. Golf was invented before Abraham Lincoln was born, but basketball didn’t exist until decades after his death. The first book on figure skating was published before the Declaration of Independence.

Sports are as enduring and ever-evolving as society itself. Spanning from antiquity to the 19th century, here are the fascinating origins of seven of the most popular games.

The Mega-Brands That Built America

New episodes of The Mega-Brands That Built America premiere Sundays at 9/8c and stream the next day.

1. Basketball

Basketball is the only major American sport with a clearly identifiable inventor. James Naismith wrote the sport’s original 13 rules as part of a December 1891 class assignment at a Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) training school in Springfield, Massachusetts. Born and educated in Canada, Naismith came south to pursue his interests in physical education. Naismith sought to create a game that could be played in gyms during the winter. The first-ever basketball game was played on December 21, 1891. Read more

2. Football

Closely related to two ancient English sports—rugby and soccer (or association football)—American football originated at universities in North America, primarily the United States, in the late 19th century. The man most responsible for the transition from the earlier rugby-like game to the sport of football we know today was Walter Camp, a.k.a. the “Father of American Football.” As a Yale undergraduate and medical student from 1876 to 1881, Camp played halfback and served as head coach, where he pioneered many of the rules and innovations that shaped the modern-day game. Read more

3. Baseball

References to games resembling baseball in the United States date back to the 18th century. Like football, its most direct ancestors appear to be two English games: rounders (a children’s game brought to New England by the colonists) and cricket. In September 1845, a group of New York City men founded the New York Knickerbocker Baseball Club. One of them—volunteer firefighter and bank clerk Alexander Joy Cartwright—would codify a new set of rules that would form the basis for modern baseball, calling for, among other things, a diamond-shaped infield, foul lines and the three-strike rule. Read more

4. Lacrosse

Lacrosse, America's oldest team sport, dates to 1100 A.D., when it was played by the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois people, in what now is New York and areas in Canada bordering the state. The early versions of lacrosse matches played by Native American nations included hundreds of men and used wooden sticks, sometimes with net baskets or pockets attached, and small, deer hide-wrapped balls. Lacrosse continued to evolve in Canada, where it was named the national sport in 1859. In 1867, George Beers, a Montreal dentist, wrote the sport’s first rulebook. Read more  

5. Figure Skating

The earliest evidence of ice skating dates to approximately 3,000 B.C., when inhabitants of Scandinavia and Russia filed and fashioned the shin bones of large animals such as horses, deer and sheep into skates for wintertime travel on frozen lakes and waterways. The technical discipline of figure skating developed in 18th-century Britain as people gained more time for recreational activities. In 1772, Englishman Robert Jones penned figure skating’s first instructional book, A Treatise on Skating, which offered directions on how to create shapes such as circles, serpentine lines, spirals and figure eights on the ice. Read more  

Did you know? Figure skating made its Olympics debut in 1908—in the Summer Games.

The origins of ice hockey date to stick-and-ball games played during the Middle Ages or even ancient Greece and Egypt. Versions of the game evolved in 18th-century Europe and soon spread to Canada and the United States. The first organized ice hockey game, according to the International Ice Hockey Federation, was played on March 3, 1875, between two teams of nine men each from Montreal’s Victoria Skating Club. Read more

7. Golf 

Versions of golf were known to have been played in Scotland at least as early as the 15th century—one was played over large pieces of property and the other in the streets of villages and towns. In 1744, the Honorable Company of Edinburgh Golfers wrote down the first rules of the game, known as the Thirteen Articles, for their tournament at the Leith Links in Edinburgh. Over the next 100 years, those 13 rules were adopted by more than 30 clubs, helping to formalize the sport we know today. Read more

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Intermediate Writing Seminar - Sports History: HIST 3096

• Getting Started
• Find Sports Handbooks (class readings) & Background Information
• Find Books & Articles
• Find Newspapers
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• Citing & Managing References

Introduction to Research on Sports History

Jim Thorpe, circa 1915-1920

Below are a few highlighted resources you can use to get started with your research:

• America: History & Life with Full Text This link opens in a new window Best database for journal articles on US history topics.
• Historical Abstracts with Full Text This link opens in a new window Best database for journal articles on international history topics.
• The International Journal of the History of Sport Academic journal with global coverage of sports history.
• LA84 Foundation Sports History Collection Digital collections on Sports and Olympic Games history. Find reports, magazines, journals, oral histories, and more.

Get Research Help

• Next: Find Sports Handbooks (class readings) & Background Information >>
• Last Updated: Mar 11, 2024 1:15 PM
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Sport in American History

Teaching “the black athlete”: part 3 designing assignments.

This is part 3 in a series of posts that explore the questions and issues of preparing a sport history course. The first post introduced the course and discussed selecting books and other materials. The second post explored issues of organization and choosing what to include. This is the final post in the series. It will discuss designing and creating assignments.

By Andrew McGregor

Student evaluation is the core of any good course. You can write good lectures and assign good books, but at the end of the day, it’s difficult to tell what students have actually learned without effective evaluation. Assignments that have clear requirements and are honest about their purpose enable students to succeed. This is important because effective student evaluation serves as a form of dialogue between the instructor and student, helping students have a stake in their education. In order for this student-teacher dialogue to be meaningful, it must be transparent with clear expectations and happen incrementally. This simple philosophy guides me while I create assignments for my courses.

While utilizing this outlook, I also try to craft assignments that build on each other. In my classes, graded work serves one of three purposes:

• it provides feedback to help both the students and me see what information sticks and what needs to be covered more;
• it offers students a place to acquire new content information and connect it to their own knowledge or lives;
• it pushes them to apply knowledge they’ve learned in the course and demonstrate critical thinking skills;

Embedded within these three purposes are fundamental skills grounded in humanistic inquiry, such as the ability to apply critical thinking skills to books, films, and other media based on concepts and ideas acquired throughout the course. The ability to synthesize and evaluate sources is another important skill taught through these assignments and the humanities writ large. Linked to these skills is the ability to craft oral and written narratives that effectively convey these analyses. The assignments I designed for “The Black Athlete” work together to accomplish these goals.

Studying the history of sports in America allows students to uncover how sport mediates the experience of black athletes within broader American society and consider how other factors — such as class, gender, and sexuality — inform the narratives that surround them and alter the experience of black athletes. In each of my course’s assignments, students are given opportunities to ask question, compare and contrast interpretations, and seek out new information. They partake in a dialogue with, and about the past, becoming more than idle receivers, but instead active agents and critical thinkers.

The biggest challenge for me was to figure out the appropriate workload for an interdisciplinary, upper-level course. Because the class is offered by the African-American Studies program, not the history department, I was unsure what the normal expectations are. Similarly, because I haven’t taught my own upper level course before, I’m not 100% what is manageable to grade. After a few conversations with my mentors and colleagues, and looking over some syllabi from my own undergraduate days, I settled on the following assignments.

Discussion Questions: Because I’ve built in weekly discussion days and assigned a document reader, I’m having my students submit discussion questions each week. These questions will help form the basis of our discussions and hold students accountable for reading the assigned documents. Likewise, it gives them a stake in shaping the course. Reading their questions indicates to me not only what they think is important but also how well they understand the information (individually and collectively). Furthermore, because they occur weekly they keep the student engaged and build on each other to demonstrate growth as they learn more throughout the semester.

Book Reviews: I’ve designed this course to be centered around biographies. Because of this, each student is required to read a biography of a notable black athlete (they have their choice of reading a book about Joe Louis, Satchel Paige, or Arthur Ashe). The book review provides an opportunity for the student to learn about an athlete in more depth. The due dates of the book reviews are staggered to coincide with class discussion of these athletes and offer students a chance to share added content with their classmates who did not read them. More importantly, the book review requires students to critically evaluate their chosen biographies and apply ideas and information from the class to explain how they fit in or add to our understanding of black athletes.

Film Reviews: Like the book review, the film review pushes students to critically evaluate representations and narratives about black athletes. The film review also challenges students to dig deeper to unearth hidden meanings within popular culture. By taking critical evaluation outside of the formal academic setting (such as the book review), the film review helps students locate concepts from the course in the world around them. Matt Hodler’s discussion of “black space” in the movie Pride earlier this summer is a prime example. Combined, the book and film reviews lay the foundation for seeking out new content and evaluating various types of media to analyze and explain the lives of black athletes.

Midterm: Midterms are central parts of incremental evaluation. While tests and quizzes are not always ideal forms of evaluation, they do help serve as checkpoints during the semester. Using short answer and essay questions, midterms can require students to both explain what they know and connect the dots between different lecture themes and ideas. This helps emphasize change over time and requires students to integrate individual stories within thematic developments.

Research Paper and Presentation: Harnessing the skills from the previous assignments, the research paper and presentation require students to engage in independent research based on their personal interests. Throughout the research process, they will be forced to evaluate primary and secondary resources and use them to craft narratives illustrating their analysis. With this outcome in mind, the research paper must focus on a significant event in the life of an individual black athlete. Depending on who the student selects, this can range from a single season to a specific competition. The idea is to have the student explore the context of the event, representations of the athlete, and perhaps even remembrances of the event. Building off of class discussions, previous assignments and course readings, the research paper serves as a capstone for the course. Paired with the paper is an oral presentation where students must practice the lifelong skill of summarizing their research and reporting their findings. To make sure students are learning and improving,  the drafting process is a part of the course. Providing students with feedback on their thesis statement, introduction, outline, bibliography, first draft, and final draft promotes succinct writing and well organized papers. These built in check points also inhibit procrastination.

Illustrated in these assignments is my belief in the importance of critical thinking and writing to humanities students. These skills are applied in various ways — research, review essays, and examinations — catering to different learning styles and contexts. The difference between the book and film review highlight how similar skills can vary based on the context or medium. This is important because it helps students add new tools to their toolbox as they progress through the course and then use them to construct their own analysis.

Essential to the development of student skills and the success of these assignments, is quality feedback. It is difficult for students to improve and correct their mistakes without written comments. Similarly, providing rubrics and discussing alternative answers or viewpoints is important for encouraging critical thinking. To be sure, this is a laborious process, but I believe that learning occurs as much, if not more, after an assignment is graded and returned. Incremental due dates, scaffolding assignments, and revised drafts create an environment where students can thrive.

While this post mostly discusses my own approach to teaching and evaluating students, I think it’s particularly useful for sports-themed courses. Many of our students sign up for these classes because they are interested in the topic. Most of them probably aren’t majoring in our discipline, and instead are taking it as an elective. Because of this background, they likely need a little help adjusting to our expectations. One of the most difficult things students face in college is adapting to new teachers and unfamiliar disciplines. Anyone who’s had to switch between MLA, APA, and Chicago style knows the headache. Teaching incrementally with assignments that build on each other and providing feedback so that our expectations are transparent, is a sound strategy. It allows us to take curious and interested students and equip them with the skills of our own disciplines, shaping them into well-rounded, critical thinkers. Sports is their gateway drug, our job is to effectively harness it.

Andrew McGregor is a PhD Candidate in the Department of History at Purdue University and the founder of this blog. His research focuses on American culture, politics, race, and the history of sports. You can reach him via email at [email protected] or on Twitter: @admcgregor85

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  Lower Dauphin School District

Curriculum guide.

In this course students will examine the development of sports through various historical perspectives. There will be an emphasis on helping students gain a better understanding of the inner relationship that sport has on social, economic, cultural, and political forces that are at work in the United States as well as the world. Students will examine the historical context as well as the significance of gender, race, ethnicity and social class through readings, primary sources, audio and visual materials as well as class discussions.

Units of Study Titles

History of Sports and Society

Politics and Sports

Race and Sports

Gender in Sports

Business of Sports

The Impact and Role of Sport in America

Sport, Heroic Athletes, and Popular Culture

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Students in the “History of Sport” class are working on an analytical video that covers an issue, event, or theme in the history of sport.  The topics typically include:

• Racism in sport
• Gender inequality in sport
• Religion in sport
• Political influences in sport
• Sexuality in sport
• Gambling in sport
• Violence in sport
• Drug use in sport
• Technology in sport
• Governance, rule making, and/or player relations in sport

Students may cover the broad topic, or focus on a more narrow topic that is within the scope of their assigned theme.  What follows is a list of resources that can help them find some great resources for their annotated bibliographies and video assignments.

ArticlesPlus

ArticlesPlus is the big search box on the  main library home page .

• This database searches about 70% of all of the content of the entire Ohio University Libraries system.
• Use it to search for books, academic articles, magazines, and newspapers that cover your topic.
• Note that some of the topics above can be very broad, so you may want to look for additional keyword terms to help narrow the number of search results.

Subject Databases

Note that the databases below are included in ArticlesPlus.  Sometimes ArticlesPlus can yield too many results.  If you are feeling overwhelmed by the sheer volume of search results, you might try one of the more narrow subject specific databases below.  Also, searching for your topic in the different databases below will yield publications from multiple academic disciplines, giving you a much broader perspective.

SportDiscus

• SportDiscus  contains journals and publications pertaining to all aspects of sport.
• Information for most topics above can be found here.

Gender Studies

• Gender Studies  contains journals and publications that covers sexual diversity issues.
• Use this database for topics addressing sexuality in sport or gender inequality in sport.

America History and Life

• America History and Life  contains journals and publications in all areas of American History.
• It’s worth looking here to see if your topic might be covered.

Historical Abstracts

• Historical Abstracts  contains journals and publications pertaining non-U.S. history.
• Given the international scope of many of the topics, it’s worth looking here to see if your topic might be covered.

A quick tip:  All of the subject databases above, and ArticlesPlus, are hosted on the Ebsco platform. You might want to use the “Sign In” feature to create a MyEbscoHost account. This will allow you to save articles  and perhaps even share folders with your team.

Encyclopedias and Overviews

Gale virtual reference library.

• The  Gale Virtual Reference Library  is a huge collection of online encyclopedias.
• Use it to search for an event, person, or issue relating to your topic to get extensive background information.

CQ Researcher

• CQ Researcher  offers overviews of contemporary controversial topics.
• It won’t be great for all topics, but will have some reports that are useful.

Opposing Viewpoints

• Opposing Viewpoints  give pro/con arguments on controversial topics.
• This can be a useful resource to help you get a better picture of all sides of an issue.

Exploring Legal Issues in Sport

If you are looking for articles to help you understand sports law and legal topics, HeinOnline is the best database to use.  

Connect to HeinOnline

• Use the menu in the upper left to select "Law Journal Library"
• Use the keyword search box to search for your topic
• Use the menus on the left to narrow results by topic, date, etc. 

• << Previous: Sports Law and Legal Issues
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Sports History Assignment

American decades.

Some courses may require you to locate news articles by decade or by your birthday (or both). An example of such an assignment is below:

Go to the library, research old newspapers - use your birthday as the day and month, pick from three different decades (1910's, 1920's, 1930's, 1940's, 1950's, 1960's, 1970's, 1980's, 1990's, 2000's). You need to find one article from a sport page for each decade. Use complete sentences - summarize the sport event, news article. Please be detailed in your explanation. Relate that specific sport event article to the broader picture of what was going on in overall history at that time.

The assignment may vary, so be sure to view your assignment details for the specifics on what you will need to search on before starting your research. In addition to the other news sources highlighted on this guide, below are some sources that may help you locate resources by date, decade, and sports as a subject:

• Newspaper Archive through Elyria Public
• Chronicling America from LoC
• Purdue’s Free Historic Newpapers guide
• Sports Illustrated from our EBSCO Open Access Journals - (tip: there may be limited number of free views for this resource, so search carefully before clicking in to view the issues)

Another aspect of this assignment may be to tie a sports article to what was happening "at the time" in the world in general. The front page of the newspaper the sports article comes from may give important clues about what other world events were occurring. The American Decades Books in Gale eBooks may also be a good place to search for major events by decade as well.

• American Decades American Decades is a cross-disciplinary source for junior and high school students and teachers, public librarians and general researchers who need a single, consistent reference to document and analyze periods of contemporary American social history.

Steps to Researching social events by topic in American Decades:

• In American Decades , first pick a decade.
• The Table of Contents will appear without having to expand it.
• Pick a chapter or choose a topic (ex. gov't and politics).
• A chapter table of contents then appears that shows events, but not years or specific dates. At the top there is a section titled Chronology which divides the decade into years.
• << Previous: Find News Articles
• Last Updated: Nov 6, 2023 11:24 AM
• URL: https://libguides.lorainccc.edu/news

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Managing Your History Homework and Sports

Sport, Education, And Victory: History Assignment

The ancient educational system had sport in it as it was believed to promote excellence in life. Currently, the modern academic athletic programs have a common goal of promoting winning. Such goals raise an argument on the importance of sporting programs in developing virtues and the ideals of discipline, courage and justice. Lack of such opportunities for character building and development raises the question of athletic programs in colleges, high schools and universities. A brief history of sports can be the grounding factor of a history assignment covering sports, education and victory.

The history of physical education and sports

In the ancient Greeks era, sports were an essential part of education programs of 20 th century America.  From the brief history of sports, it was believed that sports make better people, promoting individual excellence in your life.  Over time, coaches, athletes and administrators at schools seem to have lost touch with the belief as they focus on winning when it comes to sports. But what exactly is winning!

What is winning?

The history of physical education and sports have one thing in common. There are set of rules that guide individuals.  In sports, winning is measured quantitatively, unlike the meaning of “winning” when it comes to life matters such as happiness and joy. When it comes to sports, winning is all about the person who accumulates the most points, is the fastest, gets to the finishing line, the first one and so on.

Athletic winners in modern society are praised, given riches and are made role models to children. On the other hand, successful businessmen and wealthy managers are not revered like the winning athletes.

The history of winning

One historical race was at Patroclus funeral games in the foot race account involving a goddess Athena who chose Odysseus as a winner.  The goddess ensures his victory through outside plots. Victory is bestowed on Odysseus because the goddess saw him fit to win as he had a lovely character. From the tale, indeed, athletic victory is still associated with traditional virtues because we push our children to be like famous athletic heroes like Michael Jordan.  A businessman arrested for drug trafficking does not attract more attention than a successful athlete arrested for drunk driving or a mere offence. Such confirms that sport should still be part of the education system due to the virtue element.

The virtues of winning

Articulating virtues are vital as winning and sports education depend on the association the winning has with virtues. You tend to dissociate with the form of victory that has no manifestation of virtue.  Plato identified piety, temperance, justice and courage as the virtues associated with victory. Piety revolved around knowing oneself and recognizing the imperfect human nature in relation to a supreme being to whom you owe your victory. Temperance comes with discipline, meaning an athlete should seek success but be keen about the limits mentally, physically and emotionally. The success of an athlete works from working within their limits.

Courage is another virtue associated with Socrates in the battle of Delium, who, on retreating, saved himself and others. Courage is capable of being cultivated through education. It involves moving forward with determination while having knowledge on how and when it is essential to revise set goals for a better outcome. Athletes need to master intelligence and toughness to handle a sporting challenge.

Justice is the virtue in sports that cover the inevitable outcome of any contest.  Athletes and their spectators at the beginning of a race need to believe that the outcome is undetermined.  The purpose of any game is void if the outcome is predetermined.

Since centuries ago, the goal of sports in education has not changed as it revolves around human excellence cultivation. The pursuit of victory needs to be understood and ascertained to be worthwhile by the athletes, coaches, and schools in sports programs. Not all wins can be categorized as victories. With such an understanding, the question of “what is winning?” can be closely examined and associated with virtues.

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🏀 Women's Tournament

🔥 Iowa survives UConn

😤 South Carolina downs NC State

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NCAA | April 1, 2024

Ncaa division i men’s basketball committee names game officials for 2024 men’s final four.

INDIANAPOLIS — The NCAA Division I Men’s Basketball Committee has approved the 11 game officials recommended by Chris Rastatter, the national coordinator of officiating, to work Saturday’s two national semifinal games and Monday’s national championship game. A three-person crew will work each Men’s Final Four game, while two officials will serve as the standby officials for all three contests.

• Patrick Adams
• Jeffrey Anderson
• Roger Ayers
• Courtney Green
• Ronald Groover
• Keith Kimble
• Kipp Kissinger
• Terry Oglesby
• Marques Pettigrew
• Michael Reed

“Collectively, this group of officials has done an outstanding job officiating the tournament,” said Rastatter. “Similar to how teams advance in the tournament with exceptional performances, these officials have been deemed the best amongst their peers and therefore advance to work on the biggest stage at the Final Four. Among the many officials who have performed well in the tournament the last two weeks, this group has stood out the most.”

Anderson will be officiating in his seventh Men’s Final Four, while Adams, Ayers, Groover and Kimble were all selected for the sixth time and Oglesby was chosen to work his fifth Final Four. Kissinger will be working his third Final Four, and this will be the second one for Reed and Szelc. Green and Pettigrew have been selected to work the Final Four for the first time.

Saturday’s first semifinal features Midwest Region champion and No. 1 seed Purdue facing NC State, the No. 11 seed and champions of the South Region. Purdue is making its first Final Four appearance since 1980, while NC State hasn’t been to the Final Four since winning the national championship in 1983. Tipoff is set for 3:09 p.m. Pacific time. The second semifinal game, which is scheduled 40 minutes after the conclusion of Game 1, pits East Region champion UConn against West Region champion Alabama. The Huskies, who were the overall No. 1 seed for the tournament and are the defending national champions, will be making their seventh appearance in the Men’s Final Four and are in search of their sixth national title. The No. 4 seed Crimson Tide are in the Men’s Final Four for the first time.

The officiating assignments for each semifinal game, as well as Monday night’s national championship game, will be announced Saturday morning.

• UConn's dominant run to the Final Four, by the numbers

• Honda, announcer of thousands of sporting events, enjoying his last Final Four

• 2024 March Madness: Men's NCAA tournament schedule, dates

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Former Braves Pitcher Designated for Assignment by Division Rival so They Can Add a Different Former Braves Pitcher

A former Atlanta Braves reliever is available after being let go by a division rival

• Author: Lindsay Crosby

The Atlanta Braves probably feel like there's a copycat in the division.

The New York Mets have struggled ever since Atlanta chased them down to win the NL East on the final day of the 2022 season, going 76-92 between last season and the first six games of 2024. To try and get over the Atlanta-sized obstacle in their way to divisional greatness, the Mets went out and signed a former Braves pitcher to bolster their bullpen for 2024.

But Michael Tonkin, who was effective as the long man for Atlanta in 2023, has been anything but effective for the Mets this season. Pitching in only three games, he's taken two losses and allowed eight runs in just four innings (although it's worth pointing out that only two of those were earned, due to errors and ghost runners in extra innings).

And New York has had enough. Needing a roster spot on both the 40-man and 26-man rosters, they designated Tonkin for assignment.

And the pitcher they needed room for? Former Braves starter Julio Teheran.

Dealing with an injury to starter Tylor Megill, New York extended a contract to Teheran to give them innings while they wait for Megill and ace Kodai Senga to return from their injuries. Teheran, who spent 2011 through 2019 with the Braves and started six consecutive Opening Day games from 2014-2019, spent last season with the Brewers. Signing in May, he went 3-5 with a 4.40 ERA for Milwaukee, starting eleven games and appearing in fourteen overall.

And so Teheran, who worked all the way through spring training in Baltimore with the Orioles, is going to start for the Mets on Monday.

If you can't beat them, take their cast offs, I guess?

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Hamilton County Schools announces seven new leadership assignments

April 5, 2024 at 9:22 p.m.

by Staff report

Hamilton County Schools announced seven new leadership assignments Friday for the 2024-25 academic year.

The assignments include three school principals and four district office positions. Here's a rundown of the appointments:

— Tiffany Earvin has been named superintendent of the MidTown Learning Community.

Earvin has served as principal of Tyner Academy since 2022. She previously served as principal of Orchard Knob Middle.

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— Marques Stewart has been named superintendent of the Missionary Ridge Learning Community.

Stewart previously served as executive director of elementary schools at Kansas City, Kansas Public Schools and director of teaching and learning at Decatur Public Schools in Illinois. Stewart holds a doctorate in education leadership and policy analysis from the University of Missouri.

— Fannie Moore has been named charter school coordinator for the Department of Opportunity and Access.

Moore has served as principal of Chattanooga School for Arts and Sciences Lower since 2020.

— Callie Stewart has been named a human resources business partner.

Stewart has served as principal of Apison Elementary since 2020.

— Rashaad Williams has been named principal of Tyner Academy.

Williams has served as principal of Dalewood Middle since 2020. He previously served as assistant principal at Hixson High.

— Shelly Jackson has been named principal of Big Ridge Elementary.

Jackson has served as principal of Alpine Crest Elementary since 2023. She previously served as assistant principal at Big Ridge Elementary from 2018 to 2023.

— Kim Roden has been named principal of Alpine Crest Elementary.

Roden has served as principal of Soddy Elementary since 2012. She previously served as assistant principal at Battle Academy.

— Compiled by Shannon Coan

MGTS Moscow City Telephone Network

Moscow City Telephone Network OJSC is one of the largest local wire communication companies in Europe . MGTS is part of the telecommunications business direction of AFK Sistema and is part of the Komstar-OTS group of companies. The operator serves more than 4.3 million subscribers, including 3.6 million - individuals.

There are 527 telephone exchanges on the MGTS network. The company's payphone network today has about 7 thousand devices. The share of the main telephones of MGTS in the Moscow fixed-line market is 77.2%, the share in the market of private users is 97.8%. Tariffs for the main service - local telephone connections - are regulated by the state.

Since 2004, MGTS has been carrying out a large-scale reconstruction of the network, which will be completed in 2012. The company's network will be completely digital. Now the digitalization of the MGTS network is about 50%, and by the end of 2007 it will reach, according to forecasts, 54%. Every year, the company puts into operation more than 500 thousand rooms, most of which are used to replace obsolete equipment.

Board of Directors

Main article: MGTS Board of Directors

Composition of June 2018

Dmitriev Kirill Alexandrovich - Chairman of the Board of Directors, Vice President of Sales and Services of MTS PJSC.

The Board of Directors on June 22, 2018 also included:

• Ershov Andrei Viktorovich - Advisor to the President of MTS
• Kamensky Andrei Mikhailovich - Vice President of Finance, Investments, Mergers and Acquisitions of MTS
• Kornya Alexey Valerievich - President of MTS
• Nikolaev Vyacheslav Konstantinovich - Vice President of MTS Marketing
• Sergey Plotnikov - Director of the MTS Business Market Department
• Ushatsky Andrey Eduardovich - Vice President of MTS Technology and IT
• Khrenkov Vladimir Vladimirovich - Director of the MTS Innovation Center
• Shorzhin Valery Viktorovich - Vice President of Procurement and Administrative Affairs of MTS
• Baklykov Andrey - since January 2010, IT Director of MGTS.
• Lebedev Vladimir - since June 2009, Deputy General Director, Technical Director of MGTS.
• Medvedev Dmitry - head of the joint directorate of information and reference services MGTS, develops services 09 and 009. "Medvedev is now engaged in one of the company's strategic projects," said a CNews source at MGTS. - Pooling of resources of help-desk, single contact center, technical support, central repair office, etc. More than 10 services should become unified, which are now located on different Moscow sites. " Until December 2009, Dmitry Medvedev served as IT Director of MGTS.

Performance indicators

Main article: MGTS financial indicators

2020: Revenue growth to 41.16 billion rubles, profit - 12.95 billion rubles

MGTS finished 2020 with revenue in the amount of 41.16 billion rubles received following the results of work in this 12-month period. In 2019, the indicator was measured at 39.73 billion rubles.

In the direction of B2C services, the revenues of the telecommunications operator have practically not changed and amounted to about 19.49 billion rubles in 2020. Most of this amount (9.15 billion rubles) came from the sale of fixed telephony services. In 2019, the company's revenue in this market reached 9.87 billion rubles.

Revenues from mobile communication services to individuals in 2020 increased to 2.15 billion rubles from 1.93 billion rubles a year earlier. The provision of broadband services to private users brought the company 6.57 billion rubles, which exceeds the 2019 result of 6.24 billion rubles.

MGTS revenue from the provision of services to legal entities in 2020 decreased to 3.49 billion rubles from 4.02 billion rubles a year earlier. Sales of fixed telephony services decreased from 1.62 billion to 1.46 billion rubles. In the B2B segment of broadband access on the Internet, a decrease in revenues from 1.11 to 1.03 billion dollars was registered.

In the B2G category (services to budget organizations), MGTS revenues in 2020 decreased to 2.21 billion rubles from 2.5 billion rubles in 2019. Fixed telephony services to such customers added about 1.62 billion rubles to the company's revenue, and 1.7 billion rubles in 2019. The second largest source of income in this segment was video surveillance services, on which the operator earned 248 million rubles in 2020.

MGTS revenue from the provision of services to telecom operators in 2020 reached 5.94 billion rubles, which is significantly more than a year earlier (4.27 billion rubles).

In 2020, MGTS net profit amounted to 12.95 billion rubles against 15.52 billion rubles in profit a year earlier. [1]

Albert Gilmanov - the new general director of MGTS

On August 11, 2021, MGTS announced the appointment of Albert Gilmanov as the new CEO of the company. He replaced Vladislav Medvedev , who led the telecommunications operator since November 2019. More details here .

Start installing sensors on cable protection hatches, investing 1 billion rubles in the project

At the end of May 2021, MGTS began to put wireless sensors on the hatches to protect the cable network. The company intends to extend this technology to 50-75 thousand hatches out of 150 thousand available from the telecom operator.

According to Vedomosti , the representative of the controlling MGTS Mobile Television Systems ( MTS) Alexei Merkutov, testing the access control system in its cable sewer proved its effectiveness: it ensured a quick response by the company's security service, thanks to which the number of cable thefts decreased by 42%, and the number of acts of vandalism, accompanied by damaging communication lines, decreased by 27%.

MGTS did not disclose the costs of this project. A Vedomosti source close to the company says that it took 400 million rubles to create the system alone, and by 2023 the operator can spend more than 1 billion rubles to protect cable sewers. Another source of the publication, close to MTS, says that the scale of the project is planned to be clarified during 2021.

The use of the system will also prevent the illegal laying of cable in the sewers of MGTS, explains Alexey Merkutov. Installed sensors can be used in other areas of the urban economy, for example, to detect open wells or those on which the covers are not completely closed. This will reduce the number of pedestrian injuries and accidents.

Earlier, MTS tested the Digital Water Utility solution in the Samara Region, in which sewage hatches for water supply and drainage of the city were equipped with sensors. If the hatch is damaged or deviated from the fixed position by more than 3 °, the sensor sends an alert to the employee of the organization, after which the team leaves to check the hatch. Sensors installed on hatch covers operate in the frequency range of the NB-IoT standard for the Internet of Things [2]

2020: MGTS brand will disappear

On January 16, 2020, it became known that MTS had completed the restructuring of the Moscow business in the field of mobile and fixed-line services, as a result of which it began to develop under single management. The MGTS brand will gradually disappear, under which MTS provided wired Internet services.

According to "Kommersant" MTS, on January 15, 2020, an advertising campaign was launched that uses a symbolic image of an egg in the corporate colors of operators - blue (MGTS) and red (MTS), as well as two logos at once - MGTS and MTS Home. Also in the advertisement will be promoted a new promotional package, which includes home Internet, TV and subscription to. online cinema ivi

He also noted that the operator will offer subscribers the opportunity to pay for fixed and mobile services with a single account, a single personal account and an ID for the My MTS mobile application.

Creating a single brand is a logical step for MTS, said Konstantin Ankilov , general director of TMT Consulting . MGTS has been dealing with a reduction in the number of landline phone users for quite some time, which is happening throughout the country while maintaining demand among the older generation, says TelecomScienceCEO Denis Kuskov . In his opinion, combining brands and personal offices will allow the company to increase subscriber loyalty.

Among the services that can be combined with MTS, in addition to the fixed Internet and TV, there may be video surveillance services, smart intercom phones, etc ., which now offset the costs of MGTS for preserving fixed telephony, Kuskov believes. [3]

Appointment of Vladislav Medvedev as MGTS Director General

On November 28, 2019, the Moscow City Telephone Network company announced the appointment of Vladislav Medvedev , General Director of MGTS PJSC, from November 29, 2019, who, since October 2019, concurrently held the position of Executive Director of MGTS PJSC, answering for the technical unit of the Moscow region of MTS PJSC . More details here .

Installation of charging stations for electric vehicles in Moscow

At the end of October 2019, it became known that MGTS was starting the installation of charging stations for electric vehicles in Moscow .

As reported in a press release received by TAdviser from MTS (owns MGTS), by November 20, 2019 it is planned to launch 10 electric stations. Seven of them will have a power of 50 kW and charge batteries of electric cars in 20-30 minutes, and the remaining three with a power of 22 kW - in 4-5 hours. The equipment will be located between the TransTeleCom and the Moscow Ring Road.

As explained in the company, MGTS has a wide network of PBXs, in which energy-intensive equipment was located for a long time. After the network upgrade and the transition to GPON technology, the volume of this equipment decreased, and, accordingly, its energy consumption decreased. This allows the ISP to use the supply of energy for the development of new business areas, including the power supply network.

The pilot project takes place in several areas, including the demand for the service, its effectiveness and the possibility of transferring MGTS corporate vehicles to electric.

During the experiment, electric vehicle charging is free for car owners. Once the technical aspects of supporting the ESD network have been worked out, MGTS will decide on the further development of the project.

According to the MGTS forecast, published at the end of October 2019, in 4-5 years the fleet of electric cars in Moscow may amount to about 20 thousand units, more than 1000 high-speed charging stations will be required to charge them.

In the summer of 2019, the mayor Moscow Sergey Sobyanin announced his intention from 2021 to abandon the purchase of buses powered by motor fuel and switch to purchases of domestic electric. transport Then about 300 such cars worked in Moscow, in the future it is planned to purchase 300 cars annually.

Pavel Kuznetsov appointed vice-president of MTS and general director of MGTS concurrently

Since September 16, 2019, Pavel Kuznetsov combines the post of general director of MGTS with his work as vice president - director of the Moscow region of MTS . This decision was made by the MGTS Board of Directors on September 13, 2019. More details here .

The appointment is associated with the functional association of MGTS and MTS in the Moscow telecom market . It is assumed that the solution will create a strong team for the implementation of projects in the field of high technologies and digital services in the Moscow region, which is most important for the MTS Group.

Nikolai Pozhidaev appointed financial director of MGTS

On June 4, 2019, the Moscow City Telephone Network (part of the MTS group) announced the appointment of Nikolai Pozhidaev as financial director, member of the company's Management Board. More details here.

Olga Belousova , who previously headed the MGTS financial unit, continued her career as financial director of the pharmaceutical holding JSC FP Obolenskoye.

23.5% increase in net profit

According to the announced MGTS financial and operational results of 2018, the company's revenue under RAS decreased slightly (minus 0.5%) and amounted to 38.7 billion rubles, which became known on April 4, 2019. Net profit at the same time increased by 23.5% - to 19.6 billion rubles. Net profit margin exceeded 50.7%. The subscriber base for all services increased by 5%, exceeding 5.5 million, which is the third indicator in the Russian fixed market. communications

The share of revenue from services unregulated by the state , including such as broadband , digital TV and other services provided to both private and corporate clients, in the total income structure exceeded 61%. The total revenue from unregulated services amounted to 23.8 billion rubles. In turn, the company's revenues in the consumer market grew by 4%, exceeding 19 billion rubles, and revenues from the provision of digital services grew faster - by 23%, to 8.1 billion rubles.

MGTS demonstrated the highest growth rates in the MVNO market (providing mobile communications according to the virtual model) - revenues from this line of business almost doubled and amounted to 1.437 billion rubles, exceeding revenues from pay TV services. By the end of 2018, the number of MGTS mobile users amounted to more than 480 thousand subscribers, an increase of more than 50%.

At the same time, revenue from broadband Internet services in the mass market, according to the MGTS report, increased by 12%, to 4.9 billion rubles. MGTS maintained a high rate of broadband connections in the stagnating market, increasing the number of Internet subscribers by 11% over the year, which significantly exceeds the growth rate of the market itself. Revenues from the provision of digital TV services reached 1.4 billion rubles. (+ 23%), the subscriber base exceeded 620 thousand customers, an increase of 16.5%.

In the corporate segment, according to the report, MGTS revenue remained at the same level and amounted to 8.2 billion rubles. In the broadband access market for B2B customers, revenue increased by 22%, exceeding 1 billion rubles. The number of BD connections for the year increased by 15.3%

As for the profit from the sales of MGTS, it grew by 22.9% - to 10.1 billion rubles. While the cost of the company decreased by 5.3% to 22.1 billion rubles, and management costs - by 16% - to 4 billion rubles. Other company revenues amounted to 12.5 billion rubles. (an increase of 17.8%), of which 7.7 billion rubles. received in the form of dividends from subsidiaries.

MGTS commercial director Alexei Nazarov commented on the results of the company in 2018 as follows:

Speaking about the growth of indicators at the MGTS MVNO project, Alexey Nazarov said:

Free distribution of Internet of Things-enabled routers

In December 2018, it became known about the intentions of MGTS to provide subscribers with routers with Internet of Things support. The operator will spend 1.4 billion rubles on the purchase of equipment.

As the representative of MGTS Tatyana Martyanova told Vedomosti , the company will distribute about 550 thousand routers at the beginning of 2019. Subscribers will be able to get devices free of charge when connecting a tariff that assumes a data rate of 200 Mbps. By December 10, 2018, MGTS has about one third of such customers with a total database of broadband Internet access subscribers of 1.5 million.

MGTS will offer routers with support for the ZigBee protocol , which is popular among manufacturers of devices for a smart home . Thanks to the new routers, users will be able to connect various third-party modules to them. Users will be able to buy sensors and set up routers on their own, but perhaps the operator will offer them sensors complete with a setup service, Natalia Bizhanova , director of marketing and product development at MGTS, told the publication.

Meanwhile, VimpelCom notes a weak interest in smart home systems in Russia . The operator himself installed throughout Russia more than 100 thousand devices with support for ZigBee.

In 2017, MegaFon sold about 40 thousand sets of systems for a smart home. Since 2017, Rostelecom has been selling smart home kits, but the operator does not disclose the number of devices sold.

Since the beginning of 2018, MGTS has been providing a smart house for rent. With this solution, users can remotely configure and perform basic housing management actions: automatically turn on and off electrical appliances and lighting, control electricity when the sensors open the door, movement, smoke or leakage of water supply systems. The complex is designed to increase the level of safety and comfort, prevent emergency situations, save energy resources. [5]

Sales and Service Block Assignments

"Moscow City Telephone Network" - a fixed-line operator in Europe , part of the MTS group - on August 14, 2018 announced appointments in the sales and service unit: Pyotr Lepyokhin was appointed director of the sales department, Ilya Emelin was appointed director of the customer service department.

Appointments: MGTS General Director - Pavel Kuznetsov, Chairman of the Board of Directors - Kirill Dmitriev

On June 1, 2018, by a decision of the Board of Directors of MGTS PJSC, Pavel Kuznetsov was appointed Director General of the Moscow City Telephone Network Company (part of the MTS Group). The decision on the appointment was made during a meeting of members of the Board of Directors, which took place on May 31, 2018. In this post, he replaced Andrei Ershov. More details here.

Vice President MTS of Sales and Services was appointed Chairman of the Board of Directors of MGTS PJSC. Kirill Dmitriev

2016: MGTS fined 562.5 thousand rubles for various tariffs on infrastructure

For violation of the law on the protection of competition, the MGTS telecom operator must pay a 562.5 thousand rubles fine. Such an amount was appointed by employees of the Federal Antimonopoly Service ( FAS) for setting different tariffs for the services of providing seats in line-cable communication facilities for companies financed and not financed from the state budget. This is stated on the website [6] the department of Moscow MGTS [7]

As the FAS managed to find out, in some cases the cost of the tariff for budget organizations was 40% higher than the cost of a similar tariff for non-budget ones. And this despite the fact that the cost of such services for both parties includes the same costs.

As Oleg Korneev, deputy head of the Moscow OFAS of Russia , noted, "the law provides for a ban on the establishment by a person in a dominant position of different prices for the same goods."

Purchase of 1.1 million routers

On December 7, 2015, it became known about MGTS plans to acquire more than 1 million routers for connecting to the Internet through the GPON optical network (gigabit passive optical networks - the standard implies laying fiber in each apartment). More details here .

"Computer assistance" to corporate users

On December 8, 2015, the Moscow City Telephone Network announced the launch of the Computer Assistance service for corporate customers.

According to the company's statement, using the MGTS service, small businesses can get modern telecom services, optimize administrative and IT costs.

The list of "Computer Assistance" services includes work on diagnostics, prevention and repair of office equipment and IT equipment, installation and configuration of software (operating systems, antivirus, etc.). Maintenance equipment includes computers, printers and multifunctional and network devices (routers, plotters, Wi-Fi access points) and cable network infrastructure. The service is provided by MGTS employees.

Enterprise customers can use the service as needed or enter into an agreement for regular IT support. Depending on the amount of equipment serviced, the cost of permanent service support is from 1 thousand rubles. up to 4 thousand rubles. per month. The contract includes from one to three preventive visits, during which MGTS specialists will perform network diagnostics (checking the network infrastructure and the correctness of equipment connection), update anti-virus databases and configure the connection of newly installed computers at the subscriber.

The service is provided to the company's active broadband clients . The service is aimed at small and medium-sized businesses in various areas of activity with the number of IT equipment in operation up to 20 units.

Dmitry Kulakovsky , MGTS Marketing and Product Development Director, said:

- In accordance with the Digital Office concept, we offer our corporate customers not only modern telecom services, but also full technical support for equipment and networks. The launch of Computer Assistance was a logical continuation of our strategy to support small businesses through the use of expertise from MGTS IT specialists. At the same time, our customers get a reliable service and the opportunity to save up to 50% of the cost of their own IT staff. We are confident that the new service will be in demand, as it allows you to increase the reliability of IT systems and, as a result, the effectiveness of the entire business.

2014: Implementation of fiber optic links using GPON technology

The technology GPON (Gigabit-capable passive optical network) allows one optical cable spent in the apartment to provide the subscriber with modern digital telephone communication, digital TV, high-speed Internet access at a data rate of up to 1 Gb/s. MGTS in 2011 began the modernization of the communication network Moscow in terms of replacing the outdated copper network infrastructure with a high-quality GPON optical network. In 2014, more than 4.4 million apartments will receive the technical ability to connect to a modern fiber optic network. In 2015, the switching of subscribers from copper to optical lines will be completed. The cost of the entire project of introducing "optics" is about 2 billion. dollars The GPON transport network will also become the basis for the introduction To Moscow of the LTE standard in the fourth generation wireless network. Thus, Moscow will create a unique network infrastructure for high-speed data transmission: in both fixed and wireless networks.

In July 2014, MGTS announced an increase in the number of enterprises in the small and medium-sized business segment that connected the broadband Internet access service by 36% in the first half of 2014. Over the year, the number of users of such MGTS services among small enterprises in Moscow doubled.

The main drivers of the growth of the number of customers in the B2B segment were the increase in the length of the new network infrastructure based on GPON technology, which currently covers more than 70% of Moscow, and the emergence of segmented package offerings for the corporate segment. More than 90% of companies that connected the Internet in the first half of 2014 chose special tariffs for small businesses. Of these, more than 50% of customers chose packages from two or more services - Double and Triple Play.

MGTS offers a wide range of tariffs for companies in the corporate sector, including special offers for small businesses. For example, the Triple Play service package for microenterprises, which includes wired broadband Internet using GPON technology, the basic Digital Television package and unlimited telephony. The package proposal from MGTS will allow entrepreneurs to organize electronic document management, automate work with customers, establish operational interaction between departments and effectively control business processes .

"The use of integrated telecommunications solutions enables small business entrepreneurs and executives to optimize their business processes by receiving a service from one supplier at competitive prices. The growth that MGTS demonstrated in the first half of 2014 confirms the correctness of the chosen strategy for the development of package offers and will allow the company to increase market share in the small and medium-sized business segment to 25% by 2016, "said Dmitry Kulakovsky , Director of Marketing and Product Development of MGTS OJSC.

Komstar-OTS owns a 29% stake in MGTS

As of December 20, 2012, Komstar-United Telesystems owned 29% of the shares in the Moscow City Telephone Network company.

Switch to ten-digit numbers

2012 - the beginning of the industrial introduction of PON technology. Switch to ten-digit numbers

Number of Internet users - 469 thousand customers

The number of Internet users of MGTS increased by 26 percent - to 469 thousand customers in the second quarter of 2012, compared to 373.5 thousand customers in the second quarter of 2011. The increase in the number of MGTS Internet users is due to the company's marketing policy aimed at increasing the speed of Internet access and reducing the cost of the service while maintaining the high quality of service. The share of new subscribers connecting to 6 Mbit/s and higher rates increased to 75 per cent by the end of June 2012, compared with 45 per cent in the second half of 2011. In addition, every month about 3 thousand valid MGTS subscribers switch to faster tariff plans.

"MGTS continues to improve the quality and availability of Internet service from MGTS for subscribers. The company offers a democratic line of tariffs with Internet access speeds of up to 20 Mbps using ADSL technology and up to 200 Mbps using GPON technology at affordable prices to meet the demand of various categories of users. With the development of the GPON fiber-optic network, MGTS will be able to offer more residents of Moscow maximum speeds of Internet access at competitive prices, as well as expand the number of services that a subscriber will be able to receive one optical cable per apartment. At the same time, the use of a wide range of services on one optical channel, such as high-definition television, digital telephony, telemetry and a number of other interactive services, will not affect the quality of Internet access, "said Roman Plachenko , Director of Marketing and Business Development at MGTS

In December 2012, the number of Internet users from MGTS increased by 23% compared to December 2011 and exceeded 510 thousand subscribers. According to GPON optical technology, 200 thousand subscribers were connected at the end of the year. The total number of fixed telephony subscribers of MGTS remained stable and at the end of 2012 amounted to 4.4 million numbers.

Construction of a new optical network

In 2012, it marked the 10th anniversary of the launch of the MGTS broadband data network. The copper pair connection made it possible to provide access to the global network with a simultaneous telephone on the existing telephone line. The first subscribers of the network were customers of the corporate segment and private premium users. In 2005, the provision of home Internet for MGTS subscribers began.

By the end of 2012, MGTS will provide technical connectivity to the optical network for 1.7 million Moscow households, in 2013 - for 3.4 million households, and in 2014 the installed capacity of the network will be 4.4 million ports. The connection of subscribers to the optical network will be carried out in stages until 2015, and the dismantling of the old infrastructure - copper cables is planned for 2016-2017 years.

The construction of a new optical network will reduce the costs of the MTS group for the operational deployment of LTE networks in Moscow and ensure the maximum data transfer speed for the Moscow market in fourth-generation networks. As part of the project, the MTS Group will build about 15,000 km of VOLS throughout Moscow. MTS plans to use the fiber-optic network deployed in the capital to connect base stations - already in 2012, a transport infrastructure will be created that will allow transferring most MTS base stations in Moscow to IP technologies by the end of the year. Developing two of the most advanced data networks at the same time, the MTS group will be able to create a unique network infrastructure for high-speed data transmission in Moscow: for both fixed and wireless networks.

2011: MGTS network became 100% digital

In 2011, the MGTS network became 100% digital.

In May 2011, the company launched a project in Moscow to reconstruct the copper infrastructure to fiber-optic based on GPON technology (Gigabit-capable passive optical network). The modernization of the subscriber line according to "optics" changes the priority of services: together with the replacement of the copper telephone line with optical MGTS, it mass installs access to the Internet and digital television. An optical network using GPON technology already allows you to provide broadband Internet access services at speeds of up to 200 Mbps. Upon completion of the network construction, video surveillance , fire alarm, telemetry and other interactive services will be available to subscribers.

2010: Sistema changes Sky Link shares to Svyazinvest's stake in MGTS

On May 5, 2010, Vladimir Putin signed Order No. 672-r that the Government agrees to alienate OJSC Svyazinvest's 22,352,150 ordinary registered shares of OJSC Moscow City Telephone Communications (MGTS), which constitute 23.3% of its authorized capital, by exchanging them for 6,482,736 ordinary registered shares of ZAO Sky Link, the authorized capital, which constitutes 50% of its authorized capital.

The government agreed to give MGTS shares in exchange for Sky Link shares, provided that Sistema pays an additional difference at a price not lower than the market price determined on the basis of the report of the independent assessor.

Ernst & Young estimated 100% of Sky Link at 9.4 billion rubles, and 23.3% of MGTS at 9.7 billion rubles. Thus, Sistema was supposed to pay Svyazinvest 300 million rubles.

The order signed by the prime minister on the transfer of MGTS shares to Sistema actually gives the green light to two mega-deals in the Russian telecommunications market: the exchange of telecommunications assets between Sistema and Svyazinvest OJSC and the reorganization of Svyazinvest itself by creating a "national champion" on the basis of Rostelecom OJSC.

The asset exchange transaction scheme assumes that Komstar-OTS OJSC (controlled by Sistema AFK) returns a 25% stake plus one share of Svyazinvest OJSC to the state. In return, Komstar's debt to Sberbank in the amount of 26 billion rubles. takes on Vnesheconombank (VEB). In addition, Svyazinvest gives Komstar a 23.3% stake in MGTS. To compensate Svyazinvest for the difference between the value of the MGTS package transferred to Komstar and the value of the Svyazinvest stake plus the amount of debt "forgiven" to Komstar, AFK Sistema transfers 100% of the mobile operator Sky Link CJSC to Svyazinvest structures.

The Moscow City Telephone Network was at the origin of the creation of Moscow's telecommunications infrastructure with the advent of the first 800-number telephone exchange, when the subscription fee per year was several times more expensive than a beautiful fur coat. The company, together with Muscovites, survived the adversity of the revolution, the siege during the Great Patriotic War, constantly remaining on guard of the capital's communications. MGTS was the technological partner of the city in the post-war period, when Moscow was actively growing, connecting several hundred thousand subscribers a year, and during major international events. In the new economic conditions of the 90s, MGTS managed to rebuild and prepare for the boom of Internet technologies.

• 1882 - July 13, the first manual telephone exchange of the Gileland system of the Bell company on the Kuznetsk bridge, 6 (the house of the merchant Popov), was opened.
• The most modern in Europe . 1902 - In Milyutinsky Lane, the laying of the Central Bank RTS building took place. The construction of the main sewage system has begun.
• The first automatic. 1930 - The first in Moscow Zamoskvoretskaya ATS B1 (8 thousand numbers), Bauman ATS E1 (7 thousand numbers) entered into operation.
• The first decade. 1948 - Construction of new decadal-step PBXs B3, B8 and B9 began.
• The first seven-digit. 1968 - The entire network was transferred to a single seven-digit numbering. Switching of 625,000 numbers took place simultaneously.
• First computational. 1978 - Computer-based computing center put into operation.
• First broadband. 2002 - Completion of the Public Broadband Data Network (PDP OP).
• Time - combined - subscriber. 2007 - The procedure for providing services has been changed, three tariff plans have been introduced
• ↑ MGTS financial statements for 2020
• ↑ Sewer hatches will be equipped with penetration sensors
• ↑ The letter fell out of MGTS
• ↑ MGTS showed high rates of mobile growth
• ↑ MGTS will distribute routers with Internet of Things support to subscribers for free
• ↑ of PJSC MGTS fined half a million rubles for setting different tariffs for the use of communication collectors of
• ↑ was fined 562.5 thousand rubles for different tariffs for infrastructure.

How many men's Final Fours has Purdue made? Boilermakers March Madness history explained

The No. 1 seed in the Midwest Region, the Purdue Boilermakers have enjoyed a relatively smooth ride to the Final Four in this year's NCAA Tournament .

They posted a convincing win over No. 16 seed Grambling in the opening round, then blew out No. 8 Utah State, upended No. 5 Gonzaga in the Sweet 16 and edged No. 2 Tennessee in the regional final.

Led by 7-foot-4 All-American Zach Edey, the Boilermakers have been at or near the top of the USA TODAY coaches poll all season long, including eight weeks at No. 1 .

Here's a look at Purdue's history in the NCAA Tournament:

Where is Purdue located?

Purdue University, founded in 1869, is located in West Lafayette, Indiana.

FOLLOW THE MADNESS: NCAA basketball bracket, scores, schedules, teams and more.

How many times has Purdue played in men's NCAA Tournament?

Purdue has participated in 35 NCAA Tournaments, with an overall record entering this year's Final Four of 48-34.

Has Purdue ever won NCAA title in men's basketball?

No. The closest Purdue has come to winning a national championship was in 1969, when star guard Rick Mount led the Boilermakers to a 23-5 overall record and a Big Ten title. They defeated Miami (Ohio) and Marquette in the NCAA Tournament regionals to advance to the Final Four in Louisville, Kentucky.

Purdue routed No rth Carolina 92-65 in the semifinals, but ran into John Wooden's UCLA buzzsaw in the championship game, losing 92-72 . Kareem Abdul-Jabbar scored 37 points and pulled down 20 rebounds to lead the Bruins to their third of seven consecutive NCAA titles.

Purdue's history in NCAA Tournament

Last season, Purdue became just the second team in men's NCAA Tournament history to be seeded No. 1 and lose to a No. 16 seed, falling to Fairleigh-Dickinson, 63-58 .

Coach Matt Painter has been incredibly successful since taking over for Gene Keady in 2005, making 15 NCAA Tournament appearances in 19 seasons. But over that span, the Boilermakers have been bounced in the first round four times, losing as a No. 9 (Cincinnati in 2009), a No. 5 (Arkansas-Little Rock in 2010), a No. 4 (North Texas in 2021) and a No. 1.

Purdue also failed to advance out of the opening weekend in 2007, 2008, 2011 and 2012.

In addition, Purdue was a No. 1 seed three times under Keady (1988, 1994, 1996). Each time, the Boilermakers fell short of the Final Four.

How many men's Final Four appearances has Purdue made?

This is the Boilermakers' third trip to the men's Final Four.

They last reached the Final Four in 1980, when center Joe Barry Carroll led the No. 6-seeded Boilermakers to wins over LaSalle, St. John's, Indiana and Duke before suffering a 67-22 loss to UCLA in the national semifinals. Purdue did defeat Big Ten rival Iowa, 75-68 , in the third-place game.

Purdue made the Final Four for the first time in school history in 1969.

Purdue all-time scoring leaders

• Zach Edey (2020-2024) 2,459 points
• Rick Mount (1967-1970) 2,323
• Joe Barry Carroll (1976-1980) 2,175
• E'Twaun Moore (2007-2011) 2,136
• Dave Schellhase (1963-1966) 2,074

Purdue first-team All-Americans

• John Wooden (1930, 1931, 1932)
• Stretch Murphy (1928, 1929, 1930)
• Zach Edey (2023, 2024)
• Rick Mount (1969, 1970)
• Terry Dischinger (1961, 1962)
• Jewell Young (1937, 1938)
• Dave Charters (1910, 1911)
• Caleb Swanigan (2017)
• JaJuan Johnson (2011)
• Glenn Robinson (1994)
• Joe Barry Carroll (1980)
• Dave Schellhase (1966)
• Bob Kessler (1936)
• Norman Cottom (1934)
• George Spradling (1926)
• Ray Miller (1922)
• Donald White (1921)
• Elmer Oliphant (1914)
• Larry Teeple (1913)

Purdue all-time coaching leaders

• Gene Keady: 512-270 (.655), 25 seasons
• Matt Painter: 446-202 (.688), 19 seasons
• Piggy Lambert: 371-152 (.709), 29 seasons
• Ray Eddy: 176-164 (.518), 15 seasons
• George King: 109-64 (.630), 7 seasons

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J.d. martinez nearing mets debut with minor-league assignment on tap.

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The Mets need some help for their lineup, and fast.

J.D. Martinez is getting closer to being ready to provide it.

Carlos Mendoza said prior to Thursday’s doubleheader against the Tigers at Citi Field that the veteran DH is scheduled to join one of the organization’s minor league affiliates “as soon as [Friday].”

Mendoza added they still need to come to a decision about where Martinez will end up, either with Triple-A Syracuse, Double-A Binghamton or Single-A Port St. Lucie.

And then they will determine when he’s ready to get to the majors — although it doesn’t seem as if he’ll be ready by Sunday for the final game against the Reds, which is the first day he’d be eligible.

“We’re getting close,’’ Mendoza said. “We’ve got to make a decision.”

As for the following series in Atlanta, Mendoza said, “Everything is on the table. We could see him at some point in that series [and there’s a] chance we won’t see him. We’ll see how he responds once he starts playing real games in the minor leagues.”

The 36-year-old Martinez has been getting at-bats at the team’s facility in Port St. Lucie as the Mets struggled through the first week of the regular season, with a mostly dormant offense.

Mendoza added they don’t want to rush Martinez back and Martinez will have a voice in the decision.

“He’s gonna have a strong opinion,’’ Mendoza said of Martinez, who signed with the Mets on March 23. “He knows himself better than anybody else [with] his routine and how detail-oriented he is with the feel for his swing and mechanics. We will consider those things. He’s getting a lot of at-bats, feeling good. Now we’ve got to take the next step.”

The most important thing for Mendoza is for Martinez to continue getting at-bats and reps in the field and on the bases to get back into form.

“We’ll take it one day at a time,’’ Mendoza said. “We want to do what’s right for J.D. and the team and make sure he’s not rushed and make sure not to put J.D. at risk.”

But the Mets remain confident they’ll see him soon.

The reports from Port St. Lucie, Mendoza said, have been, “Good for the most part. There are days when his timing [and] mechanics are off. He’s a very meticulous guy. … He’s moving in the right direction.”

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Pete Alonso’s ninth-inning homer in Game 2 gave him 500 RBIs for his career, making the first baseman the fastest in team history to reach the milestone.

He got there in 690 games, breaking David Wright’s previous record of 727 games.

Alonso called the mark “special.’’

Yohan Ramirez was active for the second game of Thursday’s doubleheader, having served his two-game suspension for throwing behind Milwaukee’s Rhys Hoskins on Saturday.

Ramirez was initially suspended for three games before he appealed the ban and it was reduced to two.

Francisco Alvarez, the hottest bat in the Mets’ shaky lineup, was not in the starting lineup for the second game, as Mendoza tries to manage his playing time.

He pinch hit for Omar Narvaez in the seventh, flied out and remained in the game.

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NFL News: Antonio Brown's Turbulent Legacy, Pittsburgh Steelers' Numbers and Narratives in NFL History

I n the ever-dynamic world of professional football, few stories have captivated audiences quite like that of Antonio Brown’s tumultuous journey through the NFL. Known for his electrifying plays and equally polarizing off-field persona, Brown’s latest spat with the Pittsburgh Steelers over the assignment of his former number, 84, has reignited discussions about legacy, respect, and the mercurial nature of professional sports.

Pittsburgh Steelers’ Number Change Sparks Controversy

The Pittsburgh Steelers’ recent decision to hand over Antonio Brown’s iconic number 84 to newcomer Cordarrelle Patterson has sparked outrage from the former wide receiver, a move that has dredged up old grievances and shone a new light on the complexities of player-team relationships.

This symbolic gesture, common in the realm of sports, has nonetheless felt like a personal affront to Brown, whose tenure with the Steelers was marked by record-breaking performances and a dramatic exit.

Antonio Brown’s Legacy, Beyond the Number

Antonio Brown’s response to the reassignment was swift and charged with emotion. He publicly questioned the Steelers’ criteria for honoring past players, pointing out that only three numbers have been officially retired by the team. His remarks also paid homage to other Pittsburgh Steelers legends like Troy Polamalu and Ben Roethlisberger, suggesting a broader conversation about recognition and remembrance in professional sports.

Despite his phenomenal talent and contributions on the field, Antonio Brown’s career has been a rollercoaster of highs and lows. From his breakout seasons with the Steelers to his short stints with the Raiders, Patriots, and Buccaneers, Brown’s journey has been as much about his off-field controversies as his on-field achievements.

His volatile relationship with the NFL, marked by disputes and reconciliations, exemplifies the delicate balance between individual brilliance and team dynamics.

The Unforgiving Nature of Sports Legacy

The Pittsburgh Steelers’ stance on not retiring Brown’s number is a stark reminder of how quickly fortunes can change in the NFL. Despite his undeniable skill and the indelible mark he has left on the game, Brown’s tumultuous exit from Pittsburgh and the subsequent controversies have overshadowed his sporting achievements.

The world of professional sports, it seems, is unforgiving, with legacies built and dismantled on the whims of public perception and organizational politics.

Antonio Brown’s Legacy, Fame’s Fickle Nature

As the dust settles on this latest chapter of the Brown-Steelers saga, fans and observers are left to ponder the complexities of athlete legacies. The story of Antonio Brown is a reminder of the thin line between adulation and oblivion in professional sports.

His journey, marked by unparalleled highs and profound lows, is a testament to the unpredictable nature of athletic careers and the enduring question of how we choose to remember our sports heroes.

In the end, the reassignment of number 84 is more than just a matter of team logistics; it’s a reflection on the ephemeral nature of sports stardom and the ongoing debate over how we honor and remember those who have left an indelible mark on the game.

As the NFL moves forward, the tale of Antonio Brown and the Pittsburgh Steelers will undoubtedly serve as a poignant case study in the complexities of legacy, respect, and the unrelenting pursuit of greatness.

Sources: Fansided

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