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A comprehensive review of internet of things: technology stack, middlewares, and fog/edge computing interface.

1. Introduction

• A comprehensive insight into IoT technology stack, adaptation and growth trends.
• The detailed investigation of IoT Functional blocks at every layer (referred to as horizontal fabric), state-of-the-art research corresponding these elements, and the associated challenges.
• The characterization of Middleware, enterprise platforms and integration challenges for enterprise solutions (referred to as vertical markets).
• Future directions to optimize the IoT Technology Stack and its integration with enterprise systems.
• Interfacing Fog/Edge network to extend coverage, convergence and deployment scope for IoT networks.
• State-of-the-art research in Fog/Edge networks, open challenges and directions towards IoT interfacing, thus enhancing application of vertical markets.

2. Research Design

Research questions.

• What is the current state of IoT technology stack (referred to as horizontal fabric) and application scenario (referred to as vertical markets)? This question aims to identify the current state-of-the-art of IoT technology, growth trends, associated challenges and the range of applications and domains.
• What is the impact of utilizing middlewares in existing enterprise IoT applications? This question allowed us to classify the current state of middlewares currently being deployed for enterprise applications.
• What are the current technological and integration challenges, and how can the current technology stack be optimized? This question focuses on the integration effect, feasibility, and scope of these IoT application domains. It further aims at providing gaps and solutions to optimize the IoT technology stack from a layered perspective.
• How can Fog/Edge networks extend the capabilities of current IoT applications? This question is aimed at investigating the current state of Fog/Edge networks and the possibilities of extending these services to IoT deployments.

3. IoT Market Growth by Industry Sectors

4. iot architectures, platforms and technology stack, 5. understanding iot functional blocks, 5.1. identification, 5.2. sensing, 5.3. communication, 5.4. compute, 5.5. services, 5.6. semantics and analytics, 6. characterizing middlewares for the iot, 7. iot stack optimization.

• First: complete vendor dependability to deploy one-off application solely run and managed by the vendors in the cloud;
• Intermediary: on-premise solution deployment managed by end business as well as vendors. Thus, opens room for expansion and optimization;
• Mature: an end-to-end ecosystem either deployed on-premise, on-cloud or a hybrid solution that demands a complete optimization of the entire IoT stack.

8. Fog/Edge Computing: Technological Advancements, Integration Challenges and Edge-Enabled Vertical Markets

• Reduced network latency;
• Enhanced compute, storage and network capacity;
• Increased network bandwidth;
• An overall increase in system response time;
• Privacy and node-aware security;
• Fault-tolerance and mitigation at node level;
• Energy conservation by reducing the amount of data sent to the cloud;
• Network robustness—by improving the network hierarchy.

8.1. Fog/Edge Architecture Model

8.2. security and orchestration, 9. discussion, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Ali, O.; Ishak, M.K.; Bhatti, M.K.L.; Khan, I.; Kim, K.-I. A Comprehensive Review of Internet of Things: Technology Stack, Middlewares, and Fog/Edge Computing Interface. Sensors 2022 , 22 , 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030995

Ali O, Ishak MK, Bhatti MKL, Khan I, Kim K-I. A Comprehensive Review of Internet of Things: Technology Stack, Middlewares, and Fog/Edge Computing Interface. Sensors . 2022; 22(3):995. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030995

Ali, Omer, Mohamad Khairi Ishak, Muhammad Kamran Liaquat Bhatti, Imran Khan, and Ki-Il Kim. 2022. "A Comprehensive Review of Internet of Things: Technology Stack, Middlewares, and Fog/Edge Computing Interface" Sensors 22, no. 3: 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030995

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Internet of Things: Current Research, Challenges, Trends and Applications

• Conference paper
• First Online: 11 May 2021
• Cite this conference paper

• Dipankar Debnath 8 &
• Sarat Kr. Chettri 9  

Part of the book series: Algorithms for Intelligent Systems ((AIS))

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2 Citations

The Internet of Things (IoT) has provided a viable opportunity to develop powerful applications for both consumer and industrial use. Since its inception, a wide range of IoT applications have been developed and deployed and their integration with other state-of-the-art technologies has increased many-fold. The main objective of this paper is to review the background and current trends in IoT research, enabling technologies, to identify key IoT applications in industry and open research issues and challenges.

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Department of Computer Science, St. Mary’s College, Shillong, Meghalaya, India

Dipankar Debnath

Department of Computer Applications, Assam Don Bosco University, Guwahati, India

Sarat Kr. Chettri

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School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

Xiao-Zhi Gao

Department of Electrical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Rajesh Kumar

Department of Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Sumit Srivastava

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Management, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Bhanu Pratap Soni

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Debnath, D., Chettri, S.K. (2021). Internet of Things: Current Research, Challenges, Trends and Applications. In: Gao, XZ., Kumar, R., Srivastava, S., Soni, B.P. (eds) Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Engineering. Algorithms for Intelligent Systems. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4604-8_52

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4604-8_52

Published : 11 May 2021

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