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CSS Essay Past Papers

The compilation of CSS (Central Superior Services) past papers for the compulsory subject of Essay, spanning from 2000 to 2024, is a crucial resource for aspirants aiming to conquer the CSS examination conducted by the Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC) of Pakistan. This collection provides a panoramic view of the thematic evolution and diversity in essay topics over the years, reflecting the FPSC’s shifting focus towards contemporary global issues, socio-economic challenges, philosophical inquiries, and national interests. Through an in-depth analysis of these papers, candidates can discern the critical elements of effective essay writing that the FPSC values, such as coherence, structure, argumentative depth, and linguistic precision. Engaging with this compilation allows aspirants to practice and refine their writing skills, enabling them to articulate complex ideas succinctly and persuasively. Additionally, it offers a strategic advantage by highlighting recurring themes and patterns, thereby guiding candidates in their preparation to meet the rigorous standards of one of Pakistan’s most competitive examinations.

Essay – 2000

Essay – 2001, essay – 2002, essay – 2003, essay – 2004, essay – 2005, essay – 2006, essay – 2007, essay – 2008, essay – 2009, essay – 2010, essay – 2011, essay – 2012, essay – 2013, essay – 2014, essay – 2015, essay – 2016, essay – 2017, essay – 2018, essay – 2019, essay – 2020, essay – 2021, essay – 2022, essay – 2023.

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CSS Past Papers

CSS Past papers are perhaps the most important for CSS preparation after the syllabus. They navigate a CSS aspirant through the complex maze of uncertainty, ill-guidance, and diversion of focus. Past Papers save both the precious time and resources of an aspirant. I have compiled CSS past papers for compulsory and optional subjects keeping in mind the requirements of CSS exams. The organisation of CSS past papers is done in the following four ways:

• Year wise past papers
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CSS Compulsory Subjects’ Past Papers

• English (Precis and Compostion)
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100 Solved Past Papers Essays, CA and PA Questions for CSS and PMS

100 Solved Past Papers Essays and CA and PA Questions for CSS and PMS Aspirants

These 100 solved past papers essays and CA and PA questions will help CSS and PMS aspirants learn the art of writing essays and attempting 20-Marks questions to score high and qualify for the exams.

How to attempt a 20-Mark question? How to pattempt a 20-Marks question in the compulsory and optional subjects to score the highest marks? How to outline arguments and ideas in a 20-Marks question? How to write the body paragraph of a 20-Marks question? How to write an argumentative essay to qualify for this paper? How to write a descriptive essay to qualify for this paper? How to write expository (fact-based) essay to qualify for this paper? How to write an essay’s outline in the CSS and PMS examinations? These have been the hottest questions for nearly every serious competitive aspirant. Unfortunately, none in Pakistan has ever produced relevant and quality solved past papers to help aspirants understand what and how to write to score high and qualify for the exams. As a result, nearly 90 % of the aspirants fail their essay papers straight away. And almost 70 % remain unable to cross 50 marks in their compulsory and optional papers. In this blog, we have gathered nearly 100 CSS and PMS solved essays, Pakistan Affairs and Current Affairs questions attempted by Sir Syed Kazim Ali students, who have been scoring the highest marks in these subjects for years. All these solved essays and past papers questions’ link have been taken from Cssprepforum , Pakistan’s most credible and trusted website among millions of competitive aspirants.

Writing has undoubtedly been the base through which CSS and PMS examiners evaluate aspirants’ opinions and knowledge. The better the English writing and presentation skills, the higher the chances of succeeding in the examinations. Simply, writing skills have been the only vehicle an aspirant possesses to transfer his arguments, ideas, and viewpoints on a specific topic to his examiner. So, presenting your arguments coherently, fluently, and relevantly is, undoubtedly, the key to success in the CSS and PMS examinations in Pakistan. No matter whether you are going to take the following CSS and PMS attempt or you have just planned to prepare for them, these 100 Must Read essays and Pakistan Affairs and Current Affairs solved past papers by the highest scorers will definitely help you know the following:

• ✓ How to understand the topics
• ✓ How to break the topics down
• ✓ How to outline your arguments or ideas
• ✓ How to start a 20-Marks question to score high marks
• ✓ How to start an essay to qualify for the CSS and PMS
• ✓ How to write body paragraphs
• ✓ What is unity and coherence in writing
• ✓ How to connect sentences and paragraphs
• ✓ And much more

All the solved past paper questions have been written by Sir Syed Kazim Ali’s students, who have been scoring the highest marks in essays and other compulsory and optional papers because of their writing and presentation skills. Moreover, all the write-ups are evaluated by Sir Syed Kazim Ali, the best CSS and PMS English essay and precis teacher with the highest success rate of his students.

CSS and PMS Solved Essays

The followings are the CSS and PMS past papers essays solved by Sir Syed Kazim Ali students, who scored the highest marks in the essay paper. They are uploaded to help CSS and PMS aspirants know how to develop an outline, write introductory paragraphs, and present their arguments. Click on any to continue reading.

• ✓ Bureaucracy Doldrums | CSS 2021 Solved Essay
• ✓ Is Gender Equality a Myth | CSS 2013 & 2016 Solved Essay
• ✓ Almost Always, the Creative Dedicated Minority has Made the World Better | 2022 PMS KPK Essay
• ✓ Meaning Purposive Education | CSS 2021 Solved Essay
• ✓ Money and Success do not Change People; They Merely Amplify What is Already There | 2022 PMS KPK Solved Essay
• ✓ Can Foreign Aid Help a Country Achieve Economic Stability | CSS 2016 Solved Essay
• ✓ IMF Bailouts: Roads to Stability or Recipes for Disaster | CSS 2020 Solved Essay
• ✓ Islamophobia: Causes and Consequences | Essay for CSS & PMS
• ✓ Pros and Cons of Globalization for Pakistan | Essay of CSS & PMS
• ✓ Crisis of Good Governance in Pakistan: Causes, Impacts, and Remedies | Essay for CSS & PMS
• ✓ Artificial Intelligence: its Merits and Demerits | Essay for CSS & PMS
• ✓ The Overpopulation Crisis in Pakistan: Impacts, Causes, and Suggestions | Essay for CSS and PMS
• For more solved essays visit CSS Essays

CSS and PMS Solved Pakistan Affairs

The followings are the CSS Pakistan Affairs solved past papers questions attempted by Sir Syed Kazim Ali students, who scored the highest marks in the paper. They are uploaded to help CSS and PMS aspirants know how to deal and attempt a 20-Marks question to score high. Click on any to continue reading.

• Discuss the Role of Regional and Nationalist Political Parties in Pakistani Politics. How Far these Parties are Necessary for the Political System | CSS 2022 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Discuss the Federal Structure of 1973 Constitution of Pakistan after 18th amendment. Why criticism on 18th Amendment Started Recently? | CSS 2022 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Evaluate the factional politics of the early years(1947-58) and their impact on the democratic process of Pakistan. | CSS 2022 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Every state designs its foreign policy on its National interests rejecting feelings and emotions. Why did Pakistan prefer emotions, feelings, and ideology in its foreign policy? Also, analyze its impact. | CSS 2022 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• What is the volume of grants, aid, and loans in Pakistan’s economy in the last ten years to stimulate growth? Discuss. | CSS 2022 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Why did Pakistan join Western Defense Pacts? What cost does it have to pay for that? Explain. | CSS 2022 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Discuss the issues and mistrust in US-Pakistan relations after the withdrawal of the US troops from Afghanistan. | CSS 2022 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Enumerate the measures adopted by HEC for promotion of higher education and qualitative research in Pakistan. | CSS 2021 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• How CPEC phase II will galvanize industrialization and employment in Pakistan? | CSS 2021 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Discuss the Significance of Renewable Energy Resources for Pakistan. | CSS 2021 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• How Pakistan should combat the 5th generation war? | CSS 2021 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Political stability is mandatory for economic prosperity in Pakistan. Elaborate. | CSS 2021 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Critically Evaluate the Evolution of Muslim Separate Identity in the Sub-Continent. | CSS 2021 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• How the reform movement of Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi influenced the history of Muslim India? | CSS 2020 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• what are the major provisions of Simla Agreement (1972) between Pakistan and India? How it was helpful for the establishment of durable peace in the region? | CSS 2020 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• What is meant by the term “Proxy War”? Are there any extrinsic factors at play in the internal security situation of Pakistan? | CSS 2020 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Discuss the features of the political culture of Pakistan. | CSS 2020 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• What are the main causes of the energy crisis in Pakistan? What measures do you suggest to address it? | CSS 2020 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Critically examine the Congress Ministries of 1937. How far is it correct to suggest that it paved the way for a separate Muslim homeland in India? | CSS 2019 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• How far the nature of the centre province relation has changed under various constitutional amendments? Evaluate. | CSS 2019 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• How Far Has The Nature Of Centre-Province Relations Changed Under Various Amendments To The 1973 Constitution? | CSS 2019 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• What are the main causes of energy crisis in Pakistan? What measure do you recommend to address it ? | CSS 2019 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Critically analyze the key causes of delaying in the construction of dams in Pakistan. Give some suggestions to revert this Collateral loss. | CSS 2019 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Efficient use of natural resources can make Pakistan a prosperous nation. Discuss in the light of present situation of Pakistan | CSS 2019 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Enumerate the measures adopted by Pakistan to spotlight the plight of Kashmiri people in the Indian occupied Jammu and Kashmir after 5th August 2019.
• Critically evaluate the foundations of Allama Iqbal’s concept of Muslim separatism in the context of the Indo-Pak Subcontinent. | CSS 2018 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Discuss the role of the judiciary in the constitutional development of Pakistan | CSS 2017 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Give an account of the life and services of Shah Waliullah. How did he save the Indian Muslims from political annihilation and religious degeneration? | CSS 2016 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Critically analyze the elections of 1937 and the sufferings and grievances of the Muslims under the Congress rule in the provinces (1937-1939). How much did it help in popularizing the idea of a separate Muslim state in India? | CSS 2016 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Keeping in view the diverse Muslim reformist Movements of the subcontinent, delineate the sequential unity in the formulation of the ideology of Pakistan. | CSS 2009 Solved Pakistan Affairs
• Critically evaluate the foundations of Allama Iqbal’s concept of Muslim separatism in the context of the Indo-Pak Subcontinent.
• Aligarh Movement injected a new life into the dead body of the Muslim nation and helped to regain its lost glory and prestige. Discuss.
• Introductory Paragraphs Writing Practice On Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi By Sir Kazim’s Students
• Introductory Paragraphs Writing Practice On Sir Syed Ahmad Khan By Sir Kazim’s Students
• Role Of Mujadid Alif Sani, Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, For CSS and PMS Aspirants
• What Were The Effects Of Reforms Of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi On Muslim Society?
• What Were The Influence Of Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi Reforms?
• Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi’s Contribution To Indian Muslim
• Role Of Mujadid Alf Sani For Edification of Muslims Of Sub-Continent and His Impact On Society
• What Was The Contribution Of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi To Sub-Continent Muslims?
• Mujadid Alif Sani, The Revivalist Whose Efforts Saved Sub-Continent Muslims
• What Were The Impacts Of The Reforms Of Mujadid Alif Sani On Muslim Society?
• Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, The Man Who Revived Islam And Save Sub-Continent Muslims
• Highlight The Contributions Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi Rendered For Sub-Continent Muslims
• Role Of Mujadid Alif Sani In The Revival Of Muslims In Sub-Continent
• Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi Services Through The Eyes Of CSS Aspirants
• The Services Of Mujadid Alif Sani, Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, For The Sub-Continent Muslims
• Effects Of Social Reforms Of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi On Muslim Society In The Sub Continent
• Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi And His Impacts On Muslims Society And Politics
• Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi Influence on Indian Muslims
• What Influence Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi Has Left On The History Of Muslims Of India? Discuss Critically.
• How Did The Reform Movement Of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi Influence The History Of Muslim India?
• Poverty in Pakistan: Impacts, Causes, and Way Forwards
• Bad Governance In Pakistan: Issues, Challenges, and Way Forward
• What influence Mujadid-Alf-Sani have on the history of Muslims of India?
• How did the reform movement of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi influence the history of Muslim India?

CSS and PMS Solved CURRENT AFFAIRS

The followings are the CSS Current Affairs solved past papers questions attempted by Sir Syed Kazim Ali students, who scored the highest marks in the paper. They are uploaded to help CSS and PMS aspirants know how to deal and attempt a 20-Marks question to score high. Click on any to continue reading.

• China Pakistan economic corridor will have lasting impacts on Pakistan Saudi Arabia relations.
• Discuss the instrument and techniques of Hybrid warfare in the context of Pakistan and give suitable recommendations to overcome hybrid warfare.
• Given the evolving global alignments and changing nature of major-power relationships, what is the future of globalism and multilateralism?
• Whether the “Track-II Diplomacy” can be fruitful to resolve Kashmir Issue? Discuss
• Has OIC failed to bring the Muslim Ummah closer and secure its interests?
• Analyze the determinants of Pakistan’s foreign policy?
• The true role of OIC will help strengthen the Muslim world and effectively make them fight Islamophobia. Discuss
• Islamophobia: causes and consequences
• Highlight the political ideas of Syed Ali Shah Geelani and his efforts to inculcate those ideas into the youth of Kashmir
• What is the National Action Plan, and highlight its relevancy and performance so far?
• National Disintegration In Pakistan: Causes, Impacts, and Way Forwards
• Political Instability in Pakistan: Causes, Impacts, and Remedies
• Role of Media in Pakistan: Merits and Demerits
• How can corruption elimination be made a part of the governance systems of Pakistan?
• Corruption in Pakistan, its causes, impacts, and practicable measures
• How can corruption be managed in Pakistan?
• The Foreign policy of Pakistan: issues, challenges, and solutions
• National disintegration in Pakistan: causes, impacts, and solutions
• Corruption in Pakistan: Issues, Challenges, and Way Forward
• The issue of central importance about corruption and accountability in Pakistan is the increase in corruption despite six decades of efforts to eradicate it. Analyze and comment on the root causes of rampant corruption in society.
• How did corruption affect Pakistan’s socio-economic fabric? What are its causes and impacts, and what suggestions you put forward to mitigate them?
• The Overpopulation Crisis in Pakistan: Impacts, Causes, and Suggestions

About the author

Shahzad Faisal Malik is the administrator of CSSTimes.pk and is responsible for managing the content, design, and overall direction of the blog. He has a strong background in Competitive Exams and is passionate and sharing information with others. Shahzad Faisal Malik has worked as a Graphic Designer/Content Creator at CSSTimes in the past. In his free time, Shahzad Faisal Malik enjoys watching Cricket, writing blogs for different websites and is always on the lookout for new and interesting content to share with the readers of this website. As the website administrator, Shahzad Faisal Malik is dedicated to providing high-quality content and fostering a welcoming and engaging community for readers. He looks forward to connecting with readers and hearing their thoughts and feedback on the website.

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[…] 100 Solved Past Papers Essays, CA and PA Questions for CSS and PMS […]

CSS Past Papers

All Subjects CSS Past Papers are available here on Smadent to Read or Download. Enjoy Free Past Papers of CSS Exam Pakistan for Free.

Compulsory Subjects

Optional Subjects

Here are the Past Papers of the CSS Exam of all subjects. You can easily browse, read or download them for later.

CSS is the most reputable competitive exam to hire the most intelligent, disciplined and able persons from all over Pakistan in 12 different departments under the federal government. CSS officers are called Bureaucrats.

What is a Past Paper?

A past paper is an examination paper from a previous year or previous years. Past Papers are commonly used for exam practice or to determine the importance of any subject.

Therefore preparation for the CSS exam is one of the most uncomfortable tasks for an aspirant. And here comes the need for CSS Past Papers to determine the toughness and importance of a subject.

Hence, we've provided you with All Subjects Past Papers of CSS Exam with a clean and responsive interface, so you can easily find your required Past Paper.

Every aspirant wishes to have complete knowledge about CSS. CSS Past Papers are one of the best resources to get trained about CSS tests.

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Css 2020 past papers.

CSS | Syllabus | Past Papers | Solved Papers | Preparation | MCQs

Download Past Examination Papers of Central Superior Services (CSS) Pakistan Competitive Examination (CE) 2020 in PDF. CSS 2020 Botany Paper. CSS 2020 Zoology Paper. CSS 2020 Business Administration Paper. — Download CSS 2021 Papers NEW

COMPULSORY SUBJECTS (CSS 2020)–PDF

• Islamic Studies  / Comparative Religions
• General Science
• Pakistan Affairs
• Current Affairs

OPTIONAL SUBJECTS (CSS 2020)–PDF

GROUP – I

• Accountancy & Auditing – I
• Accountancy & Auditing – II
• Economics – I
• Economics – II
• Computer Science – I
• Computer Science – II
• Political Science – I
• Political Science – II
• International Relations – I
• International Relations – II

GROUP – II

• Chemistry-I
• Chemistry-II
• Applied Mathematics
• Pure Mathematics

GROUP – III

• Business Administration
• Public Administration
• Governance & Public Policies
• Town Planning & Urban Management

GROUP – IV

• History of Pakistan & India
• Islamic History & Culture
• British History
• European History
• History of the U.S.A

GROUP – V

• Gender Studies
• Environmental Sciences
• Agriculture & Forestry
• English Literature
• Urdu Literature

GROUP – VI

• Constitutional Law
• International Law
• Muslim Law & Jurisprudence
• Mercantile Law
• Criminology

GROUP – VII

• Journalism & Mass Communication
• Anthropology

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CSS Past Papers FPSC Exam 2024

Download CSS Past Papers in PDF. All compulsory and optional FPSC CSS papers from 2022 to 2024 can be downloaded in PDF on this page. These are the past papers of CSS written examination or CSS main exam. For CSS MPT, please see CSS MPT Past Papers .

CSS PAST PAPERS CSS 2024 Papers CSS 2023 Papers CSS 2022 Papers

Past Papers

English essay css 2023 past paper.

• Categories CSS 2023 Past Papers
• Date January 27, 2023

CSS-2023 Past Paper of English Essay by FPSC

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English Composition & Comprehension CSS 2023 Past Paper

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CSS English Essay Paper 2024

• February 29, 2024
• CSS Past Papers 2024

Here, you will find the CSS English Essay Paper 2024. You can view or download this CSS English Essay Past Paper 2024 . The English Essay paper of CSS was held on 29-02-2024.

See the CSS English Essays and Topics here.

English Essay Paper for CSS 2024

1. Hope: the greatest driving force.

2. CPEC and “Indo-Middle East – Europe”, new war fronts.

3. The power of propaganda and Muslim World.

4. Phase out of fossil fuel and Arab Economics.

5. Pragmatism vs Passion in politics.

6. Brics and Pakistan: Prospects of Recovery.

7. Artificial Intelligence : The death of creativity.

8. Pathways to Pakistan’s prosperity.

9. Globalization and National Economics .

10. Political Polarization; Governance and Society.

View CSS English Paper 2024 here:

• View CSS Subject-wise Past Papers
• CSS Notes and Study Material – All subjects
• PMS Past papers

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• CSS Geology Paper 2024
• CSS Chemistry Paper-II 2024
• CSS Pure Mathematics Paper 2024
• CSS Physics Paper-II 2024
• CSS Physics Paper-I 2024
• CSS Chemistry Paper-I 2024
• CSS Applied Mathematics Paper 2024
• CSS Statistics Paper 2024
• CSS Town Planning & Urban Management Paper 2024
• CSS Public Administration Paper 2024

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Students Are Likely Writing Millions of Papers With AI

Students have submitted more than 22 million papers that may have used generative AI in the past year, new data released by plagiarism detection company Turnitin shows.

A year ago, Turnitin rolled out an AI writing detection tool that was trained on its trove of papers written by students as well as other AI-generated texts. Since then, more than 200 million papers have been reviewed by the detector, predominantly written by high school and college students. Turnitin found that 11 percent may contain AI-written language in 20 percent of its content, with 3 percent of the total papers reviewed getting flagged for having 80 percent or more AI writing. (Turnitin is owned by Advance, which also owns Condé Nast, publisher of WIRED.) Turnitin says its detector has a false positive rate of less than 1 percent when analyzing full documents.

ChatGPT’s launch was met with knee-jerk fears that the English class essay would die . The chatbot can synthesize information and distill it near-instantly—but that doesn’t mean it always gets it right. Generative AI has been known to hallucinate , creating its own facts and citing academic references that don’t actually exist. Generative AI chatbots have also been caught spitting out biased text on gender and race . Despite those flaws, students have used chatbots for research, organizing ideas, and as a ghostwriter . Traces of chatbots have even been found in peer-reviewed, published academic writing .

Teachers understandably want to hold students accountable for using generative AI without permission or disclosure. But that requires a reliable way to prove AI was used in a given assignment. Instructors have tried at times to find their own solutions to detecting AI in writing, using messy, untested methods to enforce rules , and distressing students. Further complicating the issue, some teachers are even using generative AI in their grading processes.

Detecting the use of gen AI is tricky. It’s not as easy as flagging plagiarism, because generated text is still original text. Plus, there’s nuance to how students use gen AI; some may ask chatbots to write their papers for them in large chunks or in full, while others may use the tools as an aid or a brainstorm partner.

Students also aren't tempted by only ChatGPT and similar large language models. So-called word spinners are another type of AI software that rewrites text, and may make it less obvious to a teacher that work was plagiarized or generated by AI. Turnitin’s AI detector has also been updated to detect word spinners, says Annie Chechitelli, the company’s chief product officer. It can also flag work that was rewritten by services like spell checker Grammarly, which now has its own generative AI tool . As familiar software increasingly adds generative AI components, what students can and can’t use becomes more muddled.

Detection tools themselves have a risk of bias. English language learners may be more likely to set them off; a 2023 study found a 61.3 percent false positive rate when evaluating Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) exams with seven different AI detectors. The study did not examine Turnitin’s version. The company says it has trained its detector on writing from English language learners as well as native English speakers. A study published in October found that Turnitin was among the most accurate of 16 AI language detectors in a test that had the tool examine undergraduate papers and AI-generated papers.

Amit Katwala

Andy Greenberg

Caroline Haskins

Schools that use Turnitin had access to the AI detection software for a free pilot period, which ended at the start of this year. Chechitelli says a majority of the service’s clients have opted to purchase the AI detection. But the risks of false positives and bias against English learners have led some universities to ditch the tools for now. Montclair State University in New Jersey announced in November that it would pause use of Turnitin’s AI detector. Vanderbilt University and Northwestern University did the same last summer.

“This is hard. I understand why people want a tool,” says Emily Isaacs, executive director of the Office of Faculty Excellence at Montclair State. But Isaacs says the university is concerned about potentially biased results from AI detectors, as well as the fact that the tools can’t provide confirmation the way they can with plagiarism. Plus, Montclair State doesn’t want to put a blanket ban on AI, which will have some place in academia. With time and more trust in the tools, the policies could change. “It’s not a forever decision, it’s a now decision,” Isaacs says.

Chechitelli says the Turnitin tool shouldn’t be the only consideration in passing or failing a student. Instead, it’s a chance for teachers to start conversations with students that touch on all of the nuance in using generative AI. “People don’t really know where that line should be,” she says.

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What Solar Eclipse-Gazing Has Looked Like for the Past 2 Centuries

Millions of people on Monday will continue the tradition of experiencing and capturing solar eclipses, a pursuit that has spawned a lot of unusual gear.

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• April 8, 2024

For centuries, people have been clamoring to glimpse solar eclipses. From astronomers with custom-built photographic equipment to groups huddled together with special glasses, this spectacle has captivated the human imagination.

Creating a Permanent Record

In 1860, Warren de la Rue captured what many sources describe as the first photograph of a total solar eclipse . He took it in Rivabellosa, Spain, with an instrument known as the Kew Photoheliograph . This combination of a telescope and camera was specifically built to photograph the sun.

Forty years later, Nevil Maskelyne, a magician and an astronomy enthusiast, filmed a total solar eclipse in North Carolina. The footage was lost, however, and only released in 2019 after it was rediscovered in the Royal Astronomical Society’s archives.

Telescopic Vision

For scientists and astronomers, eclipses provide an opportunity not only to view the moon’s umbra and gaze at the sun’s corona, but also to make observations that further their studies. Many observatories, or friendly neighbors with a telescope, also make their instruments available to the public during eclipses.

Fredrik Hjalmar Johansen, Fridtjof Nansen and Sigurd Scott Hansen observing a solar eclipse while on a polar expedition in 1894 .

Women from Wellesley College in Massachusetts and their professor tested out equipment ahead of their eclipse trip (to “catch old Sol in the act,” as the original New York Times article phrased it) to New London, Conn., in 1922.

A group from Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania traveled to Yerbaniz, Mexico, in 1923, with telescopes and a 65-foot camera to observe the sun’s corona .

Dr. J.J. Nassau, director of the Warner and Swasey Observatory at Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland, prepared to head to Douglas Hill, Maine, to study an eclipse in 1932. An entire freight car was required to transport the institution’s equipment.

Visitors viewed a solar eclipse at an observatory in Berlin in the mid-1930s.

A family set up two telescopes in Bar Harbor, Maine, in 1963. The two children placed stones on the base to help steady them.

An astronomer examined equipment for an eclipse in a desert in Mauritania in June 1973. We credit the hot climate for his choice in outfit.

Indirect Light

If you see people on Monday sprinting to your local park clutching pieces of paper, or with a cardboard box of their head, they are probably planning to reflect or project images of the solar eclipse onto a surface.

Cynthia Goulakos demonstrated a safe way to view a solar eclipse , with two pieces of cardboard to create a reflection of the shadowed sun, in Lowell, Mass., in 1970.

Another popular option is to create a pinhole camera. This woman did so in Central Park in 1963 by using a paper cup with a small hole in the bottom and a twin-lens reflex camera.

Amateur astronomers viewed a partial eclipse, projected from a telescope onto a screen, from atop the Empire State Building in 1967 .

Back in Central Park, in 1970, Irving Schwartz and his wife reflected an eclipse onto a piece of paper by holding binoculars on the edge of a garbage basket.

Children in Denver in 1979 used cardboard viewing boxes and pieces of paper with small pinholes to view projections of a partial eclipse.

A crowd gathered around a basin of water dyed with dark ink, waiting for the reflection of a solar eclipse to appear, in Hanoi, Vietnam, in 1995.

Staring at the Sun (or, How Not to Burn Your Retinas)

Eclipse-gazers have used different methods to protect their eyes throughout the years, some safer than others .

In 1927, women gathered at a window in a building in London to watch a total eclipse through smoked glass. This was popularized in France in the 1700s , but fell out of favor when physicians began writing papers on children whose vision was damaged.

Another trend was to use a strip of exposed photographic film, as seen below in Sydney, Australia, in 1948 and in Turkana, Kenya, in 1963. This method, which was even suggested by The Times in 1979 , has since been declared unsafe.

Solar eclipse glasses are a popular and safe way to view the event ( if you use models compliant with international safety standards ). Over the years there have been various styles, including these large hand-held options found in West Palm Beach, Fla., in 1979.

Parents and children watched a partial eclipse through their eclipse glasses in Tokyo in 1981.

Slimmer, more colorful options were used in Nabusimake, Colombia, in 1998.

In France in 1999.

And in Iran and England in 1999.

And the best way to see the eclipse? With family and friends at a watch party, like this one in Isalo National Park in Madagascar in 2001.