research interview questions template

20 Most Common Research Scientist Interview Questions and Answers

Common Research Scientist interview questions, how to answer them, and sample answers from a certified career coach.

You’re ready to take the next step in your career and apply for a research scientist position. But first, you have to make it through the interview process.

Knowing what questions to expect ahead of time can help ease some of the anxiety that comes with interviewing. To get you started, here are some common research scientist interview questions—and tips on how to answer them.

• What experience do you have in designing and conducting experiments?
• Describe a research project that you are particularly proud of and explain why.
• How do you ensure the accuracy and reliability of your data?
• Explain how you use statistical analysis to interpret results from experiments.
• Are you familiar with any software programs used for data analysis?
• What strategies do you use to stay up-to-date on new developments in your field?
• How do you handle conflicting opinions or interpretations of data within a team?
• Describe a time when you had to troubleshoot an experiment that wasn’t producing expected results.
• What is your experience with writing scientific papers and presenting findings at conferences?
• How do you approach developing hypotheses and testing them through experimentation?
• What techniques do you use to identify potential sources of bias in experimental design?
• Do you have any experience working with interdisciplinary teams?
• How do you manage competing deadlines and prioritize tasks?
• What methods do you use to communicate complex scientific concepts to non-experts?
• How do you evaluate the ethical implications of your research?
• What strategies do you use to develop innovative solutions to challenging problems?
• Have you ever encountered unexpected results during an experiment? How did you respond?
• Describe a time when you had to collaborate with other researchers to achieve a common goal.
• What would you do if you encountered a problem that was outside of your area of expertise?
• How do you keep track of all the different elements involved in a research project?

1. What experience do you have in designing and conducting experiments?

Research scientists are the people who design and conduct experiments, analyze data, and draw conclusions from the results. It’s important to have experience in this area to make sure that the research is conducted properly and that the results are accurate. This question is also a way for the interviewer to assess your knowledge of the scientific method and how it’s used in research.

How to Answer:

In your answer, you should discuss any experience that you have in designing and conducting experiments. You can talk about the types of experiments you’ve conducted, such as laboratory experiments, field experiments, or surveys. Be sure to mention how you used the scientific method in each experiment, from developing a hypothesis to analyzing data. If you don’t have much direct experience, you can still talk about what you’ve learned about designing and conducting experiments through coursework or research projects.

Example: “I have experience in designing and conducting experiments from my work as a research assistant at XYZ University. I’ve conducted laboratory experiments, field experiments, and surveys to test hypotheses about different topics. In each experiment, I followed the scientific method by formulating a hypothesis, developing an experimental design, collecting data, analyzing it, and drawing conclusions. Additionally, I’ve studied the principles of experimental design in courses such as statistics and psychology. This has given me a strong foundation for understanding how to properly design and conduct experiments.”

2. Describe a research project that you are particularly proud of and explain why.

Research scientists need to be able to think critically and creatively when it comes to problem solving. This question gives the interviewer an opportunity to get a sense of your problem-solving skills and how you approach research. It also gives them insight into the results of your work and the value you can bring to the position.

To answer this question, you should discuss your experience with designing and conducting experiments. Explain the types of experiments you have conducted in the past and how you went about creating a hypothesis and testing it. Talk about the tools and methods you used to analyze data and draw conclusions. Be sure to mention any successes or challenges you faced during the process and how you overcame them. Finally, explain what you learned from these experiences and how they will help you succeed in the role you are applying for.

Example: “I’m particularly proud of a research project I completed last year on the effects of climate change on coral reefs. To conduct this research, I designed experiments to measure the changes in temperature and pH levels in different reef environments. I used sophisticated data analysis tools to analyze the results and draw conclusions about how these changes were impacting the health of the coral. Through this project, I learned a lot about the importance of collecting accurate data and using it to make informed decisions. This experience has helped me develop my problem-solving skills and will be invaluable as I continue to pursue research projects in the future.”

3. How do you ensure the accuracy and reliability of your data?

Research scientists must be able to trust the data they’re working with. Your interviewer will be looking for an understanding of the various methods and processes used to verify the accuracy and reliability of your data, and how you go about ensuring that you’re working with the best possible data to create meaningful results.

You should be prepared to discuss the methods you use to verify data accuracy and reliability. This could include double-checking your sources, running experiments multiple times to ensure consistent results, or using statistical tests to measure the validity of your findings. You should also emphasize any processes you have in place to monitor the quality of the data over time, such as regular reviews or audits. Finally, show that you understand the importance of data integrity by mentioning the potential consequences of inaccurate data.

Example: “I take data accuracy and reliability very seriously. I always double-check my sources to make sure they’re reputable and up-to-date, and I use statistical tests to measure the validity of my findings. I also have a process in place for regular audits and reviews of the data to make sure it remains accurate over time. Most importantly, I understand that inaccurate data can lead to faulty conclusions, which could negatively affect both our research results and reputation. That’s why I’m committed to ensuring that all data is as reliable and accurate as possible.”

4. Explain how you use statistical analysis to interpret results from experiments.

Research scientists are expected to be able to draw meaningful conclusions from the data they collect. This question is designed to determine if you know how to use statistical analysis to make sense of the results you collect. The interviewer wants to know that you can interpret the data and use it to make decisions and draw conclusions.

To answer this question, you should explain how you use statistical analysis to interpret the results from experiments. Talk about what type of statistical tests you use and when you use them. Also discuss any special techniques or software that you use for data analysis. Finally, talk about how you use the results of your analysis to make decisions and draw meaningful conclusions.

Example: “I use a variety of statistical tests and software to interpret the results from experiments. My most commonly used test is ANOVA, which I use to compare differences between two or more groups of data. I also use regression analysis to identify relationships between variables, as well as chi-square tests to determine if there are any significant associations between different factors. In addition, I am proficient in using SPSS for both descriptive and inferential statistics. With all this data, I’m able to draw meaningful conclusions about my findings and make informed decisions based on the results.”

5. Are you familiar with any software programs used for data analysis?

Research scientists rely heavily on data analysis to inform their research and draw conclusions. This means they must be familiar with a variety of software programs that can help them analyze the data they’ve collected. If the position requires a specific software program, the interviewer may ask this question to ensure that you’re familiar with it and can use it effectively.

Before the interview, research which software programs are commonly used for data analysis in your field. Make sure you’re familiar with these programs and can explain how to use them. During the interview, provide specific examples of when you have used a particular program or software suite. If possible, mention any experience you have using the specific software that the company uses. Finally, be sure to emphasize your ability to quickly learn new software if necessary.

Example: “I’m very familiar with software programs used for data analysis. I have extensive experience using SPSS and SAS, which are both common statistical software packages. In my current role as a research scientist at XYZ Research Institute, I often use R to analyze large datasets. I also have some experience with MATLAB, and am confident that I could quickly learn any new software programs necessary for the position.”

6. What strategies do you use to stay up-to-date on new developments in your field?

Research scientists need to stay on top of the latest developments in their field. You need to demonstrate that you can use a variety of methods to stay informed, such as reading scientific journals, attending conferences, and networking with other researchers. This shows that you have the initiative to stay current and can think critically about how to apply new developments to your work.

Talk about the strategies you use to stay informed. For example, do you read scientific journals? Do you attend conferences and seminars? Do you network with other researchers in your field? You can also talk about how you apply this knowledge to your work. Talk about how you use new developments to inform your research or develop new methods for conducting experiments.

Example: “I stay up-to-date on new developments in my field by reading scientific journals and attending conferences, seminars, and networking events. I also use online resources to keep abreast of the latest research and findings. For example, I’m a member of several professional organizations that share information about new discoveries and advancements in our field. With this knowledge, I’m able to apply current research to my own work and develop innovative methods for conducting experiments.”

7. How do you handle conflicting opinions or interpretations of data within a team?

Research scientists often work in teams, and it’s important to know how you’d handle differences in opinion or interpretation of data. The interviewer wants to know if you can be flexible and open to new ideas, or if you’re more likely to stick to your own views and interpretations. They’ll also want to know if you can work collaboratively with other researchers, and if you’re able to come up with creative solutions to complex problems.

To answer this question, you should explain how you’d approach a situation in which opinions or interpretations of data conflict. You could talk about the importance of open dialogue and collaboration between team members, and how you would facilitate such conversations. You can also discuss your ability to be flexible and consider different perspectives, as well as your willingness to work together with other researchers to come up with creative solutions that everyone is happy with.

Example: “I believe that when it comes to conflicting opinions or interpretations of data, the most important thing is to be open to dialogue and discussion. I understand that everyone has their own perspective and experiences with a particular problem, so I always try to create an environment where team members can express those views without fear of judgment. This helps us gain different insights into the issue at hand and encourages creative solutions. I’m also comfortable taking a step back and looking at the bigger picture to ensure we’re all on the same page—and if not, I’m confident in my ability to work collaboratively with other researchers to come up with a solution that works for everyone.”

8. Describe a time when you had to troubleshoot an experiment that wasn’t producing expected results.

Research scientists need to have the skills to troubleshoot experiments that don’t turn out as expected. This could mean analyzing data to identify possible sources of error, coming up with alternative hypotheses and testing strategies, or reaching out to colleagues for advice. This question will help the interviewer understand how you approach problem-solving, your resourcefulness in difficult situations, and your ability to think critically and come up with creative solutions.

To answer this question, you should provide a specific example of when you had to troubleshoot an experiment. Describe the steps you took to identify and address the problem, what resources you used (e.g., colleagues, literature, etc.), and how you ultimately solved the issue. If possible, describe the results of your efforts and any lessons learned that you can apply to future experiments.

Example: “I recently had to troubleshoot a project that wasn’t producing the expected results. I first identified the possible sources of error by analyzing the data and examining the experimental procedure. Then, I reached out to a colleague who had experience with similar experiments and asked for her advice. Based on her feedback, I adjusted the experimental parameters and re-ran the experiment. The results were much closer to the expected outcome, and I was able to identify several key factors that had been overlooked in the initial setup. This experience taught me the importance of asking for help when needed and being willing to adjust the parameters of an experiment if necessary.”

9. What is your experience with writing scientific papers and presenting findings at conferences?

Scientific research is an ongoing process of experimentation, data collection, and analysis. It is also a field that is highly collaborative and results-driven, which means that research scientists need to be able to communicate their findings in order to be successful. This question is designed to assess your ability to communicate your findings in both written and verbal formats.

Be sure to provide concrete examples of your experience in writing scientific papers and presenting findings at conferences. If you have published any papers, be sure to mention this as it shows that your work is highly regarded by the scientific community. Additionally, if you have ever presented your research at a conference or symposium, talk about what you learned from the experience and how it helped you grow as a researcher. Finally, highlight any awards or recognitions you may have received for your work.

Example: “I have extensive experience in writing scientific papers and presenting findings at conferences. I have published several papers in peer-reviewed journals, and I have presented findings at numerous conferences, symposiums, and other events. I have also received awards for my research, including a prize for best paper presented at a major international conference. Presenting my research to an audience is something I really enjoy, as it allows me to share my findings with a larger audience and receive feedback from other researchers and professionals in the field.”

10. How do you approach developing hypotheses and testing them through experimentation?

The scientific method is the basis of any scientific research and understanding how you approach it is key to know whether you’ll be successful in this role. The interviewer will want to know that you’re able to develop hypotheses, use the right tools to test them, and draw meaningful conclusions from the results. They’ll also want to make sure you have the critical thinking skills to work through complex problems and the creativity to come up with innovative solutions.

This question is designed to assess your ability to think critically, develop hypotheses and test them through experimentation. To answer this question, you should explain the steps you take when approaching a problem. For example, you could discuss how you brainstorm potential solutions, evaluate each solution’s feasibility, create an experiment plan, execute experiments, analyze data, draw conclusions from the results, and present those findings. You should also emphasize any experience you have with designing experiments, collecting data, and analyzing the results of your experiments.

Example: “When I approach developing hypotheses and testing them through experimentation, I start by brainstorming potential solutions and evaluating each solution’s feasibility. Then, I create an experiment plan and execute the experiments. After that, I analyze the data, draw conclusions from the results, and present those findings. I have extensive experience designing experiments, collecting data, and analyzing the results of my experiments. I am confident in my ability to use the scientific method to evaluate hypotheses and draw meaningful conclusions from the results.”

11. What techniques do you use to identify potential sources of bias in experimental design?

Researchers must have an understanding of the potential sources of bias that could affect their experiment, and the ability to identify them quickly. By asking this question, the interviewer wants to know that the candidate can identify potential sources of bias and has the experience to design experiments that will minimize the risk of bias.

To answer this question, you should discuss the techniques that you use to identify potential sources of bias in experimental design. Common techniques include conducting a literature review and using statistical tests such as ANOVA or chi-squared tests. You can also mention methods such as blinding, randomization, and replication. Additionally, you should explain how these techniques help minimize the risk of bias in your experiments.

Example: “I use several different techniques to identify potential sources of bias in experimental design. I always begin by conducting a thorough literature review to understand the existing research in the field and identify potential sources of bias. Additionally, I use statistical tests such as ANOVA or chi-squared tests to assess the effects of certain variables. I also make sure to use techniques such as blinding, randomization, and replication to minimize the risk of bias in my experiments. By using these techniques, I can ensure that my research is accurate and reliable.”

12. Do you have any experience working with interdisciplinary teams?

Research scientists often have to collaborate with other scientists and researchers in various fields. This means that being able to work with people from different backgrounds and share ideas and opinions is essential. By asking this question, the interviewer is looking to see if you have the interpersonal skills needed to work with a diverse group of people, as well as the ability to think critically and come up with creative solutions.

To answer this question, you should provide an example of a team project you worked on and how you contributed to its success. Talk about the different backgrounds of the people on the team and how you were able to collaborate with them to reach a successful outcome. You can also discuss any challenges you faced while working in a multidisciplinary setting, as well as what you learned from the experience.

Example: “I recently worked on a project with a team of researchers from different disciplines, including biology, chemistry, and physics. We were tasked with developing a new drug to treat a specific condition. Working with this interdisciplinary team was a great learning experience for me. I was able to gain insight into different scientific perspectives and approaches, which allowed us to come up with a more creative and effective solution. I also learned the importance of communication and collaboration in a multidisciplinary setting, and how to effectively work with people from different backgrounds to reach our goal.”

13. How do you manage competing deadlines and prioritize tasks?

Research scientists often have to juggle multiple projects at once and manage competing goals and deadlines. An interviewer will want to know that you can not only handle the workload, but also prioritize tasks and manage your time efficiently. They’ll also be looking for evidence that you can stay organized and on top of your projects to ensure that you can complete them on time.

To answer this question, you should provide examples of how you have managed competing deadlines and tasks in the past. Talk about your strategies for staying organized and prioritizing tasks, such as creating to-do lists or using project management tools. You can also explain how you keep track of deadlines and manage your time efficiently by breaking down large tasks into smaller ones and setting daily goals. Be sure to emphasize any successes you’ve had with managing multiple projects at once.

Example: “I have a lot of experience managing competing deadlines and tasks. I start by breaking down larger projects into smaller, more manageable tasks and assigning each task a priority level. I use project management tools to help me stay organized and on track, and I set daily goals to make sure I’m always making progress. I also make sure to communicate regularly with my team and stakeholders to ensure that everyone is aware of the timeline and priorities. This has enabled me to successfully manage multiple projects at once and meet tight deadlines.”

14. What methods do you use to communicate complex scientific concepts to non-experts?

Being a research scientist isn’t just about doing experiments and collecting data. You’ll also need to be able to explain your findings to non-experts in a way that’s understandable, engaging, and actionable. This question helps interviewers see how you can take complex concepts and break them down into something accessible to a general audience. They’ll want to know that you can communicate your work in an effective and efficient way.

To answer this question, you should focus on the methods that have worked for you in the past. You can talk about how you use visuals (e.g., charts, graphs, diagrams) to explain complex concepts; how you break down information into smaller digestible pieces; and how you create stories or analogies to make abstract ideas easier to understand. You can also mention any public speaking engagements you’ve done as a research scientist, such as presenting at conferences or giving lectures.

Example: “I’ve found that visuals are one of the best ways to communicate complex scientific concepts to non-experts. I’ll often use charts and diagrams to illustrate my points, as well as create stories or analogies to make the information more accessible. I also like to break down complex topics into smaller, more digestible pieces to make it easier for people to understand. I’ve presented my research at numerous conferences and have had to adjust my approach based on the audience, so I’m comfortable communicating scientific concepts to a wide range of people.”

15. How do you evaluate the ethical implications of your research?

Working in a scientific field often means dealing with sensitive information or data that could be misused or misinterpreted. It’s important for interviewers to know that you’re aware of the ethical implications of your research and that you take the necessary steps to ensure that your data is secure and used responsibly.

Start by discussing the steps you take to evaluate the ethical implications of your research. This could include conducting a risk assessment, consulting with an ethics committee or advisor, and ensuring that all data is stored securely. Talk about any specific protocols or processes you have in place for evaluating the ethical implications of your research. Finally, mention any experiences you have had dealing with ethical issues related to research, such as working with vulnerable populations or handling confidential information.

Example: “I always take the necessary steps to evaluate the ethical implications of my research. I start by conducting a risk assessment to identify any potential issues and then consulting with an ethics committee or advisor to discuss the best course of action. I also take steps to ensure that all data is stored securely and that appropriate protocols are in place to protect the privacy of those involved in the research. In the past, I have had to work with vulnerable populations, so I am well-versed in the ethical considerations that come with such research and have experience implementing protocols to ensure that their privacy is respected.”

16. What strategies do you use to develop innovative solutions to challenging problems?

Research scientists are expected to think outside the box to create solutions to complex problems. This question gives the interviewer insight into how you approach difficult tasks and how you use data and research to develop solutions. It allows them to understand how you approach your work and how you think through problems.

To answer this question, you should explain the process you use to develop innovative solutions. This might include describing how you brainstorm ideas and weigh different options, how you research potential solutions and evaluate their effectiveness, or how you collaborate with colleagues to come up with creative solutions. You should also provide an example of a time when you used these strategies to solve a challenging problem.

Example: “I approach challenging problems by first doing research to understand the underlying cause of the issue. I then use brainstorming techniques to generate potential solutions and evaluate their feasibility. I also collaborate with other researchers and colleagues to get their input and ideas. For example, when I was faced with a difficult problem in developing a new drug delivery system, I first researched the current methods and technologies available. After brainstorming with the team and evaluating the potential solutions, we were able to develop a novel drug delivery system that was more efficient and cost-effective than existing methods.”

17. Have you ever encountered unexpected results during an experiment? How did you respond?

Research scientists are expected to be able to think on their feet when the data they collect doesn’t quite match the hypothesis they’re testing. This question is a chance for the interviewer to see if you’re able to adjust your approach on the fly and be open to new ideas and solutions.

Talk about a time when you encountered unexpected results during an experiment and how you responded. Be sure to explain the steps you took to investigate why your results were different than expected, such as running additional tests or consulting with colleagues. Show that you’re able to think critically and come up with creative solutions. Explain what you learned from this experience and how it has shaped your approach to future experiments.

Example: “In my most recent research project, I was studying the effects of a certain pesticide on a species of plant. I was expecting the plants to die off after exposure to the pesticide, but to my surprise, the plants actually began to thrive. I took this unexpected result as an opportunity to dig deeper and investigate why this might be. I ran additional tests and spoke with colleagues in related fields to gain more insight. Through this process, I discovered that the pesticide was actually providing the plants with much-needed nutrients, which explained why they were thriving. This experience taught me the importance of being open to unexpected results and using them as an opportunity to explore further and gain a deeper understanding of the topic at hand.”

18. Describe a time when you had to collaborate with other researchers to achieve a common goal.

Research is a team effort, and as a research scientist, you need to be able to work with others to achieve your goals. This question is designed to get an idea of how well you are able to collaborate with colleagues and how you handle challenges that may arise when working with a team.

You should be prepared to provide a specific example of a time when you had to collaborate with other researchers to achieve a common goal. Describe the project, your role in it, and how you worked with others to accomplish the task. Talk about any challenges that arose during the process and how you overcame them. Finally, discuss what you learned from the experience and how it has helped shape your approach to collaboration today.

Example: “I recently collaborated with a team of researchers to develop a new method of measuring the effects of climate change on coral reefs. My role was to help design and implement a data collection system that could accurately measure the changes in the coral reef over time. I worked closely with the other researchers to ensure that our data was accurate and that we were following the correct protocols. We encountered some challenges along the way, such as having to adjust our protocols and data collection methods as new information became available, but we were able to work together and come up with solutions. This experience taught me the importance of effective collaboration and how to work through challenges to achieve a common goal.”

19. What would you do if you encountered a problem that was outside of your area of expertise?

Research scientists are expected to be able to identify and solve problems that emerge in their work, and it’s important for the interviewer to know that the candidate can handle a situation if they come across something that is outside of their area of expertise. This question is designed to find out how the candidate would approach a difficult problem and how they would frame their research to come up with a solution.

The best way to answer this question is to explain the steps you would take to research and solve the problem. Start by talking about how you would identify the issue, then explain how you would use resources such as journals, books, or online databases to find out more information about it. Finally, discuss how you would apply your knowledge to come up with a solution. Be sure to emphasize that you are comfortable working outside of your comfort zone and that you enjoy learning new things.

Example: “If I encountered a problem that was outside of my area of expertise, I would first take the time to research the issue and gain an understanding of the underlying concepts. I would use resources such as academic journals, books, and online databases to build my knowledge base. I would also reach out to colleagues who might have experience with the issue or be familiar with relevant studies. Finally, I would use the information I gathered to develop a solution to the problem. I’m comfortable working outside of my comfort zone and I enjoy learning new things, so I’m confident that I could find a solution to any problem I may face.”

20. How do you keep track of all the different elements involved in a research project?

Research projects can be incredibly complex and require a great deal of organization and attention to detail. An interviewer will want to know how you keep track of all the different elements of a project and how you’re able to ensure that everything gets done in a timely and organized manner. This question can also be used to gauge how well you can handle multiple tasks and prioritize them efficiently.

To answer this question, you should explain the methods and tools that you use to stay organized. For example, you could mention using a project management system such as Trello or Asana, or keeping lists in a spreadsheet program like Excel or Google Sheets. You may also want to discuss how you break down projects into smaller tasks and prioritize them accordingly. Additionally, it’s important to emphasize your ability to be flexible and adjust plans when needed.

Example: “I’m very organized and I use a combination of tools to keep track of my research projects. I use a project management system like Asana to break down my projects into smaller tasks and prioritize them according to deadlines. I also keep a spreadsheet of all the elements involved in the project, including timelines, tasks, and any materials I need to collect. I find that having a visual representation of the project helps me stay on track and makes it easier to adjust my plans when needed.”

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18 Researcher Interview Questions (With Example Answers)

It's important to prepare for an interview in order to improve your chances of getting the job. Researching questions beforehand can help you give better answers during the interview. Most interviews will include questions about your personality, qualifications, experience and how well you would fit the job. In this article, we review examples of various researcher interview questions and sample answers to some of the most common questions.

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Common Researcher Interview Questions

What inspired you to pursue a career in research, what do you think sets research apart from other disciplines, what do you think is the most important skill for a researcher, what do you think is the most exciting thing about research, what do you think is the best thing about being a researcher, what do you think is the worst thing about being a researcher, what do you think is the most challenging thing about research, what do you think is the best thing about conducting research, what do you think is the worst thing about conducting research, what do you think is the most important thing to remember when conducting research, what do you think is the best way to approach research, what do you think is the worst way to approach research, what do you think is the most important thing to keep in mind when writing a research paper, what do you think is the best way to format a research paper, what do you think is the worst way to format a research paper, what do you think is the most important thing to consider when choosing a topic for a research paper, what do you think is the best way to go about finding sources for a research paper, what do you think is the worst way to go about finding sources for a research paper.

There are many reasons why someone might be inspired to pursue a career in research. For example, they may be inspired by the opportunity to make new discoveries that could improve the lives of people around the world. Or, they may be motivated by the challenge of solving complex problems and pushing the boundaries of knowledge.

It is important for interviewers to ask this question because it can help them to understand a candidate's motivation for pursuing a career in research. This can be helpful in assessing whether the candidate is likely to be successful in their role and whether they will be a good fit for the organisation.

Example: “ I have always been fascinated by the process of discovery and the role that research plays in advancing our understanding of the world around us. Pursuing a career in research allows me to contribute to this process and to make a difference in the world. ”

There are a few reasons why an interviewer might ask this question. First, they may be trying to gauge your level of experience and expertise in research. Second, they may be trying to understand your research process and methods. Finally, they may be trying to assess your ability to communicate and collaborate with other researchers.

This question is important because it can help the interviewer understand your level of experience and expertise in research. Additionally, it can help them understand your research process and methods. Finally, it can help them assess your ability to communicate and collaborate with other researchers.

Example: “ There are a few key things that set research apart from other disciplines: 1. The scientific method: In order to be considered research, an investigation must follow the scientific method, which is a systematic process for gathering and testing evidence. This ensures that research is as objective and unbiased as possible. 2. Peer review: Another key element of research is peer review, which is the process by which experts in a field check each other's work to ensure its quality. This helps to ensure that only the best and most reliable research is published. 3. Replication: Research is also designed to be replicated, or repeated, in order to verify its findings. This helps to ensure that the results are not simply due to chance or error. ”

There are many important skills for researchers, but some skills are more important than others. The most important skill for researchers is the ability to think critically. Critical thinking is the ability to analyze data and information and make decisions based on that analysis. It is important because it allows researchers to understand complex problems and find solutions to those problems.

Example: “ There are many important skills for a researcher, but some of the most important include: -The ability to ask clear and concise research questions -The ability to design effective research studies -The ability to collect high-quality data -The ability to analyze data effectively -The ability to communicate research findings clearly and effectively ”

There are many possible reasons an interviewer might ask this question to a researcher. They may be trying to gauge the level of enthusiasm the researcher has for their work, or they may be trying to assess how well the researcher understands the implications of their research. Additionally, the interviewer may be trying to determine if the researcher is able to articulate the significance of their work in a way that is understandable and relatable to a lay audience. Ultimately, it is important for the interviewer to gain a better understanding of the researcher's motivations and perspective on their work in order to get a sense of how well they will be able to communicate their findings to the public.

Example: “ There are many exciting things about research, but one of the most exciting things is the opportunity to make new discoveries. Every day, researchers are uncovering new information about the world around us and the universe we live in. This constantly expanding body of knowledge provides us with a greater understanding of our place in the world and how we can improve our lives. ”

There could be several reasons why an interviewer might ask this question. They may be trying to gauge the researcher's level of commitment to their work, or they may be trying to identify what motivates the researcher to do their job. Additionally, the interviewer may be trying to assess the researcher's ability to reflect on their work and identify areas of improvement. Ultimately, it is important for the interviewer to understand what the researcher finds most rewarding about their work in order to determine whether or not the researcher is a good fit for the position.

Example: “ There are many great things about being a researcher. One of the best things is that researchers get to learn new things all the time. They also get to help other people learn new things by sharing their findings with them. Researchers also get to travel to different places to conduct their research, which can be very exciting. ”

The interviewer is trying to gauge the researcher's self-awareness and ability to reflect on their work. This is important because it shows that the researcher is able to identify areas for improvement and is committed to professional development.

Example: “ There are a few potential drawbacks to being a researcher. First, the job can be quite isolating. Researchers often work alone in their labs or offices, and they may not have much interaction with other people on a daily basis. This can be lonely and frustrating for some people. Second, research can be slow and tedious. It can take years to complete a study, and the results may not be immediately apparent. This can be frustrating for people who want to see quick results. Finally, research can be expensive. Funding for research projects is often limited, so researchers may have to make do with less money than they would like. This can make it difficult to conduct high-quality research. ”

There are many potential challenges that come with research, such as finding accurate and reliable sources, developing a hypothesis, conducting experiments or surveys, and analyzing data. The most challenging thing about research can vary depending on the project and the researcher's individual skills and experience. By asking this question, the interviewer is trying to understand what the researcher feels is the most difficult part of the research process and why they feel that way. This information can help the interviewer determine if the researcher is a good fit for the project and if they will be able to overcome any challenges they may face.

Example: “ There are many challenges that come with research, but I think the most challenging thing is trying to find accurate and reliable information. With so much information available online, it can be difficult to know what is true and what is not. This can make it challenging to find the right data and resources to use for your research. ”

There are many reasons why an interviewer might ask a researcher what they think is the best thing about conducting research. It is important to remember that research is a process of inquiry that is used to uncover new knowledge or to confirm existing knowledge. The best thing about conducting research is that it allows us to constantly learn new things and to deepen our understanding of the world around us.

Example: “ There are many great things about conducting research, but one of the best things is that it allows you to explore new ideas and discover new knowledge. It can be very exciting to be on the cutting edge of new discoveries, and research allows you to do just that. Additionally, research is a great way to learn more about a specific topic or subject that you are interested in. Conducting research can help you gain a deeper understanding of the world around you and how it works. ”

The interviewer is trying to gauge the researcher's ability to reflect on their work and identify areas for improvement. This is important because it shows that the researcher is constantly trying to improve their methods and is willing to listen to criticism.

Example: “ There are a few potential worst things about conducting research, depending on the individual researcher's perspective. One worst thing could be the amount of time and effort required to produce high-quality research results. This can be especially true in fields where data is difficult to collect or analyze, or where experiments are expensive or time-consuming to carry out. Another worst thing about conducting research could be the pressure to publish results in prestigious journals, which can lead to cut corners being taken in the research process. Additionally, some researchers may find the constant criticism and peer review process to be frustrating and demoralizing. ”

An interviewer would ask this question in order to gauge the respondent's understanding of the research process and their ability to identify key components of a successful research project. It is important for researchers to be able to identify the most important aspects of their work in order to ensure that they are able to effectively communicate their findings to others. Additionally, this question can help to reveal areas where the respondent may need further training or education in order to improve their research skills.

Example: “ There are a few things that are important to remember when conducting research: 1. Make sure you have a clear research question that you want to answer. This will help guide your research and keep you focused. 2. Do your background research and make sure you understand the topic area you are researching. This will help ensure that your research is accurate and complete. 3. Be sure to use reliable and credible sources for your research. This will help ensure that your findings are trustworthy. 4. Be organized and keep track of your data and findings. This will help you to see patterns and trends in your data, and make it easier to write up your results. 5. Be critical of your data and findings, and try to identify any potential biases or errors. This will help you to produce more accurate results. ”

The interviewer is likely looking for qualities that the researcher has that make them successful at their job. This might include qualities such as being able to effectively plan and execute research projects, being able to troubleshoot problems that arise, and being able to communicate findings to others. It is important for the interviewer to gauge the researcher's self-awareness and ability to reflect on their own work in order to get a sense of how they might approach future projects.

Example: “ There is no one answer to this question as different researchers will have different opinions on the best way to approach research. However, some general tips that may be useful include: developing a clear research question or hypothesis, reviewing the relevant literature, designing an appropriate study methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on the findings. It is also important to communicate the results of one's research in a clear and concise manner. ”

There are a few reasons why an interviewer might ask this question. First, they want to see if the researcher is familiar with different research approaches and can identify which ones are less effective. Second, the interviewer wants to gauge the researcher's critical thinking skills and ability to identify flaws in research methods. Finally, this question allows the interviewer to get a sense of the researcher's opinion on the best way to conduct research.

This question is important because it allows the interviewer to assess the researcher's knowledge of research methods, critical thinking skills, and opinion on the best way to conduct research. By understanding the researcher's thoughts on this topic, the interviewer can get a better sense of their thought process and whether they would be a good fit for the position.

Example: “ There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the worst way to approach research depends on the specific research question and context. However, some general approaches that could be considered bad ways to approach research include: 1. Not Defining the Research Question Clearly If the research question is not clearly defined from the outset, it can be difficult to know what direction to take the research in and what data to collect. This can lead to a lot of wasted time and effort, as well as potentially biased or irrelevant results. 2. Relying Too Much on Secondary Data While secondary data can be a valuable resource, it should not be relied upon too heavily. This is because secondary data may not be relevant to the specific research question or context, and it may also be out of date. In addition, secondary data cannot be controlled by the researcher, so it may not be possible to obtain the level of detail required for the research. 3. Collecting Data Without a Plan It is important to have a plan for how data will be collected before starting to collect it. This plan should specify what type of data will be collected, how it will be collected, and who will be responsible for collecting ”

The interviewer is likely trying to gauge the researcher's writing ability and whether they are able to produce a well-thought-out, comprehensive research paper. The most important thing to keep in mind when writing a research paper is to make sure that all of the information is accurate and that the sources are reliable. The paper should also be clear and concise so that the reader can easily follow the argument.

Example: “ There are a few things to keep in mind when writing a research paper that will help ensure your paper is well-received by your audience. First, make sure to choose a topic that is interesting and relevant to your audience. Second, take the time to thoroughly research your topic and provide well-supported arguments for your position. Third, be sure to edit and proofread your paper before submitting it for review. By following these simple tips, you can increase the chances that your research paper will be well-received by your intended audience. ”

The best way to format a research paper may vary depending on the discipline, but there are some general guidelines that can help a researcher ensure their paper is well-formatted and easy to read. Some important considerations for formatting a research paper include margins, font size and type, line spacing, and page numbers. Proper formatting can help make a research paper more accessible and easier to read, which can ultimately lead to more impactful research.

Example: “ There is no one correct answer to this question. Different researchers have different preferences for how to format a research paper. Some common elements that are typically included in a research paper are an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and discussion. ”

There is no one answer to this question, as it depends on the specific field of research and the preferences of the journal or conference. However, some elements that could make a research paper poorly formatted include using an incorrect citation style, not following the required page layout, or using too many graphics and images. Poorly formatted papers can be difficult to read and may be less likely to be accepted for publication.

Example: “ There is no one "worst" way to format a research paper. However, there are several common formatting errors that can make a paper difficult to read and understand. These include: • Not using proper headings and subheadings to organize the paper. • Not using clear and concise sentences. • Not using proper grammar and punctuation. • Not citing sources properly. ”

There are many things to consider when choosing a topic for a research paper, but the most important thing is to choose a topic that is interesting and relevant to the researcher. The topic should also be something that the researcher is familiar with and has some knowledge about. Additionally, the topic should be something that is not too narrow or too broad, and it should be something that has been researched before.

Example: “ There are many things to consider when choosing a topic for a research paper. The most important thing is to choose a topic that is interesting and relevant to you. It is also important to choose a topic that is narrow enough to be covered in a single research paper. Additionally, it is important to consider the resources available to you when choosing a topic. Finally, it is also important to consider the audience you are writing for when choosing a topic. ”

One of the most important aspects of research is finding reliable sources. Without sources that can be verified and relied upon, the researcher's findings will not be credible. Therefore, it is important for the interviewer to ask how the researcher plans to find sources for their paper in order to ensure that the research is of high quality.

Example: “ There is no one answer to this question as it depends on the topic of the research paper and the type of sources required. However, some tips on finding sources for a research paper include using online search engines such as Google Scholar, looking through bibliographies of relevant books and articles, and searching for open access journals that cover the topic. Additionally, contacting experts in the field and asking for recommendations can be helpful. ”

The interviewer is trying to gauge the researcher's ability to find reliable sources of information. This is important because research papers are only as good as the sources they are based on. If a researcher cannot find reliable sources, then their paper will not be credible.

Example: “ There are a few ways that researchers can go about finding sources for their papers that are considered to be less than ideal. One way is to simply do a Google search on the topic and hope that relevant sources come up. This is often not very effective, as much of the information that comes up in a general search may not be relevant or reliable. Another way is to ask friends or colleagues for recommendations. This can be somewhat helpful, but it is often limited to the resources that those individuals are aware of. A better way to find sources is to use a database or search engine specifically designed for academic research. These tools will allow you to narrow your search to more reputable and relevant sources. ”

Related Interview Questions

• Market Researcher
• Survey Researcher
• Clinical Researcher
• User Experience Researcher

Asking the Right User Research Questions (Template and Examples Included!)

Interviewing users is an art — whether you are running usability testing, focus groups, ethnographic research or whatnot. When you undertake an interview process, you'll want to invest time up front for planning it out. Often user research projects are days if not weeks of preparation, conversations, and capturing and processing information. To ensure that all this effort is put to good use, take the time to properly plan out your questions.

What is a User Interview?

Let's start with basics. What is a user interview? User interviews are often utilized as a way to examine the user experience, the usability of a product, or flesh out demographic or ethnographic data to build a deeper more comprehensive profile of the end user.

Often user interviews take place in person or on the phone. When possible, it's helpful to have two people present with the user, one to guide the interview and the other to take notes. Typical user interviews will cover topics such as:

• Background of the user
• Use of the product
• User's main objectives and motivations
• User's pain points, or
• many other items

Often, research teams will conduct several interviews in order to do a full research project. Developing an interview script in advance is a helpful way to standardize the interview process and really ensure you're covering all of the main questions during your time with the customer.

Example User Research Interview Questions

Chuck Liu, KISSmetric's lead user researcher, suggests these three questions:

• What are you trying to get done? Why?
• How do you currently do this?
• What could be better about how you do this?

Sarah Doody, a user experience designer, suggests the following questions:

Customer Intro Questions

• What does your typical weekday look like?
• When do you normally first use the Internet in a typical day?
• What are some of the apps and websites you use the most?
• Tell me about your role at your company?
• Any lifestyle questions that are related to your topic / product.

Topic Specific Questions

• What’s your relationship like with [topic … e.g. money, fitness, etc]
• How do you currently go about [problem / task]?
• How much time do you typically spend on [problem / task]?
• Tell me about the last time you tried to [problem / task]?
• What do you like about how you currently [problem / task]?
• What is the biggest pain point related to [problem / task]?
• Why do you keep doing [problem / task] … why is it important to you?
• What type of work arounds have you cerated to help you with this?
• What’s the hardest part about [problem / task]?
• What are you currently doing to make this [problem / task] easier?
• How does this [problem / task] impact other areas of your life / work?
• What other products or tools have you tried out?
• Have you paid for any of these other products or tools?
• How did you hear about these other products or tools?
• What do you like or dislike about these other products or tools?
• Are you looking for a solution or alternative for [problem / task]?

Product Opportunity Questions

• What do you think of this product? (meant to be asked at the homepage to gauge initial reaction)
• Why do you think someone would use this product?
• Can you see yourself ever using this product?
• Why do you think you can trust this product?
• How do you think this product is going to help you?
• Would you use this product today?
• What might keep people from using this product?
• What’s the most you would be willing to pay for this product?
• Does this remind of you any other products?

Product Reaction Questions

• What’s most appealing about this product?
• What’s the hardest part about using this product?
• Was there anything surprising or unexpected about this product?
• What could be done to improve this product?
• Was there anything missing from this product that you expected?
• Would you keep using this product after what you saw today?

Use Notejoy for your User Research Interviews

Sharing your user research interview notes through Notejoy is a great way to make notes accessible for everyone, and facilitate an internal discussion. Rather than waiting for the summary, Notejoy's fast and beautiful experience makes it easy for teams to quickly share and collaborate on notes together.

Share your research notebooks with the team

Share a Notejoy library as the single source of truth for your user feedback notes. Multiple people can edit at the same time, and it's also easy to manage who has permission to view and edit notes inside and outside of your organization.

Discuss your research with the entire team

Everyone in the team can participate with threaded discussions and comments. Call out the most interesting insights and ask questions with the entire team with the information in context.

Up to date, searchable, and accessible wherever you are

When you make changes to notes, it happens in real-time so everyone stays in sync. Materials in Notejoy are accessible through web, desktop, and even mobile devices so notes can be added, updated, or searched even when people are away from their desk.

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FigJam Uncover the answers you need with user interview questions

Whether you’re iterating a product or streamlining a service, user interviews provide invaluable insight. With FigJam’s user interview template, you can conduct conversations and record organized notes with confidence and clarity.

User interview template

Standardize user interviews for your org and grant your team instant access to the feedback you gain.

Community = communication

A product or service is nothing without its users—so communicate with them directly to stay on top of their needs and desires.

Empathize: Connect to users as real human beings—not just figures on a page or cells on a sheet.

Understand: See your product through your users’ eyes and gain an entirely new perspective on how it can be utilized.

Inform: Prioritize tasks and improvements based on real user testing and needs.

FigJam People power, always within reach

FigJam makes it easy for your organization to stay connected with users—and with each other. With our open platform, access the user research interview template from anywhere with a WiFi signal. Then, engage with emotes, cursor chats, and sticky notes to upgrade your interview process and your UX.

Better questions, better business

With our free user interview template you can ask the right questions every time. Then you can put the answers to work with templates from the Community.

Streamline your workflow.

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It’s a massive, digital meeting of the minds.

What are user interviews?

User interviews are information gathering meetings wherein a team member asks real-life user questions about their experience with a product or service.

How to conduct user interviews?

User interviews can be conducted in several ways, depending on what is best for your organization. That said, some best practices run across the board.

You’ll want to ensure that your user is comfortable, you have a reliable note-taking system ready for the interview itself, and you have a set of user research interview questions that will reveal insights into your product or service.

But how do you formulate a user research question that will provide the valuable insight you’re looking for? First, you’ll want to approach your questions with an objective in mind. For instance, if your organization is focused on uncovering and resolving common user issues, you’ll want to ask specific questions about the user’s experience, their general feelings on the product, and any specific problems they’ve run into.

Here are a few general rules to follow:

• Make questions simple enough for the interviewee to give a concise answer without thinking too hard.
• Ask open-ended questions.
• Offer specific scenarios. Some users may not feel comfortable going in depth without being prompted.

How to analyze user interviews?

The most important aspect of user interview analysis is adequate, organized note-taking. A structured note-taking system will reveal trends on its own.

Don’t rely on memory alone—use FigJam’s user interview script example and template to record your interview data. FigJam keeps your information organized, clear, and accessible to everyone in your organization.

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Qualitative Research 101: Interviewing

5 Common Mistakes To Avoid When Undertaking Interviews

By: David Phair (PhD) and Kerryn Warren (PhD) | March 2022

Undertaking interviews is potentially the most important step in the qualitative research process. If you don’t collect useful, useable data in your interviews, you’ll struggle through the rest of your dissertation or thesis.  Having helped numerous students with their research over the years, we’ve noticed some common interviewing mistakes that first-time researchers make. In this post, we’ll discuss five costly interview-related mistakes and outline useful strategies to avoid making these.

Overview: 5 Interviewing Mistakes

• Not having a clear interview strategy /plan
• Not having good interview techniques /skills
• Not securing a suitable location and equipment
• Not having a basic risk management plan
• Not keeping your “ golden thread ” front of mind

1. Not having a clear interview strategy

The first common mistake that we’ll look at is that of starting the interviewing process without having first come up with a clear interview strategy or plan of action. While it’s natural to be keen to get started engaging with your interviewees, a lack of planning can result in a mess of data and inconsistency between interviews.

There are several design choices to decide on and plan for before you start interviewing anyone. Some of the most important questions you need to ask yourself before conducting interviews include:

• What are the guiding research aims and research questions of my study?
• Will I use a structured, semi-structured or unstructured interview approach?
• How will I record the interviews (audio or video)?
• Who will be interviewed and by whom ?
• What ethics and data law considerations do I need to adhere to?
• How will I analyze my data? 

Let’s take a quick look at some of these.

The core objective of the interviewing process is to generate useful data that will help you address your overall research aims. Therefore, your interviews need to be conducted in a way that directly links to your research aims, objectives and research questions (i.e. your “golden thread”). This means that you need to carefully consider the questions you’ll ask to ensure that they align with and feed into your golden thread. If any question doesn’t align with this, you may want to consider scrapping it.

Another important design choice is whether you’ll use an unstructured, semi-structured or structured interview approach . For semi-structured interviews, you will have a list of questions that you plan to ask and these questions will be open-ended in nature. You’ll also allow the discussion to digress from the core question set if something interesting comes up. This means that the type of information generated might differ a fair amount between interviews.

Contrasted to this, a structured approach to interviews is more rigid, where a specific set of closed questions is developed and asked for each interviewee in exactly the same order. Closed questions have a limited set of answers, that are often single-word answers. Therefore, you need to think about what you’re trying to achieve with your research project (i.e. your research aims) and decided on which approach would be best suited in your case.

It is also important to plan ahead with regards to who will be interviewed and how. You need to think about how you will approach the possible interviewees to get their cooperation, who will conduct the interviews, when to conduct the interviews and how to record the interviews. For each of these decisions, it’s also essential to make sure that all ethical considerations and data protection laws are taken into account.

Finally, you should think through how you plan to analyze the data (i.e., your qualitative analysis method) generated by the interviews. Different types of analysis rely on different types of data, so you need to ensure you’re asking the right types of questions and correctly guiding your respondents.

Simply put, you need to have a plan of action regarding the specifics of your interview approach before you start collecting data. If not, you’ll end up drifting in your approach from interview to interview, which will result in inconsistent, unusable data.

2. Not having good interview technique

While you’re generally not expected to become you to be an expert interviewer for a dissertation or thesis, it is important to practice good interview technique and develop basic interviewing skills .

Let’s go through some basics that will help the process along.

Firstly, before the interview , make sure you know your interview questions well and have a clear idea of what you want from the interview. Naturally, the specificity of your questions will depend on whether you’re taking a structured, semi-structured or unstructured approach, but you still need a consistent starting point . Ideally, you should develop an interview guide beforehand (more on this later) that details your core question and links these to the research aims, objectives and research questions.

Before you undertake any interviews, it’s a good idea to do a few mock interviews with friends or family members. This will help you get comfortable with the interviewer role, prepare for potentially unexpected answers and give you a good idea of how long the interview will take to conduct. In the interviewing process, you’re likely to encounter two kinds of challenging interviewees ; the two-word respondent and the respondent who meanders and babbles. Therefore, you should prepare yourself for both and come up with a plan to respond to each in a way that will allow the interview to continue productively.

To begin the formal interview , provide the person you are interviewing with an overview of your research. This will help to calm their nerves (and yours) and contextualize the interaction. Ultimately, you want the interviewee to feel comfortable and be willing to be open and honest with you, so it’s useful to start in a more casual, relaxed fashion and allow them to ask any questions they may have. From there, you can ease them into the rest of the questions.

As the interview progresses , avoid asking leading questions (i.e., questions that assume something about the interviewee or their response). Make sure that you speak clearly and slowly , using plain language and being ready to paraphrase questions if the person you are interviewing misunderstands. Be particularly careful with interviewing English second language speakers to ensure that you’re both on the same page.

Engage with the interviewee by listening to them carefully and acknowledging that you are listening to them by smiling or nodding. Show them that you’re interested in what they’re saying and thank them for their openness as appropriate. This will also encourage your interviewee to respond openly.

Need a helping hand?

3. Not securing a suitable location and quality equipment

Where you conduct your interviews and the equipment you use to record them both play an important role in how the process unfolds. Therefore, you need to think carefully about each of these variables before you start interviewing.

Poor location: A bad location can result in the quality of your interviews being compromised, interrupted, or cancelled. If you are conducting physical interviews, you’ll need a location that is quiet, safe, and welcoming . It’s very important that your location of choice is not prone to interruptions (the workplace office is generally problematic, for example) and has suitable facilities (such as water, a bathroom, and snacks).

If you are conducting online interviews , you need to consider a few other factors. Importantly, you need to make sure that both you and your respondent have access to a good, stable internet connection and electricity. Always check before the time that both of you know how to use the relevant software and it’s accessible (sometimes meeting platforms are blocked by workplace policies or firewalls). It’s also good to have alternatives in place (such as WhatsApp, Zoom, or Teams) to cater for these types of issues.

Poor equipment: Using poor-quality recording equipment or using equipment incorrectly means that you will have trouble transcribing, coding, and analyzing your interviews. This can be a major issue , as some of your interview data may go completely to waste if not recorded well. So, make sure that you use good-quality recording equipment and that you know how to use it correctly.

To avoid issues, you should always conduct test recordings before every interview to ensure that you can use the relevant equipment properly. It’s also a good idea to spot check each recording afterwards, just to make sure it was recorded as planned. If your equipment uses batteries, be sure to always carry a spare set.

4. Not having a basic risk management plan

Many possible issues can arise during the interview process. Not planning for these issues can mean that you are left with compromised data that might not be useful to you. Therefore, it’s important to map out some sort of risk management plan ahead of time, considering the potential risks, how you’ll minimize their probability and how you’ll manage them if they materialize.

Common potential issues related to the actual interview include cancellations (people pulling out), delays (such as getting stuck in traffic), language and accent differences (especially in the case of poor internet connections), issues with internet connections and power supply. Other issues can also occur in the interview itself. For example, the interviewee could drift off-topic, or you might encounter an interviewee who does not say much at all.

You can prepare for these potential issues by considering possible worst-case scenarios and preparing a response for each scenario. For instance, it is important to plan a backup date just in case your interviewee cannot make it to the first meeting you scheduled with them. It’s also a good idea to factor in a 30-minute gap between your interviews for the instances where someone might be late, or an interview runs overtime for other reasons. Make sure that you also plan backup questions that could be used to bring a respondent back on topic if they start rambling, or questions to encourage those who are saying too little.

In general, it’s best practice to plan to conduct more interviews than you think you need (this is called oversampling ). Doing so will allow you some room for error if there are interviews that don’t go as planned, or if some interviewees withdraw. If you need 10 interviews, it is a good idea to plan for 15. Likely, a few will cancel , delay, or not produce useful data.

5. Not keeping your golden thread front of mind

We touched on this a little earlier, but it is a key point that should be central to your entire research process. You don’t want to end up with pages and pages of data after conducting your interviews and realize that it is not useful to your research aims . Your research aims, objectives and research questions – i.e., your golden thread – should influence every design decision and should guide the interview process at all times. 

A useful way to avoid this mistake is by developing an interview guide before you begin interviewing your respondents. An interview guide is a document that contains all of your questions with notes on how each of the interview questions is linked to the research question(s) of your study. You can also include your research aims and objectives here for a more comprehensive linkage. 

You can easily create an interview guide by drawing up a table with one column containing your core interview questions . Then add another column with your research questions , another with expectations that you may have in light of the relevant literature and another with backup or follow-up questions . As mentioned, you can also bring in your research aims and objectives to help you connect them all together. If you’d like, you can download a copy of our free interview guide here .

Recap: Qualitative Interview Mistakes

In this post, we’ve discussed 5 common costly mistakes that are easy to make in the process of planning and conducting qualitative interviews.

To recap, these include:

If you have any questions about these interviewing mistakes, drop a comment below. Alternatively, if you’re interested in getting 1-on-1 help with your thesis or dissertation , check out our dissertation coaching service or book a free initial consultation with one of our friendly Grad Coaches.

Psst... there’s more!

This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

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The best user interview templates for your customer research

Last updated

11 May 2023

Reviewed by

With the best user interview templates for your customer research , you can gain valuable insights into your customers' needs .

• User interview question template

User interviews are a great way to collect data and learn more about who uses a product, why they use it, and what they need to have a better experience. By engaging with users and asking questions, product teams can create products that better meet their needs and expectations.

User interview questions can range from open-ended exploratory questions to more structured questions designed to validate assumptions.

• User interview analysis template

User interviews are an important part of customer research . They help us learn about our customers, understand their needs, and make more informed decisions. However, user interviews can be overwhelming and difficult to make sense of. That's why we developed this user interview template to help you go from raw user interviews to actionable findings. 

• What is a user interview?

User interviews are used to gather information about people who use or might use a product. It involves talking directly with people about their experiences, motivations, and needs.

Through user interviews, you can gain valuable insights into the 'why' behind user behavior .

A user interview generally involves the following actions:

Decide what discoveries you’re trying to uncover

Write a script to use to uncover these discoveries

Run interviews using the script and best practices

Upload and transcribe your interviews

Capture key moments that stand out

Look for meaningful patterns in the data you've collected

Generate evidence-based insights

Share your findings with your team and inspire them to take action

At each point of the process, you can ask the right user interview questions to ensure you get the most out of your conversations. Once you've performed these actions, you'll have a guideline of what works, so you can build an interview template that you can use repeatedly.

Developing an interview template can help you easily get the insights you need regardless if you want to uncover customer needs or gather feedback on a product .

Common interview questions:

How did you hear about our product/service?

What are your experiences with the product/service?

How does our product/service make your life easier?

What challenges have you faced when using our product/service?

Can you walk us through how you typically use our product from beginning to end?

What do you like most about our product/service?

What other products/services do you use in combination with ours?

How often do you use our product/service?

Would you recommend our product/service to a friend or family member?

Is there anything else you want to tell us about your experience with our product/service?

• When to conduct a user interview

User interviews can be conducted whenever they have the potential to provide valuable insights and help create better strategies and solutions. You can ask questions about how people interact with your current product or service and collect feedback on how you can improve it.

User interviews are highly valuable in ethnographic studies , particularly when there is a need to gain a deep understanding of the user's identity, which can help to develop accurate user personas . Alternatively, you can conduct user interviews to understand customer needs before launching a new product or service. 

No matter when you decide to conduct a user interview, it's important to remember that user feedback should be taken seriously. Your customers will provide valuable insights that can help shape the design and features of your product or service, so make sure you take the time to listen and respond accordingly.

• Advantages of conducting user interviews

Gain a deep understanding of customer needs

User interviews provide a valuable opportunity to connect with customers, learn their needs and expectations, and gain in-depth knowledge about the user journey. By understanding customers' needs and preferences, businesses can develop more tailored solutions aligned with their target market.

Identify problems and opportunities

Conducting user interviews helps identify any potential issues or gaps in the user experience . This can help companies identify improvement opportunities and develop innovative solutions that meet customer expectations well before competitors.

Improve customer loyalty

A great customer experience is one of the best ways to build long-term customer loyalty. With user interviews, companies can gain valuable insights into how their customers interact with their product or service and their preferences.

With this information, businesses can adjust and create a better customer experience that leads to greater customer loyalty .

Measure user sentiment

User interviews are also a great way to measure user sentiment . Companies can better understand how users feel about their products or services and how their customers perceive them.

Make informed decisions

User interviews allow companies to make more informed decisions by incorporating customer feedback into their decision-making process. Businesses can use this feedback to improve existing products and services or develop new ones that better meet customer needs. 

Increase customer satisfaction

Gathering feedback from customers through user interviews helps businesses understand how they can best meet their customers' needs and expectations. This ultimately leads to higher customer satisfaction , as customers have the assurance that their voices are heard and valued.

Build trust

When businesses take the time to listen to their customers, it goes a long way toward building trust and credibility. User interviews show customers that the business values their input and takes their opinions seriously. This strengthens the relationship between the two parties so long as the company acts on the information they’re gathering.

• Disadvantages of conducting user interviews

Time and cost

User interviews take time to plan, execute, and analyze. It can be expensive if you are hiring an outside consultant. Depending on the scale of the project, it can take weeks or even months to collect all the data and information.

Bias is always a concern in research. There are ways to control how you ask questions which can help curb bias in the responses .

Cultural differences

To avoid cultural differences, you either need to compare user interviews from different countries or regions or be better at narrowing down your participant criteria.

Memory recall

Memory recall can be unreliable as people tend to forget details quickly. This can lead to inaccurate responses and misinterpretation of data. Recordings and notes tend to help to mitigate this shortcoming, though.

Limitations in anonymity

While user interviews strive to maintain anonymity, it is often impossible to guarantee complete anonymity. This can discourage honest responses and lead to inaccurate data.

• Who should do user interviews?

Someone knowledgeable about the topic and with experience conducting effective interviews should conduct user interviews. Depending on the company, this could be a product manager, researcher, or designer.

It is also beneficial to record and have someone observe the interview who can take notes and help cover anything the interviewer may miss. To keep the participant from feeling overwhelmed, the note-taker(s) should keep silent unless the interviewer asks for additional assistance.

• User interview structure

When conducting a user interview, you should design the structure to encourage the interviewee to open up and provide valuable insights. It is important to explain the purpose of the interview, how their data will be used, and emphasize that their answers will be used for internal purposes only.

In certain circumstances, getting sign-off and permission to record sessions is important. Some companies may also want you to sign an NDA when discussing new concepts. 

In the interview itself, you’ll want to ensure that you get genuine, unbiased responses. It is, therefore, important not to use any leading questions or prompt users into responses they might not normally have given. 

Asking open-ended questions , such as "Can you tell me about your experience using this product?" helps to draw out more detailed and useful answers. Keep the conversation natural by allowing the user to elaborate on their thoughts and experiences without trying to direct them into talking about a particular topic.

Try to keep the interview short—under an hour is ideal. This ensures that the user is engaged and can provide meaningful insights within a reasonable timeframe. 

At the end of the interview, thank the user for their time and allow them to ask questions if they have any.

User interviews are a great way to gain valuable insights into customer needs and preferences. By following these tips, you can ensure that each interview is productive and yields insightful results.

A user interview is a form of qualitative research used to gain insights into customer needs and preferences. User interviews involve a conversation between a researcher and an interviewee to better understand the subject. Interviews are usually conducted in person or over the phone but can also be done remotely via video conferencing or email.

A user interview is a great tool for gathering customer feedback and understanding how they use your product or service. They can give valuable insights into customer needs and preferences.

Why are user interviews important?

User interviews are important because they allow you to gain deeper insights into customers' wants, needs, and behaviors. By understanding what motivates your customers, you can tailor your product or service offerings to meet their needs. Additionally, user interviews can provide valuable feedback about any issues or concerns customers may have with your product.

What type of questions should be asked in a user interview?

The types of questions asked during a user interview will depend on the purpose of the interview. Generally speaking, it is helpful to ask open-ended questions to obtain the most in-depth picture of the interviewee’s experiences. 

Open-ended questions allow you to better understand the customer's feelings and opinions, while story-telling-like prompts help you quickly assess the customer's experience.

How long should a user interview last?

The length of a user interview will vary depending on the number of topics that need to be covered and the level of detail desired. Generally speaking, most user interviews should last between 30 minutes and one hour.

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Research, Record, and Transcribe Better

Preparing Questions for a Qualitative Research Interview

Updated on: October 5, 2023

A qualitative research interview is an invaluable tool for researchers. Whether one’s studying social phenomena, exploring personal narratives, or investigating complex issues, interviews offer a means to gain unique insights. 

“The quality of the data collected in a qualitative research interview is highly dependent on the quality and appropriateness of the questions asked.”

But how do you prepare the right questions to ensure your interviews yield rich data? In this guide, we’ll explore the types of qualitative research interviews and provide tips for crafting effective questions.

Table of Contents

Types of Qualitative Research Interviews

Before diving into question preparation, it’s important to select the type of qualitative research interview that’s best suited for the study at hand.

There are three types of qualitative research interviews:

Structured Interviews 

Structured interviews involve asking the same set of pre-written questions to every participant. This approach ensures consistency, making it easier to compare data between participants or groups later.

When conducting structured interviews, keep these guidelines in mind:

• Pre-written Questions : All questions, including probes, should be meticulously written in advance.
• Detailed Questions : Questions should be detailed enough to be used verbatim during interviews.
• Consistent Sequence : The sequence of questions should be pre-decided and consistent across interviews.

Example of a Structured Interview Question

Question : Thinking back to your childhood days in Chelsea, can you remember what kind of local music was popular at the time?

• Why do you think it was so popular?
• Where was it played?
• Were there other popular genres?

Structured interviews are ideal when you need uniform data collection across all participants. They are common in large-scale studies or when comparing responses quantitatively.

Read more: Advantages & Disadvantages of Structured Interviews

Semi-structured Interviews 

The second type of qualitative interviews are semi-structured interviews. In these interviews, the  interview guide outlines the topics to be explored, but the actual questions are not pre-written.

This approach allows interviewers the freedom to phrase questions spontaneously and explore topics in more depth.

Example of a Semi-Structured Interview Question

Question : What problems did the participant face growing up in the community?

• Education-related.
• Related to their immediate family.
• Related to the community in general.

Semi-structured interviews strike a balance between flexibility and structure. They offer a framework within which interviewers can adapt questions to participants’ responses, making them suitable for in-depth exploration.

Unstructured Interviews 

In unstructured interviews, often referred to as  informal conversational interviews , are characterized by a lack of formal guidelines, predefined questions, or sequencing.

Questions emerge during the interview based on the conversation’s flow and the interviewee’s observations. Consequently, each unstructured interview is unique, and questions may evolve over time.

Unstructured interviews are highly exploratory and can lead to unexpected insights. They are particularly valuable when studying complex or novel phenomena where predefined questions may limit understanding.

Deciding What Information You Need

Once you’ve chosen the type of interview that suits your research study, the next step is to decide what information you need to collect.

Patton’s six types of questions offer a framework for shaping your inquiries:

• Behavior or Experience : Explore participants’ actions and experiences.
• Opinion or Belief : Probe participants’ beliefs, attitudes, and opinions.
• Feelings : Delve into the emotional aspects of participants’ experiences.
• Knowledge : Assess participants’ understanding and awareness of a topic.
• Sensory : Investigate how participants perceive and interact with their environment.
• Background or Demographic : Collect information about participants’ personal characteristics and histories.

Based on these categories, create a list of the specific information you aim to collect through the interview. This step ensures that your questions align with your research objectives.

Writing the Qualitative Research Interview Questions

After deciding the type of interview and nature of information you’d like to gather, the next step is to write the actual questions. 

Using Open-Ended Questions

Open-ended questions are the backbone of qualitative research interviews. They encourage participants to share their experiences and thoughts in-depth, providing rich, detailed data.

Avoid ‘yes’ or ‘no’ questions, as they limit responses. Instead, use open-ended questions that grant participants the freedom to express themselves. Here are some examples – 

Examples of Open-Ended Questions

How do you feel about working at ABC Corp. during your initial years there?

• Encourages participants to share their emotions and experiences.

Can you describe the attitudes and approach to work of the other people working with you at the time?

• Invites participants to reflect on their colleagues’ behaviors and attitudes.

Tell me more about your relationship with your peers.

• Encourages participants to provide narrative insights into their relationships.

Read More: 100 Open-Ended Qualitative Interview Questions

Going from Unstructured to Structured Questions

Unstructured Questions allow the interviewee to guide the conversation, letting them focus on what they think is most important.

These questions make the interview longer, but also provide richer and deeper insight.

Examples of Unstructured Questions

• Tell me about your experience working at [xxx].
• What did it feel like to live in that neighborhood?
• What stood out to you as the defining characteristic of that neighborhood?

Examples of Structured Questions

• What are some ways people dealt with the health issues caused by excessive chemical industries in the neighborhood?
• As an employee at ABC Corp. during the time, did you observe any specific actions taken by the employers to address the issue?

Probing Questions

Probing questions are used to get more information about an answer or clarify something. They help interviewers dig deeper, clarify responses, and gain a more comprehensive understanding.

Examples of Probing Questions

Tell me more about that.

• Encourages participants to elaborate on their previous response.

And how did you feel about that?

• Invites participants to share their emotional reactions.

What do you mean when you say [xxx]?

• Seeks clarification on ambiguous or complex statements.

Probing questions enhance the depth and clarity of the data collected, however they should be used judiciously to avoid overwhelming participants.

A General Last Question

As your interview approaches its conclusion, it’s beneficial to have a general last question that allows the interviewee to share any additional thoughts or opinions they feel are relevant.

For instance, you might ask:

Thank you for all that valuable information. Is there anything else you’d like to add before we end?

This open-ended question provides participants with a final opportunity to express themselves fully, ensuring that no critical insights are left unshared.

Preparing questions for qualitative research interviews requires a thoughtful approach that considers the interview type, desired information, and the balance between structured and unstructured questioning.

Here’s a great guide from the Harvard University on the subject.

• Choosing the Right Setting for a Qualitative Research Interview
• 5 Ways Researchers can Transcribe from Audio to Text

Reader Interactions

hlabishi says

April 8, 2015 at 12:37 pm

I found the information valuable. It will assist me a lot with my research work.

Harpinder says

June 8, 2015 at 10:40 pm

I am going for my pilot study. Above information is really valuable for me. Thank you.

September 28, 2015 at 10:21 am

thank you for Patton’s 6 types of questions related to: 1. Behavior or experience. 2. Opinion or belief. 3. Feelings. 4. Knowledge. 5. Sensory. 6. Background or demographic. Really helpful

IBRAHIM A. ALIYU says

October 7, 2015 at 6:04 pm

Very interesting and good guides, thanks a lot

Dumisani says

July 31, 2017 at 7:55 am

Very informative. Thank you

Yongama says

June 5, 2018 at 11:57 pm

this is a good information and it helped me

Joshua Nonwo says

June 3, 2019 at 11:02 pm

vital information that really help me to do my research. thank you so much.

June 12, 2019 at 7:36 pm

Thanks a lot. Example of structured interview broadens My mind in formulating my structured research question. Indeed very helpful.

mwiine says

November 29, 2019 at 6:31 am

thanx, a lot. the information will guide me in my research.

Kayayoo isaac says

November 29, 2019 at 7:54 am

Thanks for the information, it was very much helpful to me in the area of data collection.

leslie says

December 27, 2019 at 4:29 pm

very useful thanks.

louisevbanz says

January 20, 2020 at 3:19 pm

I’d like put the writers of this in my references. May I ask who the writers are and what year was this published? Thank you very much.

Daniel says

June 1, 2020 at 6:21 pm

Thank you very much. Helpful information in my preparations for structured interviews for my research .

abby kamwana says

December 8, 2020 at 9:03 am

This is the information i was looking for thank you so much!.

Cosmas W.K. Mereku (Prof.) says

June 15, 2021 at 8:59 am

I am teaching 42 MPhil and 6 PhD postgraduate music students research methods this academic year. Your guide to qualitative research interview questions has been very useful. Because the students are in different disciplines (music education, music composition, ethnomusicology and performance), all the types of questions discussed have been very useful. Thank you very much.

Gerald Ibrahim b. says

June 16, 2021 at 12:45 pm

One of my best article ever read..thanks alot this may help me in completing my research report…

Corazon T. Balulao says

March 1, 2022 at 7:47 am

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antoinette says

March 28, 2022 at 7:35 am

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November 21, 2023 at 5:55 am

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Top 33 Research Associate Interview Questions and Answers 2024

Editorial Team

Interviewing for a Research Associate position can be an intricate process, marked by a series of challenging questions aimed at evaluating your analytical skills, technical expertise, and problem-solving abilities. Candidates are often tested on their knowledge of research methodologies, data analysis, and their capacity to contribute to ongoing projects. Preparing for these interviews requires a thoughtful consideration of potential questions and crafting articulate responses that showcase your qualifications and passion for research.

To assist you in this preparation, we have compiled a comprehensive list of the top 33 research associate interview questions and answers. This guide is designed to give you a foundational understanding of the types of questions you might encounter and effective strategies for responding to them. Whether you are a seasoned researcher or a newcomer to the field, this curated list will help you approach your interview with confidence and poise, significantly increasing your chances of success.

Research Associate Interview Preparation Tips

Each of these areas will help you present yourself as a well-rounded candidate for a Research Associate position. Focus on tailoring your responses to the specific job and organization, demonstrating how your skills and experiences make you the ideal candidate for the role.

1. Can You Tell Us About Your Research Background And Experience?

Tips to Answer:

• Reflect on your specific research experiences, including any projects, methodologies used, and key findings.
• Highlight how your past experiences have prepared you for the role you’re applying for, showing a progression or deepening of skills over time.

Sample Answer: My research journey began during my undergraduate studies, where I delved into environmental science projects, focusing mainly on water quality assessment. I utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods, which included statistical analysis and field interviews, to understand the impacts of urban runoff. This experience led me to pursue a Master’s degree, where I worked on a collaborative project assessing the effects of agricultural practices on river ecosystems. Through this, I gained expertise in data analysis software and refined my ability to design and execute complex research projects. My work has been published in two peer-reviewed journals, showcasing my commitment to contributing valuable insights to the environmental science field.

2. What Research Methodologies Are You Most Familiar With?

• Highlight specific methodologies you have hands-on experience with, demonstrating your proficiency and confidence in using them.
• Share examples of how you’ve successfully applied these methodologies in past research projects to solve problems or answer research questions.

Sample Answer: I’m most familiar with qualitative methodologies, including in-depth interviews and thematic analysis, as well as quantitative techniques like surveys and statistical analysis using SPSS. In my recent project, I utilized in-depth interviews to gather rich, detailed data from participants, which I later analyzed thematically to identify common patterns and themes. This approach helped me uncover nuanced insights that were critical to the study’s aims. For another project, I designed a survey to collect data from a larger sample size, then applied statistical analysis to quantify the relationships between variables, providing a robust evidence base for our hypotheses.

3. How Do You Approach Research Design And Execution?

• Reflect on your specific steps or strategies in planning and implementing research, emphasizing how they contribute to rigorous and effective outcomes.
• Share an example from your experience to illustrate your approach in a concrete manner, highlighting adaptability and problem-solving skills.

Sample Answer: In approaching research design and execution, I start by defining clear, achievable objectives and research questions. This ensures my work remains focused and relevant. I then select methodologies that best align with the research goals, whether quantitative, qualitative, or a mixed-methods approach. For instance, in a recent project on consumer behavior, I combined surveys for quantitative data with in-depth interviews to capture nuanced perspectives. This blend allowed me to create a comprehensive view of the subject matter. Throughout the process, I prioritize flexibility, ready to adjust my methods as needed based on preliminary findings or unexpected challenges. Effective communication with stakeholders throughout ensures that the project remains aligned with its objectives and that any adjustments are made transparently and with consensus.

4. Can You Describe A Research Project You’ve Worked On From Start To Finish?

• Reflect on a project that showcases your skills in all stages of research, from planning to execution and analysis.
• Highlight your ability to adapt to challenges and incorporate new findings into your research.

Sample Answer: In my previous role, I led a study on the impact of social media on teenage mental health. We started with a comprehensive literature review, identifying gaps in current research. I designed a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys for quantitative data and interviews for qualitative insights. Recruiting participants posed a challenge, especially getting a diverse group, but we managed by reaching out to schools across different regions. Analyzing the data involved statistical software for the survey results and thematic analysis for the interviews. This project taught me the importance of flexibility in research, especially when preliminary results pushed us to refine our interview questions to dig deeper into unexpected patterns.

5. How Do You Analyze Data And Draw Conclusions From Your Research?

• Reflect on specific analytical techniques or software you have used to process data, highlighting how these methods have enabled you to identify patterns or relationships.
• Discuss how you ensure that your analysis remains objective, and how you interpret the findings in the context of your research question or hypothesis.

Sample Answer: In my research, I begin by cleaning the data to remove any errors or inconsistencies. I then use statistical software, like SPSS or R, to conduct various analyses depending on the nature of the data and the research questions. For quantitative data, I might apply regression analysis to understand relationships or ANOVA to compare groups. For qualitative data, thematic analysis is my go-to method, allowing me to identify key themes and patterns. I always cross-reference my findings with existing literature to ground them in a broader context. This approach helps me to draw nuanced insights from the data, ensuring that my interpretations are both data-driven and relevant to the field.

6. How Do You Ensure The Validity And Reliability Of Your Research Findings?

• Highlight specific strategies you use to maintain validity and reliability in your research, such as utilizing established methodologies, conducting pilot studies, or applying statistical tests to assess data quality.
• Emphasize the importance of transparency in your research process, including how you document and share methodologies and data for peer review or replication.

Sample Answer: In my research, ensuring the validity and reliability of findings is paramount. I start by carefully selecting methodologies that are well-recognized for their robustness within my field. For instance, when examining behavioral patterns, I prefer longitudinal approaches to capture changes over time, enhancing validity. Reliability is addressed by applying consistent methods throughout the study and by conducting pre-tests or pilot studies when introducing new tools or questionnaires. I also employ statistical tests to check for consistency and accuracy in the data collected. Transparency is another key aspect; I meticulously document my processes and make my data available for peer review, allowing others to verify and replicate my work. This not only bolsters the credibility of my findings but also contributes to the collective knowledge base of my discipline.

7. Can You Describe A Time When You Had To Overcome A Challenge In Your Research?

• Reflect on a specific challenge that was significant to your research journey, highlighting how you identified and addressed the issue.
• Emphasize the skills and strategies you utilized to overcome the challenge, such as problem-solving, adaptability, and collaboration.

Sample Answer: In my previous project on environmental science, I encountered a significant challenge when the data collected from field surveys did not align with the initial hypotheses. This discrepancy threatened the project’s direction and potential findings. Instead of viewing this as a setback, I saw it as an opportunity to delve deeper into the unknown variables affecting our results. I conducted a thorough review of the methodology, adjusted the data collection process, and engaged in more detailed statistical analysis. By incorporating a flexible approach and collaborating closely with my team to re-evaluate our strategies, we were able to uncover new insights into environmental factors that were previously overlooked. This experience taught me the importance of resilience and adaptability in research.

8. How Do You Stay Up-To-Date With The Latest Research In Your Field?

• Subscribe to relevant journals and online platforms that publish the latest research findings in your field.
• Attend conferences, workshops, and seminars to network with other professionals and learn about new research developments.

Sample Answer: I make it a priority to stay informed about the latest research in my field by subscribing to several key journals and online databases. I regularly set aside time each week to read recent publications and industry news. Additionally, I attend at least two major conferences a year which not only provide insights into cutting-edge research but also offer valuable networking opportunities with other professionals. This approach helps me incorporate the latest findings and methodologies into my work, ensuring that my research remains relevant and impactful.

9. Can You Tell Us About A Research Project You’re Particularly Proud Of?

• Reflect on a project that demonstrates your skills, creativity, or unique approach to solving problems.
• Highlight any challenges you faced and how you overcame them, showcasing your resilience and adaptability.

Sample Answer: In my previous role, I led a research project on the effects of urbanization on local wildlife populations. Starting with a comprehensive literature review, I designed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews to gather a wide range of data. One major hurdle was gaining access to certain urban areas for surveying, which required extensive negotiation with local authorities and stakeholders. I managed to secure the necessary permissions through persistent communication and by emphasizing the potential benefits of the study for urban planning. The project not only provided valuable insights into wildlife adaptation to urban environments but also highlighted areas for improvement in city planning to accommodate local fauna. My team’s findings were published in a well-regarded environmental science journal, marking a significant contribution to the field and a highlight of my research career.

10. How Do You Handle Conflicting Research Findings Or Opinions?

• Reflect on experiences where you’ve encountered conflicting data or scholarly opinions and how you navigated these situations to reach a reasoned and balanced understanding.
• Emphasize the importance of an open mind, critical thinking, and the willingness to revise your own hypotheses or conclusions based on new evidence.

Sample Answer: In my experience, handling conflicting research findings starts with a thorough analysis of both sides. I dive deep into the methodologies used to understand why discrepancies exist. For instance, during my last project on climate change impacts, I found divergent opinions on sea level rise projections. I compared the data sets, methodologies, and assumptions behind each study. This process led me to identify the sources of disagreement, which were mainly due to different climate models. I then discussed these findings in my report, explaining how each model’s assumptions led to varying results. This approach not only enriched my understanding but also helped readers grasp the complexity of climate science. It taught me the value of critical thinking and the need to continuously question and verify findings, even my own.

11. Can You Describe Your Experience With Qualitative Research Methods?

• Focus on specific projects where you employed qualitative research methods, detailing your role and the techniques you used.
• Discuss how you addressed challenges in qualitative research, such as ensuring data validity and managing subjective interpretations.

Sample Answer: In my recent project, I delved into understanding consumer behavior using in-depth interviews and focus groups. My role encompassed designing the study, recruiting participants, conducting interviews, and leading group discussions. I meticulously analyzed the data using thematic analysis, which allowed me to identify key patterns and insights. To tackle the challenge of data validity, I employed triangulation, comparing findings from different sources to confirm the reliability of the results. Handling subjective interpretations was tricky, but I maintained an open dialogue with my team to consolidate diverse perspectives, enriching our analysis and findings.

12. How Do You Ensure That Your Research Is Ethical And Respects The Rights Of Participants?

• Reflect on specific ethical guidelines or frameworks you align your research with, such as obtaining informed consent and ensuring confidentiality.
• Discuss any ethical review processes your research undergoes, such as Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval.

Sample Answer: In ensuring my research is ethical and respects participant rights, I always start with obtaining informed consent, clearly explaining the purpose of the study, potential risks, and benefits. I prioritize participant confidentiality, ensuring data is anonymized and securely stored. My projects undergo IRB review, ensuring adherence to ethical standards. Ethical considerations are at the forefront of my planning and execution stages, acknowledging the importance of treating participants with respect and dignity.

13. Can You Describe Your Experience With Quantitative Research Methods?

• Reflect on specific projects where you utilized quantitative methods, mentioning the types of data analysis tools or software you’ve worked with.
• Highlight how you’ve ensured the accuracy and integrity of your data throughout your research process.

Sample Answer: In my recent project, I focused on analyzing consumer behavior patterns using SPSS. I started by formulating a hypothesis based on preliminary data, followed by designing a survey that collected numerical data from over 500 participants. I employed descriptive and inferential statistics to interpret the data, ensuring I checked for validity and reliability through repeated measures. This approach allowed me to identify significant trends and correlations, which informed our marketing strategy adjustments. My experience has taught me the importance of meticulous data handling and the ability to interpret quantitative data effectively.

14. How Do You Manage Your Time And Resources During Research Projects?

• Highlight your use of project management tools or software to keep track of deadlines and tasks.
• Discuss how you prioritize tasks based on urgency and importance, and how you allocate resources efficiently to ensure project milestones are met on time.

Sample Answer: In managing my time and resources during research projects, I start by breaking down the project into smaller, manageable tasks. I then use project management software to schedule these tasks, setting clear deadlines for myself and my team. I prioritize tasks based on their importance and urgency, focusing first on what will have the biggest impact on the project’s progress. For resource allocation, I constantly assess the project’s needs against available resources, making adjustments as necessary to avoid bottlenecks. I also set aside regular intervals to review progress, which allows me to reallocate my time and resources efficiently. This systematic approach helps me stay on track and ensures the successful completion of my research projects.

15. Can You Tell Us About A Time When You Had To Communicate Research Findings To A Non-Technical Audience?

• Use simple language and analogies that relate to everyday experiences to make complex ideas more accessible.
• Focus on the significance of the findings and how they impact the audience, avoiding jargon and technical details.

Sample Answer: In my previous project on climate change impacts, I had the opportunity to present our findings to local government officials, who were not experts in the field. I started by explaining the concept of global warming in the context of local weather patterns they were familiar with. Then, I used visual aids, like graphs and charts, to demonstrate the projected changes without going into the complex models we used. I emphasized how these changes could affect local agriculture and public health, making it relevant to their policy-making decisions. The feedback was positive, with many expressing a better understanding of the importance of environmental policies.

16. Can You Tell Us About A Time When You Had To Communicate Research Findings To A Non-Technical Audience?

• Use simple language and avoid jargon to ensure that your message is accessible to everyone.
• Incorporate visuals, such as charts or graphs, to help illustrate your points and make the data more understandable.

Sample Answer: In my previous project on climate change impacts, I had the opportunity to present our findings to local community leaders, most of whom did not have a scientific background. I simplified our research into key messages, using everyday language. I prepared clear visuals, like charts showing temperature changes over decades, to make the data relatable. I also shared stories of communities affected by climate change, making the data come alive. This approach helped the audience grasp the urgency of our findings and sparked a meaningful discussion on local action plans.

17. Can You Describe Your Experience With Literature Reviews?

• Reflect on how you systematically search for, appraise, and synthesize research evidence related to a specific question or topic.
• Highlight your ability to identify gaps in the current research and how this guides future research directions or informs practice.

Sample Answer: In my recent project, I conducted a comprehensive literature review focusing on the impact of digital learning tools in elementary education. I started by defining clear inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure relevancy and quality of the literature. I utilized multiple databases and included both peer-reviewed articles and grey literature to broaden the scope. My approach was methodical, using tools like Mendeley for organization and citation tracking. Highlighting gaps, I noticed a lack of studies on the long-term effects of these tools, which I pointed out as a crucial area for future research. This process not only enriched my understanding but also laid a strong foundation for the research proposal, ensuring it was grounded in current knowledge yet aimed at addressing unexplored questions.

18. How Do You Ensure That Your Research Is Rigorous And Unbiased?

• Reflect on specific strategies you’ve employed to enhance the rigour and reduce bias in your research, such as blind procedures, validation of instruments, or peer review.
• Discuss how you engage with diverse perspectives and methodologies to challenge your assumptions and ensure a comprehensive approach to your research.

Sample Answer: In my research, I prioritize transparency and meticulous methodology to maintain rigor and impartiality. To achieve this, I start by clearly defining my research questions and selecting appropriate methods that align with the objectives. I implement blind procedures whenever possible to minimize bias in data collection and analysis. Additionally, I regularly seek feedback from peers and incorporate diverse perspectives to challenge and refine my approach. Ensuring the reliability and validity of my instruments through pilot testing is another critical step I take. Lastly, I am committed to a thorough literature review to contextualize my findings within the existing body of knowledge, acknowledging any limitations openly.

19. Can You Tell Us About A Time When You Had To Work Collaboratively On A Research Project?

• Reflect on a specific project where collaboration was key, highlighting how you communicated and worked with others to achieve the project goals.
• Emphasize your ability to adapt to team dynamics, resolve conflicts, and contribute positively to achieve a common objective.

Sample Answer: In my previous research project, we were investigating the effects of urbanization on local wildlife. Working collaboratively was crucial due to the project’s multidisciplinary nature. I coordinated with ecologists, statisticians, and local government officials to gather and analyze data. My role involved facilitating communication between team members, ensuring all voices were heard, and integrating diverse perspectives into our research strategy. This experience taught me the value of open communication and flexibility in teamwork. By actively listening and adapting to the team’s needs, we successfully published our findings, contributing important insights to the field.

20. How Do You Handle Unexpected Findings or Results in Your Research?

• Reflect on a specific instance where you encountered unforeseen results and how you navigated through it to ensure the integrity and value of the research.
• Emphasize adaptability, critical thinking, and the ability to use unexpected findings as a stepping stone for further research or to refine your research questions and methods.

Sample Answer: In my experience, unexpected findings are not setbacks but opportunities for deeper understanding. In one project, when I encountered results that contradicted my hypotheses, I first re-examined my data collection and analysis processes to confirm the accuracy of these findings. Recognizing their validity, I adapted my research direction to explore these anomalies more thoroughly. This led to a reevaluation of my original hypotheses and ultimately enriched my research, providing insights that were more nuanced and comprehensive than my initial expectations. This experience taught me the importance of flexibility and the value of being open to where the data leads, even if it’s in an unforeseen direction.

21. Can You Describe Your Experience With Statistical Analysis Software?

• Tailor your response to showcase specific software skills relevant to the position or field you are applying for, highlighting any unique applications or advanced features you have utilized.
• Share a specific example or project where your expertise in statistical analysis software directly contributed to the success of the research, focusing on the impact and the skills demonstrated.

Sample Answer: I’ve had extensive experience using various statistical analysis software like SPSS, R, and Python for data analysis throughout my career. In one of my recent projects, I used R to perform a complex multivariate analysis, which helped in identifying key patterns and trends that were not apparent before. This analysis was crucial in guiding the research direction and ultimately led to significant findings that were published in a peer-reviewed journal. My ability to manipulate and extract insights from data using these tools has been a cornerstone of my research success.

22. How Do You Ensure That Your Research Is Replicable And Transparent?

• Discuss specific strategies you use to document your research process and share your data.
• Explain how you use peer review, pre-registration, or open-access repositories to enhance transparency and replicability.

Sample Answer: In my research, ensuring replicability and transparency starts with meticulous documentation of my processes and methodologies. I maintain detailed lab notebooks and use digital tools to track changes and versions of my work. For data sharing, I leverage open-access repositories, making sure that datasets are accessible and well-documented for future researchers. I also value the role of peer review, not just as a formality, but as a crucial step for verifying the integrity of my work. By pre-registering my studies, I commit to my research plan publicly, which helps in maintaining transparency and accountability in my scientific inquiries.

23. Can You Tell Us About A Time When You Had To Adapt Your Research Methods To A New Situation?

• Reflect on a specific instance where your original research plan was not feasible or effective, necessitating a change in methodology, tools, or approach.
• Highlight your flexibility, problem-solving skills, and ability to innovate under pressure without compromising the integrity or quality of your research.

Sample Answer: In my previous project on environmental science, we initially planned to conduct field surveys and physical soil sampling to gather data. However, unexpected heavy rainfall made most of our target sites inaccessible. Recognizing the need to adapt swiftly, I shifted our approach to utilize satellite imagery and remote sensing technology. This not only allowed us to continue our research without delay but also expanded our data collection scope, providing insights into areas we hadn’t initially considered. This experience taught me the importance of being adaptable and resourceful in research.

24. How Do You Balance The Need For Speed In Research With The Importance Of Accuracy And Rigor?

• Emphasize the strategies you use to maintain high standards of accuracy and rigor, even under tight deadlines.
• Discuss how you prioritize tasks and make use of project management tools to keep your research projects on track without compromising quality.

Sample Answer: In my experience, balancing speed with accuracy and rigor involves efficient planning and clear prioritization. Initially, I outline all project phases, identifying critical tasks that require more focus on detail and accuracy. This approach allows me to allocate more time and resources to these areas. For example, when analyzing data, I ensure rigorous checks are in place, despite the pressure to deliver results quickly. I also leverage project management tools to streamline tasks and maintain communication with my team, ensuring everyone is aligned and can work efficiently. This methodology allows me to maintain a high standard of research integrity while meeting deadlines.

25. Can You Describe Your Experience With Research Writing And Publication?

• Reflect on specific projects where your writing and publication efforts were critical. Highlight the journey from initial research to publication, including any peer review processes or revisions.
• Emphasize the skills you developed through these experiences, such as attention to detail, ability to convey complex ideas clearly, and persistence in the face of challenges.

Sample Answer: I’ve been actively involved in research writing and publication throughout my academic and professional career. My first significant publication was derived from my thesis, which explored innovative methodologies in environmental science. The process taught me the importance of clear, concise writing to communicate complex ideas effectively. I learned to navigate peer reviews, addressing feedback constructively to improve my work. This experience, along with subsequent publications, honed my skills in drafting, revising, and arguing the significance of my research findings to a broader audience. Each publication has been a stepping stone in mastering the art of scientific communication and contributing valuable knowledge to my field.

26. How Do You Manage The Practical Aspects Of Research, Such As Budgeting And Resource Allocation?

• Highlight your ability to plan ahead and prioritize tasks based on available resources and project requirements.
• Share examples of how you’ve effectively used software or tools for budget tracking and resource management.

Sample Answer: In managing the practical aspects of research like budgeting and resource allocation, I start by developing a detailed project plan. This plan outlines all expected costs and aligns them with project milestones. I’ve used Excel and project management software like Trello to monitor expenses closely and adjust plans as needed. For instance, in a recent project, I reallocated funds from a less critical area to cover unexpected costs in data collection, ensuring the project stayed on track without exceeding the budget. Effective communication with my team about resource allocation has also been key to staying within budget and meeting our objectives.

27. Can You Tell Us About A Time When You Had To Present Research Findings To A Stakeholder Or Funding Agency?

• Focus on describing the preparation process, including how you tailored the presentation to the audience’s interests and concerns.
• Highlight your communication skills by explaining how you made complex information accessible and engaging to your audience.

Sample Answer: In my previous role, I conducted research on consumer behavior patterns. After compiling the data, I was tasked with presenting our findings to a panel of stakeholders. Recognizing the diverse backgrounds of the panel members, I started by simplifying the data into key insights and trends that directly impacted our business objectives. I used visual aids, such as charts and graphs, to make the data more digestible and engaging. During the presentation, I focused on how our findings could influence future business strategies and decision-making processes. I also prepared to answer questions by anticipating potential concerns and formulating responses that highlighted the strategic implications of our research. The presentation was well-received, and I was commended for my ability to convey complex information in a clear, concise, and actionable manner.

28. How Do You Ensure That Your Research Is Relevant And Impactful For The Intended Audience?

• Reflect on past projects where you identified the audience’s needs and tailored your research to meet those needs, highlighting the process of audience analysis and engagement.
• Discuss specific strategies used to measure the impact of your research, such as feedback loops, impact assessments, or follow-up studies.

Sample Answer: In ensuring my research is relevant and impactful, I start by identifying who the intended audience is and what their specific needs are. This involves engaging with them directly through surveys or interviews to gather insights. Based on this information, I tailor my research questions and methods to address their concerns directly. After completing my research, I present my findings in formats that are accessible and engaging to them, such as policy briefs, presentations, or interactive webinars. I also set up mechanisms to receive feedback on the research’s utility and make adjustments as necessary to enhance its relevance and impact.

29. Can You Describe Your Experience With Research Project Management?

• Highlight specific projects where you played a key role in managing the research process, focusing on how you organized tasks, led the team, and met deadlines.
• Discuss how you handled challenges that arose during the project, demonstrating your problem-solving skills and adaptability.

Sample Answer: In my previous role, I managed a multidisciplinary research team on a project aimed at understanding the impacts of climate change on coastal ecosystems. I was responsible for setting the project timeline, delegating tasks, and ensuring we stayed within budget. I organized regular team meetings to track progress and address any issues promptly. When we encountered unexpected data variability, I led the team in adjusting our analysis methods to account for these discrepancies, ensuring the integrity of our findings. This experience honed my project management and leadership skills, reinforcing the importance of flexibility and clear communication in research.

30. How Do You Handle The Emotional Aspects Of Research, Such As Frustration Or Disappointment?

• Reflect on past experiences where you successfully navigated emotional challenges in research, highlighting resilience and adaptability.
• Emphasize communication and support-seeking from peers or mentors as strategies to manage difficult emotions.

Sample Answer: In dealing with the emotional aspects of research, I’ve learned the importance of resilience. When I encounter frustration or disappointment, my first step is to take a step back and assess the situation objectively. This allows me to identify whether the setback is due to a factor within my control. I then seek feedback, which in the past has opened up alternative perspectives or solutions I hadn’t considered. Additionally, discussing challenges with peers has not only provided emotional support but often practical advice or collaboration opportunities to overcome obstacles. This approach has turned potentially discouraging situations into learning experiences and opportunities for growth.

31. Can You Tell Us About a Time When You Had To Work With A Team To Collect And Analyze Data?

• Emphasize your communication skills and how you coordinated with team members to efficiently collect and analyze data.
• Highlight your ability to overcome challenges during the process, such as differing opinions or technical issues.

Sample Answer: In my last project, I was part of a team tasked with collecting and analyzing data on consumer behavior. We divided the tasks according to each member’s strengths; I was responsible for data analysis due to my statistical skills. We faced a challenge when the data collected was not as comprehensive as we hoped. I suggested using advanced analytical techniques to fill in the gaps, which the team agreed to. Through regular meetings and open communication, we managed to not only complete our analysis on time but also provided insights that were highly appreciated by our client. This experience taught me the significance of teamwork, effective communication, and flexibility in research.

32. How Do You Balance The Need For Innovation In Research With The Importance Of Established Methods And Theories?

• Emphasize your understanding of the foundational theories and methods in your field, and how this knowledge guides your innovative approaches.
• Share examples of how you’ve successfully integrated new techniques or perspectives without compromising the integrity of research standards.

Sample Answer: In my experience, balancing innovation with established methods begins with a deep respect for the foundational theories that guide our field. I always start with a thorough review of existing literature and methodologies. This not only informs my work but also helps me identify gaps where innovation can be introduced. For instance, in my recent project, I leveraged cutting-edge technology to gather data more efficiently, while still employing rigorous, traditional analysis techniques. This approach allowed me to introduce new insights into a well-established area of research, demonstrating that innovation and tradition can not only coexist but also complement each other to push the boundaries of knowledge.

33. Can You Describe Your Experience With Research Grant Writing And Management?

• Highlight specific grants you have successfully applied for, emphasizing your role in the process and the outcome.
• Discuss your strategies for managing the funds effectively, including budgeting and ensuring compliance with grant requirements.

Sample Answer: In my previous role, I spearheaded the application for a significant federal grant that aimed to explore innovative environmental conservation techniques. My involvement ranged from conceptualizing the project, aligning it with the funding body’s objectives, to meticulously drafting the proposal. Successfully securing the grant was a testament to our team’s thorough preparation and my detailed-oriented approach. Managing the grant, I prioritized transparent communication with stakeholders and stringent adherence to budget allocations, ensuring every dollar contributed to our research goals. This experience honed my skills in both securing and managing research funds efficiently.

In conclusion, preparing for a research associate interview involves understanding a broad spectrum of questions ranging from your background and experience to specific skills and methodologies relevant to the role. By reviewing these top 33 research associate interview questions and answers, you’re equipping yourself with the knowledge and confidence needed to articulate your qualifications and demonstrate your passion for research. Remember, the key to a successful interview lies in thorough preparation, a clear understanding of your own strengths and experiences, and the ability to connect your background to the needs of the potential employer. With these insights and tips, you’re well on your way to making a strong impression and securing the research associate position you desire.

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Research Question

Ai generator.

A research question serves as the foundation of any academic study, driving the investigation and framing the scope of inquiry. It focuses the research efforts, ensuring that the study addresses pertinent issues systematically. Crafting a strong research question is essential as it directs the methodology, data collection, and analysis, ultimately shaping the study’s conclusions and contributions to the field.

What is a Research Question?

A research question is the central query that guides a study, focusing on a specific problem or issue. It defines the purpose and direction of the research, influencing the methodology and analysis. A well-crafted research question ensures the study remains relevant, systematic, and contributes valuable insights to the field.

Types of Research Questions

Research questions are a crucial part of any research project. They guide the direction and focus of the study. Here are the main types of research questions:

1. Descriptive Research Questions

These questions aim to describe the characteristics or functions of a specific phenomenon or group. They often begin with “what,” “who,” “where,” “when,” or “how.”

• What are the common symptoms of depression in teenagers?

2. Comparative Research Questions

These questions compare two or more groups or variables to identify differences or similarities.

• How do the academic performances of students in private schools compare to those in public schools?

3. Correlational Research Questions

These questions seek to identify the relationships between two or more variables. They often use terms like “relationship,” “association,” or “correlation.”

• Is there a relationship between social media usage and self-esteem among adolescents?

4. Causal Research Questions

These questions aim to determine whether one variable causes or influences another. They are often used in experimental research.

• Does a new teaching method improve student engagement in the classroom?

5. Exploratory Research Questions

These questions are used when the researcher is exploring a new area or seeking to understand a complex phenomenon. They are often open-ended.

• What factors contribute to the success of start-up companies in the tech industry?

6. Predictive Research Questions

These questions aim to predict future occurrences based on current or past data. They often use terms like “predict,” “forecast,” or “expect.”

• Can high school GPA predict college success?

7. Evaluative Research Questions

These questions assess the effectiveness or impact of a program, intervention, or policy .

• How effective is the new community outreach program in reducing homelessness?

8. Ethnographic Research Questions

These questions are used in qualitative research to understand cultural phenomena from the perspective of the participants.

• How do cultural beliefs influence healthcare practices in rural communities?

9. Case Study Research Questions

These questions focus on an in-depth analysis of a specific case, event, or instance.

• What were the critical factors that led to the failure of Company X?

10. Phenomenological Research Questions

These questions explore the lived experiences of individuals to understand a particular phenomenon.

• What is the experience of living with chronic pain?

Research Question Format

A well-formulated research question is essential for guiding your study effectively. Follow this format to ensure clarity and precision:

• Begin with a broad subject area.
• Example: “Education technology”
• Define a specific aspect or variable.
• Example: “Impact of digital tools”
• Decide if you are describing, comparing, or investigating relationships.
• Example: “Effectiveness”
• Identify who or what is being studied.
• Example: “High school students”
• Formulate the complete question.
• Example: “How effective are digital tools in enhancing the learning experience of high school students?”

Sample Format: “How [specific aspect] affects [target population] in [context]?” Example: “How does the use of digital tools affect the academic performance of high school students in urban areas?”

Research Question Examples

Research questions in business.

• “What are the primary factors influencing customer loyalty in the retail industry?”
• “How does employee satisfaction differ between remote work and in-office work environments in tech companies?”
• “What is the relationship between social media marketing and brand awareness among small businesses?”
• “How does implementing a four-day workweek impact productivity in consulting firms?”
• “What are the emerging trends in consumer behavior post-COVID-19 in the e-commerce sector?”
• “Why do some startups succeed in attracting venture capital while others do not?”
• “How effective is corporate social responsibility in enhancing brand reputation for multinational companies?”
• “How do decision-making processes in family-owned businesses differ from those in publicly traded companies?”
• “What strategies do successful entrepreneurs use to scale their businesses in competitive markets?”
• “How does supply chain management affect the operational efficiency of manufacturing firms?”

Research Questions in Education

• “What are the most common challenges faced by first-year teachers in urban schools?”
• “How do student achievement levels differ between traditional classrooms and blended learning environments?”
• “What is the relationship between parental involvement and student academic performance in elementary schools?”
• “How does the implementation of project-based learning affect critical thinking skills in middle school students?”
• “What are the emerging trends in the use of artificial intelligence in education?”
• “Why do some students perform better in standardized tests than others despite similar instructional methods?”
• “How effective is the flipped classroom model in improving student engagement and learning outcomes in high school science classes?”
• “How do teachers’ professional development programs impact teaching practices and student outcomes in rural schools?”
• “What strategies can be employed to reduce the dropout rate among high school students in low-income areas?”
• “How does classroom size affect the quality of teaching and learning in elementary schools?”

Research Questions in Health Care

• “What are the most common barriers to accessing mental health services in rural areas?”
• “How does patient satisfaction differ between telemedicine and in-person consultations in primary care?”
• “What is the relationship between diet and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in adults?”
• “How does regular physical activity influence the recovery rate of patients with cardiovascular diseases?”
• “What are the emerging trends in the use of wearable technology for health monitoring?”
• “Why do some patients adhere to their medication regimen while others do not despite similar health conditions?”
• “How effective are community-based health interventions in reducing obesity rates among children?”
• “How do interdisciplinary team meetings impact patient care in hospitals?”
• “What strategies can be implemented to reduce the spread of infectious diseases in healthcare settings?”
• “How does nurse staffing level affect patient outcomes in intensive care units?”

Research Questions in Computer Science

• “What are the key features of successful machine learning algorithms used in natural language processing?”
• “How does the performance of quantum computing compare to classical computing in solving complex optimization problems?”
• “What is the relationship between software development methodologies and project success rates in large enterprises?”
• “How does the implementation of cybersecurity protocols impact the frequency of data breaches in financial institutions?”
• “What are the emerging trends in blockchain technology applications beyond cryptocurrency?”
• “Why do certain neural network architectures outperform others in image recognition tasks?”
• “How effective are different code review practices in reducing bugs in open-source software projects?”
• “How do agile development practices influence team productivity and product quality in software startups?”
• “What strategies can improve the scalability of distributed systems in cloud computing environments?”
• “How does the choice of programming language affect the performance and maintainability of enterprise-level software applications?”

Research Questions in Psychology

• “What are the most common symptoms of anxiety disorders among adolescents?”
• “How does the level of job satisfaction differ between remote workers and in-office workers?”
• “What is the relationship between social media use and self-esteem in teenagers?”
• “How does cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) affect the severity of depression symptoms in adults?”
• “What are the emerging trends in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?”
• “Why do some individuals develop resilience in the face of adversity while others do not?”
• “How effective are mindfulness-based interventions in reducing stress levels among college students?”
• “How does group therapy influence the social skills development of children with autism spectrum disorder?”
• “What strategies can improve the early diagnosis of bipolar disorder in young adults?”
• “How do sleep patterns affect cognitive functioning and academic performance in high school students?”

More Research Question Examples

Research question examples for students.

• “What are the primary study habits of high-achieving college students?”
• “How do academic performances differ between students who participate in extracurricular activities and those who do not?”
• “What is the relationship between time management skills and academic success in high school students?”
• “How does the use of technology in the classroom affect students’ engagement and learning outcomes?”
• “What are the emerging trends in online learning platforms for high school students?”
• “Why do some students excel in standardized tests while others struggle despite similar study efforts?”
• “How effective are peer tutoring programs in improving students’ understanding of complex subjects?”
• “How do different teaching methods impact the learning process of students with learning disabilities?”
• “What strategies can help reduce test anxiety among middle school students?”
• “How does participation in group projects affect the development of collaboration skills in university students?”

Research Question Examples for College Students

• “What are the most common stressors faced by college students during final exams?”
• “How does academic performance differ between students who live on campus and those who commute?”
• “What is the relationship between part-time employment and GPA among college students?”
• “How does participation in study abroad programs impact cultural awareness and academic performance?”
• “What are the emerging trends in college students’ use of social media for academic purposes?”
• “Why do some college students engage in academic dishonesty despite awareness of the consequences?”
• “How effective are university mental health services in addressing students’ mental health issues?”
• “How do different learning styles affect the academic success of college students in online courses?”
• “What strategies can be employed to improve retention rates among first-year college students?”
• “How does participation in extracurricular activities influence leadership skills development in college students?”

Research Question Examples in Statistics

• “What are the most common statistical methods used in medical research?”
• “How does the accuracy of machine learning models compare to traditional statistical methods in predicting housing prices?”
• “What is the relationship between sample size and the power of a statistical test in clinical trials?”
• “How does the use of random sampling affect the validity of survey results in social science research?”
• “What are the emerging trends in the application of Bayesian statistics in data science?”
• “Why do some datasets require transformation before applying linear regression models?”
• “How effective are bootstrapping techniques in estimating the confidence intervals of small sample data?”
• “How do different imputation methods impact the results of analyses with missing data?”
• “What strategies can improve the interpretation of interaction effects in multiple regression analysis?”
• “How does the choice of statistical software affect the efficiency of data analysis in academic research?”

Research Question Examples in Socialogy

• “What are the primary social factors contributing to urban poverty in major cities?”
• “How does the level of social integration differ between immigrants and native-born citizens in urban areas?”
• “What is the relationship between educational attainment and social mobility in different socioeconomic classes?”
• “How does exposure to social media influence political participation among young adults?”
• “What are the emerging trends in family structures and their impact on child development?”
• “Why do certain communities exhibit higher levels of civic engagement than others?”
• “How effective are community policing strategies in reducing crime rates in diverse neighborhoods?”
• “How do socialization processes differ in single-parent households compared to two-parent households?”
• “What strategies can be implemented to reduce racial disparities in higher education enrollment?”
• “How does the implementation of public housing policies affect the quality of life for low-income families?”

Research Question Examples in Biology

• “What are the primary characteristics of the various stages of mitosis in eukaryotic cells?”
• “How do the reproductive strategies of amphibians compare to those of reptiles?”
• “What is the relationship between genetic diversity and the resilience of plant species to climate change?”
• “How does the presence of pollutants in freshwater ecosystems impact the growth and development of aquatic organisms?”
• “What are the emerging trends in the use of CRISPR technology for gene editing in agricultural crops?”
• “Why do certain bacteria develop antibiotic resistance more rapidly than others?”
• “How effective are different conservation strategies in protecting endangered species?”
• “How do various environmental factors influence the process of photosynthesis in marine algae?”
• “What strategies can enhance the effectiveness of reforestation programs in tropical rainforests?”
• “How does the method of seed dispersal affect the spatial distribution and genetic diversity of plant populations?”

Research Question Examples in History

• “What were the key social and economic factors that led to the Industrial Revolution in Britain?”
• “How did the political systems of ancient Athens and ancient Sparta differ in terms of governance and citizen participation?”
• “What is the relationship between the Renaissance and the subsequent scientific revolution in Europe?”
• “How did the Treaty of Versailles contribute to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the onset of World War II?”
• “What are the emerging perspectives on the causes and impacts of the American Civil Rights Movement?”
• “Why did the Roman Empire decline and eventually fall despite its extensive power and reach?”
• “How effective were the New Deal programs in alleviating the effects of the Great Depression in the United States?”
• “How did the processes of colonization and decolonization affect the political landscape of Africa in the 20th century?”
• “What strategies did the suffragette movement use to secure voting rights for women in the early 20th century?”
• “How did the logistics and strategies of the D-Day invasion contribute to the Allied victory in World War II?”

Importance of Research Questions

Research questions are fundamental to the success and integrity of any study. Their importance can be highlighted through several key aspects:

• Research questions provide a clear focus and direction for the study, ensuring that the researcher remains on track.
• Example: “How does online learning impact student engagement in higher education?”
• They establish the boundaries of the research, determining what will be included or excluded.
• Example: “What are the effects of air pollution on respiratory health in urban areas?”
• Research questions dictate the choice of research design, methodology, and data collection techniques.
• Example: “What is the relationship between physical activity and mental health in adolescents?”
• They make the objectives of the research explicit, providing clarity and precision to the study’s goals.
• Example: “Why do some startups succeed in securing venture capital while others fail?”
• Well-crafted research questions emphasize the significance and relevance of the study, justifying its importance.
• Example: “How effective are public health campaigns in increasing vaccination rates among young adults?”
• They enable a systematic approach to inquiry, ensuring that the study is coherent and logically structured.
• Example: “What are the social and economic impacts of remote work on urban communities?”
• Research questions offer a framework for analyzing and interpreting data, guiding the researcher in making sense of the findings.
• Example: “How does social media usage affect self-esteem among teenagers?”
• By addressing specific gaps or exploring new areas, research questions ensure that the study contributes meaningfully to the existing body of knowledge.
• Example: “What are the emerging trends in the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare?”
• Clear and precise research questions increase the credibility and reliability of the research by providing a focused approach.
• Example: “How do educational interventions impact literacy rates in low-income communities?”
• They help in clearly communicating the purpose and findings of the research to others, including stakeholders, peers, and the broader academic community.
• Example: “What strategies are most effective in reducing youth unemployment in developing countries?”

Research Question vs. Hypothesis

Chracteristics of research questions.

Research questions are fundamental to the research process as they guide the direction and focus of a study. Here are the key characteristics of effective research questions:

1. Clear and Specific

• The question should be clearly articulated and specific enough to be understood without ambiguity.
• Example: “What are the effects of social media on teenagers’ mental health?” rather than “How does social media affect people?”

2. Focused and Researchable

• The question should be narrow enough to be answerable through research and data collection.
• Example: “How does participation in extracurricular activities impact academic performance in high school students?” rather than “How do activities affect school performance?”

3. Complex and Analytical

• The question should require more than a simple yes or no answer and should invite analysis and discussion.
• Example: “What factors contribute to the success of renewable energy initiatives in urban areas?” rather than “Is renewable energy successful?”

4. Relevant and Significant

• The question should address an important issue or problem in the field of study and contribute to knowledge or practice.
• Example: “How does climate change affect agricultural productivity in developing countries?” rather than “What is climate change?”

5. Feasible and Practical

• The question should be feasible to answer within the constraints of time, resources, and access to information.
• Example: “What are the challenges faced by remote workers in the tech industry during the COVID-19 pandemic?” rather than “What are the challenges of remote work?”

6. Original and Novel

• The question should offer a new perspective or explore an area that has not been extensively studied.
• Example: “How do virtual reality technologies influence empathy in healthcare training?” rather than “What is virtual reality?”
• The question should be framed in a way that ensures the research can be conducted ethically.
• Example: “What are the impacts of privacy laws on consumer data protection in the digital age?” rather than “How can we collect personal data more effectively?”

8. Open-Ended

• The question should encourage detailed responses and exploration, rather than limiting answers to a simple yes or no.
• Example: “In what ways do cultural differences affect communication styles in multinational companies?” rather than “Do cultural differences affect communication?”

9. Aligned with Research Goals

• The question should align with the overall objectives of the research project or study.
• Example: “How do early childhood education programs influence long-term academic achievement?” if the goal is to understand educational impacts.

10. Based on Prior Research

• The question should build on existing literature and research, identifying gaps or new angles to explore.
• Example: “What strategies have proven effective in reducing urban air pollution in European cities?” after reviewing current studies on air pollution strategies.

Benefits of Research Question

Research questions are fundamental to the research process and offer numerous benefits, which include the following:

1. Guides the Research Process

A well-defined research question provides a clear focus and direction for your study. It helps in determining what data to collect, how to collect it, and how to analyze it.

Benefit: Ensures that the research stays on track and addresses the specific issue at hand.

2. Clarifies the Purpose of the Study

Research questions help to articulate the purpose and objectives of the study. They make it clear what the researcher intends to explore, describe, compare, or test.

Benefit: Helps in communicating the goals and significance of the research to others, including stakeholders and funding bodies.

3. Determines the Research Design

The type of research question informs the research design, including the choice of methodology, data collection methods, and analysis techniques.

Benefit: Ensures that the chosen research design is appropriate for answering the specific research question, enhancing the validity and reliability of the results.

4. Enhances Literature Review

A well-crafted research question provides a framework for conducting a thorough literature review. It helps in identifying relevant studies, theories, and gaps in existing knowledge.

Benefit: Facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the topic and ensures that the research is grounded in existing literature.

5. Focuses Data Collection

Research questions help in identifying the specific data needed to answer them. This focus prevents the collection of unnecessary data and ensures that all collected data is relevant to the study.

Benefit: Increases the efficiency of data collection and analysis, saving time and resources.

6. Improves Data Analysis

Having a clear research question aids in the selection of appropriate data analysis methods. It helps in determining how the data will be analyzed to draw meaningful conclusions.

Benefit: Enhances the accuracy and relevance of the findings, making them more impactful.

7. Facilitates Hypothesis Formation

In quantitative research, research questions often lead to the development of hypotheses that can be tested statistically.

Benefit: Provides a basis for hypothesis testing, which is essential for establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

8. Supports Result Interpretation

Research questions provide a lens through which the results of the study can be interpreted. They help in understanding what the findings mean in the context of the research objectives.

Benefit: Ensures that the conclusions drawn from the research are aligned with the original aims and objectives.

9. Enhances Reporting and Presentation

A clear research question makes it easier to organize and present the research findings. It helps in structuring the research report or presentation logically.

Benefit: Improves the clarity and coherence of the research report, making it more accessible and understandable to the audience.

10. Encourages Critical Thinking

Formulating research questions requires critical thinking and a deep understanding of the subject matter. It encourages researchers to think deeply about what they want to investigate and why.

Benefit: Promotes a more thoughtful and analytical approach to research, leading to more robust and meaningful findings.

How to Write a Research Question

Crafting a strong research question is crucial for guiding your study effectively. Follow these steps to write a clear and focused research question:

Identify a Broad Topic:

Start with a general area of interest that you are passionate about or that is relevant to your field. Example: “Climate change”

Conduct Preliminary Research:

Explore existing literature and studies to understand the current state of knowledge and identify gaps. Example: “Impact of climate change on agriculture”

Narrow Down the Topic:

Focus on a specific aspect or issue within the broad topic to make the research question more manageable. Example: “Effect of climate change on crop yields”

Consider the Scope:

Ensure the question is neither too broad nor too narrow. It should be specific enough to be answerable but broad enough to allow for thorough exploration. Example: “How does climate change affect corn crop yields in the Midwest United States?”

Determine the Research Type:

Decide whether your research will be descriptive, comparative, relational, or causal, as this will shape your question. Example: “How does climate change affect corn crop yields in the Midwest United States over the past decade?”

Formulate the Question:

Write a clear, concise question that specifies the variables, population, and context. Example: “What is the impact of increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns on corn crop yields in the Midwest United States from 2010 to 2020?”

Ensure Feasibility:

Make sure the question can be answered within the constraints of your resources, time, and data availability. Example: “How have corn crop yields in the Midwest United States been affected by climate change-related temperature increases and precipitation changes between 2010 and 2020?”

Review and Refine:

Evaluate the question for clarity, focus, and relevance. Revise as necessary to ensure it is well-defined and researchable. Example: “What are the specific impacts of temperature increases and changes in precipitation patterns on corn crop yields in the Midwest United States from 2010 to 2020?”

What is a research question?

A research question is a specific query guiding a study’s focus and objectives, shaping its methodology and analysis.

Why is a research question important?

It provides direction, defines scope, ensures relevance, and guides the methodology of the research.

How do you formulate a research question?

Identify a topic, narrow it down, conduct preliminary research, and ensure it is clear, focused, and researchable.

What makes a good research question?

Clarity, specificity, feasibility, relevance, and the ability to guide the research effectively.

Can a research question change?

Yes, it can evolve based on initial findings, further literature review, and the research process.

What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?

A research question guides the study; a hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables.

How specific should a research question be?

It should be specific enough to provide clear direction but broad enough to allow for comprehensive investigation.

What are examples of good research questions?

Examples include: “How does social media affect academic performance?” and “What are the impacts of climate change on agriculture?”

Can a research question be too broad?

Yes, a too broad question can make the research unfocused and challenging to address comprehensively.

What role does a research question play in literature reviews?

It helps identify relevant studies, guides the search for literature, and frames the review’s focus.

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I've Been Offered Every Job I've Interviewed For. Here Are 5 Questions I Ask Interviewers. Career consultant Kendal Lindstrom says these five questions are the winning formula for landing the role.

By Tim Paradis May 9, 2024

Key Takeaways

• Kendal Lindstrom started a career-change consultancy after struggling to change jobs.
• She shared her strategy for acing job interviews, which includes having five key questions ready.
• They focus on areas such as company culture, team dynamics, and the employer's long-term plans.

This article originally appeared on Business Insider .

This as-told-to essay is based on a conversation with Kendal Lindstrom, 25, who lives in Scottsdale, Arizona. She runs a career-change consulting firm named Doux and works in tech. She recently posted a TikTok about five questions she has ready for a job interview. Lindstrom says she believes asking at least some of these questions is why she's always landed a role she interviewed for. The following has been edited for brevity and clarity.

I started Doux because I never liked to be put in a box in terms of my career. Coming out of college, I thought, "I just want to be known as the girl in fashion." I was so wrong. But I didn't know how to pivot into a new industry . It took me two years of connecting, trying, and failing. I found the framework of what Doux is now by failing.

After working in fashion, I got myself into medical sales. I then switched to tech because that's where my passions lie. It took me two years to go from fashion to medical sales. But from the day I decided I wanted to be a tech consultant, it only took me three weeks to get my offer letter.

The difference was I knew how to write my résumé. I knew how to become the candidate that they needed.

My formula is to map your résumé to the career you're going to, not the career you've been in. To get to my current job, I created a résumé that was unstoppable.

Usually, I tell my clients to reach out to the hiring manager. In this case, the hiring manager got to me within minutes of me submitting my résumé. The interview process was extensive, but, like I always tell my clients, it's about follow-ups.

I followed up three times because they had great candidates. But I needed to stay in front, and I needed to be the person they chose.

I had the drive

It's funny when I look back and talk to the executives who hired me. They're like: "You had no business being in tech. You had nothing on your résumé that told us that you would do a good job in this. But the way you presented yourself, it was a no-brainer to hire you because we knew you would get it." So, it's often more how you're presenting yourself in a professional realm rather than what you're saying to answer the questions.

I had drive, and that's what they were looking for. They were looking for someone young to grow with the company. If they wanted someone young, they weren't going to get all the experience in the software that they needed. But I was eager to learn, and however many hours outside work that took, I was willing to do it. I really drove home that it doesn't stop at 5 p.m. My job stops when my job is done.

Each day after work, I spent 30 minutes reading a training book my company had given me. Then, I tried to apply the knowledge for 30 minutes. The next day, I would get time on my boss's calendar and say: "This is what I learned yesterday. Tell me how you have seen this applied in scenarios with a client."

It took me about a year to really digest everything. It was tough, but it came down to whether I was willing to ask questions when I needed help rather than having too much pride and not asking anyone.

I've done a lot of interviews for my age because I kept my options open no matter where I was in my career. I've never wanted to be stagnant. So I have done upwards of 10 or 11 interviews, and I've never been told no because my goal was to make an employer feel like I had their best interests at heart and I wanted to be part of their company, which meant I needed to sell myself as a solution. And it's more about the questions you ask than the answers you get.

I have pretty thick skin

When I worked in medical sales — or even with some of the comments on my TikTok — so much was about my image. I was like, "What does my blonde hair have to do with the knowledge that I have?" Not that it ever hurt my feelings because I have pretty thick skin. In any industry, there will be people who would want to discredit someone's abilities because of how they look. But at the end of the day, I can use my brain to where people are like, "We need to listen to you."

@kendallindstrom it's more about the questions you ask than the answers you get. people want to talk about themselves. #interviewquestions #jobinterview #resume #careerchange #womeninbusines ♬ original sound - DOUX | CAREER CHANGE MGMT

Some of the comments on my TikTok have been so far off the mark. At the time of my interviews for my current job, I didn't have a website, and my social media wasn't publicly available. So, I got the job because of the things I said and the questions I asked, and not because of my appearance.

These are my five key questions:

What's the company culture like?

The first thing I tell people to ask is about company culture. That's a big one. It's such a make-it-or-break-it for enjoying your job. I wanted my audience to know that asking about it is so important because if you're miserable in your job, you're only setting yourself up to fail.

What's the lowdown on my predecessor?

The second one is, "What did the person who held this role before me do that was appreciated but not required based on the job description?" I suggest this one because I want my audience to put themselves in the role already. It's an assumptive selling tactic. I always say go into the interview and sell yourself.

I asked that question one time — "What are you going to miss most about this person?" — and the interviewer said, "Oh, they got Starbucks all the time." And I was like, "Great, I guess we'll be getting Starbucks for the office all the time."

What do my colleagues require?

The third question was, "How can I best suit the needs of my direct counterparts?" That came from wanting to understand — in the most professional way — the team you're walking into. It helps me understand and identify how I would fit into the team.

I've seen teams before where they just don't get along. But you don't know that until you sit down on the first day. And at that point, it's already too late. You're either leaving, or you've got to deal with this until you can figure out another job.

How successful is the team?

No. 4 is what the current state of the department is in reference to the bottom line. That has to do with asking about sales, of course, but I'm also asking: "Am I walking into a failing department? Are you expecting me to turn things around? Are you expecting me to just take the blame for something that's already failing? Or are you guys seeing numbers you've never seen before and need more people?" And, if so, "What did you do to see those numbers?"

What does the company's future look like?

My fifth question is my favorite. It's, "What's the company's three-year, five-year, and 10-year plan?" I love this one because I've never walked into a job and thought, "I'm only going to be here for one year," or "I'm only doing this to collect a paycheck." I always say, "Think like the CEO." I never want to go into a job and strive to just be an associate. That's just where you start.

All you really need — or maybe have time for — is one of these questions. So many people on my TikTok said, "That is too many questions. You're so high maintenance." I was like, "Just use one of them, and they'll be blown away." Because you're starting a whole other conversation that doesn't have to do with their questions for you. These are just concepts that I hope people can take with them as they go — little nuggets — to nail these interviews.

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6.4: Information Interview

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Learn the purpose, structure, and protocols of informational interviews.
• Understand how to use informational interviews to move your job search forward.

Informational Interviews Are Two-Way Exchanges of Information

Most job seekers see informational interviews as a shortcut to research. Why not find someone who does the job, works at the organization, or works in the industry so they can give you a summary of the job, organization, or industry, instead of plowing through secondary data yourself? There are several reasons it is a bad idea to jump right to informational interviews without conducting your own research first:

• It’s harder to land good informational interviews without having done some research first. Potential interview targets are going to think it’s not worth their time if you are just there to take information from them, rather than having an interesting two-way exchange.
• Just because someone does the job or is part of an organization or industry doesn’t mean that they have an exhaustive command of the information for that job, organization, or industry. You will not get an objective, comprehensive view of your target just by talking to a few people.
• Unless your interview target is skilled at tailoring advice across a range of backgrounds, what they will share is based on their specific experience, skills, and personality. It may not be relevant to you or your situation.
• You get just the basic information because you do not know enough to ask probing questions or to confirm or refine information you gather beforehand. It is a wasted opportunity for you to get more nuanced information.
• You come across as knowing nothing about the job, organization, or industry. You wasted an opportunity to demonstrate your interest and knowledge, and therefore market yourself as a possible person to work in that job, organization, or industry.

The best informational interviews are two-way exchanges of information, more like a conversation than an interrogation. You are offering the information you have collected via your research and the interviewee is adding his or her thoughts and ideas. You come across not as the novice looking for a favor and more as a colleague brainstorming ideas. People are busy and don’t always take the time to read business news, attend trade association meetings, or do the in-depth research you will be doing. They will appreciate you bringing to them the latest news. By being well researched and prepared, you do not have to feel like you are imposing on someone when asking for an informational interview. You will be giving back as well, in terms of information on breaking news, trends, or innovations.

Sample Informational Interview Questions

You want to get to know your interviewee by asking questions such as the following:

• How did you get involved in this job, organization, or industry?
• What do you like most about it? What has been most rewarding?
• What is most challenging? Was there anything that surprised you?
• What is a typical day, week, or month?
• What skills are most critical to have, develop, and maintain to be successful?
• What personality types are most successful?
• What do you know now that you wished you knew when you started?

Interest in their specific background establishes rapport because it shows you care about them specifically. It also gives you a foundation for questions to ask later because you know more about their experience.

You want to get broader information about the industry, so you ask questions that reflect your research:

• According to my research, the top competitors are [name the competitors]. Am I missing anyone you think is significant? Is there a new player I should know about?
• According to my research, [name a trend, challenge, or innovation] is a major trend, challenge, or innovation. Is this affecting your job or organization? Is this overestimated in the media? Are there are other trends, challenges, or innovations I should be concerned about?

This is why research prior to the informational interview is so critical. You use your research findings as a springboard for conversation. You are not relying on the interviewee to think of everything and be the sole source of information. You are offering ideas, too. Informational interviews also enable you to dive deeper into what you previously researched.

Pick several research findings to test, and choose what to ask based on what level and type of experience your interviewee has. If your interviewee is very experienced and senior, you can ask broad strategy questions. If your interviewee is focused on a very specific area, say technology, focus on technology-related issues in the discussion.

You want to get career-related information, such as salary and environment, and a candid sense of your chances in this job, organization, or industry:

• According to my research, it is customary for people in this job to make [name salary range] and experience [name lifestyle, travel, or work culture]. Is that accurate? Are there any nuances to this that are not publicized in general media?
• According to my research, the typical career trajectory is [name different titles you have seen for the job]. Is this accurate? Does this differ by company?
• How would you describe the culture of your organization? Does this vary greatly for companies in the industry?
• According to my research, it is customary for people in this job to have [name skills and experiences]. Is my background of [summarize your skills and experience] competitive? If you knew of an opening for this type of job, would you consider me or refer me?
• What about my background is most relevant to this job? What would I need to do to improve my chances?

These questions enable you to get information on the touchy issues of compensation and lifestyle, as well as candid feedback on your hiring prospects. By offering ideas, you take the pressure off the interviewee to reveal sensitive information. Instead, you give them something to react to. People will also appreciate that you have done some salary research, as they might not have time to see what is happening in the market, and they will want to reciprocate by sharing something they know.

Asking about the competitiveness of your skills and experience is not the same as asking for a specific job. You should never ask for a job in an informational interview. It is disingenuous because you asked for a meeting to focus on gathering information, not to ask for a job.

In the previous example, you are asking for candid feedback about your job potential. You will not get candid feedback from recruiters or prospective employers during an actual job interview. Recruiters and prospective employers will be concerned about being too critical too soon, angering the candidate, and having the candidate bad-mouth the organization or even sue. Since you will not get explicit feedback during the interview process, try to get that feedback in an informational interview. Asking if your informational interviewee would consider hiring or referring you is much more direct than just asking if your background is good. The measure that matters is whether you are competitive for an open job. Asking for job potential is still, however, not as presumptuous as asking for a job outright.

For people from a specific organization, you want to fill in your organizational chart with answers to the following questions:

• What department are you in (i.e., the specific name if it’s not revealed in their introduction or on their business card)?
• Who oversees this department?
• How does it fit in with the rest of the organization?
• Is this structure typical, or are your competitors organized differently?
• I am doing research on [name another organization] and trying to find who runs the [name department you want]. Do you know anyone there whom I could ask?

If you are trying to fill out spaces in your organizational chart, you should ask these questions if your interviewee would likely know the answers. If your interviewee is very junior or works in a department with little other contact, he or she may not know, so don’t take it personally if they don’t share any information. You should also ask about other organizations because sometimes insiders do know their competitors. You also might get referrals to additional potential informational interviews.

Don’t Just Ask Questions; Test Hypotheses

Sample informational interview questions include the following:

• What do you know now that you wished you knew when you started? (This is a great question to ask because it forces people to reflect on the arc of their career. It is unexpected, and people appreciate this question.)
• According to my research, [name a trend, challenge, or innovation] is a major trend, challenge, or innovation. Is this affecting your job or organization? Is this overestimated in the published research? Are there are other trends, challenges, or innovations I should be concerned about?
• According to my research, it is customary for people in this job to make [name salary range] and experience [name lifestyle, travel, work culture]. Is that accurate? Are there any nuances to this that are not publicized in general media?
• According to my research, it is customary for people in this job to have [name skills and experiences]. Is my background of [summarize your skills and experience] competitive? If you knew of an opening for this type of job, would you consider me or refer me? What about my background is most relevant to this job? What would I need to do to improve my chances?

If you look at the structure of the preceding informational interview, many questions use the secondary research as a springboard for the question. You want to give information so it is less presumptuous to ask for information in return. You want to establish your knowledge so the interviewee sees you as an insider and is more open to sharing. You want to save the interviewee from having to do all the work of thinking of what to talk about. You want to confirm and refine your research to date. In this way, you are not just asking a series of questions, but you are testing hypotheses that you have formed from your secondary research and other informational interviews.

When you invite your interviewee to an informational interview, make sure they know that you have done some interesting research and would like to share and confirm the results with them. Many job seekers do not do this research, so you differentiate yourself immediately and assure the interviewee that it is worth their time to see you. You are more likely to land informational interviews if the interviewee knows that you have done some work in advance and have interesting insights and questions to share.

Be Polite: Common Rules of Etiquette Apply

Common rules of etiquette apply in the protocols of informational interviews. When asking for the interview, you can approach your interviewee by phone, mail, or e-mail. There is no one right answer, but each has advantages and disadvantages:

E-mail has the most advantages and fewest disadvantages and should work for most job seekers. If you are more confident in your phone approach or mail campaign, then you may want to try that as well. You might also tailor your approach to the recipient. If you get referred to someone and they tell you to call them, then call them, even if you’d prefer to e-mail. You want to approach based on what is best for the interviewee.

The content of your approach, whether by phone, mail, or e-mail, should include who you are and why you are making contact. If someone refers you, mention that right away. Regarding who you are, make your introduction compelling but brief. Do not attach your résumé; this is not a job interview, so that is presumptuous. An elegant way to share your résumé is to put your online profile hyperlink in your e-mail signature. This way, the interviewee can easily get more information about you without having to search, but it is shared in one line rather than a paragraph or more of detail. This is a key advantage of an e-mail approach.

Common etiquette applies during and after the informational interview as well. Be on time, and do not take too much time. Ask for fifteen minutes, be mindful of the time, and offer to end the interview right at fifteen minutes. Only stay longer if invited. Send a thank-you note—e-mail is fastest, handwritten by mail is a classy addition , but definitely send at least an e-mail so you know it arrives promptly.

Use Informational Interviews to Get More Networking Meetings and Interviews

Informational interviews lead to additional meetings. If you have a good interview, don’t forget to ask the interviewee for referrals to other interviews: Based on my research, I am planning to talk to [name specific people or at least companies]. Is there anyone else who should be on my research list? Can I use your name when I contact them ?

Ask for names directly. Your well-researched interview should have assured the interviewee that you will not waste other people’s time, so they will be more confident about sharing names. Always try to get the contact information so you make the contact directly, rather than asking the interviewee to do an introduction. Otherwise, the interviewee, while well intended, may forget or just get too busy. Also confirm if you can use their name when you approach the new contact, as they will be more receptive to someone who has been referred.

If the interviewee insists on contacting people first before referring them, try to get specific agreement on when you can follow up. A good approach is to say, “Thank you for offering to speak to [person the interviewee referred] on behalf of my research. Can I check in with you [pick a specific date within a week or ten days] to follow up?” This confirms your understanding of what they promised to do, gives them a deadline, and gives you a reason to check back in with them in seven to ten days.

Remember to use information you gain from earlier informational interviews in future interviews. It is not just the secondary research you should allude to. In fact, it can help you land additional interviews if you mention to future interviewees that you have already spoken with their competitors and are happy to share what you have learned. You will not share anything sensitive or confidential or reveal specific names of your sources. But you can talk about what you have learned in general and the types of people you have interviewed—for example, “I have been speaking with people in accounting at leading manufacturers, and they are concerned about the recent changes to accounting regulations.”

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Informational interviews confirm and refine existing research. They are not a shortcut or replacement for your own research.
• The best informational interviews are two-way exchanges of information where you share what you have learned but also get to know the interviewee, their background, and their ideas.
• Try to get candid feedback on your competitiveness as a candidate. It is easier to get this candid feedback during informational interviews than during real job interviews.
• Use your research as a springboard for the interview questions to assure the interviewee that you are an insider and to give them ideas of what to talk about.
• Be polite before, during, and after the interview. E-mail is ideal for requesting an interview and for the thank-you.
• Use your informational interviews to get referrals for additional meetings.
• Do you have some ideas for people you can interview now? Try to practice with family and friends before your first informational interview.
• What are some questions you will use, based on your research to date?
• If you are uncomfortable with informational interviews, what support and resources will you use to master this effective and important job search tool?