critical analysis of research report ppt

Critical analysis of research report

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• 1. CRITICALANALYSIS OF RESEARCH REPORT Submitted by: Preeti Sood M Sc Nursing 1st year
• 2. What is meant by critical? • To be critical does not mean to criticize in an exclusively negative manner. To be critical of a text means to question the information and opinions in the text, in an attempt to evaluate or judge its worth overall.
• 3. What is a critical review? • A critical review (sometimes called a critique, critical commentary, critical appraisal and critical analysis) is a detailed commentary on and critical evaluation of a text. Critical review may carry out a as a stand-alone exercise, or as part of your research and preparation for writing a literature review.
• 4. Critical Review of a Research Article • Research critique is a planned, careful critical evaluation of a piece of research work against the prespecified criteria to judge the strengths and weaknesses of the research study. Critique should be balanced, where alternative suggestions must be provided to further enforce the strengths and eliminate the weaknesses of the study to improve overall quality of the research project.
• 5. Purposes • To provide inputs regarding the strength and weakness of a study to the researchers. • To provide suggestions to the students regarding the methodological flaws in their research project and also to evaluate the understanding of research by the students. • To judge the scientific merits of the study. • To take a decision whether to publish the study in journal or not.
• 6. Guidelines for Writing a Research Critique • Read and understand the research report carefully. • Carryout the critical appraisal of all the aspects of the research report before writing the critique of a research report. • Avoid general vague statements; be objective and sensitive while framing the negative comments, and be practical by considering all the limitations of the research.
• 7. • Keep a balanced approach in the research critique by presenting both strong and weak points of report, because certainly no report without any negative aspects. • Positive and negative points must be supported with examples to make a clear stand about the strengths and weaknesses of the research report.
• 8. Guidelines for critiquing the research report • Some of the positive points of the study can be gathered from the questions formulated; more the number of questions answered with ‘yes’, the better the study is considered. A rating scale may be used for critiquing a research report.
• 9. CRITIQUE OF THE STUDY BACKGROUND  Research problem  Is the problem statement clearly and concisely articulated?  Is the problem significant for nursing profession and has the researcher provided good argument for the significance?  Is the research problem within the professional domain?  Is the problem not complex to study and appropriately delimited in its scope?
• 10. Cont.… • Does the problem statement clearly depict the variables, population, and place of the study? • Is the research problem feasible to study in reference to time, resources, researcher’s ability and availability of respondents? • Is the research problem directed to develop or test the nursing theories?
• 11.  Objectives  Are the objectives in accordance with research problem?  Are the objectives stated in clear and concise form?  Are the objectives stated using accepted action verbs in logical manner?  Operational definitions  Are all the study variables operationally defined?  Are operational definitions stated in logical and measurable form?
• 12. Hypotheses  Are the hypotheses stated? If not, does the researcher provide sufficient information for not stating the hypotheses?  Are hypotheses logically related with the research problem and objectives?  If stated, are the hypotheses clear? Specific? Testable?  Whether hypotheses are stated in measurable terms by stating the level of significance to accept or reject the hypothesis?  Are hypotheses stated in a way that they express a predicted relationship between two or more variables?  Are hypotheses based on conceptual framework used in research study?
• 13.  Conceptual framework  Is conceptual framework appropriate and in accordance with research problem?  Is conceptual framework based on a nursing theory or a theory from other related disciplines?  Are all the concepts in conceptual framework clearly, adequately, and logically defined and articulated in a way that they help either in the testing or generation of a theory?
• 14.  Literature review  Is the literature completely in accordance with research problem and covers majority of available studies on the topic under study?  Is the literature reviewed from the current and primary sources?  Is the literature review well-organized under subheadings in a chronological order according to the year of the study?  Is the literature review presented in an analytical way to draw the meaningful inferences?
• 15. CRITIQUE OF THE METHODOLOGICALASPECTS  Research design  Is the design specified correctly? What was the design used?  Is the design appropriate to answer the research question?  Did the researcher attempt to control for threats to internal and external validity?
• 16.  Sample and sampling technique  Is the sample size adequate?  Is the sample likely to be similar to members of population overall?  Are the criteria for including and/or excluding people or items from sample clear and appropriate?  Is an appropriate sampling technique used to draw a sample from population?
• 17.  Data collection method and tools  Are the instruments or other means for data collection described sufficiently?  Are the reliability and validity of instruments addressed? Are those adequate?  Are data collection method described clearly?  Are the data collection methods appropriate? Could the researcher mentioned the specific benefits and problems faced by the research with particular methods of data collection?
• 18.  Ethical considerations  Are the participants safe from any physical harms, risks, psychological and social distress and discomfort?  Is confidentiality of information and anonymity and privacy of subjects was maintained?  Was an appropriate written or verbal consent taken from all the study participants?  Was a written permission obtained from competent authority to conduct the research study?
• 19. Cont.….  If vulnerable populations were involved, was special consideration given to informed consent and study procedure?  Was the benefits of the study outweighed the risk for individual subjects and a risk/ benefit assessment considered?  Were subjects recruited, selected and assigned to groups in an equitable way?
• 20. CRITIQUE OF RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS, AND MISCELLANEOUS ASPECTS OF THE STUDY  Analysis of data  Is the process used to analyze data clear?  Whether the processes for data analysis appropriate to answer the research question?  Do the results provide, are they clear and understandable?  Of tables are provided, are they clear and understandable? For qualitative studies, some additional items for critique include:  Does the researcher provide sufficient examples of the data?  Does the researcher describe processes that were used to avoid biasing or influencing the data obtained and the analysis procedures used?
• 21.  Interpretation and discussion of data  Does the discussion ‘fit’ with the data? Is it logical based on the data and results presented?  Does the researcher discuss the findings in regard to previous research?  Does the researcher discuss the findings in regard to the theoretical framework?  Does the researcher identify limitations of the study? How do these affect the quality of the study?  Does the researcher discuss implications for practice? Are these appropriate?
• 22. Conclusion and recommendations  Has the study concluded concisely and precisely depicting most significant findings?  Are the conclusions drawn in accordance with study objectives, hypotheses/ assumptions, and conceptual framework?  Are practical recommendations made towards improvement in the nursing practices?  Are the recommendations consistent with the research findings and results?  Are the recommendations made with suggested changes and improvements in the methodologies of the further researcher studies on similar topics?
• 23.  References  Are the in-text references cited as per recommended guidelines?  Are the references relevant and completely follow the recommended style?
• 24. Analyzing and synthesizing information Once all the relevant studies have been retrieved, read abstracted, and critiqued, the information has to be analyzed and synthesized. A thematic analysis essentially involves detecting patterns and regularities, as well as inconsistencies. Several different types of themes can be identified. Clearly, it is not possible even in lengthy free-standing reviews to analyze all the themes identified. Reviewers have to make decisions about which patterns to pursue.
• 25. References • Sharma SK. Nursing Research & Statistics. Second Edition. Published by Elsevier India Private Limited; 2014. • Polit DF, Beck CT. Nursing Research. Ninth edition. Published by Wolters Kluwer India Private Limited; 2014.

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Home » Critical Analysis – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Critical Analysis – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Critical Analysis

Definition:

Critical analysis is a process of examining a piece of work or an idea in a systematic, objective, and analytical way. It involves breaking down complex ideas, concepts, or arguments into smaller, more manageable parts to understand them better.

Types of Critical Analysis

Types of Critical Analysis are as follows:

Literary Analysis

This type of analysis focuses on analyzing and interpreting works of literature , such as novels, poetry, plays, etc. The analysis involves examining the literary devices used in the work, such as symbolism, imagery, and metaphor, and how they contribute to the overall meaning of the work.

Film Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting films, including their themes, cinematography, editing, and sound. Film analysis can also include evaluating the director’s style and how it contributes to the overall message of the film.

Art Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting works of art , such as paintings, sculptures, and installations. The analysis involves examining the elements of the artwork, such as color, composition, and technique, and how they contribute to the overall meaning of the work.

Cultural Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting cultural artifacts , such as advertisements, popular music, and social media posts. The analysis involves examining the cultural context of the artifact and how it reflects and shapes cultural values, beliefs, and norms.

Historical Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting historical documents , such as diaries, letters, and government records. The analysis involves examining the historical context of the document and how it reflects the social, political, and cultural attitudes of the time.

Philosophical Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting philosophical texts and ideas, such as the works of philosophers and their arguments. The analysis involves evaluating the logical consistency of the arguments and assessing the validity and soundness of the conclusions.

Scientific Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting scientific research studies and their findings. The analysis involves evaluating the methods used in the study, the data collected, and the conclusions drawn, and assessing their reliability and validity.

Critical Discourse Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting language use in social and political contexts. The analysis involves evaluating the power dynamics and social relationships conveyed through language use and how they shape discourse and social reality.

Comparative Analysis

This type of analysis involves examining and interpreting multiple texts or works of art and comparing them to each other. The analysis involves evaluating the similarities and differences between the texts and how they contribute to understanding the themes and meanings conveyed.

Critical Analysis Format

Critical Analysis Format is as follows:

I. Introduction

• Provide a brief overview of the text, object, or event being analyzed
• Explain the purpose of the analysis and its significance
• Provide background information on the context and relevant historical or cultural factors

II. Description

• Provide a detailed description of the text, object, or event being analyzed
• Identify key themes, ideas, and arguments presented
• Describe the author or creator’s style, tone, and use of language or visual elements

III. Analysis

• Analyze the text, object, or event using critical thinking skills
• Identify the main strengths and weaknesses of the argument or presentation
• Evaluate the reliability and validity of the evidence presented
• Assess any assumptions or biases that may be present in the text, object, or event
• Consider the implications of the argument or presentation for different audiences and contexts

IV. Evaluation

• Provide an overall evaluation of the text, object, or event based on the analysis
• Assess the effectiveness of the argument or presentation in achieving its intended purpose
• Identify any limitations or gaps in the argument or presentation
• Consider any alternative viewpoints or interpretations that could be presented
• Summarize the main points of the analysis and evaluation
• Reiterate the significance of the text, object, or event and its relevance to broader issues or debates
• Provide any recommendations for further research or future developments in the field.

VI. Example

• Provide an example or two to support your analysis and evaluation
• Use quotes or specific details from the text, object, or event to support your claims
• Analyze the example(s) using critical thinking skills and explain how they relate to your overall argument

VII. Conclusion

• Reiterate your thesis statement and summarize your main points
• Provide a final evaluation of the text, object, or event based on your analysis
• Offer recommendations for future research or further developments in the field
• End with a thought-provoking statement or question that encourages the reader to think more deeply about the topic

How to Write Critical Analysis

Writing a critical analysis involves evaluating and interpreting a text, such as a book, article, or film, and expressing your opinion about its quality and significance. Here are some steps you can follow to write a critical analysis:

• Read and re-read the text: Before you begin writing, make sure you have a good understanding of the text. Read it several times and take notes on the key points, themes, and arguments.
• Identify the author’s purpose and audience: Consider why the author wrote the text and who the intended audience is. This can help you evaluate whether the author achieved their goals and whether the text is effective in reaching its audience.
• Analyze the structure and style: Look at the organization of the text and the author’s writing style. Consider how these elements contribute to the overall meaning of the text.
• Evaluate the content : Analyze the author’s arguments, evidence, and conclusions. Consider whether they are logical, convincing, and supported by the evidence presented in the text.
• Consider the context: Think about the historical, cultural, and social context in which the text was written. This can help you understand the author’s perspective and the significance of the text.
• Develop your thesis statement : Based on your analysis, develop a clear and concise thesis statement that summarizes your overall evaluation of the text.
• Support your thesis: Use evidence from the text to support your thesis statement. This can include direct quotes, paraphrases, and examples from the text.
• Write the introduction, body, and conclusion : Organize your analysis into an introduction that provides context and presents your thesis, a body that presents your evidence and analysis, and a conclusion that summarizes your main points and restates your thesis.
• Revise and edit: After you have written your analysis, revise and edit it to ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and well-organized. Check for spelling and grammar errors, and make sure that your analysis is logically sound and supported by evidence.

When to Write Critical Analysis

You may want to write a critical analysis in the following situations:

• Academic Assignments: If you are a student, you may be assigned to write a critical analysis as a part of your coursework. This could include analyzing a piece of literature, a historical event, or a scientific paper.
• Journalism and Media: As a journalist or media person, you may need to write a critical analysis of current events, political speeches, or media coverage.
• Personal Interest: If you are interested in a particular topic, you may want to write a critical analysis to gain a deeper understanding of it. For example, you may want to analyze the themes and motifs in a novel or film that you enjoyed.
• Professional Development : Professionals such as writers, scholars, and researchers often write critical analyses to gain insights into their field of study or work.

Critical Analysis Example

An Example of Critical Analysis Could be as follow:

Research Topic:

The Impact of Online Learning on Student Performance

Introduction:

The introduction of the research topic is clear and provides an overview of the issue. However, it could benefit from providing more background information on the prevalence of online learning and its potential impact on student performance.

Literature Review:

The literature review is comprehensive and well-structured. It covers a broad range of studies that have examined the relationship between online learning and student performance. However, it could benefit from including more recent studies and providing a more critical analysis of the existing literature.

Research Methods:

The research methods are clearly described and appropriate for the research question. The study uses a quasi-experimental design to compare the performance of students who took an online course with those who took the same course in a traditional classroom setting. However, the study may benefit from using a randomized controlled trial design to reduce potential confounding factors.

The results are presented in a clear and concise manner. The study finds that students who took the online course performed similarly to those who took the traditional course. However, the study only measures performance on one course and may not be generalizable to other courses or contexts.

Discussion :

The discussion section provides a thorough analysis of the study’s findings. The authors acknowledge the limitations of the study and provide suggestions for future research. However, they could benefit from discussing potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between online learning and student performance.

Conclusion :

The conclusion summarizes the main findings of the study and provides some implications for future research and practice. However, it could benefit from providing more specific recommendations for implementing online learning programs in educational settings.

Purpose of Critical Analysis

There are several purposes of critical analysis, including:

• To identify and evaluate arguments : Critical analysis helps to identify the main arguments in a piece of writing or speech and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. This enables the reader to form their own opinion and make informed decisions.
• To assess evidence : Critical analysis involves examining the evidence presented in a text or speech and evaluating its quality and relevance to the argument. This helps to determine the credibility of the claims being made.
• To recognize biases and assumptions : Critical analysis helps to identify any biases or assumptions that may be present in the argument, and evaluate how these affect the credibility of the argument.
• To develop critical thinking skills: Critical analysis helps to develop the ability to think critically, evaluate information objectively, and make reasoned judgments based on evidence.
• To improve communication skills: Critical analysis involves carefully reading and listening to information, evaluating it, and expressing one’s own opinion in a clear and concise manner. This helps to improve communication skills and the ability to express ideas effectively.

Importance of Critical Analysis

Here are some specific reasons why critical analysis is important:

• Helps to identify biases: Critical analysis helps individuals to recognize their own biases and assumptions, as well as the biases of others. By being aware of biases, individuals can better evaluate the credibility and reliability of information.
• Enhances problem-solving skills : Critical analysis encourages individuals to question assumptions and consider multiple perspectives, which can lead to creative problem-solving and innovation.
• Promotes better decision-making: By carefully evaluating evidence and arguments, critical analysis can help individuals make more informed and effective decisions.
• Facilitates understanding: Critical analysis helps individuals to understand complex issues and ideas by breaking them down into smaller parts and evaluating them separately.
• Fosters intellectual growth : Engaging in critical analysis challenges individuals to think deeply and critically, which can lead to intellectual growth and development.

Advantages of Critical Analysis

Some advantages of critical analysis include:

• Improved decision-making: Critical analysis helps individuals make informed decisions by evaluating all available information and considering various perspectives.
• Enhanced problem-solving skills : Critical analysis requires individuals to identify and analyze the root cause of a problem, which can help develop effective solutions.
• Increased creativity : Critical analysis encourages individuals to think outside the box and consider alternative solutions to problems, which can lead to more creative and innovative ideas.
• Improved communication : Critical analysis helps individuals communicate their ideas and opinions more effectively by providing logical and coherent arguments.
• Reduced bias: Critical analysis requires individuals to evaluate information objectively, which can help reduce personal biases and subjective opinions.
• Better understanding of complex issues : Critical analysis helps individuals to understand complex issues by breaking them down into smaller parts, examining each part and understanding how they fit together.
• Greater self-awareness: Critical analysis helps individuals to recognize their own biases, assumptions, and limitations, which can lead to personal growth and development.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Writing a Critical Analysis

What is in this guide, definitions, putting it together, tips and examples of critques.

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This guide is meant to help you understand the basics of writing a critical analysis. A critical analysis is an argument about a particular piece of media. There are typically two parts: (1) identify and explain the argument the author is making, and (2), provide your own argument about that argument. Your instructor may have very specific requirements on how you are to write your critical analysis, so make sure you read your assignment carefully.

Critical Analysis

A deep approach to your understanding of a piece of media by relating new knowledge to what you already know.

Part 1: Introduction

• Identify the work being criticized.
• Present thesis - argument about the work.
• Preview your argument - what are the steps you will take to prove your argument.

Part 2: Summarize

• Provide a short summary of the work.
• Present only what is needed to know to understand your argument.

Part 3: Your Argument

• This is the bulk of your paper.
• Provide "sub-arguments" to prove your main argument.
• Use scholarly articles to back up your argument(s).

Part 4: Conclusion

• Reflect on  how  you have proven your argument.
• Point out the  importance  of your argument.
• Comment on the potential for further research or analysis.
• Cornell University Library Tips for writing a critical appraisal and analysis of a scholarly article.
• Queen's University Library How to Critique an Article (Psychology)
• University of Illinois, Springfield An example of a summary and an evaluation of a research article. This extended example shows the different ways a student can critique and write about an article
• Next: Background Information >>
• Last Updated: Feb 14, 2024 4:33 PM
• URL: https://libguides.pittcc.edu/critical_analysis

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Top 5 Critical Analysis Templates with Samples and Examples

Critical analysis is crucial for every business. It involves evaluating information, ideas, or situations to understand their components, implications, and potential outcomes. It helps different organizations in informed decision-making, problem-solving, and strategic planning.

Critical analysis reduces the reliance on assumptions and biases; instead, it encourages effective solutions to every challenge based on data and examining processes. It is also helpful in efficiently allocating resources by identifying areas of inefficiency or redundancy.

Being so vital for every organization, critical analysis cannot be achieved without hurdles. The biggest challenge most firms face is communicating it properly in an easy-to-understand manner. It often involves intricate details and multifaceted data, making it challenging to simplify and communicate clearly to diverse stakeholders.

If you are looking to present a project gap analysis, this blog can be a great help.

Thus, it is more challenging for employees or stakeholders to adapt critical analysis-driven changes due to fear of the unknown or reluctance to abandon established practices. With the help of a pre-designed PPT template, you can seamlessly convey the complexities and implications of critical analysis.

Best Critical Analysis Templates for Strategic Thinking

This blog presents you the top 5 editable PPT templates that can be a tool to achieve a culture that values critical thinking and open dialogue and significantly contributes to successful communication and application of critical analysis within organizations.

Template 1: Critical Analysis Model for Evaluating Business Information

Explore this template to navigate a four-stage process encompassing critical analysis, model evaluation, business, and information. It provides a systematic approach to evaluating business information to uncover the nuances of methodologies, understand the model for evaluating business information, and gain insights into leveraging this process to make informed business decisions. With its user-friendly interface and adaptable features, this presentation is a powerful tool to impress and engage your audience. Thanks to its color-coded charts, which easily present critical, persuasive, analytical, and descriptive categories. Creative charts make it easy to understand and thus help every employee and stakeholder to align with the proposed methodology. Download and empower your team with a structured model for analyzing and evaluating crucial business information.

Click to download now.

Template 2: Critical Path Analysis Showing Task Completion by Months

Unveil the dynamics of task completion and project timelines with this visually engaging and easily understandable PowerPoint Slide. With this template, you can seamlessly explore the intricacies of the Critical Path Methodology, illustrating the sequential stages of task completion by months. Showcase your project timelines or discuss task dependencies; this versatile template is a powerful visual aid to convey complex concepts with simplicity and clarity. Download now to help your team navigate project timelines effectively.

To communicate current state analysis, trying these templates can be a time-saver.

Template 3: Critical Business Process Change Impact Analysis

Uncover the comprehensive analysis of change impacts, including recovery time, financial implications, and consumer response; all encapsulated in this creative PowerPoint template. This slide delves into evaluating business processes and their effects on financial metrics, quality processes, and marketing research.

Easily present gap analysis reports with these templates. Learn more about it in this blog.

Whether discussing financial implications, evaluating quality process changes, or understanding the impact on marketing research, this structured template is a powerful visual aid. It helps to elevate your presentations, strategy discussions, or stakeholder meetings with a comprehensive analysis of critical business process change impacts, enabling your team to navigate organizational transformations with precision and foresight. Download the template now for a practical analysis.

Template 4: Critical Path Analysis Showing Various Activities Involved in The Project

Let this comprehensive PPT template bring to light a structured six-stage process centered around Critical Path Analysis, emphasizing the Critical Path Method (CPM) and its application in project management. This visual aid not only helps to communicate the complicated web of project activities and their interdependencies but also explores the sequential stages involved in Critical Path Analysis, showcasing the various activities pivotal to project completion.

With this template, you can make clear presentations in no time to deliver a coherent understanding of the Critical Path Analysis, highlighting the sequential nature of project activities and their criticality in achieving project milestones. Download this template to make sure your team can manage projects more effectively.

Template 5: Critical Path Analysis Showing Three Paths to Complete Projects.

This set of slides unveils an eleven-stage process highlighting Critical Path Analysis, emphasizing the Critical Path Method (CPM) and its application in project management. Its visually appealing charts make understanding the complicated multiple stages embedded within Critical Path Analysis simple. It smoothly showcases the diverse paths pivotal to project completion. The marking of days with the tasks included in flow diagrams makes it attractive yet simple to comprehend. Download now to help your team navigate projects with precision and insight.

Click to download now

Final Thoughts!

Mastering critical analysis is essential for businesses, yet conveying its intricacies involves challenges. Communication, aligned with different stakeholders' needs, is crucial. Pre-designed templates aid in simplifying complexities, fostering understanding, and aligning teams with proposed methodologies. Overcoming these hurdles involves clear strategies, training, and data presentation. These templates, with color-coded charts and creative visuals, simplify complex concepts. They facilitate the analysis of business information, project timelines, and change impacts, fostering precision in decision-making. Implementing these templates cultivates a culture valuing critical thinking and fosters effective communication of analyses within organizations, ensuring informed, streamlined operations.

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CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE

Oct 05, 2014

1.42k likes | 4.16k Views

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE. By : Noor Shareeza Azzura Binti Shahruddin MPU 101513 Cik Ku Rohaya B inti Che Ku Ali MPU 101424 Presented to : Prof. Dr. Baharuddin Bin Aris. 03-Article-037-NorAziah-UiTM version 2[1]. pdf. TITLE. T itle is written in general

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• learningnet system
• concern profiles
• concern profile
• learning management system
• adopting learning management system

Presentation Transcript

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE By : NoorShareezaAzzuraBintiShahruddin MPU 101513 Cik Ku RohayaBintiChe Ku Ali MPU 101424 Presented to : Prof. Dr. Baharuddin Bin Aris

03-Article-037-NorAziah-UiTM version 2[1].pdf

TITLE • Title is written in general • The experimental variables are not clearly stated

A Good Title • Written as specific as possible • Have the experimental variables (independent and dependent variables) • Maybe the writer can change the title to “The use of adopting Learning Management System towards the attitude in teaching and learning”.

ABSTRACT problem statement sample method result

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION • Terms Definition • Research Questions / Problem Statements • Previous Study & Theories • Aim • Objectives / Purposes • Hypothesis

Terms Definition

Research Questions /Problem Statements

Previous Study & Theories

Objectives / Purposes

Hypothesis • There is no hypothesis or any expected findings included in the study

METHODOLOGY

VARIABLES • The main variable incorporated in the study is the lecturer’s concern at the early stage of the diffusion and adoption process • Independent Variable : Learning Management System • Dependent Variable : Stages of concerns in CBAM

Stages of Concerns

SAMPLE • 12 of INSTEAD lecturers who have either used the LMS or attended a training session on the IIUM LearningNet System

DATA GATHERING • 35 items of SoCQ (Stages of Concern Questionnaire) from CBAM (Concern Based Adoption Model) using eight-point Likert scale. • Means of indicating reflects the participants present concerns • Score from the responses are being summarise into 5 items of stages

DATA ANALYSIS • The total for each stage is the raw stage score. • Percentile tables will convert raw stage scores to percentile figures. • From these percentile figures, the researcher plotted stages of concern profiles.

Stages of concern profile : • identify the peak or predominant stages of concern and the relative intensity of other concerns • Represent the user at different stages of concern (such as nonuser or very early user)

Raw Stage Scores

Stage of Concern Profile

High Stage Scores of Participants

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS • According to the researchers, the size and non random selection of sample does not justify the use of any statistical test. • Hence, they reported all findings as a descriptive but sufficient to answer the research questions posed.

FINDINGS • The participants’ concern profiles and predominant stages of concerns • Technology based education concerns

The participants’ concern profiles and predominant stages of concerns • The researcher use the raw scores table to gives displays of the raw scores of all the participants at each stage of concern. • The mean raw stage scores for the entire group of participant determines the composite stages of concern profile for the INSTED group of lecturers.

They derived the Interpretations of the sample profiles from instrument administration guidelines by Hall & Hord (2001) and its Stages of Concern theoretical framework. • The High Stage Scores are also examined for the participants. • These scores are important primary indicators in the interpretation of concerns.

To demonstrate participant’s concern, individual concern profile is also generated. • The participants’ profiles show a strong dip where management is concerned but rather high concern at the awareness level. • This is probably due to the fact that INSTED is at the early stage of introducing the LearningNet System to the faculty members.

Technology based education concerns • A qualitative analysis of the responses given by the participants gives an insight to their most pressing concern. • The researcher quotes the participant response to determine their concern about the LMS.

CONCLUSIONS • The concerns among the participants with regard to the use of the LearningNet system centres on the human issues • Show an open mindedness among the participants when dealing with the new technology • There is a positive attitude and a high likelihood that the LearningNet System will be adopted by the participants.

SUGGESTIONS • It is important to determine the design and content for staff development programs aimed at integrating the LMS online environment into their teaching realms. • It is imperative that potential adopters know what the MiTechLearningNet System is.

It is also pertinent to carry out an analysis of the potential users’ level of computer and technology competency. • An emphasis on innovation, rather than the technology should be adopted

REFERENCES • The researcher included a list of twenty one references. • However, three of the references are comparatively old and this does not get by with the fast advancement of technology and education especially that in most cases newer studies usually report older studies if they are related.

COMPARATIVELY OLD REFERENCES

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Summarizing a Research Article

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How to read a paper, critical review

Reading a scientific article is a complex task. The worst way to approach this task is to treat it like the reading of a textbook—reading from title to literature cited, digesting every word along the way without any reflection or criticism.

A critical review (sometimes called a critique, critical commentary, critical appraisal, critical analysis) is a detailed commentary on and critical evaluation of a text. You might carry out a critical review as a stand-alone exercise, or as part of your research and preparation for writing a literature review. The following guidelines are designed to help you critically evaluate a research article.

How to Read a Scientific Article

You should begin by skimming the article to identify its structure and features. As you read, look for the author’s main points.

• Generate questions before, during, and after reading.
• Draw inferences based on your own experiences and knowledge.
• To really improve understanding and recall, take notes as you read.

What is meant by critical and evaluation?

• To be critical does not mean to criticise in an exclusively negative manner.   To be critical of a text means you question the information and opinions in the text, in an attempt to evaluate or judge its worth overall.
• An evaluation is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a text.   This should relate to specific criteria, in the case of a research article.   You have to understand the purpose of each section, and be aware of the type of information and evidence that are needed to make it convincing, before you can judge its overall value to the research article as a whole.

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• How to read a scientific paper
• How to conduct a critical review

Home Blog Presentation Ideas How to Create and Deliver a Research Presentation

How to Create and Deliver a Research Presentation

Every research endeavor ends up with the communication of its findings. Graduate-level research culminates in a thesis defense , while many academic and scientific disciplines are published in peer-reviewed journals. In a business context, PowerPoint research presentation is the default format for reporting the findings to stakeholders.

Condensing months of work into a few slides can prove to be challenging. It requires particular skills to create and deliver a research presentation that promotes informed decisions and drives long-term projects forward.

Table of Contents

What is a Research Presentation

Key slides for creating a research presentation, tips when delivering a research presentation, how to present sources in a research presentation, recommended templates to create a research presentation.

A research presentation is the communication of research findings, typically delivered to an audience of peers, colleagues, students, or professionals. In the academe, it is meant to showcase the importance of the research paper , state the findings and the analysis of those findings, and seek feedback that could further the research.

The presentation of research becomes even more critical in the business world as the insights derived from it are the basis of strategic decisions of organizations. Information from this type of report can aid companies in maximizing the sales and profit of their business. Major projects such as research and development (R&D) in a new field, the launch of a new product or service, or even corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives will require the presentation of research findings to prove their feasibility.

Market research and technical research are examples of business-type research presentations you will commonly encounter.

In this article, we’ve compiled all the essential tips, including some examples and templates, to get you started with creating and delivering a stellar research presentation tailored specifically for the business context.

Various research suggests that the average attention span of adults during presentations is around 20 minutes, with a notable drop in an engagement at the 10-minute mark . Beyond that, you might see your audience doing other things.

How can you avoid such a mistake? The answer lies in the adage “keep it simple, stupid” or KISS. We don’t mean dumbing down your content but rather presenting it in a way that is easily digestible and accessible to your audience. One way you can do this is by organizing your research presentation using a clear structure.

Here are the slides you should prioritize when creating your research presentation PowerPoint.

1.  Title Page

The title page is the first thing your audience will see during your presentation, so put extra effort into it to make an impression. Of course, writing presentation titles and title pages will vary depending on the type of presentation you are to deliver. In the case of a research presentation, you want a formal and academic-sounding one. It should include:

• The full title of the report
• The date of the report
• The name of the researchers or department in charge of the report
• The name of the organization for which the presentation is intended

When writing the title of your research presentation, it should reflect the topic and objective of the report. Focus only on the subject and avoid adding redundant phrases like “A research on” or “A study on.” However, you may use phrases like “Market Analysis” or “Feasibility Study” because they help identify the purpose of the presentation. Doing so also serves a long-term purpose for the filing and later retrieving of the document.

Here’s a sample title page for a hypothetical market research presentation from Gillette .

2. Executive Summary Slide

The executive summary marks the beginning of the body of the presentation, briefly summarizing the key discussion points of the research. Specifically, the summary may state the following:

• The purpose of the investigation and its significance within the organization’s goals
• The methods used for the investigation
• The major findings of the investigation
• The conclusions and recommendations after the investigation

Although the executive summary encompasses the entry of the research presentation, it should not dive into all the details of the work on which the findings, conclusions, and recommendations were based. Creating the executive summary requires a focus on clarity and brevity, especially when translating it to a PowerPoint document where space is limited.

Each point should be presented in a clear and visually engaging manner to capture the audience’s attention and set the stage for the rest of the presentation. Use visuals, bullet points, and minimal text to convey information efficiently.

3. Introduction/ Project Description Slides

In this section, your goal is to provide your audience with the information that will help them understand the details of the presentation. Provide a detailed description of the project, including its goals, objectives, scope, and methods for gathering and analyzing data.

You want to answer these fundamental questions:

• What specific questions are you trying to answer, problems you aim to solve, or opportunities you seek to explore?
• Why is this project important, and what prompted it?
• What are the boundaries of your research or initiative? 
• How were the data gathered?

Important: The introduction should exclude specific findings, conclusions, and recommendations.

4. Data Presentation and Analyses Slides

This is the longest section of a research presentation, as you’ll present the data you’ve gathered and provide a thorough analysis of that data to draw meaningful conclusions. The format and components of this section can vary widely, tailored to the specific nature of your research.

For example, if you are doing market research, you may include the market potential estimate, competitor analysis, and pricing analysis. These elements will help your organization determine the actual viability of a market opportunity.

Visual aids like charts, graphs, tables, and diagrams are potent tools to convey your key findings effectively. These materials may be numbered and sequenced (Figure 1, Figure 2, and so forth), accompanied by text to make sense of the insights.

5. Conclusions

The conclusion of a research presentation is where you pull together the ideas derived from your data presentation and analyses in light of the purpose of the research. For example, if the objective is to assess the market of a new product, the conclusion should determine the requirements of the market in question and tell whether there is a product-market fit.

Designing your conclusion slide should be straightforward and focused on conveying the key takeaways from your research. Keep the text concise and to the point. Present it in bullet points or numbered lists to make the content easily scannable.

6. Recommendations

The findings of your research might reveal elements that may not align with your initial vision or expectations. These deviations are addressed in the recommendations section of your presentation, which outlines the best course of action based on the result of the research.

What emerging markets should we target next? Do we need to rethink our pricing strategies? Which professionals should we hire for this special project? — these are some of the questions that may arise when coming up with this part of the research.

Recommendations may be combined with the conclusion, but presenting them separately to reinforce their urgency. In the end, the decision-makers in the organization or your clients will make the final call on whether to accept or decline the recommendations.

7. Questions Slide

Members of your audience are not involved in carrying out your research activity, which means there’s a lot they don’t know about its details. By offering an opportunity for questions, you can invite them to bridge that gap, seek clarification, and engage in a dialogue that enhances their understanding.

If your research is more business-oriented, facilitating a question and answer after your presentation becomes imperative as it’s your final appeal to encourage buy-in for your recommendations.

A simple “Ask us anything” slide can indicate that you are ready to accept questions.

1. Focus on the Most Important Findings

The truth about presenting research findings is that your audience doesn’t need to know everything. Instead, they should receive a distilled, clear, and meaningful overview that focuses on the most critical aspects.

You will likely have to squeeze in the oral presentation of your research into a 10 to 20-minute presentation, so you have to make the most out of the time given to you. In the presentation, don’t soak in the less important elements like historical backgrounds. Decision-makers might even ask you to skip these portions and focus on sharing the findings.

2. Do Not Read Word-per-word

Reading word-for-word from your presentation slides intensifies the danger of losing your audience’s interest. Its effect can be detrimental, especially if the purpose of your research presentation is to gain approval from the audience. So, how can you avoid this mistake?

• Make a conscious design decision to keep the text on your slides minimal. Your slides should serve as visual cues to guide your presentation.
• Structure your presentation as a narrative or story. Stories are more engaging and memorable than dry, factual information.
• Prepare speaker notes with the key points of your research. Glance at it when needed.
• Engage with the audience by maintaining eye contact and asking rhetorical questions.

3. Don’t Go Without Handouts

Handouts are paper copies of your presentation slides that you distribute to your audience. They typically contain the summary of your key points, but they may also provide supplementary information supporting data presented through tables and graphs.

The purpose of distributing presentation handouts is to easily retain the key points you presented as they become good references in the future. Distributing handouts in advance allows your audience to review the material and come prepared with questions or points for discussion during the presentation.

4. Actively Listen

An equally important skill that a presenter must possess aside from speaking is the ability to listen. We are not just talking about listening to what the audience is saying but also considering their reactions and nonverbal cues. If you sense disinterest or confusion, you can adapt your approach on the fly to re-engage them.

For example, if some members of your audience are exchanging glances, they may be skeptical of the research findings you are presenting. This is the best time to reassure them of the validity of your data and provide a concise overview of how it came to be. You may also encourage them to seek clarification.

5. Be Confident

Anxiety can strike before a presentation – it’s a common reaction whenever someone has to speak in front of others. If you can’t eliminate your stress, try to manage it.

People hate public speaking not because they simply hate it. Most of the time, it arises from one’s belief in themselves. You don’t have to take our word for it. Take Maslow’s theory that says a threat to one’s self-esteem is a source of distress among an individual.

Now, how can you master this feeling? You’ve spent a lot of time on your research, so there is no question about your topic knowledge. Perhaps you just need to rehearse your research presentation. If you know what you will say and how to say it, you will gain confidence in presenting your work.

All sources you use in creating your research presentation should be given proper credit. The APA Style is the most widely used citation style in formal research.

In-text citation

Add references within the text of your presentation slide by giving the author’s last name, year of publication, and page number (if applicable) in parentheses after direct quotations or paraphrased materials. As in:

The alarming rate at which global temperatures rise directly impacts biodiversity (Smith, 2020, p. 27).

If the author’s name and year of publication are mentioned in the text, add only the page number in parentheses after the quotations or paraphrased materials. As in:

According to Smith (2020), the alarming rate at which global temperatures rise directly impacts biodiversity (p. 27).

Image citation

All images from the web, including photos, graphs, and tables, used in your slides should be credited using the format below.

Creator’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Image.” Website Name, Day Mo. Year, URL. Accessed Day Mo. Year.

Work cited page

A work cited page or reference list should follow after the last slide of your presentation. The list should be alphabetized by the author’s last name and initials followed by the year of publication, the title of the book or article, the place of publication, and the publisher. As in:

Smith, J. A. (2020). Climate Change and Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Study. New York, NY: ABC Publications.

When citing a document from a website, add the source URL after the title of the book or article instead of the place of publication and the publisher. As in:

Smith, J. A. (2020). Climate Change and Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Study. Retrieved from https://www.smith.com/climate-change-and-biodiversity.

1. Research Project Presentation PowerPoint Template

A slide deck containing 18 different slides intended to take off the weight of how to make a research presentation. With tons of visual aids, presenters can reference existing research on similar projects to this one – or link another research presentation example – provide an accurate data analysis, disclose the methodology used, and much more.

Use This Template

2. Research Presentation Scientific Method Diagram PowerPoint Template

Whenever you intend to raise questions, expose the methodology you used for your research, or even suggest a scientific method approach for future analysis, this circular wheel diagram is a perfect fit for any presentation study.

Customize all of its elements to suit the demands of your presentation in just minutes.

3. Thesis Research Presentation PowerPoint Template

If your research presentation project belongs to academia, then this is the slide deck to pair that presentation. With a formal aesthetic and minimalistic style, this research presentation template focuses only on exposing your information as clearly as possible.

Use its included bar charts and graphs to introduce data, change the background of each slide to suit the topic of your presentation, and customize each of its elements to meet the requirements of your project with ease.

4. Animated Research Cards PowerPoint Template

Visualize ideas and their connection points with the help of this research card template for PowerPoint. This slide deck, for example, can help speakers talk about alternative concepts to what they are currently managing and its possible outcomes, among different other usages this versatile PPT template has. Zoom Animation effects make a smooth transition between cards (or ideas).

5. Research Presentation Slide Deck for PowerPoint

With a distinctive professional style, this research presentation PPT template helps business professionals and academics alike to introduce the findings of their work to team members or investors.

By accessing this template, you get the following slides:

• Introduction
• Problem Statement
• Research Questions
• Conceptual Research Framework (Concepts, Theories, Actors, & Constructs)
• Study design and methods
• Population & Sampling
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis

Check it out today and craft a powerful research presentation out of it!

A successful research presentation in business is not just about presenting data; it’s about persuasion to take meaningful action. It’s the bridge that connects your research efforts to the strategic initiatives of your organization. To embark on this journey successfully, planning your presentation thoroughly is paramount, from designing your PowerPoint to the delivery.

Take a look and get inspiration from the sample research presentation slides above, put our tips to heart, and transform your research findings into a compelling call to action.

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• Americans Remain Critical of China

Many see China as increasingly influential and consider limiting its power a top priority

Table of contents.

• Unfavorable views of China prevail
• China’s role in the world
• China’s territorial disputes
• Americans lack confidence in Xi Jinping
• Americans increasingly see China as an enemy
• Limiting China’s power and influence
• China’s economic influence on the U.S.
• Acknowledgments
• The American Trends Panel survey methodology

Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand Americans’ opinions of China, its role in the world and its impact on the U.S. economy. For this analysis, we surveyed 3,600 U.S. adults from April 1 to April 7, 2024. Everyone who took part in this survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for this analysis, along with responses, and its methodology .

For the fifth year in a row, about eight-in-ten Americans report an unfavorable view of China, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. Today, 81% of U.S. adults see the country unfavorably, including 43% who hold a very unfavorable opinion. Chinese President Xi Jinping receives similarly negative ratings.

Still, many Americans agree that China’s influence in the world has been getting stronger in recent years (71%). This sense is accompanied by concern about how China interacts with other nations: 61% of Americans are at least somewhat concerned about China’s territorial disputes with neighboring countries. (For more U.S. views of China’s role in the world, go to Chapter 1 .)

When it comes to China’s relationship with the United States, few see China as a partner (6%) and most Americans instead label it a competitor (50%) or an enemy (42%) of the U.S. They are likewise critical of China’s impact on the U.S. economy, describing its influence as large and negative. Roughly half of Americans think limiting China’s power and influence should be a top U.S. foreign policy priority, and another 42% think this should be given some priority. (For more assessments of China’s relationship with the U.S., go to Chapter 2 .)

According to the Center survey, which was conducted April 1-7, 2024, among 3,600 U.S. adults, Republicans are more wary of China than Democrats are.

Republicans and Republican-leaning independents are about twice as likely as Democrats and Democratic leaners to hold a very unfavorable view of China and to consider China an enemy of the U.S. They are also more likely to say that China has recently become more influential.

Republicans also have wider ideological differences within their party, and conservative Republicans stand out on many measures :

• Conservative Republicans are 25 percentage points more likely than moderate and liberal Republicans to express a very unfavorable view of China (68% vs. 43%). There is no difference between liberal Democrats and moderate and conservative Democrats on this question.
• Conservative Republicans are also 31 points more likely than moderate and liberal Republicans to see China as an enemy of the U.S. No ideological difference is present among Democrats.
• While 83% of conservative Republicans say China’s influence in the world has been getting stronger in recent years, 68% of moderate and liberal Republicans say the same. The latter is similar to the shares of moderate and conservative Democrats (67%) and liberal Democrats (69%) who hold this view.

Older Americans are generally more critical of China. A 61% majority of adults ages 65 and older have a very unfavorable view of China, compared with 27% of adults under 30. Adults ages 65 and older are also more than twice as likely as those ages 18 to 29 to see China as an enemy of the U.S. For their part, younger adults are more likely than older ones to label China as a competitor and as a partner.

Older Americans also perceive more growth in China’s international influence. Roughly three-quarters of adults ages 65 and older say China’s influence has been getting stronger in recent years, while about two-thirds of adults under 30 say the same.

Americans with a sour view of the U.S. economy have more critical opinions of China. Those who say the current U.S. economic situation is bad are more likely to hold an unfavorable opinion of China and to say China has a great deal or fair amount of negative influence on the U.S. economy. They are also more likely to see China as an enemy when compared with those who see the economy positively.

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Carbon removals: How to scale a new gigaton industry

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has made it clear that CO 2 removal (CDR) is a critical tool for achieving net zero by 2050 1 “Summary for policymakers,” in Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change , IPCC, 2022. because they could enable businesses to neutralize residual carbon emissions once all emission reductions efforts have been exhausted. Thus, by 2050, CDR competency could be a core part of management responsibilities across all sectors.

This report provides an analysis of the market potential for CDR, the investment requirements, and market trends. It also identifies which actions are the most likely to lower barriers to scaling CDR and delineates potential advantages for first movers in different stakeholder groups.

CDR’s role in reaching net zero

About the authors.

This report is a collaborative effort by Peter Mannion , Emma Parry , Mark Patel , Erik Ringvold, and Jonathan Scott, representing views from McKinsey Sustainability and McKinsey’s Global Energy and Materials Practices.

Reducing emissions remains the primary, most effective, and preferred response to climate change. But decarbonization alone could prove insufficient to reduce the residual “hard to abate” emissions that may persist in the medium term. Once decarbonization options have been expended, CDR could play a vital role in neutralizing residual emissions; therefore, most scenarios aligned with the Paris Agreement project substantial CDR capacities. Estimates from the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment’s The state of carbon dioxide removal report, for example, show that six to ten gigatons of CO 2 in annual CDR capacity would likely be needed by 2050 for most Paris-aligned net-zero pathways. 2 Climatic need estimates drawn from Stephen M. Smith et al., The state of carbon dioxide removal , 2023. This capacity could not be delivered quickly, however, so efforts would need to begin as soon as possible to ensure 2050 scenarios are achievable. 3 For more, see Oliver Geden et al., “Near-term deployment of novel carbon removal to facilitate longer-term deployment,” Joule , November 15, 2023. Some estimates require an additional 0.8 to 2.9 metric gigatons of CO 2 per year of removals capacity by 2030—three to ten times more than the volumes currently estimated to be onstream by that date. 4 Estimated volumes reflect direct air capture and storage (DACS) and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) announced projects from public announcements. DACS includes an assumption of 30 metric megatons of CO2 (MtCO2) annual capacity phased in by 2030 from 1PointFive’s 75 Mt target, while BECCS includes all projects announced as net negative. Projected removals capacities from other CDR solutions were modeled using McKinsey’s Global Carbon Credits Model under a business-as-usual scenario. Biotic feedback loops could also further accelerate the most severe effects of climate change, consequently increasing the speed at which CDR would need to be scaled.

Given CDR’s potential importance to achieving net-zero commitments, removals could become a routine consideration for businesses across sectors. For companies to claim they have reached net zero under the Science Based Targets initiative’s (SBTi’s) Corporate Net-Zero Standard, for example, after they have exhausted decarbonization actions, they must neutralize any residual emissions. 5 SBTi Corporate Net-Zero Standard , SBTi, April 2023. CDR can be especially pertinent for sectors with “hard-to-abate” emissions—those emissions that are technologically or economically prohibitive to reduce.

Closing the removals gap to achieve net zero would require a range of CDR solutions comprising both nature-based removals (NBR) and technology-based removals (TBR). NBR removes carbon by restoring, enhancing, or actively managing ecosystems. Because they tend to cost less per metric ton of CO 2 removed than emergent TBR, NBR could offer a more cost-effective path to increasing near-term CDR capacity. NBR could also play a role in removals over the long term, to ensure flexibility and balance in removals capacity. However, TBR generally delivers more “durable” removals by storing CO 2 permanently with minimal risk of rerelease into the atmosphere. 6 Kaya Axelsson et al., “The meaning of net zero and how to get it right,” Nature Climate Change , 2022, Volume 15. And durable solutions are generally preferable to ensure removals efforts remain effective in the long term, so increasing volumes of such solutions would be needed. Accelerating the scale-up of durable TBR would require near-term investment and innovation to reduce their relatively higher cost.

Understanding ten CDR solutions

To further explore the range of methods to capture and store CO 2 , jump to individual CDR solutions for both nature-based and technology-based removals below (Exhibit 1).

1. Wetland and peatland restoration

Restoring terrestrial wetlands and peatlands to absorb and store more CO 2

Permanence, years <100

Cost 2023, $ per ton CO 2 15–40

Potential benefits Increase biodiversity; improve water quality; reduce flood risks; eco-tourism

Potential challenges Release of some greenhouse gases via restoration; uncertain permanence level; long-term monitoring and management

2. Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry

Improving cropland- and grassland-management practices to enhance CO 2 uptake from soils, and agroforestry to remove CO 2 from the atmosphere

Cost 2023, $ per ton CO 2 10–30

Potential benefits Increase biodiversity; enhance soil fertility and water retention; agricultural productivity

Potential challenges Quantifying and monitoring carbon sequestration

3. Reforestation and afforestation

Tree planting in deforested or never-forested land to remove atmospheric CO 2

Permanence, years <1,000

Cost 2023, $ per ton CO 2 10–40

Potential benefits Increase biodiversity and ecosystem resilience; eco-tourism

Potential challenges Increased demand for land; release of sequestered CO 2 1 The release of carbon back into the atmosphere (also known as reversal) can be caused by factors affecting tree growth, including pests and diseases, and weather events. ; risks of monoculture tree planting 2 Compared with natural forests, monoculture tree planting can increase the vulnerability of forests to, for example, pests and diseases and natural disasters.

4. Blue carbon management

Enhancing carbon uptake and storage of CO 2 in ocean and coastal ecosystems (eg, restoring mangroves, seagrasses, and tidal marshes; cultivating micro- and macroalgae)

Cost 2023, $ per ton CO 2 25–250

Potential benefits Improve marine ecosystems; enhance coastal resilience

Potential challenges Monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) for coastal and ocean ecosystems; regulatory uncertainty in international waters

5. Biochar and bio-oil

Produced from biomass, biochar is spread to improve soil quality, and bio-oil is injected underground

Cost 2023, $ per ton CO 2 90–220

Potential benefits Enhanced soil fertility and water retention; uses for biomass residues from agricultural processes

Potential challenges Increased demand for biomass feedstock and land; uncertain degree of soil permanence

6. Ocean alkalinity enhancement

Adding alkaline substances to the ocean enhances its ability to absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere, accelerating the natural process

Permanence, years >1,000

Cost 2023, $ per ton CO 2 Uncertain

Potential benefits Counter ocean acidification

Potential challenges Effects on marine ecosystems from alkaline; MRV for ocean ecosystems; regulatory uncertainty in international waters

7. Enhanced weathering

Rocks and minerals are broken down to increase surface area, speeding up processes that enable them to store carbon from the atmosphere

Cost 2023, $ per ton CO 2 120–800

Potential benefits Improve agricultural productivity

Potential challenges Environmental and social effects; effects of trace metals in local ecosystem

8. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage

Sustainably sourced biomass to produce biofuels, electricity, heat, pulp; CO₂ emissions from these processes are captured and stored

Cost 2023, $ per ton CO 2 60–270

Potential benefits Additional revenue streams from generating coproducts (eg, electricity); retrofit to power plants

Potential challenges Increased demand for biomass feedstock and land

9. Direct ocean capture

Acid derived from ocean electrodialysis is used to chemically extract CO 2 from surface water; CO 2   then placed in long-term storage

Potential benefits Counter ocean acidification; use in coproducts (eg, sustainable aviation fuels)

Potential challenges Low technological readiness level at scale; MRV for open ocean ecosystems; high energy usage

10. Direct air capture and storage

Air passes through solid or liquid chemical filter that binds to CO 2 , removing it from the air; concentrated CO 2 from filter is stored in underground geological formations

Cost 2023, $ per ton CO 2 500–1,000

Potential benefits Use in coproducts (eg, sustainable aviation fuels); deploy across diverse geographies

Potential challenges High water and energy usage

The CDR market: Trillion-dollar potential

A CDR industry capable of delivering gigaton-scale removals at net-zero levels could be worth up to $1.2 trillion by 2050. This industry would require input and support from a range of players—including investors, suppliers, buyers, traders, and other intermediaries—with substantial potential value pools estimated for each (Exhibit 2). These are long-term business opportunities that would require early action to build removal volumes to scale by 2050.

This report recognizes a strong degree of uncertainty in the future of the CO 2 removal (CDR) industry in terms of the volume of removals needed to address climatic needs, the mix of solutions that could be used to deliver these volumes, and the range of returns players across the value chain will be expected to deliver. Here we present the range of possible scenarios, with market sizes ranging from $300 billion to $1.2 trillion.

The data opposite, for example, shows the results of a scenario that requires lower rollout of CDR (due to faster decarbonization efforts, for example), with a higher share of nature-based removals (NBR) in the overall mix of removal solutions. Such a scenario could deliver a CDR industry of around $300 billion, with heavier weighting toward NBR. Note that NBR revenue shares remain comparatively lower than technology-based removals (TBR) because of the lower prices of NBR credits compared with TBR.

In comparison, a scenario that requires higher rollout of CO 2 removal (CDR), combined with a higher use of technology-based removals (TBR) in the mix of removals, would create a significantly more expensive CDR industry worth up to $1.2 trillion. Because of higher-priced TBR options, market revenues would also be significantly more skewed toward TBR solutions in this scenario.

Investment would be needed to support innovation to drive down costs and to support project development. Analysis in this report estimates the cumulative investment in CDR required to deliver net zero in 2050 at $6 trillion to $16 trillion (Exhibit 3). The investment need would depend on the volume of removals needed as well as the range of available CDR solutions. Estimates based on the current trajectory for investment, however, suggest investment could fall considerably short of these levels. In fact, the gap between estimated investment and what is estimated to be needed by 2030 to put CDR on track to meet 2050 targets is between $400 billion and $1.6 trillion.

Market trends: Reducing costs through CDR innovation

The CDR market is currently trading at high prices and small volumes, particularly for emerging TBR. High prices for more durable CDR solutions are likely driven by small capacities and high costs of production. Innovation is key to fostering the higher volumes and lower prices needed to deliver CDR at scale. With continued demand, investment, and innovation, TBR costs are estimated to decline by at least 30 percent and up to 60 percent through 2035 and continue to drop through 2050, albeit more slowly as the industry scales (Exhibit 4). Costs for solutions that currently carry higher costs are estimated to decline fastest, though this scenario relies on the assumption that the required levels of investment and innovation can be achieved. NBR costs, on the other hand, may rise over time as land resources become constrained. NBR costs could rise by 20 to 60 percent through 2035, and 15 to 40 percent between 2035 and 2050. 7 Cost estimates derived from McKinsey TRAILS and Nature Analytics models for nature-based removals, and technology-specific cost models developed through literature review and McKinsey expert insights.

Lowering barriers to scaling CDR

Scaling CDR to deliver net-zero removal volumes is a challenging endeavor, fraught with complexity and nuance. Indeed, the risks and challenges facing the industry have been documented at length, 8 Several sources have documented CDR market risks and challenges, including Pathways to commercial liftoff: Carbon management , US Department of Energy, April 2023; Freya Chay et al., Barriers to scaling the long-duration carbon dioxide removal industry , CarbonPlan, July 2022; The case for negative emissions , Coalition for Negative Emissions, June 2021; “Barriers to negative-emissions technologies,” One Earth , August 21, 2020, Volume 3, Number 2; Danny Cullenward et al., “Addressing critical challenges in carbon dioxide removal,” ClimateWorks Foundation, December 10, 2020. and they include a need for stronger buyer incentives; improved transparency of standards, practices, and services; clear public-sector signals; innovation to unlock lower-cost solutions; and, of course, increased removals capacity. This report explores actions stakeholders across the CDR value chain could take to fulfill these needs.

Existing and developing policy measures and public funding have the potential to accelerate investment, along with enhanced project-level economics that reduce costs and improve future revenue streams. Governments, philanthropists, and nongovernmental organizations could work with the private sector to spur innovation—for example by addressing how CDR is incorporated into environmental, social, and governance (ESG) and carbon-accounting frameworks as well as how CDR could be integrated into cap-and-trade or carbon tax systems. Governments and philanthropists could also consider directly funding early-stage technology development or designing innovative financing arrangements that may help catalyze further private investment.

Early-mover advantages in the CDR industry

Although the challenges for scaling investment and innovation are not inconsiderable, tangible, long-term benefits are potentially available to those who engage in critical near-term efforts to scale the CDR industry. Indeed, the analysis in this report indicates that there may be strategic and competitive advantages available to early movers prepared to address these challenges together with other stakeholders.

Investors that engage early could gain valuable experience in spotting new opportunities and assessing their potential ahead of investors who wait for the market to grow before they engage. And CDR projects can have long lead times to start delivering removals—some TBR can take up to six to eight years to begin removing their first volumes of CO 2 . 9 Angus Gillespie and Alex Townsend, “Scaling up the CCS market to deliver net-zero emissions,” Global CCS Institute, April 2020. Early alliances and support for growth enterprises could help investors reserve the right to play as the industry matures and scales. Early investors could also fortify their reputations as climate leaders by being at the forefront of creating an essential net-zero industry, potentially realizing $20 billion to $80 billion in CDR market revenues by 2050, according to the value pools analysis in this report.

Suppliers (CDR project developers that generate carbon credits based on capture and storage activities) could earn 73 to 82 percent of estimated CDR market revenues—$250 billion to $900 billion—by 2050. Because they carry out physical removal activities (such as carbon capture, transport, and storage) while other market players enable their efforts, suppliers could capture the largest share of industry revenues. When demand scales—for example, if CDR is recognized in carbon trading systems—suppliers will need to be able to respond rapidly to meet it. Because of what could be largely unrivaled access to technology, talent, and capital resources, established suppliers could have a significant advantage in expanding programs quickly and successfully. Early movers could be positioned to develop approaches to move down the learning curve sooner than those who engage later, thereby reducing early movers’ costs.

Early buyers that sign future offtake agreements with suppliers could gain confidence that they will have a reliable future removals supply, even in the event of increased demand. If companies were required to purchase CDR to offset emissions—for example, following changes to regulations or guidelines on carbon offsets—then demand for CDR credits could rise sharply. Companies that made public net-zero commitments may require access to CDR urgently as they approach their stated deadlines. Early buyers may be more likely to secure a supply of reliable, high-quality CDR credits that could prove essential for hard-to-abate sectors to neutralize residual emissions and meet net-zero targets. In addition, a well-considered ESG strategy underpinned by CDR could support business aims such as talent recruitment and green premiums.

Marketplaces and intermediaries

As seen in other markets, as volumes grow for CDR, trading for removal volumes could coalesce around a small number of major marketplaces in a “winner takes all” dynamic. This dynamic would result from reduced intermediation costs and increased liquidity of the industry operating through a small number of marketplaces. Market intermediaries could earn 9 to 14 percent of estimated CDR market revenues—$40 billion to $140 billion—by 2050, according to the value pools analysis in this report. Marketplaces could aim to attract new and future buyers by moving early to establish a solid reputation for technical expertise, quality assurance, pricing knowledge, and the ability to diversify. Meanwhile, early-moving standards setters that develop high-integrity methodologies for the major CDR technologies could inform the core standard around which the voluntary carbon market for removals operates.

Governments

Governments that move early to support the CDR industry could shore up their domestic removal capacity to align their nationally determined contribution commitments with the Paris Agreement, satisfy other green commitments, and secure national supplies. CDR could be a global opportunity. A variety of CDR solutions means countries could utilize those solutions best suited to their particular geographies: for example, countries with access to low-cost renewable energy could enjoy cost advantages using energy-intensive CDR such as direct air capture. Likewise, countries with significant land-based natural assets could potentially benefit from expanded NBR; and coastal and island states could find emerging blue-carbon solutions afford them advantages. In addition, supporting CDR could provide governments with opportunities to promote skill development and job creation, thereby helping to facilitate a just transition to renewable energy sources.

Based on our analysis, CDR capabilities may become a core strategic concern for governments, investors, and businesses alike. This report offers analysis of the market potential for CDR, potential actions to scale CDR rapidly, and opportunities for near- and long-term advantages for early-moving CDR stakeholders. By reflecting on the analysis and data presented here, business leaders can gain a foundational understanding of CDR and how it may factor into their organizations’ net-zero strategies and overall goals. Bold actions taken today can scale CDR capacity to meet global net-zero requirements.

Peter Mannion  is a partner in McKinsey’s Dublin office;  Emma Parry  is a partner in the London office, where Jonathan Scott is a knowledge expert; Mark Patel  is a senior partner in the Bay Area office; and  Erik Ringvold is an associate partner in the Zurich office.

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