digital crime essay

Cyber Crime Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on cyber crime.

Cyber Crime Essay – Everybody thinks that only stealing someone’s private data is Cyber Crime. But in defining terms we can say that ‘Cyber Crime refers to the use of an electronic device (computer, laptop, etc.) for stealing someone’s data or trying to harm them using a computer.

Besides, it is an illegal activity that involves a series of issues ranging from theft to using your system or IP address as a tool for committing a crime.

Types of Cyber Crime

Speaking in a broadway we can say that Cyber Crime are categorized into four major types. These are Financial, Privacy, Hacking, and Cyber Terrorism.

The financial crime they steal the money of user or account holders. Likewise, they also stole data of companies which can lead to financial crimes. Also, transactions are heavily risked because of them. Every year hackers stole lakhs and crores of rupees of businessmen and government.

Privacy crime includes stealing your private data which you do not want to share with the world. Moreover, due to it, the people suffer a lot and some even commit suicide because of their data’s misuse.

In, hacking they intentional deface a website to cause damage or loss to the public or owner. Apart from that, they destroy or make changes in the existing websites to diminish its value.

Modern-day terrorism has grown way beyond what it was 10-20 years ago. But cyber terrorism is not just related to terrorists or terrorist organizations. But to threat some person or property to the level of creating fear is also Cyber Terrorism.

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Cyber Crime in India

Web world or cyberspace is a massive community of millions and billions of users and websites. Also, people access it for different uses like shopping, movies, music, video games, transactions, and e-commerce, etc.

In this Age of Technology and easy access to the internet, anyone can easily reach it. Because of this fast pace growth from the previous decade. Besides, the internet has opened a world of information on which anyone can connect.

Due to, this the rate of crime especially the rate of Cyber Crime has increased much fold. Moreover, the rate of circulation of data is also increased much fold due to the higher speed of internet. Above all, due to all these issues, the Cybersecurity has become a major concern for society.

Laws related to Cyber Crimes

To stop the spread of Cyber Crime and to safeguard the interest of people the government has made several laws related to Cyber Crimes. Also, these laws serve as protection against Cyber Crime. Apart from that, the government has also introduced cyber cells in police stations to counter the problem of Cyber Crime as fast as they can.

Ways of stopping Cyber Crime

Cyber Crime is not something which we cannot deal with our self. Likewise, with little use of our common sense and logic, we can stop Cyber Crimes from happening.

To conclude, we can say that Cyber Crime is a dangerous offense to someone’s privacy or any material. Also, we can avoid Cyber Crime by following some basic logical things and using our common sense. Above all, Cyber Crime is a violation of not only law but of human rights too.

{ “@context”: “https://schema.org”, “@type”: “FAQPage”, “mainEntity”: [{ “@type”: “Question”, “name”: “What is the main cause of Cyber Crime?”, “acceptedAnswer”: { “@type”: “Answer”, “text”: “The greed for quick money and the desire to get famous quickly are the two main reasons of Cyber Crime. Also, most of the targets of Cyber Crime banks, businessman, financial firms, etc.” } }, { “@type”: “Question”, “name”: “What is the punishment of Cyber Crime in India?”, “acceptedAnswer”: { “@type”: “Answer”, “text”:”If the person is found guilty then there are several punishments based on the level of crime. A simple crime can cost you a fine while a bigger crime can lead you to jail.”} }] }

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Cyber Crime Essay For Students

Table of Contents

Cyber Crime Essay: In today’s digital age, the internet has become an integral part of our lives. While it offers numerous benefits, it also brings with it a dark side – cybercrime. It is imperative for all individuals to be well-informed about the world of cybercrime, what it is, its types, and its impact. In this article, we have provided you with sample essays on cybercrime of varying lengths to help you get started on your own essay.

What is Cyber Crime?

Cybercrime, simply put, is criminal activity conducted online. It encompasses a wide range of illegal activities that use computers and the internet as tools to commit crimes. These crimes can be broadly categorized into four main types: financial, personal, political, and property crimes.

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Whether you need a 100-word overview or a more detailed 500-word essay on the topic “Cyber Crime Essay”, we’ve got your back. Refer to the sample essays given below.

Sample Essays on Cyber Crime

100-word essay on cyber crime.

Cybercrime, the dark underbelly of the digital world, is on the rise. It encompasses a range of illegal activities conducted through computers and the internet, including hacking, phishing, and online fraud. Cybercriminals exploit vulnerabilities for financial gain or personal satisfaction, causing harm to individuals and organizations. The consequences can be devastating, from financial loss to emotional distress and stolen identities. To combat cybercrime, awareness and vigilance are paramount. Adopting strong passwords, using antivirus software, and practicing safe online behavior are steps we can all take to protect ourselves in this interconnected age. Cybercrime is a threat we must confront in our digital lives.

Cyber Crime Essay: 250 Words

In today’s technology-driven world, where we rely heavily on the internet and digital devices for various aspects of our lives, the threat of cybercrime looms larger than ever. Cybercrime encompasses a wide range of illegal activities carried out in the digital realm, and its impact extends far beyond just financial losses.

Hacking, a prevalent cybercrime, involves malicious individuals gaining unauthorized access to systems, risking sensitive data compromise, leading to dire consequences such as identity theft and financial ruin.

Phishing scams, a common cybercrime, deceive victims into disclosing personal data, enabling criminals to commit theft and fraud with the acquired information.

Online fraud is rampant in the cyber world. Criminals create fake websites or online marketplaces to dupe unsuspecting victims into making payments for goods or services that don’t exist. Victims can lose substantial sums of money in such scams.

To combat cybercrime, prioritize cybersecurity by practicing safe online behavior, updating passwords, and using reliable antivirus software. Keeping software and operating systems up to date is crucial for enhanced protection.

Additionally, organizations and governments need to invest in robust cybersecurity infrastructure and enact stricter regulations to deter cybercriminals. Raising awareness about the risks and consequences of cybercrime is a collective responsibility that can help safeguard our digital world.

In conclusion, cybercrime is a growing menace that affects individuals, businesses, and society as a whole. Understanding the various forms of cybercrime and taking proactive steps to protect ourselves and our digital assets are essential in this interconnected age. Only through collective efforts can we hope to mitigate the ever-present threat of cybercrime.

Cyber Crime Essay: 300 Words

In our increasingly digitized world, cybercrime has emerged as a formidable challenge. Cybercrime refers to criminal activities carried out through computer networks and the internet, encompassing a wide range of illicit actions that exploit vulnerabilities in our interconnected systems.

One prevalent form of cybercrime is hacking, where individuals or groups gain unauthorized access to computer systems or networks, often with malicious intent. Hacked systems can lead to data breaches, identity theft, and financial losses for individuals and organizations alike.

Phishing is another common cybercrime tactic, where scammers impersonate legitimate entities to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information, such as login credentials or credit card details. These deceptive schemes can result in severe financial and personal consequences for victims.

Online fraud, including various scams and schemes, poses significant risks. It includes activities like advance-fee fraud, Ponzi schemes, and online auction fraud. Victims may suffer substantial financial losses, and recovery can be challenging.

Cyberbullying and online harassment are personal cybercrimes that target individuals through hurtful, threatening, or offensive online behavior. These acts can have profound psychological and emotional effects on victims.

To combat cybercrime, individuals and organizations must prioritize cybersecurity. This involves using strong, unique passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, and keeping software and antivirus programs up to date. Cybersecurity awareness and education are crucial to recognizing and avoiding potential threats.

Governments and law enforcement agencies worldwide are also working to combat cybercrime by strengthening legislation and collaborating on international cybercrime investigations. However, prevention starts with individual responsibility and vigilance.

In conclusion, cybercrime is an evolving threat that affects us all in the digital age. As technology advances, so do the methods employed by cybercriminals. Staying informed, practicing safe online behavior, and implementing robust cybersecurity measures are essential steps to protect ourselves and our digital assets from the growing menace of cybercrime.

500-Word Essay on Cyber Crime:

In our increasingly interconnected world, where digital technology permeates every aspect of our lives, the threat of cybercrime has become a pressing concern. Cybercrime encompasses a wide range of illicit activities that occur in the digital realm, using computers, networks, and the internet as tools for criminal intent. This essay explores the evolving landscape of cybercrime, its various forms, the consequences it brings, and the measures individuals and organizations can take to combat this growing menace.

The Landscape of Cybercrime

Cybercrime is a multifaceted problem, constantly evolving as technology advances. It includes various forms, such as hacking, phishing, identity theft, online fraud, cyberbullying, and more. The motives behind cybercrime can be financial gain, political agenda, personal vendettas, or even thrill-seeking.

Hacking is one of the most prevalent forms of cybercrime. It involves unauthorized access to computer systems, networks, or data. Hackers exploit vulnerabilities to steal sensitive information, disrupt services, or distribute malware.

Phishing, on the other hand, is a deceitful practice where cybercriminals impersonate legitimate entities to trick individuals into revealing personal information or login credentials. This information is then used for malicious purposes, such as identity theft or financial fraud.

Identity theft is a pervasive cybercrime, with victims experiencing devastating consequences. Cybercriminals use stolen personal information to open fraudulent accounts, apply for loans, or engage in criminal activities, often leaving the victim to deal with the legal and financial fallout.

Online fraud includes various scams and schemes, such as Ponzi schemes, fake online marketplaces, and investment fraud. Victims of online fraud can lose substantial sums of money, often with little hope of recovery.

The social impact of cybercrime is also significant. Cyberbullying and online harassment have become increasingly common, especially among young people. The anonymity provided by the internet allows perpetrators to engage in hurtful behavior, leading to emotional and psychological distress for the victims.

The Consequences of Cybercrime

The consequences of cybercrime are far-reaching and extend beyond financial losses. Individuals can experience emotional distress, anxiety, and a loss of trust in online interactions. Businesses and organizations face significant financial and reputational damage when data breaches occur. Governments grapple with the challenge of protecting national security and critical infrastructure from cyberattacks.

Solutions and Prevention

To combat cybercrime effectively, individuals, organizations, and governments must work together and adopt proactive measures. Here are some key steps:

Cybersecurity Awareness : Raising awareness about the risks of cybercrime is essential. Individuals should educate themselves about online threats and practice safe online behavior.
Strong Passwords : Using strong, unique passwords for each online account is crucial. Employing password managers can help manage and generate complex passwords.
Antivirus Software : Reliable antivirus and anti-malware software can detect and block malicious threats.
Regular Software Updates : Keeping software, operating systems, and applications up to date is essential to patch security vulnerabilities.
Two-Factor Authentication : Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) wherever possible to add an extra layer of security to your accounts.
Secure Data Handling : Exercise caution when sharing personal information online. Only provide sensitive data on trusted websites.
Cybersecurity Training : Organizations should invest in cybersecurity training for their employees to recognize and respond to threats effectively.
Legal Frameworks : Governments need to enact and enforce comprehensive cybersecurity laws and regulations to deter cybercriminals.
International Collaboration : Cybercrime often crosses international borders, so international collaboration among governments and law enforcement agencies is crucial.

The threat of cybercrime is an ever-growing challenge in our digital age. As technology advances, so do the methods and sophistication of cybercriminals. To effectively combat cybercrime, individuals, organizations, and governments must prioritize cybersecurity through awareness, education, and the implementation of robust security measures. Only by working together can we hope to mitigate the risks and consequences of cybercrime and ensure a safer digital future for all.

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FAQs on Cyber Crime Essay

What is cyber crime in short essay.

Cybercrime refers to criminal activities carried out using computers or the internet. Examples include online fraud, hacking, identity theft, and cyberbullying. These crimes can have serious consequences, such as financial loss, personal harm, or damage to one's reputation. To combat cybercrime, individuals must stay vigilant and follow online safety practices.

What is cyber security in 100 words?

Cybersecurity is the practice of safeguarding digital systems, networks, and data from a wide range of cyber threats and unauthorized access. It involves implementing measures and technologies to protect information integrity, confidentiality, and availability. Cybersecurity encompasses various aspects, including the use of strong passwords, encryption, firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusion detection systems. It is essential in today's interconnected world to mitigate the risks of data breaches, hacking, malware attacks, and other malicious activities that can lead to financial losses, reputational damage, and the compromise of personal and sensitive information. Cybersecurity is an ongoing effort to maintain the security and resilience of digital environments.

Is cyber crime bad?

Yes, cybercrime is bad as it can result in financial loss, emotional distress, and harm to individuals and organizations.

What are the causes of cybercrime?

The causes of cybercrime include technological vulnerabilities, lack of cybersecurity awareness, financial motivations, and anonymity provided by the internet.

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✍️Essay on Cybercrime: Free Samples in 100, 200, 300 Words

Updated on
Nov 2, 2023

The 21st century is a digital age, where any and every task is done on the internet. All thanks to the developments in technology which have been the main factor to ease human life on earth and maybe on other plants in future. But with the benefits of technology, there are several harmful effects, one of them which has recently gained popularity; Cyber Crime.

Cybercrime has emerged as pervasive and evolved as one of the most dangerous threats to humans. There are several users on the internet who indulge in illegal and criminal activities, using computers and networks. To guide you through this hot debate topic, below we have discussed essays on cybercrime.

Table of Contents

1 Essay on Cybercrime in 100 Words
2 Essay on Cybercrime in 200 Words
3 Essay on Cybercrime in 300 Words

Essay on Cybercrime in 100 Words

Cybercrime involves illegal activities like hacking, ransomware, cyberbullying, online fraud, etc. People who are involved in cybercrime or any similar activities are called hackers, scammers or fraudsters. Cybercrime leads to financial loss for individuals who have fallen victim to one. Cybercrime often invades a person’s privacy by stealing their personal details, including sensitive data, photos, and communication records, which can be used for blackmailing or any malicious purpose.

There are several governmental and non-government organizations which are working

To tackle cybercrime by raising awareness among the masses, cyber security training, implementing robust security protocols, and enacting comprehensive cybercrime laws.

Essay on Cybercrime in 200 Words

Cybercrime is a criminal activity done online using a computer, network and internet. With the increasing use of the internet and mobile phones, the number of criminal activities has also gained pace. These criminal-minded people steal the personal details of a person, which leads to financial losses and damages the reputation of the victims. Various scams and fraudulent schemes are offered on the internet like online auctions, advance fees, or any investment scam, which are all aimed at deceiving individuals into parting with their money.

Cybercrime is not limited to financial losses or reputational damage, a more discrete term has emerged; cyberbullying. In cyberbullying, a person is harassed, humiliated, or threatened online. This can have severe psychological and emotional consequences. Ethical hackers or white hat hackers can help organizations identify vulnerabilities in their systems before malicious hackers exploit them.

Cybercrime doesn’t have any boundaries and is an international issue and international cooperation is crucial for tracking and prosecuting cybercriminals who operate across borders. To combat cybercrime effectively, a multi-faceted approach is required, involving education, technology, legislation, and international cooperation. As technology continues to advance, our efforts to combat cybercrime must keep pace to protect our increasingly interconnected world.

Essay on Cybercrime in 300 Words

Economists have termed cybercrime as ‘ A Hidden Threat to the Digital World.’ Modern humans are relying on the internet for their day-to-day activities and every macro and micro activity. In this sense, the term cybercrime comes to the front. Cybercrime refers to criminal activities conducted through the use of computers, networks, and the Internet.

Cybercrime consists of various malicious activities like hacking, phishing, ransomware attacks, identity theft, online fraud, and cyberbullying. Hackers, fraudsters, scammers, criminals, and even state-sponsored actors exploit vulnerabilities in digital systems to steal sensitive information, disrupt operations, and cause financial and emotional harm to victims.

The consequences of cybercrime are far-reaching. Financial losses run into 10 digits annually, affecting individuals and organizations alike. Personal privacy is invaded as cybercriminals steal sensitive data, photos, and communication records. In cases of cyberbullying and harassment, victims suffer reputational damages, psychological distress, and emotional trauma, particularly in cases of cyberbullying and harassment.

It’s necessary to look for a multifaceted approach to deal with cybercrime, some of which are.

Raising public awareness through campaigns where people are informed about the risks of cybercrime and educate them on best practices for online safety.
Individuals and organizations should implement robust security protocols, regularly update software, and use multi-factor authentication to protect their digital assets.
Governments should enact and enforce cybercrime laws, providing law enforcement agencies with the resources and expertise needed to prosecute cybercriminals effectively.
Looking at the global nature of cybercrime, international collaboration is vital. Countries should work together to share threat intelligence and cooperate in the investigation and prosecution of cybercriminals.
Ethical hackers can help organizations identify and rectify vulnerabilities in their systems before malicious actors exploit them.

Tackling cybercrime requires proactive measures, including education, strong cybersecurity practices, legislation, international cooperation, and the active involvement of ethical hackers.

Cybercrime is an illegal and unethical activity which is done by hackers and fraudsters to gain financial or any other benefits for themselves.

To tackle cybercrime, several measures can be taken. Some of these measures are education and public awareness, research and innovation, ethical hacking, etc.

To write an essay on cybercrime, you need to give details on how it works and the level of danger it poses to humans. Cybercrime consists of various malicious activities like hacking, phishing, ransomware attacks, identity theft, online fraud, and cyberbullying. Hackers, fraudsters, scammers, criminals, and even state-sponsored actors exploit vulnerabilities in digital systems to steal sensitive information, disrupt operations, and cause financial and emotional harm to victims.

For more information about such informative articles, visit our essay writing page and make sure to follow Leverage Edu .

Shiva Tyagi

With an experience of over a year, I've developed a passion for writing blogs on wide range of topics. I am mostly inspired from topics related to social and environmental fields, where you come up with a positive outcome.

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Essay on Cyber Crime

Students are often asked to write an essay on Cyber Crime in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Cyber Crime

Introduction to cyber crime.

Cybercrime refers to illegal activities conducted through the internet. It’s a fast-growing area of crime, with more criminals exploiting the speed, convenience, and anonymity of the internet.

Types of Cyber Crime

There are many types of cybercrimes. These include hacking, where unauthorized access is gained to a computer system, and identity theft, where personal information is stolen and used fraudulently.

Preventing Cyber Crime

Preventing cybercrime is crucial. This can be achieved by using strong, unique passwords, keeping software and systems updated, and being cautious of suspicious emails or websites.

Cybercrime is a significant issue in today’s digital age. Awareness and proper precautions can help in preventing these crimes.

Also check:

10 Lines on Cyber Crime
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250 Words Essay on Cyber Crime

Introduction.

Cybercrime, an umbrella term encompassing a variety of offenses committed using digital technology, poses a significant threat to the modern world. As our reliance on technology increases, so does the potential for misuse, leading to a surge in cybercrimes.

The Nature of Cybercrime

Cybercrimes can range from financial theft, identity theft, cyberstalking, to more complex forms like cyber terrorism and cyber warfare. They exploit the anonymity provided by the internet, making them difficult to trace, investigate, and prosecute.

Impact of Cybercrime

The impact of cybercrime extends beyond financial loss. It can cause significant psychological harm to victims, damage reputations, and even pose threats to national security. In a digital world, the effects of cybercrime are far-reaching and potentially devastating.

Preventing Cybercrime

Preventing cybercrime requires a multi-faceted approach. It involves not only technological solutions but also legal and educational measures. A robust cybersecurity infrastructure, stringent laws, and increased public awareness are crucial to mitigating the risk of cybercrime.

In conclusion, as technology advances, so too does the sophistication of cybercrimes. Combating this growing threat requires a comprehensive approach that combines technology, legislation, and education. The fight against cybercrime is a shared responsibility, requiring collective effort from individuals, organizations, and governments alike.

500 Words Essay on Cyber Crime

In the digital age, our reliance on technology has given rise to a new form of criminal activity known as cyber crime. This term encapsulates any illegal activity that utilizes a computer as its primary means of commission. Cyber crime has become a critical concern due to its widespread impact, affecting individuals, businesses, and even nations.

The Different Forms of Cyber Crime

Cyber crime manifests in various forms, each carrying its unique implications. Identity theft, for instance, involves unauthorized access and use of personal information for fraudulent purposes. Another common type, cyberstalking, uses digital tools to harass or threaten individuals. More complex forms of cyber crime include cyberterrorism and cyber warfare, which target national security and infrastructure.

The Impact of Cyber Crime

The impact of cyber crime is far-reaching and multifaceted. On an individual level, victims may face financial loss, emotional distress, and privacy invasion. For businesses, the implications can be devastating, leading to significant financial losses, reputational damage, and loss of customer trust. On a national level, cyber crime can threaten a country’s security, economy, and infrastructure.

Preventing cyber crime requires a multi-pronged approach. On a personal level, individuals must take precautions such as using strong passwords, regularly updating software, and being cautious of suspicious emails or links. Businesses, on the other hand, need robust cybersecurity measures, including firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and regular employee training. Governments must also play their part, enacting robust cyber crime laws and cooperating internationally to apprehend and prosecute cyber criminals.

Legal and Ethical Considerations

The legal landscape surrounding cyber crime is complex and continually evolving. Jurisdictional issues often arise, given the borderless nature of the internet. Ethically, the debate around privacy and security is pertinent. While law enforcement agencies advocate for backdoors into encrypted systems to combat cyber crime, this raises concerns about potential misuse and invasion of privacy.

The Future of Cyber Crime

As technology advances, so does the sophistication of cyber crimes. Future threats could involve artificial intelligence and machine learning, making detection and prevention even more challenging. Therefore, continuous research, development of advanced cybersecurity measures, and international cooperation are imperative to stay a step ahead of cyber criminals.

In conclusion, cyber crime poses a significant threat in the digital age, affecting all aspects of society. A comprehensive understanding of its forms, impacts, prevention strategies, and the associated legal and ethical considerations is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments alike. As we move further into the digital era, the fight against cyber crime will undoubtedly remain a pressing issue.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

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Happy studying!

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Cyber Crime Essay

The unlawful act of gaining unauthorised access to computer systems or digital devices is known as cybercrime. A detailed grasp of how to stop or recover from cyberattacks is provided by cyber security. Online courses offer guidance on how to avoid, safeguard against, and recover from cybercrime risks. Here are a few sample essays on the topic ‘Cyber Crime’.

100 Words Essay on Cyber Crime

200 words essay on cyber crime, 500 words essay on cyber crime.

Cybercrime is the most discussed problem in the twenty-first century. The usage of cellphones and the internet is increasing dramatically over the world, which is generating questions about consumers' security and privacy. Because of this, it is crucial for all users to understand cybercrime and security. Cybercrime is defined as organised criminal conduct carried out by attackers online. Cybercrime comes in numerous forms, such as fraud, computer viruses, cyberstalking, and others. Due to these, businesses and government organisations are spending more on maintaining and employing professionals in cybercrime.

There are millions and billions of users and websites in the vast community known as cyberspace. People utilise it for a variety of activities including e-commerce, transactions, shopping, movies, music, and video games. Anyone can simply access anything online in the current technological era owing to accessible internet connection. As a result, crime in general and cybercrime in particular have surged dramatically. Additionally, the faster internet connection has greatly boosted the rate of data circulation. All of these problems are responsible as to why cyber security has grown to be a significant issue for society.

The government has created a number of cybercrime-related laws in an effort to curb the spread of the crime and to protect people's interests. These laws also provide defence against cybercrime. Aside from that, the government has established cyber cells in police stations to combat cybercrime as quickly as possible.

Cybercrime is an attack that can be harmful to both an individual and a business. There have been several instances where a cyber attack led to a data leak that caused a significant loss for a business or a person. These cyber-attacks could have negative effects on the country and the business. The countless instances of cyberattacks that have taken place in India and other nations have necessitated increased security measures. There are four main categories of cybercrime, according to a popular definition—hacking, money, privacy, and cyber terrorism.

Cybercrime is a type of crime in which illegal activities are carried out online or using computers. Cybercrime comes in a variety of forms which involves harassing online users. Cybercrime is the most serious and rapidly expanding type of crime in this day and age. Any person's life may be negatively impacted for a very long time by becoming a cyber victim. Cybercrimes have a wide range of repercussions on financial and investment activity in digital organisations.

One typical tactic used by criminals is to lure online users in by creating attractive websites and sending phoney emails purporting to be from banks or other organisations and asking for personal information. It makes it easier for criminals to access a person's bank account and personal data. Due to viruses, mail fraud, account hacking, and software piracy, people have been victims of cybercrimes. They also run into problems with unauthorised access mailing, threats from pornographic emails, and video transmission.

Types of Cyber Crime

Cyberstalking | It is the use of electronic communication to track down a person or to make repeated attempts to get in touch with them in order to foster personal interaction despite their blatant lack of interest. Anyone who monitors the internet, email, or any other form of electronic communication is guilty of stalking.

Phishing | It is a sort of fraud that includes collecting personal data from recipients of emails that seem to be coming from a reliable source, including Customer ID, IPIN, Credit/Debit Card number, Card expiration date, CVV number, etc.

Vishing | It is an attempt when criminals attempt to obtain personal information over the phone, such as Customer ID, Net Banking password, ATM PIN, OTP, Card expiration date, CVV, etc.

Smishing | It is a sort of fraud that employs text messages sent to mobile devices to entice victims into dialling a fake phone number, going to a fake website, or downloading harmful software.

Impersonation And Identity Theft | This includes the dishonest or fraudulent use of another person's electronic signature, password, or other distinctive identification trait.

Virus, Worms, Trojan | A computer virus is a programme designed to infiltrate your computer, corrupt your files and data, and spread itself. Worms are malicious software applications that repeatedly duplicate themselves on local drives, network shares, etc. Trojan is a malicious programme that mimics a legitimate application. Trojans offer unauthorised people and applications access to your computer through a backdoor entry, allowing them to steal sensitive data.

How to Prevent Cyber Crime

Backup every piece of information—data, systems, and considerations—to make it easier for businesses to recover from unforeseen events with the help of prior data.

Pick a firewall that offers protection from viruses, malware, and dishonest hackers.

Never divulge private information to a stranger since they might exploit it for fraud.

To avoid cybercrime, check your security settings—in order to determine if someone has logged into your computer, a cyber firewall analyses your network settings.

Antivirus software aids in identifying potential threats and malware before they infect a computer system. Never use software that has been cracked since it poses a serious risk of data loss or malware attack.

Keep your information protected when accessing untrusted websites—information can readily bypass the data through phishing websites.

Explore Career Options (By Industry)

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Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary.

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

GIS officer work on various GIS software to conduct a study and gather spatial and non-spatial information. GIS experts update the GIS data and maintain it. The databases include aerial or satellite imagery, latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and manually digitized images of maps. In a career as GIS expert, one is responsible for creating online and mobile maps.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Database Architect

If you are intrigued by the programming world and are interested in developing communications networks then a career as database architect may be a good option for you. Data architect roles and responsibilities include building design models for data communication networks. Wide Area Networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and intranets are included in the database networks. It is expected that database architects will have in-depth knowledge of a company's business to develop a network to fulfil the requirements of the organisation. Stay tuned as we look at the larger picture and give you more information on what is db architecture, why you should pursue database architecture, what to expect from such a degree and what your job opportunities will be after graduation. Here, we will be discussing how to become a data architect. Students can visit NIT Trichy , IIT Kharagpur , JMI New Delhi .

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive.

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Product manager.

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.

Operations Manager

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Stock Analyst

Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.

A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.

Safety Manager

A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.

Conservation Architect

A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.

Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Field Surveyor

Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials.

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story.

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication) , B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media) , or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.

Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.

Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack

ITSM Manager

Automation test engineer.

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process.

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Home — Essay Samples — Information Science and Technology — Cyber Security — Digital Crime And Digital Terrorism: The Future Of Technology

Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism: The Future of Technology

Categories: Cyber Security Digital Era Information Technology

About this sample

Words: 1895 |

10 min read

Published: Feb 8, 2022

Words: 1895 | Pages: 4 | 10 min read

Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. (2019). Retrieved 15 December 2019, from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/Information_Security_Basics/Confidentiality,_Integrity,_and_Availability
Cyber Security Risk Assessment | IT Governance UK. (2019). Retrieved 15 December 2019, from https://www.itgovernance.co.uk/cyber-security-risk-assessments
Grimes, R. (2019). Why it's so hard to prosecute cyber criminals. Retrieved 15 December 2019, from https://www.csoonline.com/article/3147398/why-its-so-hard-to-prosecute-cyber-criminals.html
Taylor, R., Fritsch, E., & Liederbach, J. (2015). Digital crime and digital terrorism. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

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Homeland Security: Digital Crime and Terrorism Activities Essay

Introduction.

Going by the surge in digital crime and terrorism activities, it is clear that the role of curbing these vices does not rest in one law enforcement agency. However, the US law enforcement system is characterized by the activities of different agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigations (F.B.I), Department of Homeland Security, Secret Service, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (among others) (Randol, 2010). The functions of these departments vary.

For example, the functions of the F.B.I is to investigate criminal offenses and gather internal intelligence (among other functions) while the functions of the US Department of Homeland security is divided into different areas including secret service functions, US immigration and customs enforcement functions (among others) (Randol, 2010, p. 1). The nature of these agencies poses different challenges to their efficiencies because some of their functions are independent of one another while others are shared.

Challenges that result from the independent nature and shared Characteristics of US law Enforcement Agencies

The independent nature of US law enforcement agencies poses a challenge to their efficiency because their independence implies a lack of coordination in security activities. Similarly, the cost-effectiveness of running different security agencies to fight one cause is illogical because the independent nature of the security agencies implies that each security agency will have to be funded independently (Bjelopera, 2011).

The shared characteristics of the US law enforcement agencies also pose a problem to the fight against crime and terrorism. For example, there is a high possibility of redundancy in intelligence gathering and surveillance activities when different security agencies run parallel units on the same crime. Similarly, there may be laxity in one security agency if they have the impression that another security agency will work on a given case (Randol, 2010).

For example, state security officials may be inefficient in their operations if they have the impression that the F.B.I is also working on similar cases. Comprehensively, there is a strong need to eliminate the challenges resulting from the independence and parallel functions of US law enforcement agencies.

How the U.S. could align its efforts to better protect the nation against digital crimes and Terrorism

This paper acknowledges the efforts of the US government in establishing the Joint Terrorism Task Force and proposes that strong support in the functions of this task force is the best measure to be taken in aligning the government’s efforts towards protecting the nation against digital crimes and terrorism (Bjelopera, 2011, p. 13).

Therefore, the weaknesses of the Joint terrorism task force should be reviewed to revamp it to an effective state agency. An effective task force offers immense advantages to tackling some of the shortcomings of the current nature of US security agencies.

Albeit, the advantages of revamping the joint task force are immense, it is important to explain that the joint terrorism task force will provide a “one-stop shopping for information regarding terrorist activities, enable a shared intelligence base across many agencies, create familiarity among investigators and managers before a crisis and perhaps, most importantly, pool talents, skills, and knowledge from across the law enforcement and intelligence communities into a single team that responds together” (Bjelopera, 2011, p. 13).

From the events of the September 11 th attacks, it was clear that the task of protecting the nation against terrorism attacks (and other crimes) cannot be effectively tasked to one security agency. There is a strong need for a holistic approach it tackling terrorism and other crimes. Indeed, revamping the joint terrorism task force is a sure way to achieve this goal.

Bjelopera, J. (2011). Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Terrorism Investigations . New York: DIANE Publishing.

Randol, M. (2010). Homeland Security Intelligence: Perceptions, Statutory Definitions, and Approaches. New York: DIANE Publishing.

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Cybercrime and Artificial Intelligence. An overview of the work of international organizations on criminal justice and the international applicable instruments

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Published: 22 February 2022
Volume 23 , pages 109–126, ( 2022 )

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Cristos Velasco 1 , 2 , 3

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The purpose of this paper is to assess whether current international instruments to counter cybercrime may apply in the context of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies and to provide a short analysis of the ongoing policy initiatives of international organizations that would have a relevant impact in the law-making process in the field of cybercrime in the near future. This paper discusses the implications that AI policy making would bring to the administration of the criminal justice system to specifically counter cybercrimes. Current trends and uses of AI systems and applications to commit harmful and illegal conduct are analysed including deep fakes. The paper finalizes with a conclusion that offers an alternative to create effective policy responses to counter cybercrime committed through AI systems.

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1 Introduction

Undoubtedly, AI has brought enormous benefits and advantages to humanity in the last decade and this trend will likely continue in coming years since AI is gradually becoming part of the digital services that we use in our daily lives. Many governments around the world are considering the deployment of AI systems and applications to help them achieve their activities and more concretely to facilitate the identification and prediction of crime. Footnote 1 Further, national security and intelligence agencies have also realized the potential of AI technologies to support and achieve national and public security objectives.

There are significant developments of AI technologies like the use of facial recognition in the criminal justice realm, the use of drones, lethal autonomous weapons and self-driving vehicles that when not properly configured or managed without proper oversight mechanisms in place have the potential to be used for disruptive purposes and harm individual’s rights and freedoms.

Currently, there is an ongoing discussion in international policy and legislative circles on the revision and improvement of the liability framework and threshold concerning AI systems and technologies, Footnote 2 although due to the complexity of the topic and the different legal approaches around the world concerning civil liability, there will probably not be a consensus on a harmonized and uniformed response, at least not in the near future.

Further, AI and machine learning have the potential and offer the possibility to detect and respond to cyberattacks targeted to critical infrastructure sectors including water, energy and electricity supplies, as well as the correct management of cybersecurity solutions to help reduce and mitigate security risks. Footnote 3 However, many complex challenges remain particularly for small and medium enterprises which continue to rely on limited budgets to improve their cybersecurity capabilities.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a large part of the world’s connected population was confined. This situation made companies and individuals more dependent on the use of systems, technologies and applications based on AI to conduct their activities, including remote work, distance learning, online payments or simply having access to more entertainment options like streaming and video on demand services. Unfortunately, this situation also led organized criminal groups to reconsider and re-organized their criminal activities in order to specifically target a number of stakeholders, including international organizations, Footnote 4 research and health sector entities, Footnote 5 supply chain companies Footnote 6 and individuals. We have witnessed that organized criminal groups have largely improve their CasS (crime as a service) capabilities and turn their activities into higher financial profits with very small possibilities of being traced by law enforcement and brought to justice.

Through the use of AI technologies, cybercriminals have not only found a novel vehicle to leverage their unlawful activities, but particularly new opportunities to design and conduct attacks against governments, enterprises and individuals. Although, there is no sufficient evidence that criminal groups have a strong technical expertise in the management and manipulation of AI and machine learning systems for criminal purposes, it is true that said groups have realized its enormous potential for criminal and disruptive purposes. Footnote 7 Further, organized criminal groups currently recruit and bring technical skilled hackers into their files to manipulate, exploit and abuse computer systems and to perpetrate attacks and conduct criminal activities 24/7 from practically anywhere in the world. Footnote 8

2 Current cybercrime trends

Current trends and statistics show that cybercriminals are relying more on the use of IoT to write and distribute malware and target ransomware attacks which are largely enhanced through AI technologies. Footnote 9 This trend will likely continue as it is expected that more than 2.5 million devices will be fully connected online in the next 5 years including industrial devices and critical infrastructure operators which will make companies and consumers more vulnerable to cyberattacks. Footnote 10

Furthermore, the discussion on bias and discrimination Footnote 11 are also relevant debated aspects on AI policy in many international and policy making circles. Footnote 12 The widespread use of technologies based on facial recognition systems, Footnote 13 deserves further attention in the international policy arena because even when facial recognition may be very appealing for some governments to enhance aspects of public security and safety to prioritize national security activities, including terrorist activities, this technology may as well raises relevant and polemic issues concerning the protection of fundamental rights, including privacy and data protection under existing international treaties and conventions, topics that are currently being discussed in relevant international fora including the Council of Europe, the European Commission, the European Parliament Footnote 14 and the OECD.

There is an ongoing global trend to promote misinformation with the support of AI technologies known as ‘bots’. Footnote 15 Bots are mainly used to spread fake news and content throughout the internet and social networks and have the chilling effect of disinforming and misleading the population, particularly younger generations who cannot easily differentiate between legitimate sources of information and fake news. Further, the use of ‘bots’ have the potential to erode trust and question the credibility of the media and destabilize democratic and government institutions.

Although AI holds the prospect to enhance the analysis of big amounts of data to avoid the spread of misinformation in social networks, Footnote 16 humans still face the challenge to check and verify the credibility of the sources, an activity which is usually conducted by content moderators of technology companies and media outlets without specific links to government spheres, a situation that has led relevant policy making institutions like the European Commission to implement comprehensive and broad sets of action to tackle the spread and impact of online misinformation. Footnote 17

Another trend and technology widely used across many industries are deep fakes. Footnote 18

The abuse and misuse of deepfakes has become a major concern in national politics Footnote 19 and among law enforcement circles. Footnote 20 Deepfakes have been used to impersonate politicians, Footnote 21 celebrities and CEO’s of companies which may be used in combination with social engineering techniques and system automatization to perpetrate fraudulent criminal activities and cyberattacks. The use of deep fake technologies for malicious purposes is expanding rapidly and is currently being exploited by cybercriminals on a global scale. For example, in 2019, cybercriminals used AI voice generating software to impersonate the voice of a Chief Executive of an energy company based in the United Kingdom and were able to obtain $243,000 and distribute the transfers of the funds to bank accounts located in Mexico and other countries. Footnote 22

Another relevant case occurred in January 2020 where criminals used deep voice technology to simulate the voice of the director of a transnational company. Through various calls with the branch manager of a bank based in the United Arab Emirates, criminals were able to steal $35 million that were deposited into several bank accounts, making the branch manager of the bank believe that the funds will be used for the acquisition of another company. Footnote 23

The spoofing of voices and videos through deep fakes raise relevant and complex legal challenges for the investigation and prosecution of these crimes. First and foremost, many law enforcement authorities around the world do not yet have full capabilities and trained experts to secure evidence across borders, and often times the lack of legal frameworks particularly procedural measures in criminal law to order the preservation of digital evidence and investigate cybercrime represents another major obstacle. Second, since most of these attacks are usually orchestrated by well organized criminal groups located in different jurisdictions, there is the clear need for international cooperation, and in particular a close collaboration with global services providers to secure subscriber and traffic data, as well as to conduct more expedited investigations and law enforcement actions with other countries through the deployment of joint investigation teams in order to be able to trace and locate the suspects and follow the final destination of illicit funds. Footnote 24 Cross-border cybercrime investigations are complex, lengthy, and do not always necessarily result in convictions of the perpetrators.

Further, cyberattacks based on AI systems is a growing trend identified by the European Cybercrime Centre (EC3) of EUROPOL in its Internet Crime Threat Assessment Report 2020 . According to the EC3, the risks concerning the use of AI for criminal purposes need to be well understood in order to protect society against malicious actors. According to the EC3, “through AI, criminals may facilitate and improve their attacks by maximizing their opportunities for profit in a shorter period of time and create more innovative criminal business models, while reducing the possibility of being traced and identified by criminal justice authorities”. Footnote 25

Further, the EC3 of EUROPOL recommends the development of further knowledge regarding the potential use of AI by criminals with a view to better anticipating possible malicious and criminal activities facilitated by AI, as well as to prevent, respond to, or mitigate the effects of such attacks in a more proactive manner and in close cooperation with industry and academia. Footnote 26

3 Strategic partnerships

Due to the complexities that the misuse and abuse of AI systems for criminal purposes entail for law enforcement agencies, key stakeholders are trying to promote the development of strategic partnerships between law enforcement, international organizations and the private sector to counter more effectively against the misuse and abuse of AI technologies for criminal purposes. For example, in November 2020, Trend Micro Research, the EC3 of EUROPOL and the Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics of the UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) published the report: Malicious Uses and Abuses of Artificial Intelligence . Footnote 27 This report contains an in-depth technical analysis of present and future malicious uses and abuses of AI and related technologies that drew from the outcomes of a workshop organized by EUROPOL, Trend Micro and UNICRI in March 2020. The report highlights relevant technical findings and contains examples of AI capabilities divided into “malicious AI uses” and “malicious AI abuses”. The report also sets forth future scenarios in areas like AI supported ransomware, AI detection systems, and developed a case study on deepfakes highlighting the development of major policies to counter it, as well as recommendations and considerations for further and future research. Footnote 28

Strategic initiatives and more partnerships like the one mentioned above are further needed in the field of AI and cybercrime to ensure that relevant stakeholders particularly law enforcement authorities and the judiciary understand the complexities and dimensions of AI systems and start developing cooperation partnerships that may help to identify and locate perpetrators that misuse and abuse AI systems with the support of the private sector. The task is complex and needs to be achieved with the support of the technical and business community, otherwise isolated investigative and law enforcement efforts against criminals making use of AI systems will not likely succeed.

AI policy has been at the core of the discussions only in recent years. At the regional level, the European Commission has recently published a regulation proposal known as the Digital Services Act Footnote 29 though this proposal has just recently been opened for consultation and it will take a few years until it is finally approved.

On April 21, 20021, the European Commission published its awaited Regulation proposal for Artificial Intelligence Systems . Footnote 30 The proposal contains broad and strict rules and obligations before AI services can be put into the European market based on the assessment of different levels of risks. The regulation proposal of the European Commission also contains express prohibitions of AI practices that may contravene EU values and violate fundamental rights of citizens, and it establishes the European Artificial Intelligence Board (EIAB) as the official body that will supervise the application and enforcement of the regulation across the EU. Footnote 31

The prospect of developing a new international convention that will regulate relevant aspects concerning the impact and development of AI systems and the intersection with the protection of fundamental rights has been proposed by the Ad-Hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence of the Council of Europe, better known as ‘CAHAI’. The work of CAHAI will be analysed in section 5.1 of this paper.

4 International instruments to counter cybercrime

At the international level, there are a number of international and regional instruments that are used to investigate “cyber dependent crime”, “cyber enabled crime” and “computer supported crime”. Footnote 32 This paper will only focus on the analysis of three major instruments of the Council of Europe which are applicable to criminal conduct and activities concerning the use of computer and information systems, the exploitation and abuse of children and violence against women committed through information and computer systems:

The Convention on Cybercrime better known as the ‘the Budapest Convention’ ;

The Convention on Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, better known as ‘the Lanzarote Convention’ ; and

The Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence better known as the ‘the Istanbul Convention’ .

4.1 The Budapest Convention

The Council of Europe’s Budapest Convention on Cybercrime is the only international treaty that criminalizes conducts and typologies committed through computer and information systems. This instrument contains substantive and procedural provisions for the investigation, execution and adjudication of crimes committed through computer systems and information technologies. Footnote 33 The Budapest Convention is mainly used as a vehicle for international cooperation to investigate and prosecute cybercrime among the now 66 State Parties, which includes many countries outside Europe. Footnote 34

The Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY) which is formed by State Parties, country observers invited to accede to the Budapest Convention and ad-hoc participants is the entity responsible inter alia for conducting assessments of the implementation of the provisions of the Budapest Convention, as well as the adoption of opinions and recommendations regarding the interpretation and implementation of its main provisions. Footnote 35

During the 2021 Octopus Conference on Cooperation against Cybercrime in November 2021 that marked the 20th anniversary of the Budapest Convention, the organizers announced that the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe approved the adoption of the Second Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention on enhanced cooperation and the disclosure of electronic evidence as originally adopted by 24 the Plenary Session of the T-CY Committee in May 2021. The text of the Second Additional Protocol will be officially opened for signature among State parties to the Budapest Convention in the summer of 2022. Footnote 36

The Second Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention on enhanced cooperation and the disclosure of electronic evidence regulates inter alia how the information and electronic evidence - including subscriber information, traffic data and content data - may be ordered and preserved in criminal investigations among State Parties to the Budapest Convention. It provides a legal basis for disclosure of information concerning the registration of domain names from domain name registries and registrars and other key aspects concerning cross-border investigations including mutual legal assistance procedures, direct cooperation with service providers, disclosure of data in emergency situations, protection of safeguards for transborder access to data and joint investigation teams. Footnote 37

Although, the T-CY Committee has not yet fully explored how the Budapest Convention and its first additional protocol on xenophobia and racism may be applicable in the context of technologies and systems based on AI, it is worth mentioning that the Budapest Convention was drafted with broad consideration of the principle of technological neutrality precisely because the original drafters of this instrument anticipated how the threat landscape for cybercrime would likely evolve and change in the future. Footnote 38

The Budapest Convention contains only a minimum of definitions; however, this instrument criminalizes a number of conducts and typifies many offenses concerning computer and content related crimes that may as well be applicable to crimes committed through the use of AI systems.

During the 2018 Octopus Conference on Cooperation against Cybercrime, the Directorate General of Human Rights and Rule of Law of the Council of Europe convened a panel on AI and Cybercrime Footnote 39 where representatives of the CoE presented its early activities and findings on AI policy. Footnote 40 Although the panel presentations were more descriptive concerning the technical terminology used in the field AI at that time, some speakers highlighted and discussed some of the challenges that AI poses to law enforcement authorities like for instance the criminalization of video and document forgery and how authorities could advance the challenge to obtain and preserve electronic evidence in court. Footnote 41

The 2021 Octopus Conference on Cooperation against Cybercrime held fully online from 16-18 November 2021 due to the COVID-19 situation, held a panel on “Artificial Intelligence, cybercrime and electronic evidence”. Footnote 42 This panel discussed complex questions concerning criminal liability and trustworthiness of evidence of AI systems in auditing and driving automation and assistance; and other relevant aspects concerning harms and threats of misinformation and disinformation developed by AI systems and effective responses, countermeasures and technical solutions from the private sector.

AI and cybercrime are relevant aspects that need further analysis and detailed discussions among the TC-Y and State Parties to the Budapest Convention, particularly since there has been an increase of cases concerning the misuse of AI technologies by cybercriminals and as vehicles to launch cyberattacks and commit criminal offenses against individuals in the cyberspace. Questions such as who will bear the responsibility for a conduct committed through the use of algorithms and machine learning and the liability threshold among State Parties need further discussion and clarification since the regulation of criminal liability differs significantly among the legal systems of many countries, as well as to explore the development of strategic partnerships in other regions of the world to counter attacks based on AI systems.

4.2 The Lanzarote Convention

The Council of Europe Lanzarote Convention is an international treaty that contains substantive legal measures for the protection of children from sexual violence including sexual exploitation and abuse of children online. Footnote 43 This convention harmonizes minimum legal conducts at the domestic level to combat crimes against children and provide measures for international cooperation to counter the sexual exploitation of children. The Lanzarote Convention requires the current 48 State Parties to offer a holistic response to sexual violence against children through the “4Ps approach”: Prevention, Protection, Prosecution and Promotion of national and international cooperation. Footnote 44 The monitoring and implementation body of the Lanzarote Convention is conducted by the Committee of the Parties, also known as the ‘Lanzarote Committee’ . This committee is formed by State Parties and it is primarily responsible for monitoring how State Parties put legislation, policies and countermeasures into practice, including organizing capacity building activities to exchange information and best practices concerning the implementation of the Lanzarote Convention across State Parties. Footnote 45

Like, the TC-Y, the ‘Lanzarote Committee’ has not yet fully explored how the substantive and procedural criminal law provisions of the Lanzarote Convention may apply in the context of the use of AI systems for criminal related purposes, a situation that needs to be further discussed among State Parties in order to not only share and diffuse knowledge on current trends among State Parties of that treaty, but to also help identify illicit conducts and abuse and exploitation of children through AI systems, as well as an analysis of positive uses of AI technologies for the prevention of crimes concerning the protection of children online.

4.3 The Istanbul Convention

The Istanbul Convention is another treaty of the Council of Europe the main purpose of which is to protect women against all forms of violence and to counter and eliminate all forms of violence against women including aspects of domestic violence. Footnote 46 The Istanbul Convention consists of four main pillars: (i) prevention, (ii) protection of victims, (iii) prosecution of offenders, and (iv) implementation of comprehensive and coordinated policies to combat violence against women at all levels of government. The Istanbul Convention establishes an independent group of experts known as the GREVIO (Group of Experts on Action against Violence against Women and Domestic Violence). The GREVIO is responsible for monitoring the effective implementation of the provisions of the Istanbul Convention by the now 34 States Parties. Footnote 47

The Istanbul Convention does not specifically contain specific provisions in the context of violence committed through the use of information technologies, however the GREVIO is currently analysing approaches to extend the application of the commission of illegal conducts through the use of computer and information systems within the national legal framework of State Parties. Footnote 48 The GREVIO adopted during its twenty-fifth meeting on 20 October 2021, a General Recommendation on the Digital Dimension of Violence against Women . Footnote 49 The Recommendation addresses inter alia the application of the general provisions of the Istanbul Convention in relation to conducts and crime typologies committed against women in cyberspace and proposes specific actions to take, based on the four pillars of the Istanbul Convention: prevention, protection, prosecution and coordinated policies.

As part of promoting the scope of the adopted General Recommendation, the GREVIO held a conference in Strasbourg in November 24, 2021 that featured a keynote address of the Commissioner of Human Rights of the Council of Europe and presentations of the President of the GREVIO and the Chair of the Committee of the Parties to the Istanbul Convention followed by a panel discussion with representatives of EU member states, internet industry and civil society. Footnote 50 Among the relevant points made during the panel discussions were how the recommendation may help to advance legal and policy developments, attention of victims of current forms of cyberviolence, further international cooperation and to contribute to the general understanding of the scope of the provisions of the Istanbul Convention and other key instruments of the Council of Europe including the Budapest Convention and the Lanzarote Convention in relation to digital violence against women. Footnote 51

The Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY) issued a comprehensive report titled Mapping Study on Cyberviolence with recommendations adopted by the TC-Y on 9 July, 2018. Footnote 52

The mapping study developed a working definition on “cyberviolence” Footnote 53 and described how the different forms of cyberviolence may be classified and criminalized under the Budapest-, Lanzarote- and Istanbul Conventions. According to the mapping study “not all forms of violence are equally severe and not all of them necessarily require a criminal law solution but could be addressed with a combination of preventive, educational, protective and other measures” . The main conclusions of the Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY) in the Mapping Study on Cyberviolence were:

the Budapest Convention and its additional Protocol on Racism and Xenophobia covers and address some types of cyberviolence;

the procedural powers and the provisions on international cooperation of the Budapest Convention will help to support the investigation of cyberviolence and the secure and preservation of digital evidence; and

the Budapest, the Istanbul and Lanzarote conventions complement each other and should promote synergies. These synergies may include raising further awareness and capacity building activities among Parties to said treaties; encourage parties to the Lanzarote and Istanbul Conventions to introduce the procedural powers contained in the Budapest Convention ( Arts. 16-21 ) into domestic law and consider becoming parties to the Budapest Convention to facilitate international cooperation on electronic evidence in relation to crimes related to cyberviolence; encourage parties to the Budapest Convention to implement the provisions on psychological violence, stalking and sexual harassment of the Istanbul Convention, as well as the provisions on sexual exploitation and abuse of children online of the Lanzarote Convention, among others . Footnote 54

Cyberviolence and crimes concerning the abuse and exploitation of children online require strategic cooperation of different stakeholders. Other key institutions at the regional level like the European Commission have also explored paths on how AI systems may help to identify, categorise and remove child sexual abuse images and to minimise the exposure of human investigators to distressing images and the importance of the role of internet hotlines in facilitation the reporting process. Footnote 55

5 Ongoing work of international organizations

5.1 council of europe cahai.

The Ad-Hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence of the Council of Europe (CAHAI) Footnote 56 was established by the Committee of Ministers during its 1353rd meeting on 11 September 2019. Footnote 57 The specific task of CAHAI is “to complete the feasibility study and produce the potential elements on the basis of broad multi-stakeholder consultations, of a legal framework for the development, design and application of artificial intelligence, based on the Council of Europe’s standards on human rights, democracy and the rule of law.”

The work of CAHAI is relevant because it sets forth a multi-stakeholder group where global experts may provide their views on the development of policies on AI, to forward meaningful proposals to ensure the application of international treaties and technical standards on AI and submit proposals for the creation of a future legal instrument that will regulate AI while ensuring the protection of fundamental rights, rule of law and democracy principles contained in relevant instruments of the Council of Europe, like Convention 108+, the Budapest, Lanzarote and Istanbul Conventions, among others. Footnote 58

The work of CAHAI will impact the 47 members states and country observers of the Council of Europe, particularly state institutions including national parliamentarians and policy makers who are responsible for the implementation of international treaties into their national legal frameworks. Therefore, the inclusion and participation of relevant stakeholders from different nations will play a decisive role in the future implementation of a global treaty on AI in the coming years.

5.2 European Parliament

The European Parliament (EP) is perhaps the most proactive legislative and policy making institution worldwide. The European Parliament has a Centre for Artificial Intelligence known as (C4AI) that was established in December 2019. Footnote 59 The EP has Committees that analyse the impact of policy related aspects of AI in many different areas including cybersecurity, defence, predictive policing and criminal justice. The most active committee is the Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age (AIDA Committee) Footnote 60 that has organized many hearings and workshops with different experts and stakeholders on AI from different regions of the world to hear views and opinions on the Regulation proposal for Artificial Intelligence Systems . Footnote 61

According to the President of the AIDA Committee, “the use of AI in law enforcement is a political decision and not a technical one, our duty is to apply the political worldview to determine what are the allowed uses of AI and under which conditions” . Footnote 62

As a result of the existing dangers and risks posed by the use of AI systems across Europe, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on 6 October 2021 that calls for a permanent ban on AI systems which allow for the use of automated recognition of individuals by law enforcement in public spaces. Further, the resolution calls for a moratorium on the deployment of facial recognition systems for law enforcement purposes and a ban on predictive policing based on behavioural data and social scoring in order to ensure the protection of fundamental rights of European citizens. Footnote 63

The Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs of the European Parliament has also conducted relevant work on AI and criminal justice. On February 20, 2020, said committee conducted a public hearing on “Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Law and its use by the Police and Judicial Authorities” where relevant opinions and recommendations of experts and international organizations were discussed and presented. Footnote 64

Further, the AIDA Committee of the European Parliament held a two-day public hearing with the AFET Committee on March 1 st and 4 th 2021. The first hearing was on “AI Diplomacy and Governance in a Global Setting: Toward Regulatory Convergence”, and the second hearing on “AI, Cybersecurity and Defence”. Footnote 65 Many relevant aspects of AI policy were mentioned during the hearings, including the support of a transatlantic dialogue and cooperation on AI, the development of ethical frameworks and standards, the development of a shared system of norms, respect of fundamental rights, diplomacy and capacity building among others. Although, there was mention on the importance of AI for cybersecurity in the defence realm and how AI might be helpful to mitigate cyberattacks and protect critical infrastructure, there was no specific mention on how the current international treaties on cybercrime and national legal frameworks may coexist with a future treaty on AI to counter cybercrime more effectively.

The dialogue and engagement of the different committees of the European Parliament on AI policy is key for the future implementation of policies in the criminal justice area concerning the use and deployment of AI systems and applications. The European Parliament should continue to promote further dialogues and activities with other international organizations like the Council of Europe and the OECD, as well as with national parliamentarians around the world to help them understand the dimensions and implications of creating regulations and policies on AI to specifically counter cybercrime.

5.3 The UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

The Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics of the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI), a research arm of the United Nations is very active in the organization of workshops and information and reports to demystify the world of robotics and AI and to facilitate an in-depth understanding of the crimes and threats conducted through AI systems among law enforcement officers, policy makers, practitioners, academia and civil society. UNICRI and INTERPOL drafted the report “ Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Law Enforcement” Footnote 66 in 2019 that draws upon the discussions of a workshop held in Singapore in July 2018. Among the main findings of UNICRI and INTERPOL’s report are:

“AI and Robotics are new concepts for law enforcement and there are expertise gaps that should be filled to avoid law enforcement falling behind.” “Some countries have explored further than others and a variety of AI techniques are materializing according to different law enforcement authorities. There is, however, a need for greater international coordination on this issue.”

The mandate of the Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics of UNICRI is quite broad. It covers policy related aspects of AI in the field of criminal justice including areas such as cybersecurity, autonomous weapons, self-driving vehicles and autonomous patrol systems. UNCRI organizes every year the Global Meeting on Artificial Intelligence for Law Enforcement , an event that discusses relevant developments on AI with experts and stakeholders from different sectors and countries to enhance and improve the capabilities for law enforcement authorities and the criminal justice system in the use and deployment of AI technologies. Footnote 67

The Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics of UNICRI is currently working with a group of experts from INTERPOL, the European Commission and other relevant institutions and stakeholders in the development of a Toolkit for Responsible AI Innovation in Law Enforcement . The toolkit will provide and facilitate practical guidance for law enforcement agencies around the world on the use of AI in a trustworthy, lawful and responsible manner. The toolkit addresses practical insights, use cases, principles, recommendations, best practices and resources which will help to support law enforcement agencies around the world to use AI technologies and applications. Footnote 68

6 Conclusion

The use of AI systems across different sectors is an ongoing trend, and this includes authorities of the criminal justice system which have realized the benefits and advantages of using this technology. National law enforcement authorities involved in the investigation of cybercrime are not yet fully prepared to deal with the technical and legal dimensions of AI when used for disruptive or malicious purposes. Further, there is no yet sufficient evidence to justify whether law enforcement authorities around the world are well equipped and trained to gather cross-border evidence to conduct national investigations where an AI system was involved in the commission or perpetration of an illicit conduct.

Second, the coordination and cooperation with service providers and companies that manage and operate AI systems and services is crucial to help determine its abuse and misuse by perpetrators. However, these tasks bring a number of technical and legal challenges, since most AI systems rely on an internet connection to function where oftentimes subscriber and traffic data is needed to conduct an investigation. Therefore, global service providers will also have an important role to play in the possible identification and location of cybercriminals, a situation that needs well-coordinated efforts, measures and responses based on international treaties and national laws between law enforcement authorities and private sector entities. The need for further strategic partnerships to counter cybercrime is more important than ever.

The future work of international organizations like UNICRI, the Council of Europe through CAHAI and the T-CY Committee of the Budapest Convention will be very relevant for policy makers and law enforcement authorities for the correct guidance in the implementation of future national policies on AI. The CAHAI may fill up the missing discussions in international fora concerning AI to specifically counter cybercrime based on the current standards of the Council of Europe like the Budapest Convention, the Lanzarote Convention and the Istanbul Convention, as well as the emerging practices of members states to specifically counter cyber enable crimes.

The creation of national taskforces on cybercrime (composed of law enforcement authorities, representatives of the judiciary, AI technology developers and global service providers) may serve as a relevant vehicle to coordinate and tackle illicit conducts concerning the misuse and abuse of AI technologies. These taskforces may be articulated in the context of the national strategies on AI and should be linked to the tasks of the criminal justice authorities to specifically counter cybercrime.

Burgess, Matt, “Police built an AI to predict violent crime. It was seriously flawed”, WIRED, August 6, 2020, available at: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/police-violence-prediction-ndas .

European Commission, “Liability for Artificial Intelligence and other emerging digital technologies”, Report from the Experts Group on Liability and New Technologies-New Technologies Formation, European Union 2019, available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-approach-artificial-intelligence . See also: European Parliament Research Service (EPRS), “The European added value of a common EU approach to liability rules and insurance for connected and autonomous vehicles” Study published by the European Added Value Unit, February 2018, available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/615635/EPRS_STU(2018)615635_EN.pdf .

MIT Technology Review, “Transforming the Energy Industry with AI”, January 21, 2021, available at: https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/01/21/1016460/transforming-the-energy-industry-with-ai/ .

World Health Organization (WHO), “WHO reports fivefold increase in cyberattacks, urges vigilance”, April 23, 2020, available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/23-04-2020-who-reports-fivefold-increase-in-cyber-attacks-urges-vigilance .

The New York Times, “Cyber Attack Suspected in German Woman’s Death”, September 18, 2020, available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/18/world/europe/cyber-attack-germany-ransomeware-death.html .

Supply Chain, “Lessons Learned from the Vaccine Supply Chain Attack”, January 16, 2021, available at: https://www.supplychaindigital.com/supply-chain-risk-management/lessons-learned-vaccine-supply-chain-attack .

Prakarsh and Riya Khanna, “Artificial Intelligence and Cybercrime- A curate’s Egg”, Medium, June 14, 2020, available at: https://medium.com/the-%C3%B3pinion/artificial-intelligence-and-cybercrime-a-curates-egg-2dbaee833be1 .

INTSIGHTS, “The Dark Side of Latin America: Cryptocurrency, Cartels, Carding and the Rise of Cybercrime”, p.6, available at: https://wow.intsights.com/rs/071-ZWD-900/images/Dark%20Side%20of%20Latin%20America.pdf . See also, “The Next, El Chapo is Coming for your Smartphone”, June 26, 2020, available at: https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/the-next-el-chapo-might-strike-your-smartphone-and-bank/273903/ .

Malwarebytes Lab, “When Artificial Intelligence goes awry: separating science fiction from fact”, without publication date, available at: https://resources.malwarebytes.com/files/2019/06/Labs-Report-AI-gone-awry.pdf .

SIEMENS Energy, “Managed Detection and Response Service”, 2020, available at: https://assets.siemens-energy.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:a95b9cd3-9f4d-4a54-8c43-77fbdb6f418f/mdr-white-paper-double-sided-200930.pdf .

POLITICO, “Automated racism: How tech can entrench bias”, March 2, 2021, available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/automated-racism-how-tech-can-entrench-bias/ .

For a discussion on discrimination caused by algorithmic decision making on AI, see ZUIDERVEEN BORGESIUS, Frederik, “Discrimination, Artificial Intelligence and Algorithmic decision making”. Paper published by the Directorate General of Democracy of the Council of Europe, 2018, available at: https://rm.coe.int/discrimination-artificial-intelligence-and-algorithmic-decision-making/1680925d73 .

See the Special Report on Facial Recognition of the Center for AI and Digital Policy (CAIDP) that contains a summary of key references on this topic contained in the 2020 Report on Artificial Intelligence and Democratic Values / The AI Social Contract Index 2020 prepared by CAIDP, December 2020, available at: https://caidp.dukakis.org/aisci-2020/ .

In October 2021, the European Parliament adopted a resolution to ban the use facial recognition technologies in public spaces by law enforcement authorities to ensure the protection of fundamental rights. See European Parliament, “Use of Artificial Intelligence by the police: MEPs oppose mass surveillance”. LIBE Plenary Session press release, October 6, 2021, available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20210930IPR13925/use-of-artificial-intelligence-by-the-police-meps-oppose-mass-surveillance .

BBC, “What are ‘bots’ and how can they spread fake news, available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zjhg47h .

FORBES, “Fake News is Rampant, Here is How Artificial Intelligence Can Help” , January 21, 2021, available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2021/01/25/fake-news-is-rampant-here-is-how-artificial-intelligence-can-help/?sh=17a6616e48e4 .

European Commission, “Tackling online disinformation”, 18 January 2021, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/tackling-online-disinformation . For a general review of policy implications in the UK concerning the use of AI and content moderation, see Cambridge Consultants, “Use of AI in Online Content Moderation” . 2019 Report produced on behalf of OFCOM, available at: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0028/157249/cambridge-consultants-ai-content-moderation.pdf .

Deepfakes are based on AI deep learning algorithms, an area of machine learning that applies neural net simulation to massive data sets to create fakes videos of real people. Deepfakes are trained algorithms that allows the recognition of data patterns, as well as human facial movement and expressions and can match voices that can imitate the real voice and gestures of an individual. See: European Parliamentary Research Service, “What if deepfakes made us doubt everything we see and hear (Science and Technology podcast], available at: https://epthinktank.eu/2021/09/08/what-if-deepfakes-made-us-doubt-everything-we-see-and-hear/ . Like, many technologies, deepfakes can be used as a tool for criminal related purposes such as fraud, extortion, psychological violence and discrimination against women and minors, see: MIT Technology Review, “A deepfake bot is being used to “undress” underage girls”, October 20, 2020, available at: https://bit.ly/3qj1qWx .

For specific information regarding the work of the US government to counter the use of deepfakes, see CNN, “ Inside the Pentagon’s race against deepfake videos” , available at: https://bit.ly/38aEqCS https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2019/01/business/pentagons-race-against-deepfakes/ .

EURACTIV, “EU police recommend new online ‘screening tech’ to catch deepfakes”, November 20, 2020, available at: https://www.euractiv.com/section/digital/news/eu-police-recommend-new-online-screening-tech-to-catch-deepfakes/ .

The Verge, “Watch Jordan Peele use AI to make Barack Obama deliver a PSA about fake news”, April 17, 2018, available at: https://www.theverge.com/tldr/2018/4/17/17247334/ai-fake-news-video-barack-obama-jordan-peele-buzzfeed .

Wall Street Journal, “Fraudsters Use AI to Mimic CEO’s Voice in Unusual Cybercrime Case”, August 30, 2019, available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/fraudsters-use-ai-to-mimic-ceos-voice-in-unusual-cybercrime-case-11567157402 .

GIZMODO, “Bank Robbers in the Middle East Reportedly ‘Cloned’ Someone’s Voice to Assist with $35 Million Heist”, October 14, 2021, available at: https://gizmodo.com/bank-robbers-in-the-middle-east-reportedly-cloned-someo-1847863805 .

The EC3 of Europol has developed good capacities and practice with other countries in the deployment of joint investigation teams to counter organized crime, including cybercrime. See the section on Join Investigation Team of Europol at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/joint-investigation-teams .

INTERPOL (EC3), “Internet Crime Assessment Report 2020” (IOCTA 2020 Report), p. 18, available at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/internet-organised-crime-threat-assessment-iocta-2020 . The Internet Crime Assessment Report 2021 (IOCTA 2021 Report) was published on 11 November 2021. The report of this year does not actually make any novel references to misuse and abuse of AI systems for criminal purposes, available at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/internet-organised-crime-threat-assessment-iocta-2021 .

IOCTA 2020 Report, Op. cit . note 25, p. 18.

Trend Micro Research, EUROPOL EC3 and UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI), Malicious Uses and Abuses of Artificial Intelligence , 19 November 2020, available at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/malicious-uses-and-abuses-of-artificial-intelligence .

This report was also presented in a workshop on cybercrime, e-evidence and artificial intelligence during the 2021 Octopus Conference on Cooperation against Cybercrime organized by the Council of Europe on November 17, 2021 where the representatives of each organization highlighted the main aspects and features of the report, including current trends and concrete examples of misuse of AI technologies. The presentation is available at: https://rm.coe.int/edoc-1193149-v1-coe-ai-ppt/1680a4892f . The Digital Services Act establishes new rules and requirements for intermediary service providers which includes hosting providers and online platforms. This regulation covers inter alia rules on liability for online intermediary service platforms, establishes internal complaint handling systems and implement measures against online legal content. The Digital Services Act is currently a draft proposal under discussion between the European Parliament and the Council of the EU and it may take some years until it is finally approved, available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package .

See Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council laying down harmonized rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts, Brussels 21.4.2021, available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206&from=EN .

See: European Commission, “Europe fit for the Digital Age: Commission proposes new rules and actions for excellence and trust in Artificial Intelligence”, Brussels, April 21, 2021, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_1682 . See also the website of the European Commission that explains the approach of the EC on AI and the relevant milestones in this area, available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-approach-artificial-intelligence .

Among those instruments are: (i) The United Convention against Organized Crime and its Protocols ( Palermo Convention ); (ii) The Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime ( Budapest Convention ) and its Additional Protocol concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems; (iii) The Council of Europe Convention on Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse ( Lanzarote Convention ); (iv) The African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection ( Malabo Convention ); (v) Directive 2013/40/UE on attacks against information systems; (vi) Directive 2011/92/UE on combating the sexual abuse and exploitation of children and child pornography, among others.

The Budapest Convention requires that Party States amend their substantive and procedural criminal legislation to make it consistent with the substantive and procedural criminal law provisions of that treaty. Considering that cybercrime has a transnational dimension, the Budapest Convention also requires that countries implement international cooperation measures either to supplement or complement the existing ones, particularly when a country does not have mutual assistance and cooperation treaties in criminal matters in place, as well as to equip investigative and law enforcement authorities with the necessary tools and procedural mechanisms to conduct cybercrime investigations including measures concerning: (i) expedited preservation of stored computer data, (ii) disclosure of preserved traffic data, (iii) mutual assistance measures regarding access to stored computer data, (iv) trans-border access to stored computer data, (v) mutual assistance regarding real-time collection of traffic data, (vi) mutual assistance regarding the interception of content data, and the (vii) creation of a network or point of contact 24/7 to centralize investigations and procedures related to requests for data and mutual assistance concerning cybercrime investigations with other 27/7 points of contact.

See the Budapest Convention Chart of Signatures and Ratifications at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/185/signatures?p_auth=yUQgCmNc .

Cybercrime Convention Committee, “T-CY Rules of Procedure. As revised by T-CY on 16 October 2020”, Strasbourg, 16 October 2020, available at: https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-rules-of-procedure/1680a00f34 .

Council of Europe, “Second Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe”, Strasbourg, 17 November 2021, available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/-/second-additional-protocol-to-the-cybercrime-convention-adopted-by-the-committee-of-ministers-of-the-council-of-europe .

See the text of the Explanatory Report of the Second Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention drafted by Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY) at: https://search.coe.int/cm/pages/result_details.aspx?objectid=0900001680a48e4b .

See the Explanatory Report to the Convention on Cybercrime at: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016800cce5b .

The Conference program of the 2018 Octopus conference on cooperation against cybercrime is available at: https://rm.coe.int/3021-90-octo18-prog/16808c2b04 .

See: Activities of the Council of Europe on Artificial Intelligence (AI), 9 May, 2018, available at: https://rm.coe.int/cdmsi-2018-misc8-list-ai-projects-9may2018/16808b4eac .

See the presentations of this panel at the Plenary Closing session of the 2018 Octopus Conference, available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/resources-octopus-2018 .

The presentation and materials of this panel are available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/workshop-cybercrime-e-evidence-and-artificial-intelligence .

The Lanzarote Convention entered in force on 1 July 2010, available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/201/signatures . Among the conducts that the Lanzarote Convention requires Sates parties to criminalize are: (i) Child sexual abuse; (ii) sexual exploitation through prostitution; (iii) child sexual abuse material; (iv) exploitation of a child in sexual performances; (v) corruption of children, and (vi) solicitation of children for sexual purposes.

See the Booklet of the Lanzarote Convention, available at: https://rm.coe.int/lanzarote-convention-a-global-tool-to-protect-children-from-sexual-vio/16809fed1d .

The Rules of procedure, adopted documents, activity reports and the Meetings of the ‘Lanzarote Committee’ are available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/children/lanzarote-committee#{%2212441908%22:[] .

The Istanbul Convention entered into force on 1 August 2014 and it has been ratified by 34 countries. See the chart of signatures and ratifications at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/210/signatures?p_auth=OwhAGtPd .

The Rules of procedure and adopted documents of the GREVIO are available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/istanbul-convention/grevio .

See the presentations of the webinar, “Cyberviolence against Women” organized by the CyberEast Project of the Council of Europe, 12 November, 2020, available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/cyberviolence-against-women .

The Text of the GREVIO General Recommendation No. 1 on the digital dimension of violence against women adopted on 20 October 2021 is available at: https://rm.coe.int/grevio-rec-no-on-digital-violence-against-women/1680a49147 .

Council of Europe, “Launch Event: Combating violence against women in a digital age-utilizing the Istanbul Convention”, 24 November 2021, available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/istanbul-convention/launching-event-of-grevio-s-first-general-recommendation-on-the-digital-dimension-of-violence-against-women .

Council of Europe Media Release, “New Council of Europe Recommendation tackles the ‘digital dimension” of violence against women and girls”, Strasbourg, 24 November, 2021, available at: https://search.coe.int/directorate_of_communications/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=0900001680a4a67b .

Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention Committee (TC-Y), “Mapping Study on Cybercrime” with recommendations adopted by the TC-Y on 9 July 2018, available at: https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-2017-10-cbg-study-provisional/16808c4914 .

The definition is an adaptation of the definition of violence against women contained in Art. 3 of the Istanbul Convention to the cyber context as follows: “ Cyberviolence is the use of computer systems to cause, facilitate, or threaten violence against individuals that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, psychological or economic harm or suffering and may include the exploitation of the individual’s circumstances, characteristics or vulnerabilities” .

“Mapping Study on Cybercrime”, Op. cit . note 52, pp. 42-43.

European Commission, “Exploring potential of AI in fight against child online abuse”, Event report 11 June 2020, available at: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/exploring-potential-ai-fight-against-child-online-abuse .

CAHAI’s composition consist of three main groups composed of up to 20 experts appointed by Members States, as well as observers and participants. The mandate of the Policy Development Group (CAHAI-PDG) is the development of the feasibility study of a legal framework on artificial intelligence applications, building upon the mapping work already undertaken by the CAHAI and to prepare key findings and proposals on policy and other measures, to ensure that international standards and international legal instruments in this area are up-to-date and effective and prepare proposals for a specific legal instrument regulating artificial intelligence. The Consultation and Outreach Group (CAHAI-COG) is responsible for taking stock of the analysis undertaken by the Secretariat of responses to online consultations and analysis of ongoing developments and reports which are directly relevant for CAHAI’s working groups’ tasks. The Legal Frameworks Group (CAHAI-LFG) is responsible for the preparation of key findings and proposals on possible elements and provisions of a legal framework with a view to draft legal instruments, for consideration and approval by the CAHAI, taking into account the scope of existing legal instruments applicable to artificial intelligence and policy options set out in the feasibility study approved by the CAHAI. Further info on the composition of CAHAI working groups, the plenary meetings and the documents issued by the three working groups is available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/cahai .

The terms of reference of CAHAI are available at: https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectId=09000016809737a1 .

The Final Virtual Plenary Meeting of CAHAI from 30.11.2021 to 02.12.2021 will facilitate meaningful discussions towards the adoption of a document outlining the possible elements of a legal framework on AI, which may include binding and non-binding standards based on the Council of Europe’s standards on human rights, democracy and rule of law. See Council of Europe, “The CAHAI to hold its final meeting”, Strasbourg, 24 November 2021, available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/-/cahai-to-hold-its-final-meeting .

European Parliament, “STOA Centre for Artificial Intelligence (C4AI)”. The C4AI produces studies, organises public events and acts as a platform for dialogue and information exchange and coordinate its efforts and influence global AI standard-setting, available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/en/centre-for-AI .

The AIDA Committee website is available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/aida/home/highlights .

See supra note 30.

See Dragos Tudorache Plenary Speech on Artificial Intelligence of 4 October 2021, available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9y5gt39AD0 .

European Parliament News, “Use of artificial intelligence by the police: MEPs oppose mass surveillance”. Press release of the Plenary Session, October 6, 2021, available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20210930IPR13925/use-of-artificial-intelligence-by-the-police-meps-oppose-mass-surveillance and Eurocadres, “European Parliament adopts resolution on the use of AI in law enforcement”, October 6, 2021, available at: https://www.eurocadres.eu/news/european-parliament-adopts-resolution-on-the-use-of-ai-in-law-enforcement/ .

European Parliament. “MEPs to look into Artificial Intelligence in criminal law on Thursday”, February 18, 2020, available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200217IPR72718/meps-to-look-into-artificial-intelligence-in-criminal-law-on-thursday .

European Parliament, Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age (AIDA), “Joint hearing on the external policy dimension of AI”, March 1 st and 4 th 2021, available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/plmrep/COMMITTEES/AIDA/DV/2021/03-01/Final_Programme_externalpolicydimensionofAI_V26FEB_EN.pdf .

UNICRI and INTERPOL, “ Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Law Enforcement” , 2019, available at: https://issuu.com/unicri/docs/artificial_intelligence_robotics_la/4?ff .

UNCRI, “2 nd INTERPOL, UNICRI Global Meeting on Artificial Intelligence for Law Enforcement”, Singapore, July 3, 2019, available at: http://www.unicri.it/news/article/ai_unicri_interpol_law_enforcement .

UNICRI, “The European Commission provides support to UNICRI for the Development of the Toolkit for Responsible AI Innovation in Law Enforcement”, The Hague, Monday November 1, 2021, available at: http://www.unicri.it/index.php/News/EC-UNICRI-agreement-toolkit-responsible-AI .

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Velasco, C. Cybercrime and Artificial Intelligence. An overview of the work of international organizations on criminal justice and the international applicable instruments. ERA Forum 23 , 109–126 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-022-00702-z

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What Blocking Emergency Abortion Care in Idaho Means for Doctors Like Me

O n April 24, the Supreme Court will hear arguments weighing whether Idaho politicians have the power to block doctors from giving emergency medical care to patients experiencing pregnancy complications—a case that will open the door for other states to prohibit emergency reproductive care and worsen medical infrastructure for people across the board. Once again, politicians have set up a case that could have devastating impacts on the ability of doctors to provide--and for pregnant women to receive--essential reproductive health care.

I’m a family physician who’s practiced medicine in rural Idaho for more than 20 years, where I’ve had the opportunity to guide hundreds of patients through their pregnancies. It’s no exaggeration when I say that my state’s health care system is in crisis, thanks in enormous part to our near-total abortion ban. Now, instead of trying to salvage what’s left, Idaho politicians are looking to hasten our downward spiral, making it even harder for doctors like me to provide care to patients in need. I can only hope that the Court will take into account that it’s not just abortion at stake in this case—it’s the future of emergency room care and medicine altogether.

Rural health care has always faced challenges, but in the nearly two years since the overturning of Roe v. Wade , it’s gotten exponentially worse. In Idaho, we’ve lost nearly a quarter of our obstetricians since the state’s abortion ban went into effect—colleagues and friends who got into medicine to help people are being forced out of practicing obstetrics in our state. They realized it was impossible to provide adequate care while under the thumb of politicians more interested in advancing their extremist agenda than protecting the health of their constituents.

Idaho’s abortion ban makes it a crime for anyone to perform or assist with performing an abortion in nearly all circumstances. The ban does not even include an exception for when a person’s health is at risk—only for when a doctor determines that an abortion is necessary to prevent the pregnant person’s death. Ask any doctor and they'll tell you that this "exception" leads to more questions than answers.

Read More: ‘ Am I a Felon?’ The Fall of Roe v. Wade Has Permanently Changed the Doctor-Patient Relationship

Patients need an emergency abortion for a wide range of circumstances, including to resolve a health-threatening miscarriage. But there is no clear-cut legal definition under the ban of what exactly that looks like or when we can intervene, and doctors—operating under the threat of prosecution—have no choice but to err on the side of caution.

“Can I continue to replace her blood loss fast enough? How many organ systems must be failing? Can a patient be hours away from death before I intervene, or does it have to be minutes?” These are the callous questions doctors are now forced to think through, all the while our patient is counting on us to do the right thing and put their needs first.

As a result, pregnant patients sometimes make repeated trips to the ER because they’re told time and time again that nothing can be done for them until their complications get more severe. Imagine if someone you love had a 104-degree fever but you were told nothing could be done until it spiked to 106 and your organs were failing. Requiring patients to get right up to the point of no return before administering care is not sound medical policy—it’s naked cruelty, and it’s only going to get worse as long as we allow extremism, not science, to run rampant in our statehouses and trample over our safe system of care.

It also violates a longstanding federal law—the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA)—that requires hospitals to treat emergencies before they become life-threatening. That’s exactly why the U.S. Department of Justice sued Idaho soon after the state’s abortion ban took effect. The lawsuit argues only that Idaho must allow doctors to provide abortions in medical emergencies when that is the standard stabilizing care, but even that proved too much for state leaders.

Instead, Idaho politicians fought the DOJ all the way up to the Supreme Court. How the Supreme Court rules will have broad implications that will reverberate throughout the country. If the Court holds that federal law no longer protects pregnant people during emergencies, it will give anti-abortion politicians across the country the green light to deny essential abortion care, push providers to leave states where the choices made with their patients can be second-guessed by prosecutors, and continue this cycle of inhumanity for patients.

As we’ve seen in Idaho, policies guided by anti-abortion extremism make health care worse for everyone. This assault on abortion has not ended with abortion—rather, it has extended to more of our rights and health care, with birth control , IVF , prescription drugs , and now emergency medical care all at risk.

This must stop.

For nearly 40 years, federal law has guaranteed that patients have access to necessary emergency care, including when a pregnancy goes horribly wrong. The Supreme Court must uphold this law and ensure pregnant people continue to get the care they need when they need it most. The health of my patients in West Central Idaho—and millions of other Americans across the country—deserve nothing less.

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What Sentencing Could Look Like if Trump Is Found Guilty

A black-and-white photo of Donald Trump, standing behind a metal barricade.

By Norman L. Eisen

Mr. Eisen is the author of “Trying Trump: A Guide to His First Election Interference Criminal Trial.”

For all the attention to and debate over the unfolding trial of Donald Trump in Manhattan, there has been surprisingly little of it paid to a key element: its possible outcome and, specifically, the prospect that a former and potentially future president could be sentenced to prison time.

The case — brought by Alvin Bragg, the Manhattan district attorney, against Mr. Trump — represents the first time in our nation’s history that a former president is a defendant in a criminal trial. As such, it has generated lots of debate about the case’s legal strength and integrity, as well as its potential impact on Mr. Trump’s efforts to win back the White House.

A review of thousands of cases in New York that charged the same felony suggests something striking: If Mr. Trump is found guilty, incarceration is an actual possibility. It’s not certain, of course, but it is plausible.

Jury selection has begun, and it’s not too soon to talk about what the possibility of a sentence, including a prison sentence, would look like for Mr. Trump, for the election and for the country — including what would happen if he is re-elected.

The case focuses on alleged interference in the 2016 election, which consisted of a hush-money payment Michael Cohen, the former president’s fixer at the time, made in 2016 to a porn star, Stormy Daniels, who said she had an affair with Mr. Trump. Mr. Bragg is arguing that the cover-up cheated voters of the chance to fully assess Mr. Trump’s candidacy.

This may be the first criminal trial of a former president in American history, but if convicted, Mr. Trump’s fate is likely to be determined by the same core factors that guide the sentencing of every criminal defendant in New York State Court.

Comparable cases. The first factor is the base line against which judges measure all sentences: how other defendants have been treated for similar offenses. My research encompassed almost 10,000 cases of felony falsifying business records that have been prosecuted across the state of New York since 2015. Over a similar period, the Manhattan D.A. has charged over 400 of these cases . In roughly the first year of Mr. Bragg’s tenure, his team alone filed 166 felony counts for falsifying business records against 34 people or companies.

Contrary to claims that there will be no sentence of incarceration for falsifying business records, when a felony conviction involves serious misconduct, defendants can be sentenced to some prison time. My analysis of the most recent data indicates that approximately one in 10 cases in which the most serious charge at arraignment is falsifying business records in the first degree and in which the court ultimately imposes a sentence, results in a term of imprisonment.

To be clear, these cases generally differ from Mr. Trump’s case in one important respect: They typically involve additional charges besides just falsifying records. That clearly complicates what we might expect if Mr. Trump is convicted.

Nevertheless, there are many previous cases involving falsifying business records along with other charges where the conduct was less serious than is alleged against Mr. Trump and prison time was imposed. For instance, Richard Luthmann was accused of attempting to deceive voters — in his case, impersonating New York political figures on social media in an attempt to influence campaigns. He pleaded guilty to three counts of falsifying business records in the first degree (as well as to other charges). He received a sentence of incarceration on the felony falsification counts (although the sentence was not solely attributable to the plea).

A defendant in another case was accused of stealing in excess of $50,000 from her employer and, like in this case, falsifying one or more invoices as part of the scheme. She was indicted on a single grand larceny charge and ultimately pleaded guilty to one felony count of business record falsification for a false invoice of just under $10,000. She received 364 days in prison.

To be sure, for a typical first-time offender charged only with run-of-the-mill business record falsification, a prison sentence would be unlikely. On the other hand, Mr. Trump is being prosecuted for 34 counts of conduct that might have changed the course of American history.

Seriousness of the crime. Mr. Bragg alleges that Mr. Trump concealed critical information from voters (paying hush money to suppress an extramarital relationship) that could have harmed his campaign, particularly if it came to light after the revelation of another scandal — the “Access Hollywood” tape . If proved, that could be seen not just as unfortunate personal judgment but also, as Justice Juan Merchan has described it, an attempt “to unlawfully influence the 2016 presidential election.”

History and character. To date, Mr. Trump has been unrepentant about the events alleged in this case. There is every reason to believe that will not change even if he is convicted, and lack of remorse is a negative at sentencing. Justice Merchan’s evaluation of Mr. Trump’s history and character may also be informed by the other judgments against him, including Justice Arthur Engoron’s ruling that Mr. Trump engaged in repeated and persistent business fraud, a jury finding that he sexually abused and defamed E. Jean Carroll and a related defamation verdict by a second jury.

Justice Merchan may also weigh the fact that Mr. Trump has been repeatedly held in contempt , warned , fined and gagged by state and federal judges. That includes for statements he made that exposed witnesses, individuals in the judicial system and their families to danger. More recently, Mr. Trump made personal attacks on Justice Merchan’s daughter, resulting in an extension of the gag order in the case. He now stands accused of violating it again by commenting on witnesses.

What this all suggests is that a term of imprisonment for Mr. Trump, while far from certain for a former president, is not off the table. If he receives a sentence of incarceration, perhaps the likeliest term is six months, although he could face up to four years, particularly if Mr. Trump chooses to testify, as he said he intends to do , and the judge believes he lied on the stand . Probation is also available, as are more flexible approaches like a sentence of spending every weekend in jail for a year.

We will probably know what the judge will do within 30 to 60 days of the end of the trial, which could run into mid-June. If there is a conviction, that would mean a late summer or early fall sentencing.

Justice Merchan would have to wrestle in the middle of an election year with the potential impact of sentencing a former president and current candidate.

If Mr. Trump is sentenced to a period of incarceration, the reaction of the American public will probably be as polarized as our divided electorate itself. Yet as some polls suggest — with the caveat that we should always be cautious of polls early in the race posing hypothetical questions — many key swing state voters said they would not vote for a felon.

If Mr. Trump is convicted and then loses the presidential election, he will probably be granted bail, pending an appeal, which will take about a year. That means if any appeals are unsuccessful, he will most likely have to serve any sentence starting sometime next year. He will be sequestered with his Secret Service protection; if it is less than a year, probably in Rikers Island. His protective detail will probably be his main company, since Mr. Trump will surely be isolated from other inmates for his safety.

If Mr. Trump wins the presidential election, he can’t pardon himself because it is a state case. He will be likely to order the Justice Department to challenge his sentence, and department opinions have concluded that a sitting president could not be imprisoned, since that would prevent the president from fulfilling the constitutional duties of the office. The courts have never had to address the question, but they could well agree with the Justice Department.

So if Mr. Trump is convicted and sentenced to a period of incarceration, its ultimate significance is probably this: When the American people go to the polls in November, they will be voting on whether Mr. Trump should be held accountable for his original election interference.

What questions do you have about Trump’s Manhattan criminal trial so far?

Please submit them below. Our trial experts will respond to a selection of readers in a future piece.

Norman L. Eisen investigated the 2016 voter deception allegations as counsel for the first impeachment and trial of Donald Trump and is the author of “Trying Trump: A Guide to His First Election Interference Criminal Trial.”

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

Follow the New York Times Opinion section on Facebook , Instagram , TikTok , WhatsApp , X and Threads .

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A trial is underway for the Panama Papers, a case that changed the country’s financial rules

Trial underway for Panama Papers, a case that changed that country’s financial rules

The Supreme Court stands in Panama City, Monday, April 8, 2024 as the trial starts for those charged in connection with the worldwide “Panama Papers” money laundering case. (AP Photo/Agustin Herrera)

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Juergen Mossack, partner of the law firm Mossack-Fonseca, leaves the Supreme Court during the trial of the “Panama Papers” money laundering case in Panama City, Monday, April 8, 2024. (AP Photo/Agustin Herrera)

Lawyers and court workers leave the Supreme Court during a recess for the trial of the “Panama Papers” money laundering case in Panama City, Monday, April 8, 2024. (AP Photo/Agustin Herrera)

PANAMA CITY (AP) — Eight years after 11 million leaked secret financial documents revealed how some of the world’s richest people hide their wealth, more than two dozen defendants are on trial in Panama for their alleged roles.

The repercussions of the leaks were far-ranging, prompting the resignation of the prime minister of Iceland and bringing scrutiny to the then-leaders of Argentina and Ukraine, Chinese politicians and Russian President Vladimir Putin, among others.

But those on trial now for alleged money laundering are principally the leaders and associates of the now defunct Panamanian boutique law firm that helped set up the shell companies used to obscure those really behind them.

The leaders of that firm, Jürgen Mossack and Ramón Fonseca, are among those on trial.

WHAT IS THE PANAMA PAPERS CASE ABOUT?

Panamanian prosecutors allege that Mossack, Fonseca and their associates created a web of offshore companies that used complex transactions to hide money linked to illicit activities in the “car wash” corruption scandal of Brazilian construction giant Odebrecht.

In December 2016, Odebrecht pleaded guilty in U.S. federal court to a charge related to its use of shell companies to disguise hundreds of millions of dollars in bribes paid in countries around the world to win public contracts.

According to Panamanian prosecutors, the Mossack Fonseca firm created 44 shell companies, 31 of which opened accounts in Panama to hide money linked to the Brazilian scandal. The judge on the case, Baloisa Marquínez, last year decided to also merge the Odebrecht-related charges to prosecutors’ allegations about the firm’s work for German giant Siemens. Prosecutors allege a former executive with the company used entities created by Mossack Fonseca to transfer funds for bribes.

A Siemens spokesperson declined to comment, noting that it is not a party to the Panama case and that it involves former Siemens employees in their private capacity.

WHAT DO MOSSACK AND FONSECA SAY?

The 71-year-old Fonseca has not been present for the trial, because his lawyer said he is hospitalized. But he had previously said his firm did not control how their clients used the shell companies the firm created for them. Its role was simply the creation and sale of the companies.

Mossack, a 76-year-old lawyer originally from Germany, said in a statement to The Associated Press that “we categorically reject that we have committed any crime, not Mossack Fonseca nor the subsidiaries … and we hope that can be proved in the trial. If there is in fact justice in our case, they have to absolve us.”

Both men were arrested in 2017, but had awaited trial out on bond.

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE FIRM?

Mossack Fonseca helped create and sell around 240,000 shell companies across four decades in business. It announced its closure in March 2018, two years after the scandal erupted.

“The reputational deterioration, the media campaign, the financial siege and the irregular actions of some Panamanian authorities have caused irreparable damage, whose consequence is the complete cease of operations to the public,” the firm said in a statement at the time.

HOW DID THE SCANDAL AFFECT PANAMA?

Panama’s international reputation for financial services was tarnished by the scandal.

The European Union included Panama on a list of tax haven countries — low taxes or fiscal opacity — which led international financial institutions to demand the implementation of measures that would allow scrutiny of the banking and financial systems.

Consequently, the country’s business creating shell companies plummeted some 40% within a year of the scandal.

WHAT CHANGES DID PANAMA MAKE?

Panama’s government implemented changes to make it possible to identify the ultimate beneficiary behind limited liability companies and their assets.

Changes also sought to give greater responsibility to the registered agents — typically lawyers from Panamanian firms — listed for the shell companies.

The objective was to make it possible for Panamanian authorities to respond to requests to assist in investigations.

Julio Aguirre, an expert and financial specialist in Panama, said the government wants the registered agents to actually keep an eye on the companies. Before, “the law didn’t ask them to follow up, there wasn’t that legal obligation,” he said.

Banks had also previously been restricted in their ability to know who was really behind accounts. “They gave the bank the vehicle to obtain that information,” Aguirre said.

St. Augustine man sets himself on fire outside New York courthouse seating Trump jury

Police crime tape is strung at the site across from Manhattan Criminal Court in New York City after a man reportedly set himself on fire during the trial of former President Donald Trump, in New York City on April 19, 2024. A man set himself on fire Friday outside the court, New York police said, with officers rushing to extinguish the flames. TV reporters described the scene that unfolded moments after the full panel of 12 jurors and six alternates was selected for the trial of the former president in a hush money cover-up case.

A man from St. Augustine set himself on fire Friday afternoon outside the New York City courthouse where jurors in the criminal trial of former President Donald Trump were being chosen.

Officials with the New York City Police Department identified the man as Max Azzarello , 37, of St. Augustine at a 3 p.m. news conference.

According to USA TODAY , Azzarello doused himself with an accelerant and set himself on fire around 1:35 p.m. across the street from the courthouse, in Collect Pond Park.

Officials said Azzarello was in critical condition at a nearby hospital.

USA TODAY reported the incident took place in full view of news cameras shortly after a full panel of 12 jurors and six alternates was seated for the former president's hush money trial. Witnesses told the newspaper Azzarello tossed flyers into the air before dousing himself in fluid and setting himself ablaze.

Witness: 'He pulled out a lighter. And he set himself on fire'

A witness who asked to be identified by only his first name, "Dave," told USA TODAY he watched the victim's actions with a growing sense of panic before the young man went up in flames.

"I heard this clap, and this fellow was throwing these papers into the air," the 73-year-old Manhattan resident said. "He had a can and he poured fluid around himself, and which point I thought, 'Oof, I'm going to see something bad here'."

"And sure enough, he pulled out a lighter. And he set himself on fire."

Max Azzarello manifesto: 'I deeply apologize for inflicting this pain upon you'

In a post on a Substack newsletter called "The Ponzi Papers," victim Max Azzarello said he had burned himself alive to draw attention to the U.S. political and economic system.

"My name is Max Azzarello, and I am an investigative researcher who has set himself on fire outside of the Trump trial in Manhattan," the post says.

Azzarello's manifesto took aim at Trump, President Joe Biden, cryptocurrency and the federal government.

"To my friends and family, witnesses and first responders, I deeply apologize for inflicting this pain upon you," he wrote.

Azzarello had lived about three years in a restored two-story apartment building on St. George Street in St. Augustine’s historic district, said Larry Altman, the property’s building manager. He said Azzarello worked from home, doing something online, and had moved in the past few weeks to a home n West Augustine.

”He was just a normal person, nice guy, easy to talk to,” Altman said, but said Azzarello had become focused recently on a belief that a world government was operating a Ponzi scheme against the interests of the public.

“Although I never had a problem with him, he didn’t like authority,” Altman said. “You can’t just not listen to authority and expect to make a change. I think his feeling was that was the only way.”

The Ponzi scheme concerns are underscored in federal court records from New York’s Southern District, where last April Azzarello filed a lawsuit against the Bill, Hillary and Chelsea Clinton Foundation and scores of other parties including New York University and the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The suit asserted the defendants “knowingly conspired, participated in and benefited financially from a decades-long fraudulent scheme.”

The case argued “the defendants’ actions have caused significant financial, emotional, psychological harm to plaintiff,” and listed injuries incurred as financial loss due to economic inflation; damage to personal security; psychological damage as a result of intentional media misinformation; and environmental damage due to fossil fuel emissions created in service of the scheme.

The case was dismissed without prejudice in October.

While Altman said he had never known Azzarello to be abusive to anyone, court records reflect moments when he was accused of strange, disruptive actions.

On Aug. 19, St. Augustine police were called to the Casa Monica Hotel about a complaint that Azzarello had eaten dinner in the building’s restaurant, then approached a wall in the lobby where a framed autograph of President Clinton is displayed and threw a glass of wine at it. The wine stained the autograph and surrounding wall, causing damage a police report estimated at $400-$500, according to a police affidavit .

Police and Azzarello were back at the hotel two days later, where an arrest report said Azzarello was “wearing nothing but his underwear , standing on the sidewalk holding a speaker blasting music and yelling.” He was charged with breach of peace and booked into jail but on August 24 he was arrested again on a criminal mischief charge involving damaging a sign at the front of the Little Free Library at 117 Bridge St.

He was placed on probation, court records show.

A man who lives in house close to Azzarello's old apartment, Richard Loud, said he does not know Azzarello but has seen a car outside he believed to be Azzarello's, notable for its abundance of anti-Clinton and anti-bitcoin stickers.

Azzarello's father, Richard, lives nearby on Keith Street. He was home Friday evening but declined to comment when a reporter approached him.

Aysha Bagchi, Kinsey Crowley and Bart Jansen of USA TODAY and Steve Patterson of The Florida Times-Union and Lucia Viti of the St. Augustine Record contributed to this report.

Tampa man arrested in hit and run crash on Busch that killed pedestrian

Jack Prator Times staff

A Tampa man who told police he was on drugs when he struck and killed a pedestrian and drove away is in custody.

Vincent Thomas Oliver, 34, faces multiple charges, including DUI manslaughter, leaving the scene of a crash with a death, driving without a license and resisting an officer without violence.

The crash occurred at 11:40 p.m. on Thursday, just hours before a second fatal hit and run crash killed a moped driver a few blocks away.

Oliver was driving a 2011 Volkswagen Jetta east on Busch Boulevard near North 50th Street when he struck Zachary Oneal, 23, who was trying to cross outside of the crosswalk, according to a news release from the Tampa Police Department.

Misty Johannes, his aunt, said Oneal had been crossing the street to get something to eat when he was hit.

Oneal was talking on the phone with his fiancee at the time of the crash, Johannes said. The couple have a 6-month-old baby and were going to be married in October.

“You can imagine what she’s going through,” she said.

Oneal had only been in Florida for a few weeks. He was training to repair cell towers and had planned to fly home to Oklahoma on Saturday.

“He had such a bright future and big plans,” his aunt said.

The family’s first priority will be to transport Oneal’s body home, Johannes said.

“He was a good kid — liked to ride four wheelers, to go fishing with his uncle,” she said. “He was just a good, quiet kid. Never did anything to harm anybody, would help anybody with anything.”

Police said Oliver fled the scene after the crash, stopped the car near a convenience store and continued to evade authorities on foot.

Using K-9 units and aerial support, police found Oliver hiding underneath a nearby vehicle about a mile away from the crash. He was arrested and taken to a local hospital.

Oliver told officers “he had ingested narcotics and was exhibiting erratic behavior,” the release states.

After he was discharged from the hospital, Oliver was booked at Orient Road Jail. Records show he is being held without bond.

Jack Prator is a reporter covering breaking news and environment. Reach him at [email protected].

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