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Download Computer Memory PPT | PDF | Presentation

Download Computer Memory PPT | PDF | Presentation: Memory is an internal storage area in a computer, which is availed to store data and programs either permanently or temporarily.  Computer memory is broadly divided into two groups and they are:

• Primary memory and
• Secondary memory

The diagrammatic representation of the classification of computer memory is shown below:

Fig1: Classification of the Computer Memory

When the main memory holds instructions and data when a program is executing, the auxiliary memory or secondary memory holds data and programs which are not currently in use and furnishes long term storage.

The primary memory and secondary memory are further classified into distinct groups and those are explained in the below diagram:

Fig2: Classification of Primary Memory and Secondary Memory

Primary memory:

Primary memory is the only type of memory which is directly accessed by the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored in the primary memory and executes them. Any data that has to be operated by the CPU is also stored. The information is transferred to various locations through the BUS. Primary memories are of two types. They are:

• RAM: It stands for Random Access Memory. Here data can be stored temporarily, so this type of memory is called as temporary memory or volatile memory because when power fails the data from RAM will be erased. The information stored in the RAM is basically loaded from the computer’s disk and includes information related to the operating system and applications that are currently executed by the processor. RAM is considered random access because any memory cell can be directly accessed if its address is known. RAM is of distinct types like SRAM, DRAM, and VRAM.
• ROM: It stands for Read Only Memory. In this, the data will be furnished by the manufacturers regarding the system, so this information can simply be read by the user but cannot add new data or it cannot be modified. ROMs are of distinct types:
• PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory
• EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
• EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

Secondary memory:

Secondary memory or auxiliary memory consists of slower and less expensive device that communicates indirectly with CPU via main memory. The secondary memory stores the data and keeps it even when the power fails. It is used to store or save large data or programs or other information. The secondary storage devices are explained below:

• Magnetic disks
• Magnetic tape
• Optical disk
• USB flash drive
• Mass storage devices

1.Magnetic disks: Magnetic disks are made of rigid metals or synthetic plastic material. The disk platter is coated on both the surfaces with magnetic material and both the surfaces can be used for storage. The magnetic disk furnishes direct access and is for both small and large computer systems. The magnetic disk comes in two forms:

• Floppy disks

2. Magnetic tape: magnetic tape is serial access storage medium and it can store a large volume of data at low costs. The conventional magnetic tape is in reels of up to 3600 feet made of Mylar plastic tape. The tape is one-half inch in width and is coated with magnetic material on one side. The reel of tape is loaded on a magnetic tape drive unit. During any read/write operation, the tape is moved from one spool to another in the same way as in the audiocassette tape recorder. The magnetic tape is densely packed with magnetic spots in frames across its width.

3. Optical drives: optical drives are a storage medium from which data is read and to which it is written by lasers. Optical disks can store much more data up to 6GB. Optical store devices are the most widely used and reliable storage devices. The most widely used type of optical storage devices are explained below:

• CD – RECORDABLE
• CD – REWRITABLE

4. USB flash drives: USB flash drives are removable, rewritable and are physically much smaller drives, which have the weight of less than 30g. In the year of 2010, the storage capacity of the USB flash drives was as large as 256GB. Such devices are a good substitute for floppy disks and CD – ROMs as they are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are more durable and reliable. Until 2005, most desktop and laptop computers had floppy disk drives, but nowadays floppy disk drives have been abandoned in favor of USB ports. The USB connector is often protected inside a removable cap, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. USB flash drives draw power from the computer through external USB connection. The most widely used USB flash drives are the memory cards.

5. Mass storage devices: Mass storage devices refer to the saving of huge data in a persistent manner. Mass storage machines can store up to several trillion bytes of data and hence are used to store or save large databases, such as the information of customers of a big retail chain and library transactions of students in a college. Some of the commonly used mass storage devices are explained below:

• Automated tape
• CD – ROM jukebox

Content of the PPT and PDF Report for Computer Memory

• Memory Hierarchy
• Memory Chip Organization
• Flash Memory

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Computer memory.

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Characteristics of Computer Memory - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Characteristics of Computer Memory

Characteristics of computer memory. location. capacity. unit ... it is possible to build a computer which uses only static ram (large capacity of fast memory) ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Unit of transfer
• Access method
• Performance
• Physical type
• Physical characteristics
• Organization
• Internal to processor
• External to processor (peripheral device)
• The natural unit of organisation
• Number of words
• Usually governed by data bus width
• Usually a block which is much larger than a word
• Addressable unit
• Smallest location which can be uniquely addressed
• Word internally
• Cluster on disks
• Start at the beginning and read through in order
• Access time depends on location of data and previous location
• Individual blocks have unique address
• Access is by jumping to vicinity plus sequential search
• Access time depends on location and previous location
• Individual addresses identify locations exactly
• Associative
• Data is located by a comparison with contents of a portion of the store
• Access time is independent of location or previous access
• Access time
• Time between presenting the address and getting the valid data
• Memory Cycle time
• Time may be required for the memory to recover before next access
• Cycle time is access recovery (maybe rewrite)
• Transfer Rate
• Rate at which data can be moved
• Semiconductor
• CD DVD Magneto-optical (MO)
• Power consumption
• Access / Transfer Rate
• How expensive?
• Main memory
• It is possible to build a computer which uses only static RAM (large capacity of fast memory)
• This would be a very fast computer
• This would be very costly
• During the course of the execution of a program, memory references tend to cluster
• e.g. programs -loops, nesting,
• data strings, lists, arrays,
• Small amount of fast memory
• Sits between normal main memory and CPU
• May be located on CPU chip or in system
• Objective is to make slower memory system look like fast memory.
• CPU requests contents of memory location
• Check cache for this data
• If present, get from cache (fast)
• If not present, read required block from main memory to cache
• Then deliver from cache to CPU
• Cache includes tags to identify which block of main memory is in each cache slot
• Mapping Function
• Write Policy - Replacement Algorithm
• More cache is expensive
• More cache is faster (up to a point)
• Checking cache for data takes time
• Each block of main memory maps to only one cache line
• i.e. if a block is in cache, it must be in one specific place
• Address is in two parts
• Least Significant w bits identify unique word
• Most Significant s bits specify one memory block
• The MSBs are split into a cache line field r and a tag of s-r (most significant)
• 16MBytes main memory
• i.e. memory address is 24 bits
• -(22416M) bytes of memory
• Cache of 64k bytes
• i.e. cache is 16k
• - (214) lines of 4 bytes each
• Cache block of 4 bytes
• i.e. block is 4 bytes
• - (22) bytes of data per block
• 24 bit address
• 2 bit word identifier (4 byte block)
• 22 bit block identifier
• 8 bit tag (22-14)
• 14 bit slot or line
• No two blocks in the same line have the same Tag field
• Check contents of cache by finding line and checking Tag
• Inexpensive
• Fixed location for given block
• If a program accesses 2 blocks that map to
• the same line repeatedly, cache misses are

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COMPUTER memory

Jan 05, 2020

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COMPUTER memory. short term and long term speed, capacity, compression formats, access. Short-term Memory - RAM. Random access memory (RAM) on silicon chips 100 nano-second access time usually volatile (lose information if power turned off) data transferred at around 100 Mbytes/sec

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• access time
• storage formats media
• short term memory ram

Presentation Transcript

COMPUTER memory short term and long term speed, capacity, compression formats, access

Short-term Memory - RAM • Random access memory (RAM) • on silicon chips • 100 nano-second access time • usually volatile (lose information if power turned off) • data transferred at around 100 Mbytes/sec • Some non-volatile RAM used to store basic set-up information • Typical desktop computers: 64 to 256 Mbytes RAM

Long-term Memory - disks • magnetic disks • floppy disks store around 1.4 Mbytes • hard disks typically 40 Gbytes to 100s of Gbytesaccess time ~10ms, transfer rate 100kbytes/s • optical disks • use lasers to read and sometimes write • more robust that magnetic media • CD-ROM - same technology as home audio, ~ 600 Gbytes • DVD - for AV applications, or very large files

Speed and capacity • what do the numbers mean? • some sizes (all uncompressed) … • this book, text only ~ 320,000 words, 2Mb • the Bible ~ 4.5 Mbytes • scanned page ~ 128 Mbytes • (11x8 inches, 1200 dpi, 8bit greyscale) • digital photo ~ 10 Mbytes • (2–4 mega pixels, 24 bit colour) • video ~ 10 Mbytes per second • (512x512, 12 bit colour, 25 frames per sec)

Compression • reduce amount of storage required • lossless • recover exact text or image – e.g. GIF, ZIP • look for commonalities: • text: AAAAAAAAAABBBBBCCCCCCCC 10A5B8C • video: compare successive frames and store change • lossy • recover something like original – e.g. JPEG, MP3 • exploit perception • JPEG: lose rapid changes and some colour • MP3: reduce accuracy of drowned out notes

Storage formats - text • ASCII - 7-bit binary code for to each letter and character • UTF-8 - 8-bit encoding of 16 bit character set • RTF (rich text format) - text plus formatting and layout information • SGML (standardized generalised markup language) - documents regarded as structured objects • XML (extended markup language) - simpler version of SGML for web applications

Storage formats - media • Images: • many storage formats : (PostScript, GIFF, JPEG, TIFF, PICT, etc.) • plus different compression techniques (to reduce their storage requirements) • Audio/Video • again lots of formats : (QuickTime, MPEG, WAV, etc.) • compression even more important • also ‘streaming’ formats for network delivery

processing and networks Moore’s law limits of interaction networked computing

Moore’s law • computers get faster and faster! • 1965 … • Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, noticed a pattern • processor speed doubles every 18 months • PC … 1987: 1.5 Mhz, 2002: 1.5 GHz • similar pattern for memory • but doubles every 12 months!! • hard disk … 1991: 20Mbyte : 2002: 30 Gbyte • baby born today • record all sound and vision • by 70 all life’s memories stored in a grain of dust!

The myth of the infinitely fast machine • implicit assumption … no delays an infinitely fast machine • what is good design for real machines? • good example … the telephone : • type keys too fast • hear tones as numbers sent down the line • actually an accident of implementation • emulate in design

In design Focus: physical controlswhat is good design for real machines? • specialist controls needed … • industrial controls, consumer products, etc. easy-clean smooth buttons multi-functioncontrol large buttons clear dials tiny buttons

Networked computing • Networks allow access to … • large memory and processing • other people (groupware, email) • shared resources – esp. the web • Issues • network delays – slow feedback • conflicts - many people update data • unpredictability

The internet • history … • 1969: DARPANET US DoD, 4 sites • 1971: 23; 1984: 1000; 1989: 10000 • common language (protocols): • TCP – Transmission Control protocol • lower level, packets (like letters) between machines • IP – Internet Protocol • reliable channel (like phone call) between programs on machines • email, HTTP, all build on top of these

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753 views • 11 slides

Computer Structure Virtual Memory

Computer Structure Virtual Memory. Lihu Rappoport and Adi Yoaz. Virtual Memory. Provide each process its own memory space Many processes can run on a single machine Prevents a process from accessing the memory of other processes Provides the illusion of a large memory

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Presentation 24 – Computer Memory

Presentation 24 – Computer Memory. Objectives. At the end of this presentation, you will be able to:. Compare and contrast the following types of memory: RAM, SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, VRAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Explain the difference between volatile and non-volatile memory.

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Computer Architecture Memory Hierarchy & Virtual Memory

Computer Architecture Memory Hierarchy & Virtual Memory. Some diagrams from Computer Organization and Architecture 5 th edition by William Stallings. Memory Hierarchy. CPU Registers 3-10 acc/cycl 32-64 words. Words. On-Chip Cache 1-2 access/cycle 5-10 ns 1KB-2MB. Lines.

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Main Memory of Computer

Main Memory of Computer. Learning Objectives. To realize: 1.The needs of computer memory 2.Memory sizes of computer 3.Types of memory 4.Main memory. Introduction to computer memory. Comparison between human and computer memory. Role Play:

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COMPUTER MEMORY

COMPUTER MEMORY. COMPUTER MEMORY. Temporary Versus Permanent Concepts of Memory Types of Memory Chips Units of Storage Concepts of Binary Number System. Temporary Versus Permanent Storage. Temporary versus Permanent. MEMORY CONCEPT OF VOLATILITY. VOLATILE

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Lecture 4: Computer Memory

Lecture 4: Computer Memory. Memory basics: an RS Latch. The circuit below can remember! R and S are the inputs. In use, we never allow 1’s on both R and S (think of the inputs being controlled a switch).

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Computer Architecture Cache Memory. Lihu Rappoport and Adi Yoaz. 1000. CPU. 100. Performance. 10. DRAM. 1. 1980. 1981. 1982. 1983. 1984. 1985. 1986. 1987. 1988. 1989. 1990. 1991. 1992. 1993. 1994. 1995. 1996. 1997. 1998. 1999. 2000. Time. Processor – Memory Gap.

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Characteristics of Computer Memory

Characteristics of Computer Memory. Location Capacity Unit of transfer Access method Performance Physical type Physical characteristics Organization. Location. In CPU Internal to processor External to processor (peripheral device). Capacity. Word size

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Computer Memory

Computer Memory. Objectives. What is RAM & ROM? What are their features? What are their differences? What do the terms volatile/non-volatile mean? What is rom used for? What is RAM Used for? How can RAM affect performance?. Objectives. i) Describe the difference between RAM and ROM

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Computer memory storage

Can you picture a life devoid of storage devices? A life without hard disks, SD cards and Pen Drives seems like an impossible task. We would certainly experience a feeling of nothingness when bereft of data storage devices as they work as a replacement for human brain that helps us save sweet and bitter memories for the times to gone by. Since we all are a part of digital age, we are compelled to use storage devices that saves important soft copies of documents. http://www.infibeam.com/computer-memory-storage

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COMPUTER MEMORY DESIGN

As mentioned above, a typical memory hierarchy starts with a small, expensive, and relatively fast unit, called the cache, followed by a larger, less expensive, and relatively slow main memory unit. Cache and main memory are built using solid-state semiconductor material (typically CMOS transistors). It is customary to call the fast memory level the primary memory. The solid-state memory is followed by larger, less expensive, and far slower magnetic memories that consist typically of the (hard) disk and the tape. It is customary to call the disk the secondary memory, while the tape is conventionally called the tertiary memory. The objective behind designing a memory hierarchy is to have a memory system that performs as if it consists entirely of the fastest unit and whose cost is dominated by the cost of the slowest unit. www.thesisscientist.com

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integer. 21. oneGrade. Computer Memory. We can declare, assign and manipulate individual variables with ease…. integer. integer. 12. integer. integer. 23. 21. 21. twoGrade. oneGrade. ThreeGrade. fourGrade. Computer Memory.

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Characteristics of Computer Memory. Location Capacity Unit of transfer Access method Performance Physical type Physical characteristics Organization. Location. CPU Internal to processor External to processor (peripheral device). Capacity. Word size The natural unit of organisation

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Computer Architecture Cache Memory. By Dan Tsafrir, 14/3/2011, 21/3/2011, 28/3/2011 Presentation based on slides by David Patterson, Avi Mendelson, Lihu Rappoport, and Adi Yoaz. In the olden days…. The predecessor of ENIAC (the first general-purpose electronic computer)

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Computer Architecture Cache Memory. By Dan Tsafrir 26/3/2012, 2/4/2012 Presentation based on slides by David Patterson, Avi Mendelson, Lihu Rappoport, and Adi Yoaz. In the olden days…. The predecessor of ENIAC (the first general-purpose electronic computer)

916 views • 74 slides