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Jyotirao Phule

Jyotirao Phule - Prominent Social Reformer

Jyotirao Phule was born in a Mali (Gardner) family of Poona in 1827. He was educated at a Marathi school, with a three-year break at a mission school in Poona. In 1848 Phule began his work as a social reformer interested in the education of low caste boys and girls, when he started a school for girls of low and untouchable castes.

This article will provide information about a prominent social reformer – Jyotirao Phule in the context of the IAS Exam .

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About Jyotirao Phule

Jyotirao Phule was born in 1827.
Jyotirao Phule was a social reformer, thinker and social activist.
He was born in Katgun, Satara District, Maharashtra.
Amongst the “low-caste” leaders, Jyotirao Phule was one of the most vocal leaders.
He was educated in a school established by the Chrisitan Missionaries.
Jyotirao Phule was from a caste society which was socially excluded.
Jyotirao Phule was the founder of Satyashodak Samaj. It was founded in 1873. The primary emphasis of this Samaj was seeking truth.
Satyashodak Samaj propagated caste equality.
Satyashodak Samaj was devoted to secure social justice and human rights of low-caste people.
In 1888, Maharashtrian social activist Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar had bestowed Jyotirao Phule with an honorific Mahatma title, meaning ‘venerable’ or ‘great-souled’.
Mahatma Phule worked against Gender discrimination and caste discrimination.
Mahatma Jyotiba Phule scorned the rules of pollution and purity.

UPSC aspirants can get a deeper understanding of the contributions by Mahatma Jyotirao Phule towards discarding untouchability, his fervid steps in challenging conventional theories of religious scripts and much more through the video given below:

Jyotirao Phule – Criticism of Indian Caste Society

Jyotirao Phule worked for the upliftment of untouchables and women, these two groups were considered to be the lowest in the Brahmin culture.
As he grew up, his own ideas started developing concerning the injustices that existed in the Indian caste society.
The claims of superiority by the Brahmans were criticised and attacked by Jyotirao Phule. They were considered to be Aryans.
Jyotirao Phule asserted that Aryans were foreigners who came to India. He argued that Aryans subjugated and defeated the true children of India. He contended that these subjugated people lived here even before the arrival of the Aryans.
Jyotirao Phule opined that the defeated population was treated as low caste and inferior people by the Aryans as they went on to establish their dominance.
As per Jyotirao Phule, the so-called low castes people who were the indigenous people had the rights over the power and land. As per Jyotirao Phule, the “upper” castes had no rights over power and land.
Jyotirao Phule proposed unity of Ati Shudras (untouchables) and Shudras (labouring castes) to challenge caste-based discrimination.
As per claims of Jyotirao Phule, before the arrival of Aryans, the Maratha countryside was ruled and tilled by warrior-peasants in a fair and just manner and it was considered to be the golden age.
While freedom fighters like Bal Gangadhar Tilak emphasised the glory of the Aryan period, Jyotirao Phule recalled the glory of the pre-Aryan age.

Gulamgiri – Book Written by Jyotirao Phule

In 1873, Phule wrote a book named Gulamgiri , meaning Slavery.
10 years earlier, slavery had ended in America after the American Civil War.
Jyotirao Phule had dedicated Gulamgiri to all those Americans who had fought to free slaves, thereby establishing a link between black slaves of America and people of lower castes in India.
In a letter to the Conference of Marathi Authors, Jyotirao Phule contended that conferences and various organisations founded by Upper caste people pretended to be modernists when they worked in the British Government. Once these people retire and get their pensions, they resort to discrimantion.
In the twentieth century, the caste reform movement was carried forward by Dr B.R. Ambedkar in Western India and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Southern India.
There are around 15 other notable published works of Mahatma Jyotirao Phule.

Jyotirao Phule – Women’s Education

Jyotirao Phule also fought against the discrimination meted out against upper caste women and miseries of labourers. This demonstrates that he argued against all forms of inequality.
Some people had contested that education should be available only for privileged people.
Some of the reformers argued that women have to be educated if a society has to progress.
The first school for women in Pune was opened by social reformer, Jyotirao Phule.

Recognition of Jyotirao Phule – Mahatma Phule

The Architect of the Indian Constitution, Dr B.R. Ambedkar had acknowledged that Mahatma Phule was one of 3 masters or Guru.
There is an Indian Marathi-language biographical film named Mahatma Phule. It was released in 1954. This movie was about the social reformer Jyotirao Phule.
There are statues, educational institutions, museums, and large markets named after the Mahatma Phule.

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Jyotiba Phule Biography, Facts and Social Reforms

Jyotiba Phule was a social reformer, activist and writer. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule is remembered for his socio-cultural reforms. Know all about Jyotiba Phule Biography in this article.

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Who was Jyotiba Phule?

In India during the 19th century, Jyotirao “Jyotiba” Govindrao Phule was a well-known social reformer and thinker. Jyotiba Phule served as the movement’s leader against India’s widespread caste system. Phule fought for the rights of peasants and other people from lower castes and revolted against the Brahmins’ rule.

According to Jyotiba Phule’s biographer Dhananjay Keer, Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar, a fellow reformer from Bombay, gave Phule the title of Mahatma. Throughout his life, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule battled for the education of girls and was a pioneer for women’s rights in India. He is credited with founding the first Hindu orphanage for unfortunate children.

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Jyotiba Phule Biography

In 1827, Jyotirao Govindrao Phule was born in Maharashtra’s Satara district. Govindrao, his father, ran a vegetable stall in Poona. The original name of Jyotirao’s family was “Gorhay,” and “mali” was Jyotiba Phule Caste. Malis were socially avoided by Brahmins because they were seen as belonging to a lower caste. The family adopted the name “Phule” as a result of Jyotirao’s father and uncles working as florists. When Jyotirao was only nine months old, his mother died.

Jyotirao was a bright young man who had to give up on his education at a young age due to his family’s financial situation. He began by working on the family farm and assisting his father. A neighbour who saw the little prodigy’s talent encouraged his father to enrol him in school. Mahatma Jyotirao Phule enrolled in the Scottish Mission High School in Poona in 1841 and graduated in 1847. He made a Brahmin acquaintance there named Sadashiv Ballal Govande, who remained a close buddy of his throughout his life. Jyotirao married Savitribai when he was just thirteen years old.

Ideology of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule

A social revolution in Indian society began in 1848 as a result of an incident that motivated Jyotiba to fight against the social injustice of caste discrimination.
Jyotirao received an invitation from one of his friends wedding who was from a high caste Brahmin family. But when the bridegroom’s family learned about Jyotiba’s roots, they humiliated and tortured him at the wedding.
Mahatma Jyotirao fled the ceremony because he was determined to oppose the existing caste system and social constraints.
He made it his life’s mission to relentlessly push against social majoritarian dominance and worked toward the emancipation of all people who were affected by this social injustice.
Thomas Paine’s beliefs had a big impact on Jyotirao after reading his well-known book, “The Rights of Man.” He thought that the only way to tackle social ills was to educate women and members of lower castes.

Jyotiba Phule’s Contribution to Education

Savitribai Phule, Jyotiba’s wife, backed his efforts to guarantee women and girls the right to an education. Savitribai, one of the few literate women of her day, learned to read and write from her husband Jyotirao. Jyotiba founded a ladies’ school in 1851 and invited his wife to instruct the students there. Later, he established two additional schools for girls as well as an indigenous school for people from lower castes, namely the Mahars and Mangs.

After realizing the miserable conditions faced by widows, Jyotiba founded an ashram for young widows and finally came to support the concept of widow remarriage. His era’s society was patriarchal, and women’s status was especially appalling. Female infanticide and child marriage were both common occurrences, with minors occasionally becoming married to much older men. Before they reached adolescence, these ladies frequently lost their husbands, leaving them without any familial support. Jyotiba, who was distressed by their situation, founded an orphanage in 1854 to protect these poor children from dying at the brutal hands of society.

Jyotiba Phule as Social Reformer

The traditional Brahmins and other upper castes were attacked by Mahatma Jyotirao and labelled as “hypocrites.” He ran an anti-authoritarian campaign and exhorted the “peasants” and “proletariat” to resist the limitations placed on them.
He welcomed guests of different backgrounds and castes into his home. He supported gender equality, and he put his views into practice by including his wife in all of his social reform initiatives. He thought that religious figures like Rama were used by the Brahmin to oppress the lower caste.
The society’s traditional Brahmins were incensed by Jyotirao’s actions. They accused him of corrupting societal rules and regulations. He was charged with representing the Christian Missionaries by many.
However, Jyotirao was adamant and chose to carry on the movement. It’s interesting to note that Jyotirao had several Brahmin acquaintances who lent their support to the movement’s success.

Jyotiba Phule and Satya Shodhak Samaj

Jyotiba Phule founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj in the year 1873. (Society of Seekers of Truth). He conducted a methodical deconstruction of historical ideas and beliefs before rebuilding one that promoted equality. The Hindus’ ancient holy texts, the Vedas, were harshly denounced by Jyotirao.

He used several other ancient writings to trace the origins of Brahmanism. He accused the Brahmins of creating cruel and exploitative regulations to preserve their social supremacy by repressing the “Shudras” and “atishudras” in society. The Satya Shodhak Samaj’s mission was to rid society of caste prejudice and free the disadvantaged lower caste people from the stigmatization brought on by the Brahmins.

The word “Dalits” was initially used by Jyotirao Phule to refer to everyone whom the Brahmins regarded as belonging to a lower caste and being untouchable. Everyone was welcome to join the Samaj, regardless of caste or class. According to some documented accounts, they even encouraged Jews to join the Samaj. By 1876, the “Satya Shodhak Samaj” had 316 members. Jyotirao decided to build a communal bathing tank outside his home in 1868 to demonstrate his tolerant attitude toward all people and his desire to eat with anyone, regardless of caste.

Jyotiba Phule and Savitribai Phule

Jyotiba Phule and Savitribai Phule, a transformative Indian couple, were pivotal in the fight for women’s empowerment and education. As India’s first female teacher and a pioneering social reformer, Savitribai Phule courageously established the first school for girls, breaking societal norms. Together, they confronted caste and gender discrimination, with Savitribai Phule leading efforts to expand educational opportunities for women amidst opposition. Their united front marked a revolutionary contribution to social reform in India, fostering change through education and advocacy.

Check Out: Savitribai Phule Biography

Death of Jyotiba Phule

Jyotiba Phule spent his entire life working to free the untouchables from Brahmins’ oppression. He was not just a social reformer and activist, but also a successful businessman. He worked for the Municipal Corporation as a contractor and cultivator as well. Between 1876 and 1883, he was the Poona Municipality’s Commissioner.

After having a stroke in 1888, Jyotiba became paraplegic. The great social reformer Mahatma Jyotirao Phule passed away on 28 th November 1890.

Legacy of Jyotiba Phule

The ideas behind Mahatma Jyotirao Phule’s never-ending struggle against societal stigma, which are still incredibly relevant today, maybe his greatest legacy. People in the nineteenth century were accustomed to accepting these discriminatory practices as social norms that had to be upheld without question, but Jyotiba worked to end this caste, class, and colour discrimination.

He was the forerunner of novel social reform concepts. He began awareness campaigns that eventually served as an inspiration for individuals like Mahatma Gandhi and Dr B.R. Ambedkar , stalwarts who subsequently conducted significant actions to end caste oppression.

Jyotiba Phule UPSC

Jyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj, a social reform organization that campaigned for the rights of women, Dalits, and other marginalized communities.
He wrote some books and pamphlets, including Gulamgiri (1873), which is considered a classic of Indian social reform literature.
He was a strong advocate for women’s education, and he founded the first school for girls in India in 1848.
He campaigned against the caste system, and he worked to improve the lives of Dalits and other marginalized communities.

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Jyotiba Phule FAQs

What is contribution of jyotiba phule.

Jyotiba Phule made a significant contribution to women's empowerment and girls' education. On November 28, 1890, Jyotiba Phule passed away. He put a lot of effort into emancipating women and ending caste and untouchability. The effort that Phule did to educate women and members of lower castes is what made him most famous.

Which is the most famous work of Jyotirao phule?

The two best-known novels by Jyotirao Phule are Shetkarayacha Aasud (Cultivator's Whipcord) and Gulamgiri (Slavery). According to Phule's biographer Dhananjay Keer, Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar, a fellow reformer from Bombay, gave Phule the title of Mahatma.

Who was Jyotiba Phule in short answer?

Societal reformer Jyotirao Govindrao Phule fought against social ills including untouchability and the caste system and was a fervent supporter of women's suffrage and the education of girls. Phule was a member of the Mali caste of vegetable farmers and gardeners and was born on April 11, 1827, in what is now Maharashtra.

Who was Jyotiba Phule Why was he famous?

Jyotiba Phule, an Indian social reformer and author, fought for equal rights for all people, particularly for women and low-income peasants. He was an outspoken opponent of the Hindu caste system, which assigns a social status to individuals based on their birth.

Who is known as the father of Indian social revolution?

Mahatma Jotirao Phule is commonly recognized as the man who started the Indian social revolution. He was a Maharashtrian social reformer, writer, and anti-caste crusader.

How did Jyotiba Phule influence the Dalit movement of Maharashtra?

In 1848, Jyotiba Phule and his wife Savitrirao Phule founded Pune's first school for Dalit girls. In an effort to secure equitable social and economic benefits for the lower castes in Maharashtra, Phule oversaw the establishment of Satyashodhak Samaj (also known as "Seekers of Truth") in 1848.

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Biography of Jyotiba Phule, Social Reformer Who Dedicated His Life To Dalit

Jyotiba Phule a prominent social reformer dedicated his life to advocating for the rights & empowerment of Dalits. His work challenged social inequalities & inspired many as mentioned in the article.

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Biography of Jyotiba Phule: Jyotiba Phule, born on April 11, 1827, in present-day Maharashtra, India, was a prominent social reformer, thinker, and activist during the British colonial rule. He dedicated his life to challenging the prevailing caste-based social order and advocating for the rights of marginalized communities, especially Dalits and women.

Phule vehemently criticized the oppressive caste system, untouchability, and gender discrimination. He established schools for girls and lower-caste children, promoting education as a means to empower the oppressed. Through his writings and speeches, Phule inspired a social awakening and fought for social justice, equality, and the upliftment of the oppressed masses in India.

Early Life of Jyotiba Phule

Jyotirao Govindrao Phule, born in 1827 in the Satara district of Maharashtra, India, hailed from a marginalized community known as the Malis. Originally called the “Gorhay” caste, the Malis were considered inferior by the Brahmins and faced social exclusion. After the early loss of his mother, Jyotirao’s family struggled financially, forcing him to discontinue his studies and work on their farm.

However, a neighbor recognized his intelligence and convinced his father to send him to school. In 1841, Jyotirao enrolled in the Scottish Mission’s High School in Poona and completed his education in 1847. During his time at school, he developed a lifelong friendship with Sadashiv Ballal Govande, a Brahmin. At the young age of thirteen, Jyotirao married Savitribai.

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Jyotiba Phule as a Social Reformer

Jyotirao Phule was deeply influenced by Thomas Paine’s book, “The Rights of Man,” which inspired him to fight against social injustices. He strongly believed that the key to addressing these issues lay in empowering women and marginalized communities. In 1848, Phule took the ground-breaking step of teaching his wife, Savitribai, how to read and write. Together, they established the first indigenous school for girls in Pune, where they provided education to girls from different backgrounds and religions. However, their progressive initiatives faced opposition, and they were ostracized by society. Thankfully, their friend Usman Sheikh welcomed them into his home, which became the operating base for the girls’ school. By 1852, the Phules had established three schools, but due to financial constraints after the Revolt of 1857, all of them had to be closed by 1858. Phule strongly opposed child marriage and advocated for widow remarriage. In 1863, Phule, along with his wife and friend, established an infanticide prevention center. This center provided a safe space for pregnant widows to give birth and care for their infants. They dedicatedly ran the center until the mid-1880s, tirelessly working to uplift marginalized sections of society and challenge regressive customs and beliefs.

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Foundation of Satya Shodhak Samaj by Jyotiba Phule

Jyotiba Phule founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj, also known as the Society of Seekers of Truth, in 1873. This organization aimed to challenge and dismantle the prevailing caste system and promote equality in society. Phule conducted a systematic critique of historical ideas and beliefs, particularly denouncing the ancient Hindu texts known as the Vedas. He traced the origins of Brahmanism and accused the Brahmins of enforcing oppressive regulations to maintain their social dominance while suppressing and exploiting the lower castes. Phule coined the term “Dalits” to encompass all those considered lower caste and untouchable by the Brahmins. The Satya Shodhak Samaj welcomed individuals from all castes and classes, even extending an invitation to Jews to join. By 1876, the Samaj had gathered 316 members who shared the vision of eradicating caste prejudice and empowering the marginalized lower castes. To demonstrate his inclusive mindset and egalitarian values, Phule built a communal bathing tank outside his home in 1868. This gesture symbolized his willingness to interact and dine with people of any caste, breaking the barriers imposed by the discriminatory caste system.

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Jyotiba Phule’s Contribution to Women Education

Jyotiba Phule was a strong advocate for women’s education and empowerment, and he found a valuable ally in his wife, Savitribai Phule. Despite the prevailing social norms of the time, Savitribai became one of the few educated women of her generation, thanks to Jyotiba’s tutelage. In 1851, Jyotiba took a significant step by establishing a girls’ school and entrusted Savitribai with the responsibility of teaching the girls. This marked the beginning of their efforts to provide education to girls, an opportunity that was scarce at the time. Inspired by their success, Jyotiba went on to establish two more schools for girls and an indigenous school specifically catering to the marginalized lower castes, particularly the Mahars and Mangs. Recognizing the dire conditions faced by widows in society, Jyotiba took up the cause of widow remarriage.

He established an ashram to provide a safe haven for young widows and became a vocal proponent of the idea. During this period, society was deeply patriarchal, and women, especially widows, faced immense hardships. Female infanticide and child marriages were prevalent, with young girls being married off to much older men. To address these issues, Jyotiba founded an orphanage in 1854, offering refuge to these vulnerable children and shielding them from the cruelties of society. Jyotiba Phule’s efforts in the realms of education, women’s rights, and social reforms were groundbreaking for his time. He and Savitribai tirelessly worked to challenge the prevailing norms and bring about positive change, leaving a lasting impact on the lives of countless individuals.

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Death of Jyotiba Phule

Jyotiba Phule’s relentless efforts in championing social reforms took a toll on his health, both physically and mentally. He faced considerable opposition and criticism from conservative sections of society, particularly the upper castes who vehemently opposed his progressive ideas. Despite the challenges, Jyotiba remained steadfast in his mission until his untimely death. Tragically, Jyotiba Phule passed away on November 28, 1890, at the age of 63. His demise was a significant loss to the social reform movement in India. His relentless fight for equality, education, and justice had earned him both respect and adversaries. Jyotiba Phule’s legacy lived on through the organizations he had founded, such as the Satya Shodhak Samaj, which continued to advocate for social justice and equality. His ideas and teachings inspired generations of social reformers who carried forward his vision. Although Jyotiba Phule may have left this world, his ideas and principles continue to resonate even today. He remains an icon of social reform, remembered for his unwavering commitment to dismantling social hierarchies and uplifting the oppressed. His contributions to the empowerment of marginalized communities and the pursuit of social justice have left an indelible mark on the history of India.

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Who was Jyotiba Phule?

Jyotiba Phule was a renowned social reformer in India who fought against social injustices and worked towards the upliftment of marginalized communities, particularly Dalits.

When and where was Jyotiba Phule born?

Jyotiba Phule was born in 1827 in Satara district, Maharashtra, India.

What was the Satya Shodhak Samaj?

The Satya Shodhak Samaj was an organization founded by Jyotiba Phule in 1873. Its aim was to challenge caste-based discrimination, promote equality, and empower marginalized communities.

What were some of Jyotiba Phule's beliefs?

Jyotiba Phule believed in the importance of social equality, women's rights, and the need to challenge oppressive social structures such as caste-based discrimination.

Jyotiba Phule
Jyotiba Phule UPSC

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Great Indian Leaders

Life of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule

By Raksha Paharia
February 21 2019
[email protected]
21711 views

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Article tells you about Jyotiba’s struggles and achievements in brief.

Jyotirao Govindrao Phule, also known as Jotiba Phule is regarded as the foremost reformer, social activist and a pioneer of women education in India during the 19 th century. Jotiba Phule and his wife Savitribai Phule, played an important role in women empowerment and welfare then.

The relentless efforts of Mahatma Jotiba Phule in removing the evils of the caste system that had degenerated from its original concept, made him an icon of social justice for the Depressed Classes. Noted that Ambedkar always used the word Depressed Classes to describe those belonging to his community.

Phule’s reforms contributed to removal of untouchability, caste discrimination and women empowerment.

He and his supporters founded Satyashodhak Samaj ( Truth-seekers' Society ) in Pune. It was a social reform society that fought for equal rights for the depressed classes. Soon, people from all sections of society joined and worked for upliftment of the backward classes.

Childhood and Education

In 1827 was born Jyotirao Govindrao Phule in Maharashtra’s Satara district. His father, Govindrao worked as a florist and vegetable vendor. The family belonged to 'Mali' caste. They were considered to be a lower caste and looked down upon by others. Note that NCP leader, the rich and powerful, Chagan Bhujbal also belongs to the Mali community.

Jyotirao lost his mother when he was only nine months old. From early days, Jyotirao was a bright and talented student. However, the family’s deteriorating financial condition compelled him to stop studying and join the family business.

Sensing that the young Jyotirao was talented a neighbour persuaded his father to send him back to school. Jyotirao’s father then decided to give his son the best education that he could afford.

During school days Jyotirao came in contact with Sadashiv Ballal Govande, a Brahmin boy. They soon became close and lifelong friends. Both Jyotirao and Govande were highly influenced by Thomas Paine's ideas of human equality. Two more friends of Jyotirao Moro Vithal Valvekar and Sakharam Yashwant Paranjapye, who belonged to the upper caste supported his reform activities in later years.

Notwithstanding the problems faced by the depressed classes then, three upper caste boys were Jyotirao’s friends or and supported his reform activities.

Then children married at an early age. So following the prevalent custom Jyotirao Phule was married, at the age of thirteen, to nine year old Savitribai in the year 1840.

It was Jyotirao who taught Savitribai to read and write after he saw her enthusiasm to learn and educate herself. He also supported her decision to become a teacher and undertake social reform.

The beginning of social reform activities

In 1848, an ugly incident at a friend’s wedding spurred Jyotirao to fight against the caste system. It motivated him to start a social movement to eradicate social evils prevalent then.

Jyotirao was invited to attend the wedding of one of his Brahmin friends, but at the wedding, family members of his friend insulted Jyotirao when they came to know about his caste.

Jyotirao left the venue in anger and decided to uproot the existing caste-system and its unfair practices. He made it his life’s aim to hit relentlessly at the system of upper caste domination and decided to fight for those who were subjected to this social discrimination.

American activist Thomas Paine's famous book 'The Rights of Man', left an everlasting influence on young Jyotirao's mind. He strongly believed that education is the most powerful tool which could change the world. Education is the only weapon that can bring about social change and remove the evils from society.

Notwithstanding the above note that according to noted Gandhian Dharampalji, the maximum number of scholars in the schools of Madras Presidency ie parts of modern day Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, were Sudras. Do read link one.

His Role in Women Education and Empowerment

Jyotirao also worked hard towards raising consciousness about women rights and social injustice faced by women. He was a strong believer of gender equality and led by example by giving his wife equal rights in every sphere. His wife Savitribai, supported Jyotirao’s quest for women empowerment and education.

In 1851 Jyotirao set up a school for girls and requested his wife Savitribai to become a teacher there. After a few years, he managed to establish two more schools for girls and a local school for backward communities like Mahars and Mangs.

Dirt, mud and stones were flung at Savitribai every time she left her house to teach lower caste oppressed women. It did not deter her however.

Jyotirao felt deeply about the pathetic condition of widows in Indian society. In 1863, Jyotirao and Savitribai also started a Care Centre for widows of young age and provided them a secure place to live. The husband wife duo advocated widow remarriage and worked against child marriage too.

Like societies in other countries then, Indian society was a male dominated one. The women were deliberately denied opportunities for growth and suffered from denial of freedom.

Child marriages were not uncommon. Sometimes girls were married off to much older men, these girls often became widows at an early age and then left with zero financial support. Jyotirao felt the pain of these young women and raised his voice.

Just to put matters in perspective , “The British Parliament granted franchise to its women in 1918. Down to 1850 A.D. in England, a woman could not take a walk, much less a journey, alone, nor could she ask a fellow worker to visit her, unless the worker was a girl. When two ladies spoke at a meeting convened for the purpose of supporting a women’s cause in Parliament, a Member of Parliament said “Two ladies have disgraced themselves for speaking in public”. When the House of Commons was built in 1844, it was great difficulty that a Ladies Gallery was sanctioned.” Apparently, gender discrimination wasn’t only prevalent it India. It then existed across the world.

Having said that we must remember two 18-19 th century queens whose names are immortal. First is Ahilyabai Holkar of Maheshwar, able ruler and administrator from 1767 to 1795. She belonged to the Dhangar or shepherd community. And the second is Rani of Jhansi’s rebellion in 1857.

His Efforts towards the Elimination of Caste Discrimination

“The great reformer from Mumbai, Rao Bahadur Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar gave Jyotirao Phule the title of “Mahatma” in May 1888 in recognition of his selfless services to humanity”.

Jyotirao criticized the upper castes and called them "hypocrites". He spoke against the blind submission to Brahmins and other upper castes. Simultaneously, he urged the lower castes to disobey the rules imposed upon them.

He advocated social equality and welcomed people from all castes and religions. The upper castes were angry with his reforms. Both were held responsible for defying the rules and regulations of the society. Some said they were agents of Christian Missionaries. But nothing could deter Jyotirao from his revolt against social injustice.

It must be noted that some of Jyotirao’s Brahmin friends openly supported his reform movement. Jyotirao also wrote dramas to mobilise people against what was wrong with society then.

To put matters in perspective Veer Savarkar was another great social reformer too though in a later period. To read about his role as a social reformer

The Formation of Satya Shodhak Samaj

In 1873, Jyotiba Phule laid the foundation of Satya Shodhak Samaj (aka Truth seeker’s society). He presented a socio-cultural analysis that was highly critical of caste based domination. He advocated social democracy and justice.

Phule also criticized age-old ‘Chaturvarnya’ theory of gradation and separation of man based on birth.

In spite of difficult situations and continuous disapproval, the Phule duo continued social reform.

The sole purpose of the formation of “Satya Shodhak Samaj” was to eradicate caste discrimination and liberate lower castes from upper caste domination.

Jyotirao Phule invented the term 'Dalit' for the untouchables. It must however be mentioned that Dr Ambedkar always said he belonged to the Depressed Classes. The word Dalit entered the national discourse in the 1990’s. Many believe it was done at the behest of the Church to encourage conversions.

Membership to the “Satya Shodhak Samaj” was given to everyone regardless of their caste and religion. By 1876 'Satya Shodhak Samaj' had 316 members.

In 1868, Jyotirao showed his embracing attitude by making a common bathing water tank near his house and sat to dine with people of all castes.

Later life and Death

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and his wife dedicated their entire lives for the betterment of oppressed sections. Phule’s idea of ideal society was based on equality, liberty and justice to all.

Apart from being a social reformer, he was also a businessman, farmer and contractor for the Municipal Corporation. In 1888, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule suffered a massive stroke. He passed away on 28 November 1890.

Do read his biography by respected author Dhananjay Keer titled, ‘Mahatma Jyotibha Phule: Father of Our Social Revolution’. I hope to visit The Mahatma Phule Museum in Pune on my next visit.

1 Were Backward Classes always suppressed in India?

2 History of the word Dalit

3 Status of Indigenous Education around 1820 by Dharampalji

4 Jnanadanandini Devi Tagore is an unsung heroine who led a social revolution in Bengal during the 19th century

Jyotiba Phule
Savitribai Phule
Social Reforms Maharashtra

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Jyotirao Phule

Last updated on October 13, 2022 by ClearIAS Team

The world-renowned political philosopher, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, once said, “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”.

This was particularly true in the case of pre-Independent India riddled with redundant caste hierarchies that valued and ranked people based on their birth.

The lower castes were subjugated to undue violence and deprivations and were effectively excluded from mainstream society. Let us examine how Jyotirao Phule, played a role in mitigating the rigidities of the caste system and what efforts he had put into women’s emancipation.

Table of Contents

Jyotirao Phule: A brief introduction

Jyotirao “Jyotiba” Govindrao Phule was a well-known social reformer and thinker of India during the nineteenth century. He served as the leader of the movement against India’s pervasive caste system. He rose up against the Brahmins’ rule and fought for the rights of peasants and other members of the lower castes.

Throughout his life, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule battled for the education of girls and was a pioneer for women’s rights in India. He is credited with founding the first Hindu orphanage for the unfortunate kids.

Phule’s childhood and early life

In 1827, Jyotirao Govindrao Phule was born in Maharastra’s Satara district. Govindrao, his father, ran a vegetable stall in Poona. The original name of Jyotirao’s family was “Gorhay,” and they belonged to the “mali” caste. Malis were socially avoided by Brahmins because they were seen as belonging to a lower caste. The family adopted the name “Phule” as a result of Jyotirao’s father and uncles working as florists. When Jyotirao was only nine months old, his mother died.

Jyotirao was a bright young man who had to give up on his education at a young age due to his family’s financial situation. He began by working on the family farm and assisting his father. A neighbour who saw the little prodigy’s talent convinced his father to enrol him in school. Jyotirao enrolled in the Scottish Mission High School in Poona in 1841 and graduated in 1847. He made a Brahmin acquaintance there named Sadashiv Ballal Govande, who remained a close buddy of his throughout his life. Only thirteen years old at the time, Jyotirao wedded Savitribai.

Social movements

A social revolution in Indian society began in 1848 as a result of an incident that motivated Jyotiba to fight against the social injustice of caste discrimination. Jyotirao received an invitation to one of his friends’ wedding who was from a high caste Brahmin family. However, after learning about Jyotiba’s background, the bridegroom’s family humiliated and assaulted him at the wedding. Jyotirao fled the ceremony because he was determined to oppose the existing caste system and social constraints.

He made it his life’s mission to relentlessly push against social majoritarian dominance and worked toward the emancipation of all people who were affected by this social injustice.

Thomas Paine ‘s beliefs had a big impact on Jyotirao after reading his well-known book, “The Rights of Man.” He thought that the best way to address social ills was to educate women and members of lower castes.

Phule’s efforts towards women education

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Jyotiba founded a ladies’ school in 1851 and invited his wife to instruct the students there. Later, he established two additional schools for girls in addition to an indigenous school for members of the lower castes, namely the Mahars and Mangs.

After realising the miserable conditions faced by widows, Jyotiba founded an ashram for young widows and finally came to support the concept of widow remarriage.

His era’s society was patriarchal, and women’s status was especially appalling. Both female infanticide and child marriage were frequent occurrences, with minors occasionally becoming married to men who were significantly older. Before they reached adolescence, these ladies frequently lost their husbands, leaving them without any familial support.

In 1854, Jyotiba, who was distressed by their situation, founded an orphanage to protect these poor children from the society’s unkind treatment.

Also read: Women freedom fighters: The unsung heroines

The fight against caste discrimination

The traditional Brahmins and other upper castes were attacked by Jyotirao and labelled as “hypocrites.” He ran an anti-authoritarian campaign and exhorted the “peasants” and “proletariat” to resist the limitations placed on them.

He welcomed guests of different backgrounds and castes into his home. He supported gender equality, and he put his views into practise by including his wife in all of his social reform initiatives. He thought that the Brahmin used religious symbols like Rama as a tool to oppress the lower caste.

The society’s traditional Brahmins were incensed by Jyotirao’s actions. They accused him of corrupting societal rules and regulations. He was accused of promoting the Christian Missionaries by many. However, Jyotirao was adamant and chose to carry on the movement. It’s interesting to note that Jyotirao had several Brahmin acquaintances who contributed to the movement’s success.

Satya Shodak Samaj

Jyotiba Phule founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873. (Society of Seekers of Truth). He conducted a systematic deconstruction of historical ideas and beliefs before rebuilding one that promoted equality. The Hindus’ ancient holy texts, the Vedas, were harshly denounced by Jyotirao. He used a number of other ancient writings to trace the origins of Brahmanism and accused the Brahmins of creating cruel and exploitative regulations in an effort to preserve their social supremacy by repressing the “shudras” and “atishudras” in society.

The Satya Shodhak Samaj’s mission was to rid society of caste prejudice and free the oppressed members of lower castes from the stigmas imposed by Brahmins. The word “Dalits” was initially used by Jyotirao Phule to refer to everyone who the Brahmins regarded as belonging to a lower caste and being untouchable. Everyone was welcome to join the Samaj, regardless of caste or class.

According to some documented accounts, they even encouraged Jews to join the Samaj. By 1876, the “Satya Shodhak Samaj” had 316 members. Jyotirao made the decision to build a communal bathing tank outside his home in 1868 to demonstrate his tolerant attitude toward all people and his desire to eat with anyone, regardless of caste.

Jyotiba Phule spent his entire life working to free the untouchables from Brahmins’ oppression. He was not just a social reformer and activist, but also a successful businessman. He worked for the Municipal Corporation as a contractor and cultivator as well. Between 1876 until 1883, he was the Poona Municipality’s Commissioner.

After having a stroke in 1888, Jyotiba became paraplegic. Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, a renowned social reformer, died on November 28, 1890.

The ideas underpinning Mahatma Jyotirao Phule’s never-ending struggle against societal stigma, which are still incredibly relevant today, may be his greatest legacy. People in the nineteenth century were accustomed to accepting these discriminatory practises as social norms that had to be upheld without question, but Jyotiba worked to end this caste, class, and colour discrimination.

He was the forerunner of novel social reform concepts. He began awareness efforts that eventually served as an inspiration for people like Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who later took significant steps to end caste discrimination.

Article written by: Caroline Abraham

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Remembering Jyotirao Phule: The Pioneer Of Girls' Education In India

Jyotirao phule is remembered as the champion of women's education in india. he, along with his wife savitribai phule, opened the first school for girls in 1848..

Jyotirao Phule death anniversary: He died at the age of 63 on November 28, 1980.

Jyotirao Phule is remembered as the champion of women's education in India. He, along with his wife Savitribai Phule, opened the first school for girls in 1848. He dedicated his entire life for the upliftment of down-trodden, eradication of untouchability and strived for the equal rights for all. He extensively worked towards the causes of women and campaigned for widow re-marriage and opposed child marriages. On his death anniversary today, here are some lesser-known facts about the activist, thinker, social reformer and theologist from Maharashtra:

Jyotirao Phule was born on April 11, 1827 in present-day Maharashtra. His mother Chimnabai died when he was just nine months old.
Born in a Mali caste of gardeners and vegetable farmers and since his family business was that of florists, he was withdrawn from school after primary education to work in the shop. He later resumed his studies and finished his school in 1847.
He was married at the age of 13 to Savitribai Phule. The couple together opened a school for girls' education in 1848. Later they also started schools for children from Dalit castes of Mahar and Mang .
The turning point in his life came when he attended a Brahmin friend's wedding. His participation in the marriage procession was not liked by his friend's parents and he was rebuked for doing so since he belonged to a lower caste. This incident deeply impacted him and he started working on emancipating the lower castes.
In 1873, he formed Satya Shodhak Samaj with the aim of liberating bahujans and shudras (lower caste), protecting them from exploitation and atrocities and attaining them equal status in the society.

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He is regarded as one of India's most influential intellectuals, philosophers, and authors. His contributions to the education of women and oppressed communities are his greatest legacy. Jyotiba Phule was the first to establish a school for women's education and is committed to the advancement of women in society.

Jyotirao Phule Biography: He is regarded as one of India’s most influential intellectuals, philosophers, and authors. His contributions to the education of women and oppressed communities are his greatest legacy. Jyotiba Phule was the first to establish a school for women’s education and is committed to the advancement of women in society.

Jyotirao Phule Biography

Jyotirao phule early years.

Jyotirao Phule was born to a Mali caste family in Poona (now Pune) in 1827. The Malis were traditionally fruit and vegetable farmers; in the four-fold varna caste system, they were classified as Shudras. Phule was named in honour of the god Jyotiba. On the day of Jyotiba’s annual fair, he was born. Phule’s family, formerly known as Gorhe, originated in the village of Katgun, close to the city of Satara. The great-grandfather of Phule, who had worked there as a chaudhuri or low-ranking village official, relocated to the district of Khanwadi in Pune. There, his only son, Shetiba, caused the family’s destitution. The family, which included three males, relocated to Poona in search of employment. The florist took the lads under his wing and taught them the trade’s secrets.

They adopted the name Phule (flower-man) in lieu of Gorhe as a result of their renown for cultivating and arranging flowers. Their successful completion of orders from the Peshwa, Baji Rao II, for flower mattresses and other items for the rituals and ceremonies of the royal court so impressed him that he granted them 35 acres (14 hectares) of tax-free land under the Inam system. Jyotirao Phule’s father, Govindrao, was left in charge of farming and selling flowers while the two junior siblings and the eldest brother took sole control of the property.

Jyotirao’s father withdrew him from elementary school, where he had learned the fundamentals of reading, writing, and arithmetic because the then-backwards Mali community did not place a high priority on education. He accompanied his family members in their labours in the shop and on the farm.

Jyotiba Phule Jayanti Speech: Essay on Mahatma Jyotirao Phule

In India, Phule is widely credited with advancing the anti-caste movement and women’s education.

In 1873, he established the Satyashodhak Samaj. A society dedicated to eradicating social ills such as caste discrimination, the dowry system, and illiteracy. Through his writings and speeches, he advocated for the education of women and the rights of lower castes. Particularly the Dalits or the untouchables.

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Jyotirao Phule Contributions

Education was an area in which Phule made one of his most important contributions to Indian society. He believed that education was the key to social transformation and worked tirelessly to establish schools for females and individuals from lower castes. Additionally, he founded the Satyashodhak Shala, a school for Dalit students. His innovative work in the field of education paved the way for greater access to education for all members of Indian society.

Quotes by Mahatma Jyotirao Phule:

“Do not use the wrong means to do good work.”
“Without education, wisdom was lost; without wisdom, morals were lost; without morals, development was lost; without development, wealth was lost; without wealth, the Shudras were ruined; so much has happened through lack of education.”
“If the Brahmans really wish to unite the people of this country and take the nation ahead, then first they must drown their cruel religion, which is customary amongst both the victors (Brahmans) and the vanquished (Shudras), and they publicly and clearly, must cease using any artifice in their relationship with the Shudras, who have been demeaned by that religion and trample on inequality and the Vedanta opinion, and till a true unity is established, there will be no progress in this country.”
“Brahmins say that education has made them repentant. In fact, they reform themselves only to secure themselves in good positions with the British. While at home they continue to worship pieces of stone.”
“Let there be schools for the Shudra in every village, but away with all Brahmin school masters! The Shudras are the life and sinews of the country, and it is to them alone and not to the Brahmins that the Government must ever look to tide them over their difficulties, financial as well as political. If the hearts and minds of the Shudras are made happy and contented, the British Government need have no fear for their loyalty in the future.”

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Indian History /

Social Reformist Jyotiba Phule: Biography, History, Facts

Updated on
Apr 9, 2024

A social reformist, activist, writer, and thinker, Jyotirao “Jyotiba” Govindrao Phule or Mahatma Phule is remembered for the socio-cultural reforms he brought to India during the 19th century. He became the leading voice against India’s widespread caste system. Phule revolted against the Brahmins’ rule and was a stern advocate for the rights of peasants and other people belonging to the lower castes. In this article, we will go through the biography of Jyotiba Phule, including his life, death, and the social reforms that he brought.

Table of Contents

1 Who was Jyotiba Phule?
2 Jyotiba Phule Life and Biography
3 Political and Social Contributions of Jyotiba Phule
4 Jyotiba Phule and Satya Shodhak Samaj
5 Important Facts about Jyotiba Phule (Compiled)
6 Jyotiba Phule Books

Who was Jyotiba Phule?

Jyotiba Phule carried out many social reforms related to the Brahminical order and promoted caste equality. He was a staunch opponent of the rules of pollution and purity. In the year 1888, a social activist from Maharashtra, Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar honoured Jyotirao Phule with the title of Mahatma, meaning a person who is held in high esteem for their wisdom. Apart from this, Jyotiba Phule also worked against Gender discrimination .

Jyotiba Phule Life and Biography

Phule was born in the year 1827 in Maharashtra’s Satara district. His family belonged to the “mali” caste and was seen as socially backwards in the Brahminical order. The family adopted their last name as ‘Phule’ as Jyotirao’s father and uncles worked as florists. As for Jyotirao’s mother, she died when he was just nine months old.

Jyotirao was an intelligent student but had to give up on his education because of the dire financial condition of his family. He eventually started to help his father on the farm, but when a neighbour saw the potential that Phule had, he encouraged his father to enrol him in a school. He was then enrolled in the Scottish Mission High School in Poona and graduated in 1847. Jyotirba got married to Savitribai at the age of thirteen.

Also Read: The Saga of Savitribai Phule, India’s First Lady Teacher

Political and Social Contributions of Jyotiba Phule

Following were the political and social contributions of Jyotiba Phule:

He was ever so critical of the Indian National Congress for their neglect towards the lower casts of society
He was appointed commissioner to the Poona municipality and served in the position till the year 1883.
He became the first person to start a school for the “untouchables” in the year 1854. In 1851, he and his wife Savitribai started a girls school.
He was a pioneer of the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra.
He urged the government to impart compulsory education to the masses.
He started the Satyashodak Samaj in the year 1873.

Jyotiba Phule and Satya Shodhak Samaj

Jyotirao Phule was the founder of Satyashodak Samaj, whose primary motive was to seek the truth and promote caste equality. Satyashodak Samaj was established in the year 1873. Its aim was to secure human rights and social justice for the backward casts.

Phule carried out a methodical deconstruction of historical beliefs and ideas from which he established and rebuilt one that promoted equality.

He gained information from a number of ancient texts and scrutinized the origins of Bhraminism while accusing it of using exploitative measures to maintain social supremacy. The “Satya Shodhak Samaj” had approximately 316 members till the year 1876.

Also Read: Widow Remarriage Act: Provisions, History

Important Facts about Jyotiba Phule (Compiled)

Following are some of the important facts that you must know about Jyotirao Phule:

He started the Satyashodak Samaj in the year 1873 which promoted caste equality.
He wrote a number of books including Gulamgin in the year 1873 where he elaborated his views on the historical roots of shudras
He became the first person to start a school for the “untouchables” in the year 1854. In 1851, he and his wife Savitribai Phule started a girl’s school.
He also wrote in the Marathi language a journal named “Deen Bandhu”
In the year 1888, a social activist from Maharashtra, Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar honoured Jyotirao Phule with the title of Mahatma.
He was the forerunner of awareness campaigns that inspired individuals like Mahatma Gandhi and Dr B.R. Ambedkar who subsequently carried out significant operations to end caste discrimination.

Jyotiba Phule Books

The literary contribution of Jyotiba Phule is tremendous and has influenced people for generations. Here are some of the books written by Jyotiba Phule –

Shetkarayacha Aasud (Cultivator’s Whipcord)
Shatkarayacha Asudh Part II
Gulmagiri (Slavery)
Satyashodhak Samajachi Vangmayavali (Satyashodhak Samaj collection)
Trutyache Bhashan (Speech on the Plaque)

He led a movement in India that called for the creation of a new social order in which no one would be subordinate to the upper-caste Brahmans.

A social activist from Maharashtra, Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar honoured Jyotirao Phule with the title of Mahatma in the year 1888.

Savitribai Phule was the wife of Jyotiba Phule.

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Jyotiba Phule Biography, Birth, Wife, Books, Death

Jyotiba Phule Biography

Jyotiba Phule, born on April 11, 1827, in Maharashtra, India, was a social reformer, thinker, and philosopher who dedicated his life to challenging the oppressive social structure of 19th-century India. Phule’s efforts were instrumental in advocating for the rights of marginalized communities, particularly the Dalits (formerly known as untouchables) and women. This article explores the life and legacy of Jyotiba Phule, highlighting his significant contributions to social reform in India.

Jyotiba Phule Date of Birth

Jyotiba Phule, born on April 11, 1827, in present-day Maharashtra, India, was a prominent social reformer, thinker, and activist during the 19th century. He dedicated his life to challenging and eradicating the oppressive caste system and advocating for the rights of marginalized communities, particularly the Dalits and women. Phule established the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth) in 1873, which aimed to uplift the oppressed and provide them with education and social empowerment. He strongly advocated for women’s education and played a pivotal role in opening the first school for girls in India in 1848. Phule’s progressive ideas and tireless efforts laid the foundation for social equality and justice in India.

Jyotiba Phule Early Life and Education

Jyotiba Phule was born into a family belonging to the Mali caste, traditionally associated with agriculture. Despite belonging to a relatively higher caste, Phule was aware of the prevailing discrimination and caste-based inequalities from an early age. He received a limited education but was fortunate to attend Scottish missionary schools, where he learned English, which played a crucial role in his future endeavors.

Jyotiba Phule Family

Jyotiba Phule, also known as Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, was a prominent social reformer, thinker, and activist in 19th-century India. He played a crucial role in challenging social injustices such as caste discrimination and gender inequality prevalent during that time. While Jyotiba Phule’s family had a significant influence on his life and work, it is important to note that specific details about his family members may be limited due to the lack of comprehensive historical records.

Jyotiba Phule was born on April 11, 1827, in Pune, Maharashtra, India. He belonged to a lower-caste Mali family, which was engaged in agricultural activities. Jyotiba Phule’s father, Govindrao Phule, worked as a vegetable vendor, and his mother’s name was Chimnabai.

Jyotiba Phule Wife and Children

Jyotiba Phule married Savitribai Phule, who was a revolutionary figure herself and played a crucial role in his social reform activities. Savitribai Phule was India’s first female teacher and a strong advocate for women’s rights and education. She co-founded the first school for girls in Pune, breaking social norms and paving the way for women’s empowerment.

Together, Jyotiba and Savitribai Phule had a son named Yashwant Rao Phule, who was their only surviving child. Yashwant Rao Phule also contributed to social reforms and carried forward his parents’ legacy. However, information about Yashwant Rao Phule’s life and work is relatively limited compared to his parents.

Jyotiba Phule Founding of Satyashodhak Samaj

In 1873, Jyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj, meaning “Society of Seekers of Truth.” The organization aimed to challenge the oppressive caste system and improve the social conditions of marginalized communities. Satyashodhak Samaj rejected the authority of the Brahmins, promoted education for all, and advocated for social and economic equality.

Jyotiba Phule Struggle for Women’s Rights

Phule was a staunch advocate for women’s rights and tirelessly worked to combat the prevailing patriarchy. He initiated the practice of educating girls and opened the first school for girls in Pune in 1848. Phule believed that women’s education was essential to uplift society as a whole and fought against child marriage and other oppressive practices that deprived women of their rights.

Jyotiba Phule Critique of Brahmanical Hegemony

One of Phule’s most significant contributions was his critique of Brahmanical hegemony and the oppressive caste system. He challenged the Brahmins’ claim to superiority by advocating for the rights and dignity of Dalits and other marginalized castes. Phule argued that the caste system perpetuated social and economic inequality and called for its abolition.

Jyotiba Phule Social Reforms and Activism

Jyotiba Phule actively campaigned against various regressive social practices prevalent during his time. He fought against untouchability, worked to eradicate the practice of sati (the immolation of widows), and advocated for widow remarriage. Phule also emphasized the need to provide equal opportunities for education and employment to all individuals, irrespective of their caste or gender.

Jyotiba Phule Literary Contributions

Phule’s writings played a significant role in spreading awareness and inspiring social change. He authored several influential works, including “Gulamgiri” (Slavery), which critiqued the oppression faced by Dalits, and “Shetkaryacha Asud” (Cultivator’s Whip), which highlighted the plight of farmers and their exploitation by upper-caste landlords.

Jyotiba Phule Books

Jyotiba Phule, also known as Jyotirao Phule, was a social reformer, thinker, and activist from Maharashtra, India. He played a crucial role in advocating for the rights of marginalized communities, particularly Dalits and women, during the 19th century. Although Jyotiba Phule primarily wrote in Marathi, some of his works have been translated into English and other languages. Here are a few notable books written by Jyotiba Phule:

“Gulamgiri” (Slavery): This is one of Jyotiba Phule’s most famous and influential works. Published in 1873, it criticizes the caste system, Brahmanism, and the oppression faced by the lower castes. Phule argues for the upliftment and education of the oppressed classes.
“Shetkarayacha Aasud” (Cultivator’s Whipcord): In this book, Jyotiba Phule addresses the exploitation of farmers by the moneylenders and landlords. He exposes the unjust practices in the agrarian system and advocates for the rights of farmers.
“Satyashodhak Samajachi Vangmayavali” (Collected Works of Satyashodhak Samaj): Satyashodhak Samaj was a social organization founded by Jyotiba Phule. This book is a collection of his writings and speeches, covering a wide range of social issues, including caste, gender, education, and religious reform.
“Shetkarayacha Asudh” (Cultivator’s Whipcord – Part II): This book is a continuation of Phule’s critique of the oppressive practices faced by farmers and laborers in the agricultural sector.
“Trutyache Bhashan” (Speech on the Plague): This book contains Jyotiba Phule’s speech on the devastating plague outbreak that occurred in Maharashtra in the late 19th century. He highlights the government’s neglect and the plight of the marginalized communities affected by the epidemic.

Jyotiba Phule Death

Jyotirao Phule, also known as Jyotiba Phule, was a social reformer, philosopher, and writer from Maharashtra, India. He was born on April 11, 1827, in Pune, and he passed away on November 28, 1890, in the same city.

Jyotiba Phule was a prominent figure in the social reform movement in the 19th century. He actively worked to abolish social discrimination and fought against caste-based oppression. Phule was a strong advocate for women’s rights and education. He and his wife, Savitribai Phule, played a crucial role in opening the first school for girls in Pune.

Phule’s contributions to society were significant, and his ideas continue to influence modern India. He challenged the traditional caste system and called for social equality and justice. His work laid the foundation for the social reform movements that followed in India.

Jyotiba Phule’s death on November 28, 1890, marked the end of a remarkable life dedicated to social reform and the upliftment of marginalized communities in India. His legacy remains an inspiration for those who continue to fight against social inequality and injustice.

Jyotiba Phule Legacy and Impact

Jyotiba Phule’s tireless efforts laid the foundation for the social reform movement in India. His teachings and philosophy continue to inspire generations of activists fighting for social justice and equality. Phule’s work provided the impetus for subsequent social reform movements, such as the Dalit movement and the women’s rights movement, which have significantly contributed to shaping modern India.

Jyotiba Phule: FAQs

Ques: what was founded by jyotiba phule.

Ans: Jyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj, which was a social reform movement in Maharashtra, India. The movement aimed to fight against caste-based discrimination and promote education and equality for all.

Ques: ज्योतिबा फुले ने किसकी स्थापना की थी?

Ans: ज्योतिबा फुले ने सत्यशोधक समाज की स्थापना की थी, जो महाराष्ट्र, भारत में एक सामाजिक सुधार आंदोलन था। इस आंदोलन का उद्देश्य जाति आधारित भेदभाव के खिलाफ लड़ना और सभी के लिए शिक्षा और समानता को प्रोत्साहित करना था।

Ques: What is Jyotirao Phule known for?

Ans: Jyotirao Phule is known for his social reform efforts and his contributions to the upliftment of marginalized communities, particularly the lower castes and women. He worked towards the eradication of social evils such as caste discrimination, untouchability, and gender inequality. Phule advocated for education for all and played a significant role in establishing schools for girls and lower castes. He also wrote extensively on social issues and published several influential books and pamphlets.

Ques: Who is first teacher in India?

Ans: The first teacher in India is often attributed to be Siddhartha Gautama, also known as Gautama Buddha. Buddha was a spiritual leader and teacher who founded Buddhism and imparted his teachings to his disciples and followers. His teachings focused on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which form the core principles of Buddhism.

Ques: Who opened the first school in India?

Ans: The first school in India is believed to be the ancient Nalanda University, which was established during the Gupta dynasty in the 5th century CE. Nalanda University was a renowned center of learning and attracted scholars from various parts of the world. It offered education in various fields, including philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and literature. The university flourished for several centuries before it declined and eventually got destroyed in the 12th century.

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Jyotiba Phule – Modern History Notes

Jyotirao or Jyotiba Phule, born in 1827 in Satara, Maharashtra, was a prominent social reformer and activist. He belonged to the Mali (gardener) community and played a crucial role in challenging upper-caste dominance and Brahminical supremacy in society.
In 1873, Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj, also known as the Truth Seekers’ Society. The organization’s leadership was comprised of members from backward classes, including Malis, Telis, Kunbis, Saris, and Dhangars. The Satyashodhak Samaj aimed to advocate for the rights and upliftment of marginalized communities and worked towards social equality and justice.
Phule was a visionary thinker and worked tirelessly to challenge the oppressive social norms of his time. He was a strong advocate for women’s rights and played a pivotal role in pioneering women’s education in India, particularly in Maharashtra. Phule recognized the importance of education in empowering individuals and fought against gender-based discrimination in education.
His efforts to promote education for women and his contributions to social reform left a lasting impact on society. Jyotiba Phule’s work continues to inspire and influence social justice movements in India. He remains an important figure in the history of social reform and equality in Maharashtra and the broader context of Indian society.

Table of Contents

Jyotiba Phule, born on April 11, 1827, in Katgun, Satara District, Maharashtra, had a humble background. He belonged to the Mali caste, which was traditionally associated with gardening, and most of his family members were illiterate. His family was relatively well-off due to their successful flower business and some farmland owned by his father, Govindrao.
At a young age, Phule attended primary school, but he was eventually pulled out to work in the family business. However, a family friend recognized his intelligence and convinced his father to enroll him in an English missionary school. In 1847, Phule completed his English education, which laid the foundation for his intellectual pursuits.
Phule was married at the age of 13, following the customary practice of his community, with a girl chosen by his father. It was during the wedding of a Brahmin friend in 1848 that he experienced a transformative incident. Despite participating in the traditional wedding procession, he was chastised and insulted by his friend’s parents for his presence. They reminded him that, as a Shudra, he should have been aware of his lower caste status and avoided such events. This incident deeply impacted Phule’s understanding of the inherent injustice of the caste system.
In the same year, Phule came across John Stuart Mill’s book “Rights of Man,” written by the American political activist and philosopher. This work had a profound influence on Phule’s perception of social justice and the rights of marginalized groups.
Phule’s experiences and exposure to social and political ideas led him to recognize the systemic disadvantage faced by lower castes and women in society. He firmly believed that education was the key to their liberation and began advocating for the education and empowerment of these marginalized sections of society. This belief became a driving force behind his lifelong social activism and reform efforts.
Jyotiba Phule’s ideology was centered around the goal of social transformation rather than mere social reform. He recognized that true change could only occur if the oppressed classes, or the masses, were educated and empowered. He believed that education was the key to mass awakening and social revolution.
Phule envisioned a society free from exploitation. He advocated for the rights and dignity of those who were marginalized and oppressed, and he played a significant role in raising awareness about their plight. It is believed that he coined the term “dalit,” meaning “crushed,” to describe those who were outside the varna system and faced social discrimination.
One of Phule’s notable contributions was the popularization of the Satyashodhak marriage ceremony. This ceremony was simple, inexpensive, and aimed to eliminate the need for Brahmin priests, who held a privileged position in traditional Hindu weddings. By promoting this alternative ceremony, Phule sought to challenge the dominance and influence of the Brahmin caste, making marriage accessible to all and reducing the reliance on Brahminical traditions.
Overall, Phule’s ideology emphasized the importance of education, social equality, and the empowerment of marginalized communities. He aimed for a society free from exploitation and injustice, where every individual could live with dignity and equality.

Contributions

Jyotiba Phule made significant contributions to various aspects of social reform in India, particularly in Maharashtra. Some of his notable contributions include:
Abolition of Untouchability and Caste System: Phule worked towards challenging and eradicating the oppressive caste system and untouchability practices. He advocated for equal rights and dignity for all individuals, regardless of their caste or social status.
Education for Women and Exploited Castes: Phule recognized the importance of education as a means of empowerment. He took the initiative to educate women and children from the marginalized and exploited castes, such as the Mahar and Mang communities. The Phules established schools to provide education to these neglected sections of society.
Support for Pregnant Brahmin Widows and Orphans: Phule showed compassion and concern for pregnant Brahmin widows by establishing a home for them to give birth in a secure environment. Additionally, he established an orphanage to prevent infanticide and provide care and support for needy children, becoming one of the first Hindus to do so.
Common Bathing Tank and Embracing Attitude: In a symbolic gesture of equality and inclusiveness, Phule built a common bathing tank outside his house. This act represented his desire to break down caste barriers and dine with people from all castes, demonstrating his inclusive and egalitarian approach.
Establishment of Satyashodhak Samaj: Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj, also known as the Society of Truth Seekers. This organization aimed to achieve equal rights and social justice for people from exploited castes. It welcomed individuals from all religions and castes, promoting unity and collective efforts for the upliftment of the oppressed classes.
Jyotiba Phule’s contributions to social reform and his advocacy for equality and justice have made him a pivotal figure in Maharashtra’s history and the broader social reform movement in India. His tireless efforts earned him the honorific title of ‘Mahatma,’ highlighting his esteemed status as a revered social activist and reformer.

Work on Women’s Education

Jyotiba Phule’s work on women’s education was pioneering and aimed at challenging the social norms and patriarchal structures prevalent during his time. Here are some key aspects of his work:
Establishment of the First Girls’ School: In 1848, Jyotiba Phule and his wife Savitribai Phule established the first school for girls in India, located in Pune. This was a significant step towards providing education to girls who were traditionally denied access to learning.
Support from Savitribai Phule: Savitribai Phule played an instrumental role in supporting Jyotiba Phule’s efforts to promote women’s education. She became one of the few literate women of her time, having been taught to read and write by Jyotiba. She actively participated in teaching the students at the girls’ school they established.
Expansion of Educational Institutions: Jyotiba Phule continued his efforts to promote women’s education by establishing two more schools for girls. Additionally, he founded an indigenous school for the lower castes, specifically targeting the education of the Mahars and Mangs, who faced social discrimination and limited access to education.
Addressing Women’s Issues: Jyotiba Phule recognized the grave issues faced by women in society, including female infanticide, child marriage, and widowhood. To address these challenges, he established an orphanage in 1854 to provide a haven for orphaned girls and protect them from societal cruelty and neglect.
Through his work on women’s education and addressing women’s issues, Jyotiba Phule aimed to empower women and challenge the oppressive social norms that denied them their rights and opportunities. His efforts laid the foundation for future movements advocating for women’s rights and education in India.

Work on Caste Discrimination

Jyotiba Phule’s work on caste discrimination was a significant aspect of his social reform movement. Here are some key points regarding his efforts:
Criticism of Upper Castes: Jyotiba Phule openly criticized the orthodox Brahmins and other upper castes, whom he referred to as “hypocrites.” He exposed their authoritarianism and challenged their oppressive practices and beliefs.
Defying Caste Restrictions: Jyotiba Phule encouraged the peasants and proletariat, who were often subjected to caste-based restrictions and discrimination, to defy these societal norms. He advocated for the rights and dignity of the lower castes and urged them to resist the oppressive hierarchy imposed upon them.
Inclusivity: Jyotiba Phule welcomed people from all castes and backgrounds into his home, demonstrating his belief in social equality and the rejection of caste-based discrimination. He emphasized the unity and solidarity of all individuals, regardless of their caste.
Gender Equality: Jyotiba Phule believed in gender equality and actively involved his wife, Savitribai Phule, in his social reform activities. This was significant during a time when women’s participation in public life was highly restricted. He challenged the traditional roles assigned to women and recognized their potential as agents of social change.
Opposition and Support: Jyotiba Phule faced strong opposition from orthodox Brahmins and other conservative elements of society. They criticized and blamed him for challenging established norms and regulations. However, he also received support from some Brahmin friends who believed in his cause and extended their help to ensure the success of the movement.
Jyotiba Phule’s work on caste discrimination aimed to dismantle the oppressive caste system and establish a society based on equality and justice. His efforts to empower the marginalized and challenge the dominance of the upper castes had a lasting impact on social reform movements in India.

Literary Works

He was also a well-known author.
Gulamgiri (Slavery) and Shetkarayacha Aasud (Cultivator’s Whipcord) are two of his best-known works.
Some of his other notable works include:
Tritiya Ratna (1855)
Brahmananche Kasab (1869)
Powada: Chatrapati Shivajiraje Bhosle Yancha (1869)
Powada: Vidyakhatyatil Brahman Pantoji (1869)
Manav Mahammand (Muhammad) (Abhang)
Gulamgiri (1873)
Jyotiba Phule’s contributions to social reform and his fight against social stigma have left an indelible mark on Indian society. His ideas and actions challenged deeply ingrained discriminatory practices based on caste, class, and color. He was a visionary who sought to bring about a transformation in societal norms and break the chains of oppression.
Phule’s work was ahead of its time, as he raised awareness about the inherent injustices of the caste system and advocated for equality and dignity for all individuals. His ideas resonated with later social reformers, including Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi, who continued the struggle against caste discrimination.
Phule’s relentless efforts in addressing social inequalities laid the foundation for future anti-caste movements and inspired generations to fight for a more inclusive and just society. His legacy serves as a reminder that the battle against social stigma is ongoing and requires continuous effort and dedication.
Today, Jyotiba Phule’s teachings and principles remain relevant as India continues to grapple with issues of discrimination and social inequality. His advocacy for equal rights and his fight against social stigmas serve as an inspiration for those striving for a more inclusive and harmonious society.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1: who was jyotiba phule.

A1: Jyotirao Phule (1827–1890) was an Indian social reformer, activist, and writer who played a crucial role in the 19th-century social reform movement in Maharashtra, India. He was a pioneer in advocating for the rights of the lower castes and women, and he worked tirelessly to challenge the prevailing social and caste-based inequalities.

Q2: What were Jyotiba Phule’s contributions to social reform?

A2: Jyotiba Phule made significant contributions to social reform in India. He founded the first school for girls in 1848, breaking the prevailing norms that denied education to women. He also established the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Truth Seekers) in 1873 to promote education and social equality. Phule tirelessly worked to eradicate the caste system and untouchability, advocating for the rights and upliftment of the lower castes and marginalized communities.

Q3: What is Jyotiba Phule’s most notable literary work?

A3: Jyotiba Phule’s most notable literary work is the book titled “Gulamgiri” (Slavery), written in Marathi and published in 1873. In this work, he criticized the caste system and the oppression faced by the lower castes. “Gulamgiri” also advocated for the education and empowerment of marginalized communities and questioned the prevailing social norms of his time. The book remains a cornerstone in the history of social reform literature in India.

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Jyotiba Phule: Biography, Contribution & Unknown facts

The social reformers like Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar were always concerned about the upliftment of the oppressed sections of society or ‘Dalits’ who are usually exploited due to the prevailing caste system in India. But who was the first visionary to understand the condition of these vulnerable classes?

It was Jyotiba Govindrao Phule, a social activist and progressive thinker, who contributed significantly to advocate for the rights of untouchables and women. He was vehemently opposed to caste system and the practice of untouchability.

On this auspicious day of his birth anniversary as an honor to his legacy, the present article highlights the life story and contributions of Jyotiba Govindrao Phule.

Who was Jyotiba Phule/ Jyotirao Phule?

Jyotiba Phule was born on 11 April 1827 that is observed as Jyotirao Phule Jayanti in India to honor and recall his relentless struggle for cause of social justice. He was raised up in a dalit family of gardeners in Poona. He initially studied in the Marathi School but his father recognized his talent and sent him to Scottish Mission High School at Poona.
At the age of 13 years, he was married to Savitribai Phule. Both he and his wife Savitribai Phule were pioneers of women education in India. They recognized the significance of women education as a tool to bring reforms in societal functioning and thus worked together to make education accessible to all.
Jyotiba firstly imparted education to his wife and then both of them started the first indigenously-run school for girl child in Poona. He was way ahead of his time when he realized that patriarchy denied women access to education. In 1850, the couple joined hands to establish a trust called ‘Native Femal School’ in Poona. Further, in 181 three schools were established to motivate women towards path of education.
However, he faced a life changing moment in the year 1848, when he attended a marriage of his upper caste friend wherein he was insulted and abused for his dalit origin. He faced the evil pattern of casteism and made up his mind that he will challenge the prevailing caste system in India.

At this juncture, he was really persuaded by the literature work of Thomas Paine "Rights of Man" and comprehended that social justice could only be possible with the emancipation of women and oppressed sections of the society. Additionally, the American Revolution inspired his ideology and taught him ways to do away with system of slavery.

Establishment of Satya Shodhak Samaj

On 24th September 1873, Phule formed the Satya Shodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth). He undertook a systematic deconstruction of existing disbeliefs and history, only to reconstruct an equality promoting version.

The purpose was to decontaminate the society from caste discrimination and liberate the oppressed lower-caste people from the stigmas inflicted by the Brahmins. It was developed by Jyotirao to battle against the society's arbitrary, irrational brahminical position and unjustifiable class structure. Through this samaj, he fought for and opposed adultery and denounced the caste system. This samaj emphasized on human well-being, happiness, unity, equality and easy religious practices. He used the newspaper ‘Deenbandhu’ to express his ideas.

What were the significant contributions of Jyotiba?

Throughout his life, he wrote extensively on the social issues prevalent in Indian society and recommended various solutions to reform Indian society. Based on exploitation done by Brahmin priests, in 1869 he wrote ‘Brahmanache Kasab’. Later on, his most celebrated work ‘Gulamgiri’ was based on the historical survey of slavery of lower caste in India published in 1873.

Furthermore, in the year 1889 he conceptualized his religious understanding into ‘Sarvajanik Satyadharma Pustak’, a book of true religion for all, in which he expressed his deep concerns about Shudras and Ati-Shudras because of historical experience of exploitation.
Apart from setting up Satya Shodhak Samaj, he developed a Infanticide Prevention Centre for young and child widows and promoted the idea of widow remarriage. In the year 1876, Phule was appointed as a member of Poona municipality.
Moreover, at an education commission hearing in 1884, Phule aided in providing education for lower castes and to implement it, he advocated making primary education mandatory in villages. For his persistent struggle, in the year 1888 he was honored with title “Mahatma” by another social reformer Vithalrao Krishna Ji Vandekar.
Unfortunately, we know a lot about his life and very less about the circumstances of his death. He died on 28th November, 1890. However, he lives on his legacy and is considered immortal because of his writing and ideology which still inspires other to work for the betterment of the society.
He was a man of thought and actions, as his political and social philosophy revolves around humanity, equality, and social justice. Various other social reformers preach him. He has inspired the father of Indian Constitution, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar who consequently reflected and embedded his ideology in our Constitution.

Who coined the term ‘dalit’ and what does it means?

Answer - Jyotiba Govindrao Phule coined the term dalit which means “downtrodden and crushed”

Who was the founder of Satya Shodhak Samaj ?

Answer - Jyotiba Phule established Satya Shodhak Samaj through which he advocated for the rights of Shudra, Dalit and women.

Who honored Jyotiba with title ‘Mahatma’ ?

Answer - Jyotiba was honored with title “Mahatma” by another social reformer Vithalrao Krishna Ji Vandekar for his struggle and reforms in Indian society.

Did Dr. B.R. Ambedkar followed the ideology of Jyotiba ?

Answer – Yes. Father of Indian Constitution preached and followed the ideology of Jyotiba and these were enshrined in our Indian Constitution .

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About Jyotirao Phule [ 1827-1890 ] Biography & Life History Of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule

Jyothirao Govindrao Phule was born in 11 April 1827 into a family that belonged to the agricultural (Mali) caste, traditionally occupied as gardeners and considered to be one of the Shudhra varna in the ritual ranking system of Hinduism.

This eminent social reformer and thinker of the 19th century is believed to have launched the first school for girls from the lower strata of society. He also pioneered the anti-caste movement and promoted education for women.

The original surname of the family had been Gorhe and had its origins in the village of Katgun, in present day Satara District, Maharashtra. Phule’s great-grandfather worked as a chaugula, a lowly type of village servant, in that village but had to move to Khanwadi in Poona district after exploitation by Brahmin with whom he had a dispute.

He prospered there but his only son, Shetiba, who was of poor intelligence, subsequently squandered what had been gained. Shetiba moved himself and his family, including three boys, to Poona in search of some form of income. The boys were taken under the wing of a florist, who taught them his trade. Their proficiency in growing and arranging became well known and they adopted the name of Phule (flower-man) in place of Gorhe.

Their fulfilment of commissions from the Peshwa, Baji Rao II, for flower mattresses and other goods for the rituals and ceremonies of the royal court so impressed him that he granted them 35 acres (14 ha) of land on the basis of the inam system, whereby no tax would be payable upon it. The oldest brother machinated to take sole control of the property, leaving the younger two siblings, including Jyotirao Phule’s father, Govindrao , to continue farming and also flower-selling.

Govindrao married Chimnabai and had two sons, of whom Jyotirao was the younger. Chimnabai died before he was aged one. The Mali community did not set much store by education, and after attending primary school to learn the basics of reading, writing and arithmetic, Jyotirao was withdrawn from school.

He joined the menfolk of his family at work, both in the shop and the farm. However, a Christian convert from the same Mali caste as Phule recognised his intelligence and persuaded Phule’s father to allow Phule to attend the local Scottish Mission High School. Phule completed his English schooling in 1847. As was customary, he was married young, at the age of 13, to a girl of his own community, chosen by his father.

The turning point in his life was in 1848, when he attended the wedding of a Brahmin friend. Phule participated in the customary marriage procession , but was later rebuked and insulted by his friend’s parents for doing that. They told him that he being from a lower caste should have had the sense to keep away from that ceremony. This incident profoundly affected Phule on the injustice of the caste system .

Younge Jyotirao Phule

Phule was a bright student at primary school, where he learned the basics of reading, writing and arithmetic. It was not common for children from the Mali community to study beyond a certain point. So, Jyotirao Phule was taken out of school and began working with his father at their farm. Soon after, a neighbour convinced Phule’s father to let him complete his education.

In 1841, Phule was enrolled at the Scottish Missionary High School, where he completed education. Phule was married to Savitribai in 1840 when they were both in their teens. In 1848, he attended the wedding of one his friends from an upper caste. When relatives of the bridegroom insulted Phule over his social background, he left the venue, vowing to challenge the ills of the caste system.

Social reformer

Jyotirao Phule was influenced by Thomas Paine’s book titled The Rights of Man and believed that the only solution to combat the social evils was the enlightenment of women and members of the lower castes. In 1848, he taught his wife how to read and write, after which the couple opened the first indigenously run school for girls in Pune where they both taught. The school welcomed girls from diverse sections, religions and socio-economic backgrounds — to come and study.

Phule and his wife were ostracised . The couple was, however, welcomed by their friend Usman Sheikh at the latter’s home from where the girls’ school operated. By 1852, the Phules had established three schools but all of them had shut by 1858 due to the shortage of funds after the Revolt of 1857. Phule vehemently opposed child-marriage and supported widow remarriage. In 1863, he, along with his friend and wife, opened an infanticide prevention centre where pregnant widows could safely give birth and care for infants. They ran the centre until the mid-1880s.

Social activism

In 1848, aged 23, Phule visited the first girls’ school in Ahmadnaga r, run by Christian missionaries. It was also in 1848 that he read Thomas Paine’s book Rights of Man and developed a keen sense of social justice. He realised that lower castes and women were at a disadvantage in Indian society, and also that education of these sections was vital to their emancipation.

To this end and in the same year, Phule first taught reading and writing to his wife , Savitribai , and then the couple started the first indigenously-run school for girls in Pune in his book Gulamgiri , Phule says that the first school was for brahmin and upper caste girls, however Phule’s biographer says it was for low caste girls. osracised for this by their family and community, their friend Usman Sheikh and his sister Fatima Sheikh provided them their home to stay.

They also helped to start the school in their premises. Later, the Phules started schools for children from the then untouchable castes such as Mahar and Mang. In 1852, there were three Phule schools in operation but by 1858 they had all ended. Eleanor Zelliot blames the closure on private European donations drying up due to the Mutiny of 1857, withdrawal of government support, and Jyotirao resigning from the school management committee because of disagreement regarding the curriculum.

He championed widow remarriage and started a home for pregnant Brahmin widows to give birth in a safe and secure place in 1863. His orphanage was established in an attempt to reduce the rate of infanticide. Phule tried to eliminate the stigma of social untouchability surrounding the lower castes by opening his house and the use of his water-well to the members of the lower castes .

Views on religion and caste

Phule recast the prevailing Aryan invasion theory of history , proposing that the Aryan conquerors of India, whom the theory’s proponents considered to be racially superior, were in fact barbaric suppressors of the indigenous people. He believed that they had instituted the caste system as a framework for subjugation and social division that ensured the pre-eminence of their Brahmin successors.

He saw the subsequent Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent as more of the same sort of thing, being a repressive alien regime, but took heart in the arrival of the British, whom he considered to be relatively enlightened and not supportive of the varnashramadharma system instigated and then perpetuated by those previous invaders. In his book, Gulamgiri, he thanked Christian missionaries and the British colonists for making the lower castes realise that they are worthy of all human rights. The book, whose title transliterates as slavery and which concerned women, caste and reform, was dedicated to the people in the US who were working to end slavery.

Phule saw Rama, the hero of the Indian epic Ramayana , as a symbol of oppression stemming from the Aryan conquest. His critique of the caste system began with an attack on the Vedas, the most fundamental texts of upper-caste Hindus. He considered them to be a form of false consciousness.

He is credited with introducing the Marathi word dalit (broken, crushed) as a descriptor for those people who were outside the traditional varna system. The terminology was later popularised in the 1970s by the Dalit Panthers.

At an education commission hearing in 1884, Phule called for help in providing education for lower castes. To implement it, he advocated making primary education compulsory in villages. He also asked for special incentives to get more lower-caste people in high schools and colleges.

Sathyashodhak Samaj

On 24 September 1873, Phule formed Satyashodhak Samaj to focus on rights of depressed groups such women, the Shudra , and the Dalit. Through this the samaj he opposed idolatry and denounced the caste system . Satyashodhak Samaj campaigned for the spread of rational thinking and rejected the need for priests.

Phule established Satyashodhak Samaj with the ideals of human well-being, happiness, unity, equality, and easy religious principles and rituals. A Pune-based newspaper, Deenbandhu , provided the voice for the views of the Samaj.

The membership of the samaj included Muslims , Brahmans , and government officials.However,non-Brahman castes dominated. Phule’s own Mali caste provided the leading members and financial supporters for the organization.

Apart from his role as a social activist, Phule was a businessman too. In 1882 he styled himself as a merchant, cultivator and municipal contractor.[24] He owned 60 acres (24 ha) of farmland at Manjri , near Pune. For period of time, he worked as a contractor for the government and supplied building materials required for the construction of a dam on the Mula-Mutha river near Pune in the 1870s. He also received contracts to provide labour for the construction of the Katraj Tunnel and the Yerawda Jail near Pune . One of Phule’s businesses , established in 1863, was to supply metal-casting equipment.

Phule was appointed commissioner (municipal council member) to the then Poona municipality in 1876 and served in this unelected position until 1883.

Books, Legacy

Phule was also a merchant, author as well as a municipal council member. In 1863 , one of his businesses was to supply metal-casting equipment to construction sites. He was appointed commissioner to the Poona municipality and served in the position until 1883. He was also a reputed author. His well known books include Gulamgiri (Slavery) and Shetkarayacha Aasud (Cultivator’s Whipcord). Dhananjay Keer, the author of Phule’s biography , said that the title of Mahatma was bestowed on Phule by fellow reformer from Bombay, Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar.

Death of Jyotirao Phule

In 1888, Phule suffered a stroke which left him paralysed. Although he passed away on November 28, 1890 , he and his work continue to inspire several of the country’s youth even today.

Interesting facts of Jyotirao Phule

1. Phule is credited with introducing the Marathi word dalit (meaning broken, crushed) to describe those outside the varna system. In the 1970s, the term was made popular by the Dalit Panthers.

2. Phule inspired BR Ambedkar , India’s first law minister and architect of our Constitution. Ambedkar not only acknowledged Phule as one of his three gurus but also drew inspiration from him. 3.In 1884, at a hearing of the education commission, Phule demanded compulsory primary education in villages and incentives for the socially underprivileged in schools and colleges.

4.After many years of marriage, when Jyotirao Phule and Savitribai did not have children. In 1873, the couple adopted the son of a widow who came to their infanticide prevention centre for delivery.

5.He started the Satyashodhak marriage system which involved marriage rituals and alternative verses that contained egalitarian content. The Bombay HC later recognised this system.

Published works

Phule’s akhandas were organically linked to the abhangs of Marathi Varkari saint Tukaram.[28] Among his notable published works are:

Tritiya Ratna, 1855
Brahmananche Kasab,1869
Powada : Chatrapati Shivajiraje Bhosle Yancha, [English: Life Of Shivaji, In Poetical Metre], June 1869
Powada: Vidyakhatyatil Brahman Pantoji, June 1869
Manav Mahammand (Muhammad) (Abhang)
Gulamgiri, 1873
Shetkarayacha Aasud (Cultivator’s Whipcord), July 1881
Satsar Ank 1, June 1885
Satsar Ank 2, October 1885
Ishara, October 1885
Gramjoshya sambhandi jahir kabhar, (1886)
Satyashodhak Samajokt Mangalashtakasah Sarva Puja-vidhi, 1887
Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Poostak, April 1889
Sarvajanic Satya Dharmapustak, 1891
Akhandadi Kavyarachana
Asprashyanchi Kaifiyat

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule-The Father of Indian Social Revolution

Jyotiba phule.

On the birth anniversary of Jyotiba Phule, the Prime Minister has paid tribute to Mahatma Jyotiba Phule

The title of Mahatma by Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar was given to ‘Jyotiba’ Govindrao Phule for his great work for the lower castes.
Rightly described as ‘the father of Indian social revolution’ by Dhananjay Keer, his biographer,
Jyotiba Phule analyzed the structure of Indian society and identified the Sudra-atishudra as the leading agency of social revolution.
He revolted against the domination of the Brahmins and struggled for the rights of peasants and other low-caste people.
He is believed to be the first Hindu to start an orphanage for unfortunate children .
Jyotiba Phule was honored by the Board of Education for the work he did for girl’s education in 1852.
Jyotiba was an advocate of the idea of Widow Remarriage.
He campaigned against the authoritarianism of the upper caste people and the orthodox Brahmins and urged the “peasants” and “proletariat” to defy the restrictions imposed upon them.
In 1873, Jyotiba Phule formed the Satya Shodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth).
The purpose of the Satya Shodhak Samaj was to decontaminate the society from caste discrimination and liberate the oppressed lower-caste people from the stigmas inflicted by the Brahmins.
Jyotirao vehemently condemned the Vedas , the ancient holy scriptures of the Hindus.
“If the four varnas were created from the mouth, the hands, the thighs and the feet of the Brahma, then these four limbs may be termed as the respective vaginas,” wrote Jyotirao Phule in his book
Throughout Gulamgiri , Phule continuously asserted how lack of access to education was the reason for the subjugation of Dalits.
Phule challenged the very premise of the racial theory of caste using his choicest weapon — reason.
From possibly coining the term Dalit to opening the first school for women in the country, Phule fought against untouchability and gender discrimination with equal passion.
However, devastating criticism was not the only weapon in Phule’s armory of social reform. He also attempted to reform the streeshudraatishudra (women, OBCs, Dalits, and tribals in today’s vocabulary)from within. The establishment of Satyashodhak Samaj (the society of truth-seekers) reflected Phule’s intellectual rationalism where the primary emphasis was on ‘truth-seeking by positioning the individual at the center.
The other vital mandate of the samaj was to conduct ‘religious’ ceremonies sans Brahman priests and to compulsorily educate the next generation.
When the orthodox of the times charged that the samaj could not be called a religious body because it has no religious text ( dharmagranth) of its own, Phule wrote Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Pustak (Book of the Public Religion of Truth).
As an alternative, the emphasis of Satya Dharma was again to outset the Brahman from his overriding position.
He is perhaps the first Indian intellectual who made agriculture – its process and production – a major concern for his thought experiment.
His book Shetkaryacha Asud (The Cultivator’s Whipcord) familiarises us with the graphic description of farmers’ conditions – their hungry bellies, rag-wrapped bodies coupled with the continuous harassments from moneylenders.
He openly defended Pandita Ramabai’s decision to convert to Christianity and Tarabai Shinde’s polemical monograph Stree Purush Tulana (A Comparison between Women and Men), amidst Brahmanical orthodoxy.
Phule was the first intellectual to realize that Brahmanism did not necessarily mean exclusively related to the Brahman caste, but a kind of ideological, religious ( dharmic) (super)structure that perpetuates and naturalizes the exploitation of the majority.

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Jyotiba Phule Biography
Jyotiba's quest for providing women and girls with right to education was supported by his wife Savitribai Phule. One of the few literate women of the time, Savitribai was taught to read and write by her husband Jyotirao. In 1851, Jyotiba established a girls' school and asked his wife to teach the girls in the school.
Jyotirao Phule
Jyotirao Phule (born April 11, 1827, Bombay Presidency [now Maharashtra], India—died November 28, 1890, Pune) Indian social reformer, writer, and champion of equality for all people, including poor labourers and women. He was a strong critic of the Hindu caste system, a means by which people are differentiated and ranked according to the social group into which they are born.
Jyotirao Phule
Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (11 April 1827 - 28 November 1890) was an Indian social activist, businessman, anti-caste social reformer and writer from Maharashtra. His work extended to many fields, including eradication of untouchability and the caste system and for his efforts in educating women and oppressed caste people. He and his wife, Savitribai Phule, were pioneers of women's education in ...
Jyotirao Phule
Jyotirao Phule was born in 1827. Jyotirao Phule was a social reformer, thinker and social activist. He was born in Katgun, Satara District, Maharashtra. Amongst the "low-caste" leaders, Jyotirao Phule was one of the most vocal leaders. He was educated in a school established by the Chrisitan Missionaries.
Jyotiba Phule Biography
Aries Men. Childhood & Early Life. He was born as Jyotirao Phule in Satara district of Maharashtra. His father Govindrao worked as a vegetable vendor and his family belonged to the "Mali" caste, considered inferior to the Brahmins. His mother's name was Chimana and he had one brother. His mother died when Jyotiba was just nine months old.
Jyotiba Phule Biography, Facts and Social Reforms
Jyotiba Phule Biography. In 1827, Jyotirao Govindrao Phule was born in Maharashtra's Satara district. Govindrao, his father, ran a vegetable stall in Poona. The original name of Jyotirao's family was "Gorhay," and "mali" was Jyotiba Phule Caste. Malis were socially avoided by Brahmins because they were seen as belonging to a lower ...
Biography of Jyotiba Phule, Social Reformer Who Dedicated His ...
Biography of Jyotiba Phule: Jyotiba Phule, born on April 11, 1827, in present-day Maharashtra, India, was a prominent social reformer, thinker, and activist during the British colonial rule.He dedicated his life to challenging the prevailing caste-based social order and advocating for the rights of marginalized communities, especially Dalits and women.
Jyotiba Phule
He died on November 28, 1890. Phule's work and writings inspired later movements for caste reform in India, including that of Dalit leader Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar. (1827-90). Indian social reformer and writer Jyotiba Phule was a champion of equal rights for all people, including poor peasants and women. He was a strong critic of the….
Life of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule
Article tells you about Jyotiba's struggles and achievements in brief. Jyotirao Govindrao Phule, also known as Jotiba Phule is regarded as the foremost reformer, social activist and a pioneer of women education in India during the 19 th century. Jotiba Phule and his wife Savitribai Phule, played an important role in women empowerment and welfare then.
Jyotirao Phule
Throughout his life, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule battled for the education of girls and was a pioneer for women's rights in India. He is credited with founding the first Hindu orphanage for the unfortunate kids. Phule's childhood and early life. In 1827, Jyotirao Govindrao Phule was born in Maharastra's Satara district.
Remembering Jyotirao Phule: The Pioneer Of Girls' Education In India
Jyotirao Phule is remembered as the champion of women's education in India. He, along with his wife Savitribai Phule, opened the first school for girls in 1848. All India Edited by Richa Taneja ...
Jyotirao Phule Biography: Birth Anniversary, Early Life, Works
Jyotirao Phule Early years. Jyotirao Phule was born to a Mali caste family in Poona (now Pune) in 1827. The Malis were traditionally fruit and vegetable farmers; in the four-fold varna caste system, they were classified as Shudras. Phule was named in honour of the god Jyotiba. On the day of Jyotiba's annual fair, he was born.
PDF Snapshots from Mahatma Jotirao Phule's life, through the eyes of his
biography of Mahatma Phule, but since Yashvantrao passed away soon after, this task remained incomplete. Since the task of writing a biography appropriate to this Mahatma's stature seemed difficult and monumental, I shied away from it. I had thought about writing Mahatma Jotirao's biography long ago but for the reason stated above,
Jyotiba Phule: Global Philisopher and Maker of Modern India
Jyotiba Phule (1827-1890) one of the "Mahatmas' (Great Soul) of India, occupies a unique position among social reformers of Maharashtra in the nineteenth century India. He was first teacher of oppressed, critic of orthodoxy in the social system after Buddha and a revolutionary. The task of bringing concerning socio-religious reform in ...
Social Reformist Jyotiba Phule: Biography, History, Facts
4 minute read. 10 shares. A social reformist, activist, writer, and thinker, Jyotirao "Jyotiba" Govindrao Phule or Mahatma Phule is remembered for the socio-cultural reforms he brought to India during the 19th century. He became the leading voice against India's widespread caste system. Phule revolted against the Brahmins' rule and was ...
Jyotiba Phule Biography, Birth, Wife, Books, Death
Jyotirao Phule, also known as Jyotiba Phule, was a social reformer, philosopher, and writer from Maharashtra, India. He was born on April 11, 1827, in Pune, and he passed away on November 28, 1890, in the same city. Jyotiba Phule was a prominent figure in the social reform movement in the 19th century. He actively worked to abolish social ...
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Introduction: Jyotirao Phule, a towering figure in the annals of Indian history, was a social reformer, educator, and activist who dedicated his life to dismantling the oppressive social ...
Jyotiba Phule
Jyotirao or Jyotiba Phule, born in 1827 in Satara, Maharashtra, was a prominent social reformer and activist. He belonged to the Mali (gardener) community and played a crucial role in challenging upper-caste dominance and Brahminical supremacy in society. In 1873, Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj, also known as the Truth Seekers' Society.
Jyotiba Phule: Biography, Contribution & Unknown facts
Jyotiba Phule was born on 11 April 1827 that is observed as Jyotirao Phule Jayanti in India to honor and recall his relentless struggle for cause of social justice. He was raised up in a dalit family of gardeners in Poona. He initially studied in the Marathi School but his father recognized his talent and sent him to Scottish Mission High ...
About Jyotirao Phule : Biography & Life History Of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule
Phule completed his English schooling in 1847. As was customary, he was married young, at the age of 13, to a girl of his own community, chosen by his father. The turning point in his life was in 1848, when he attended the wedding of a Brahmin friend. Phule participated in the customary marriage procession, but was later rebuked and insulted by ...
Mahatma Jyotiba Phule
Mahatma Jyotiba Phule. Acharya Prashant. 3 min. 160 reads. 1. Opened the first indigenous school for girls at the age of 21. He worked all his life against evils like child marriage, suppression of women's education, casteism, prohibition of widow remarriage, and infanticide. Babasaheb Ambedkar called him his guru and intellectual father.
PDF Mahatma Jyotiba Phule : A Modern Indian Philosopher
Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and his wife, Savitribai, were remarkable personalities, especially for their times. He started women education from the education of his wife and trained her
Mahatma Jyotiba Phule-The Father of Indian Social Revolution
Jyotiba Phule analyzed the structure of Indian society and identified the Sudra-atishudra as the leading agency of social revolution. He revolted against the domination of the Brahmins and struggled for the rights of peasants and other low-caste people. He is believed to be the first Hindu to start an orphanage for unfortunate children.

Jyotirao Phule - Prominent Social Reformer

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Gulamgiri – Book Written by Jyotirao Phule

Jyotirao Phule – Women’s Education

Recognition of Jyotirao Phule – Mahatma Phule

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Jyotiba Phule Biography, Facts and Social Reforms

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Jyotirao Phule

Jyotirao Phule: A brief introduction

Phule’s childhood and early life

Social movements

Phule’s efforts towards women education

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Jyotirao Phule Biography