case study class 12 business studies chapter 4

Case Studies - Planning | Business Studies (BST) Class 12 - Commerce PDF Download

Q.1. Laxmi Chemicals Ltd., a soap manufacturing company wanted to increase its market share from 30% to 55% in the long run.  A recent report submitted by the Research & Development Department of the company had predicted a growing trend of herbal and organic products.  On the basis of this report the company decided to diversify into new variety of soaps with natural ingredients having benefits and fragrances of Jasmine, Rose, Lavendear, Mogra, Lemon Grass, Greed Apple, Strawberry etc.  The Unique Selling Proposition (USP) was to promote eco-friendly living the contemporary life style.  The company decided to allocate Rs. 30 crores to achieve the objective.  Identify the type of one of the functions of management mentioned above which will help the company to acquire dominant position in the market .         (1 mark)  Ans.  Strategy

Q.2. Suhasini a home science graduate from a reputed college has recently done a cookery course. She wished to start her own venture with a goal to provide ‘health food’ at reasonable price.  She discussed her idea with her teacher (|mentor) who encouraged her.  After analyzing various options for starting her business venture, they shortlisted the option to sell ready made and ‘ready to make’ vegetable shakes and sattu milk shakes.  Then they both weighed the pros and coris of both the shortlisted optins.

• Name the function of management being discussed above and give any one of its characteristics.
• Also briefly discuss any three limitations the function discussed in the case.   (5 marks)

Ans.  Planning.

Characteristic of planning

Planning focuses on achieving objectives

Limitation of planning

• Planning leads to rigidity:
• Planning reduces creativity:
• Planning is a time-consuming process:

  Q.3. A company is manufacturing garments.  The manager wants to increase profits by purchasing new high speed machines or increasing the sale price or using waste material in manufacturing stuffed toys.  He decided that ‘using waste material’ to increase the profit is the best solution for him.

• Identify the concept of management involved.
• Mention the steps involved in the above process by quoting the line from the question.
• To complete the process of the concept identified in (a), what two next steps does the manager have to take?  Explain.(6 marks)

Ans.  The concept of management involved is PLANNING.

Steps involved are:

• Setting objectives: increasing profits
• Developing planning premises: making certain assumptions about future.
• Identifying alternative courses of action:
• Purchasing new high speed machines, or
• Increasing the sale price, or
• Using waste material in manufacturing stuffed toys
• Evaluating alternatives and selecting an alternative:

Further steps to complete the process of planning:

• Formulating derivate plans:
• Implementing the plan and follow-up-action:

Q.4. Two year ago, Madhu completed her degree in food technology.  She worked for sometime in a company that manufactured chutneys, pickles and murabbas.  She was not happy in the company and decided to have her own organic food processing unit for the same.  She set the objectives and the targets and formulated an action plan to achieve the same.  One of her objectives was to earn 10% profit on the amount invested in the first year. It was decided that raw materials like fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. will be purchased on three months credit from farmers cultivating only organic crops.  She also decided to follow the steps required for marketing of the products through her own outlets.  She appointed Mohan as the Production Manager who decided that exact manner in which the production activities were to be carried out.  Mohan also prepared a statement showing the number of workers that will be required in the factory throughout the year.  Madhu informed Mohan about her area wise sales target for different products for the forthcoming quarter.  While working on the production table, a penalty of Rs. 100 per day for not wearing caps, gloves and apron was announced.  Quoting lines from the above paragraph, identify and explain the different types of plans discussed.  Ans. 

The different types of plan discussed above are listed below:

• Objectives:

“One of her objectives was to earn 10% profit on the amount invested in the first year.”

“It was decided that the raw materials like fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. will be purchased on three months credit from farmers cultivating only organic crops.”

“The exact manner in which the production activities are to be carried out.”

“She also decided to follow the steps required for marketing of the products through her own outlets.”

“While working on the production Table, a penalty of Rs. 100 per day for not wearing caps, gloves and aprons was announced.”

Q.5. During partition, Kundan Lal came to Mumbai from Lahore with a lot of wealth.  Keeping in view his innate ability to visualize and create things, he decided to work as a junior assistant in a film studio.  Over a period of time, as he gained experience and his work was well acclaimed, he decided to set up his own film studio.  Initially he was himself looking into every aspect of the business, but as his work increased manifolds and his own productivity reduced with age, he hired Jummy as manager.  Jimmy being immature in his work started giving bookings for the studio haphazardly.  He would never decide anything in advance or do any kind of forecasting of events.  This led to lot of confusions and conflicts.  As a result, the goodwill earned by Kundan Lal over the years began to decline.

In context of the above case:

• Identify and explain the function of management which Jimmy failed to perform by quoting lines form the paragraph.
• Describe briefly any two features of the function of management as identified in part (a).
• Planning is the function of management which Jimmy failed to perform.

Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do, when to do and who has to do it.It is one of the basic managerial functions.Thus, it involves setting objectives and developing an appropriate course of action to achieve those objectives.

• The two features of the planning function of management are as follows:
• Planning is pervasive:
• Planning involves decision-making:

Q.6. After completing a diploma in Bakery and Patisserie, Payal sets up a small outlet at Goa Airport to provide a healthy food option to the travellers.  To begin with, she has decided to sell five types of patties, three type of pizzas and low sugar muffins in four flavours.  Thus, by deviding in advance what to do and how to do, she is able to reduce the risk of uncertainty and avoid overlapping and wasteful activities.  But sometimes her planning does not work due to some unavoidable circumstances like cancellation of flights due to bad weather conditions, government alert etc. which adversely affects her clientele.

• Identify and explain the points highlighting the importance of planning mentioned in the above paragraph.
• Describe briefly the limitation of planning which adversely affects Payal’s business.
• Reduces the risk of uncertainty:
• Avoiding overlapping and wasteful activities:
• The limitation of planning which adversely affects Payal’s business is:
• Planning may not work in a dynamic environment:

Q.7. Rahul, a worker, is given a target of assembling two computers per day.  Due to his habit of doing things differently, an idea struck him which would not only reduce the assembling time of computers but would also reduce the cost of production of the computers.  Rahul’s supervisor instead of appreciating him, ordered him to complete the work as per the methods and techniques decided earlier as nothing could be changed at that stage.

The above para describes one of the limitation of planning function of management.  Name that limitation.     (1 mark)

Ans.  Planning reduces creativity.

Q.8. ABC Ltd. has a plan of increasing profits by 20%.  It has devoted a lot of time and money to this plan.  But the competition starts increasing, so it could not change its plan to b eat its competitors because huge amount of money had already been devoted to the pre-decided plan.  It caused losses to the company.

Explain any two limitations of planning highlighted in the above case.  Also, quote the lines from it .   (4 marks)

• ‘ABC Ltd. has devoted a lot of time and money to its plan.’

Planning is a time consuming process. It also involves huge costs.

‘The competition starts increasing, so it could not change its plan to beat its competitors because huge amount of money had already been devoted to the pre-decided plan.’

Planning leads to rigidity.   Following a pre-decided plan, when circumstances change, may not turn out to be in the organization’s interest.

Q.9. In ‘Chak De India’ movie, Shahrukh Khan becomes the coach of the girls’ hockey team.  He knows that he has to prepare the girls for the international hockey matches and bring the world cup after winning.  For this he prepares a long-team plan and thinks the ways how to bet the competitors.  He coaches the girls to play in different ways like defensive, offensive, etc.  at the outset of a match he explains who will open the match, and how the ball will be passed by one player to another step by step.

Identify four types of plan that are highlighted in the above case, quoting the lines from it.       ( 4 marks)

• Objective ‘…bring the world cup after winning.’
• Strategy ‘For this he prepares long-term plan and thinks the ways how to beat the competitors.’
• Method ‘He coaches the girls to play in different ways like defensive, offensive, etc.’
• Procedure ‘At the outset of a match he explains who will open the match, and how the ball will be passed by one player to another step by step.’

Q.10. Flipkart is an e-commerce company founded in the year 2007 by Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal.  The company is registered in Singapore, but has its headquarters in Bangaluru, India.  The company seeks to increase traffic (more clicks on their products) and boost sales and revenue through integration of Mobile Apps, Display, Pay Per Click and search Engine Optimization.  In order to dispel the feat of people related to shopping online, Flipkart was the first company to implement to popular ‘Cash on Delivery’ facility.  All the products sold by the company under a particular category may have different return/replacement period.  Flipkart allows multiple payment options such as cash on delivery, credit or debit card transactions, net banking, e-gift voucher and card swipe on delivery.  The company operates both ways when an order is received.  The products for which it holds inventory are dispatched by it directly.  For the products they do not store in inventory, they just send the order received by them to the supplier who ships it.  The company plans to spend about Rs. 75 crores on e-Commerce advertising in the year 2016.  Flipkart reserves the right to terminate your membership and/or refuse to provide you with access to the website if it is brought to Flipkart’s notice or if it iis discovered that you are under the age of 18 years.  This is because as per the Indian contract Act, 1872, the minors, un-discharged insolvents, etc. are not eligible to use the website.  In context of the above case, identify and explain the different types of plans being used by Flipkart by quoting lines the paragraph.  Ans.  The different types of plans being used by Flipkart are listed below:

“The company seeks to increase traffic (more clicks on their products) and boost sales and revenue through integration of Mobiles Apps, Display, Pay Per Click and Search engine Optimization.”

“In order to dispel to fear of people related to shopping online, Flipkart was the first company to implement the popular ‘Cash On Delivery’ facility.”

“All the products sold by the company under a particular category may have different return/replacement period.”

“Flapkart allows multiple payment options such as cash on delivery, credit or debit card transactions, net banking, e-gift voucher and card swipe on delivery.”

“The company operataes both ways when an order is received.The products for which it holds inventory are dispatched by it directly.For the products they do not store in inventory, they just send the order received by them to the supplier who ships it.”

“The company plans to spend about Rs. 75 crores on e-Commerce advertising in the year 2016.

Flipkart reserves the right to terminate your membership and/or refuse to provide you with access to the Website if it is brought to Flipkart’s notice or if it is discovered that you are under the age of 18 years.This is because as per the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the minors, un-discharged insolvents etc. are not eligible to use the Website.”

Q.11. An electronic company is facing a problem of declining market share due to increased competition from other new and existing players in the market.  Its competitors are introducing lower price models for mass consumers who are price sensitive.  For quality conscious consumers, company is introducing new model LED TV and DVD players with added features and new technological advancements.  For this, the company raises extra funds Rs. 5 crore form banks.

Name the type of plan the company is preparing.  State the steps which the company follows to implement this plan quoting the line from the above para.  (4 marks)

Ans.  The type of plan needed to be prepared under this situation is ‘Strategy’.

Steps involved in preparing this plan are:

(i) Determining long-term objectives:

(ii) Adopting a particular course of action:

(iii) Allocating resources necessary to achieve the objectives:

Q. 12. Arush joins as a sales manager of a company dealing in naturotherapy produces.  Being proficient in his work, he knew that without good planning he will not be able to organise, direct, control or perform any of the other managerial functions efficiently and effectively.  Only on the basis of sales forecasting, he would assist in the preparation of the annual plans for its production and sales.  Besides, he will have to prepare sales plans regularly on weekly, monthly, quarterly and half yearly basis.  While preparing the sales forecasts, he undertakes intellectual thinking involving foresight, visualization and issued judgement rather than wishful thinking or guess work. Most importantly, all these planning activities will be meaningful only if they will coincide with the purpose for which the business is being carried out.

In context of the above case, identify the various features of planning highlighted in the above paragraph by quoting lines from it.

Ans.  The features of planning highlighted in the above paragraph are explained below:

• Planning is a primary function: “… without good planning he will not be able to organise, direct, control or perform any of the other managerial functions efficiently and effectively.”
• Planning is futuristic: “Only on the basis of sales forecasting, he would assist in the preparation of the annual plans for its production and sales.”
• Planning is continuous:  “Besides, he will have to prepare sales plans regularly on weekly, monthly, quarterly and half yearly basis.”
• Planning is a mental exercise: “While p reparing the sales forecasts he undertakes intellectual thinking involving foresight, visualization and issued judgement rather than wishful thinking or guess work.”
• Planning focuses on achieving objectives:  “Most importantly, all these planning activities will be meaningful only if they will coincide with the purpose for which the business is being carried out.”

Q.13. Zyesha Ltd. is a company which manufactures leather bags.  The CEO of the company wants to increase their sales and earn more profits.  The consulted with a management consultant who suggested the top management of the company tow rok hard in thinking about the future in making business prediction and achieve the targets since the business environment keeps on changing whether in terms of technological improvement, shifts in consumer preferences or entry of new competitors in the market.

• Identify and state the concept of management discussed in the para.
• State the characteristic feature of business environment highlighted in the above para.  (3 marks)

It involves setting objectives and developing appropriate course of action to achieve these objectives.Dreams (e.g. increase sales, earn more profits, etc.) can be turned into reality only if business managers think in advance on what to do and how to do it.

• Business environment is dynamic as it keeps on changing.

Q.14. Lira Ltd. is a company manufacturing designer socks.  While making its plan, the company takes into consideration the business environment.  It constantly adapt itself to changes in environment by making changes in its plan.  However, it becomes difficult for the managers of the company to accurately foresee future trends in the environment.  Competition in the market upsets its financial plans; then sales targets have to be revise3d and, accordingly cash budgets also need to be modified since they are based on sales figures.

• What characteristic features of business environment are highlighted in the above lines?  State any two.
• State and explain the limitation of planning highlighted in the above lines.
• Identify any two types of plan mentioned in the above pare by quoting the lines from it.     (6 marks)

1. (i) Business environment is dynamic as it keeps on changing.

(ii) Business environment is uncertain as it is difficult for the managers to accurately foresee future trends in the environment.

2. Planning may not work in a dynamic environment.

The organisation has to constantly adapt itself to changes in environment by making changes in its plans.However, since planning cannot foresee everything, there may be obstacles to effective planning.

3. (i) Strategy – ‘while making its plan, the company takes into consideration the business environment.’

(ii) Budget – ‘Competition in the market upsets its financial plans; then sales targets have to be revised and accordingly cash budgets also need to be modified since they are based on sales figures.”

Q.15. Pan Masala and Sons is a manufacturer of tobacco products. It decided to increase profits by at least 20% in the next quarter.  It has many options:

• To increase the working hours of labourers without additional payment.
• To employ children from the local community.
• To sell its products outside the schools and colleges.

It opted the (ii) and (iii) options to achieve the target.

• Identify the function of management described in the above para.
• State the steps of the process involved in the function of management identified in (a) quoting the lines from the above para.
• State any two values neglected by the organisation  (6 marks)
• Steps involved in planning process:

(i) Setting organizational objectives:

(ii) Identifying and evaluating alternative courses of action:

(iii) Selecting the best possible alternatives(s):

• Values neglected:
• Child labour is banned.
• Bad effect on students’ health
• Moral values.

Q.16. A reputed car manufacturing company in NCR is facing the problem of decline in its market share due to its internal mismanagement.  Therefore it has planned to increase its production capacity at its Gurgaon plant by manufacturing low price eco-friendly cars for price sensitive consumers and introducing new models with added features for quality conscious consumers.  For this the company issues shares to the public and raises Rs. 150 crore.

The company purchases more machinery required to increase production.

• Identify the type of plan the company is preparing.
• State the steps involved in this plan quoting the lines from the above case.
• State any one value which the company wants to communicate to the society.   ( 5 marks)
• Steps involved in preparing a strategy are:
• Sensitivity towards environment
• Socially responsible behavior

Q.17. ‘Agile Ltd.’ is a well-known automobile manufacturing company in India. The company plans to increase the sale of its sedan cars by 20% in the next quarter.  In order to achieve the desired target, the marketing team of the company considers the impact of policy of the government towards diesel vehicles and the level of competition in this segment of cars.  They explore the various available option like offering more discount to dealers and customers, providing more customer friendly finance options, lucky draws on test drives, increasing advertising, offering more of free accessories on the purchase of the car, etc.  a thorough analysis of the various available options is done keeping in view the relative viability of each option.  The company decides to pursue the option of offering more discount to dealers and customers in order to boost the sale of sedan cars.  In order to implement the plan,, they determine the various discount packages and communicate the same to their product dealers.  To make the prospective consumers aware about the new available benefits, advertisements are made through various sources of print and electronic media.  The market analysts of the company keep a close watch on the revenue from the sedan cars to study the effect of new initiatives by the company to promote its sales.

• Name the function of management described in the above paragraph.
• Identify and explain the various steps involved in process the function of management as identified in part (a) by quoting lines from the paragraph.
• Planning is the function of management which is being described in the above paragraph.
• The various steps involved in the planning process are explained below:
• Setting objectives:     “The company plans to increase the sale of its sedan cars by 20% in next quarter.”
• Developing Premises: “In order to achieve the desired target the marketing team of the company considers the impact of policy of the government towards diesel vehicles and level of competition in this segment of cars.”
• Identifying alternative courses of action:“They explore the various available options like offering more discount to dealers and customers, providing more customer friendly finance options, lucky draws on test drives, increasing advertising, offering more of free accessories on the purchase of the case, etc.”
• Evaluating alternative courses:  “A thorough analysis of the various available options is done keeping in view the relative viability of each option.”
• Selecting an alternative: “The company decides to pursue the option of offering more discount to dealers and customers in order to boost the sale of sedan car.”
• Implement the plan:  "In order to implement the plan, they determine the various discount packages and communicate the same to their product dealers.To make the prospective consumers aware about the new available benefits, advertisements are made through various sources of print and electronic media.”
• Follow up action: “The market analysts of the company keep a close watch on the revenue from the sedan cars to study the effect of new initiatives by the company to promote its sales.”

Q.18. Palvinder, is working as a supervisor in Alpha Ltd. To achieve the target he wants to try a new method and different way of allocating the work.  His superior did not permit him and forced him to do the work strictly as per the plan.

(i) Name the limitation of planning indicated in above case.

(ii) Name the value overlook by Palvinder’s superior.

• ‘Planning reduces creativity.’
• Value of motivating and encouraging employee to increase initiative level.

Q.19. The management of ABC Ltd. set up the target of selling 10,000 units per week and made all their plans based on this target.  But due to change in technology adapted by competitors which reduced their cost, the ABC Ltd. could not achieve their target.

(i) Identify the limitation of planning discussed in the above para.

(ii) State any other two limitations.

(i) Planning may not work in dynamic environment.

(ii) Any two limitations: 1. Planning reduces creativity 2. Planning involve huge cost.

Q.20. Alpha Ltd. spent a lot of money to hire specialized people for framing their plans and collecting important facts from environment.  The company cut done their cost by cancelling the employee’s trip for recreation.

(i) Name the limitation of planning mentioned in above para.

(ii) Name the value overlook by management.

• Limitation:  ‘Planning involves huge cost.’
• Value overlook: Psychological need of employees.

Q.21. ABC Ltd. announced a plan nobody would smoke in the organization premises and they further added that certain penalty will be imposed on employees, overlooking this. 

(i) Name the type of plan related to above para.

(ii) Name the feature of that plan.

(iii) Name the values emphasized by the company.

(i) ‘Rule’ is the type of plan.

(ii) Rules are very Rigid.

(iii) Values: (a) Respect towards environment

                  (b) Follow discipline and order.

Q.22. Alpha Ltd. has a plan of increasing profit by 20%.  The company spent lot of time and money to frame and implement this plan.  The competition start increasing, so it could not change its plan to beat its competitors because huge amount of money is already spent.  State any two limitations of planning.

(i) Planning involve huge cost.

(ii) Planning is time consuming.

(iii) Planning may not work in dynamic environment.

Q.23. ‘Natural disaster like floods in Gujarat has been responsible for failure of production and sales plans of Jindal Textile Industry.’ Which limitations of planning is highlighted in the given statement?  State any three such limitations.                       (3)

Ans.  External limitations of planning

• Change in government policies (e.g. tax rates, bank rate, etc.) may lead to failure of planning.
• Changes in the strategies of competitors also lead to failure of planning many tiems.
• Rapid technological changes may affect planning.

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CBSE Class 12 Case Studies In Business Studies – Planning

PLANNING Planning: Definition Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do, when to do and who has to do it. Thus, it involves setting objectives and developing an appropriate course of action to achieve those objectives.

Features of Planning

• Planning focuses on achieving objectives by deciding upon the activities to be undertaken.
• Planning is a primary function as it precedes all functions of management i.e. organising, staffing, directing& controlling.
• Planning is pervasive as it is required at all the levels of management but its scope may vary.
• Planning is continuous as plans need to be made on a continuous basis till an organisation exists.
• P lanning is futuristic as it seeks to meet future events effectively to the best advantage of an organisation. Planning is, therefore, called a forward looking function.
• Planning involves decision-making as it involves rational thinking to choose the best alternative among the various available alternatives in order to achieve the desired goals efficiently and effectively.
• Planning is a mental exercise as it is based on intellectual thinking involving foresight, visualisation and judgement rather than guess work.

Importance of Planning

• Planning provides direction as it acts as a guide for deciding what course of action should be taken to attain the organisational goals.
• Planning reduces the risk of uncertainty arising due to the dynamic nature of business environment as it enables a manager to anticipate and meet changes effectively.
• Planning reduces overlapping & wasteful activities as it serves as the basis for coordinating the activities and efforts of different divisions and individuals.
• Planning promotes innovation as it encourages new ideas that can take shape of concrete plans.
• Planning facilitates decision making as it enables a manager to choose the best alternative course ‘of action among the various available alternatives in light of present and future conditions.
• Planning establishes standards for controlling. Planning provides standards against which the actual performance is measured and timely corrective actions the taken.

TYPES OF PLANNING On the basis of use and duration

• Single use plans are the ones that are formulated to deal with new or non-repetitive situations that may arise in an organisation from time-to-time. For example- programmes, budgets and projects.
• Standing plans refer to the another type of plans which once formulated may be used for a long period of time in similar or repetitive situations that may prevail in an organisation. For example—objectives, strategies, policies, methods, procedures and rules.

On th basis of what a plan seeks to achieve

• Objectives are the end results of the activities that an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence.
• A strategy is a comprehensive plan for achieving the objectives of the organisation.
• Policy is a set of general guidelines that help in managerial decision making and action.
• Method refers to the prescribed ways or manner in which a task has to be performed considering the objective.
• Procedure refers to a series of specific steps to be performed in a chronological order to carry out the routine activities.
• Budget refers to a financial plan that is expressed in numerical terms.
• Rule is a specific statement relating to the general norms in terms of Do’s and Don’ts that guide the behaviour of people. It commands strict obedience and a penalty is likely to be imposed on its violation.
• Programme is a comprehensive plan that contains detailed statements about a project which outlines the objectives, policies, procedures, rules and method and the budget to implement any course of action.

Steps Involved in the Planning Process

• Setting clear, specific and measurable objectives for the entire organisation and each department or unit within the organisation.
• D eveloping Premises which reflect the assumptions about the future that the manager is required to make since the future is uncertain.
• Identifying alternative courses of action through which the desired goals can be achieved.
• Evaluating alternative courses to analyse the relative pros and cons of each alternative in light of their feasibility and consequences.
• Selecting an alternative or a combination of plans which appears to be most feasible.
• Implement the plan with the help of a strategy.
• Follow up action in order to monitor the plans to ensure that the desired objectives are achieved efficiently and effectively.

Limitations of Planning

• Planning leads to rigidity as plans are drawn in advance and managers may not be in a position to change them in the light of changed conditions.
• Planning may not work ina dynamic environment as through planning, everything cannot be foreseen.
• Planning reduces creativity as the top management undertakes planning of various activities whereas the middle managers are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own.
• Planning involves huge costs in terms of time and money required to undertake scientific calculations and sometimes it may not justify the benefits derived from it.
• Planning is a time consuming process and sometimes there is not much time left for implementation of the plans.
• Planning does not guarantee success because it is not always essential that if a plan has worked before, it will work again, as things may change. This kind of complacency and false sense of security may actually lead to failure instead of success of a business.

LATEST CBSE QUESTIONS

Question 1. State any three points of importance of planning function of management. (CBSE, Delhi 2017) Answer: The three points indicating the importance of planning is described below:

• Reduces the risk of uncertainty: Planning relates to deciding in advance about the tasks to be performed in future. This enables a manager to anticipate changes and devise the way to deal with changes and uncertain events effectively.
• Planning promotes innovative ideas: Planning is one of the basic managerial functions. Before doing something, the manager must formulate an idea of how to work on a particular task. Thus, planning is closely connected with creativity and innovation. It is the most challenging activity for the management as it guides all future actions leading to growth and prosperity of the business.
• Avoiding overlapping and wasteful activities: Planning ensures clarity in thought and action and serves as the basis of coordinating the activities and efforts of different individuals and departments. Therefore, by curtailing useless and redundant activities it helps in smooth working of the organisations work is without interruptions. Moreover, it makes detection of inefficiencies easier so that timely corrective measures may be taken to avoid them in future.

Question 2. Give the meaning of ‘objectives’ and ‘budget’ as types of plans. (CBSE, Delhi 2017) Answer:

• Objectives: Objectives are the end results of the activities that an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence. All other activities within the organisation are directed towards achieving these objectives. Objectives are based on the mission or philosophy of the organisation. Objectives are determined by top level management. For example, the objectives of a newly started business is to earn 30% profit gn the amount invested in the first year.
• Budget: A budget refers to a financial plan that is expressed in numerical terms. For example, the marketing manager prepared an area wise sales target for different products for the forthcoming quarter. It is a type of single use plan.

Question 3. State any three limitation of planning. (CBSE, Delhi 2017) Answer: The three limitations of planning are described below:

• Planning may not work in a dynamic environment: The business environment is dynamic in nature. Every organisation has to constantly adapt itself to changes in its environment in order to survive and grow. However, it difficult to anticipate all the likely future changes in the environment with utmost accuracy. Hence, even with planning everything cannot be foreseen.
• Planning reduces creativity: The top management undertakes planning of various activities whereas the other members are expected to merely implements these plans. This restricts the creativity of the middle managers as they are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own.
• Planning involves huge costs: The process of planning involves huge cost in terms of time and money as detailed planning is based on a series of scientific calculations. Moreover it may include a number of related costs as well, like expenses on boardroom meetings, discussions with professional experts and preliminary investigations to find out the viability of the plan. As a result the expenses on planning may turn out to be much more than benefits derived from it.

Question 4. Give the meaning of ‘procedure’ and ‘rule’ as types of plans. (CBSE, Delhi 2017) Answer:

• Procedure: A procedure contains a series of specific steps to be performed in a chronological order to carry out the routine activities. It is determined by lower and middle level management. It is a specific statement. There is no scope for managerial discretion. Procedure is framed to implement a policy. It is a type of standing plan.
• Rule: A rule is a specific statement relating to the general norms in terms of Do’s and Don’ts that guide the behaviour of people. It commands strict obedience and a penalty is likely to be imposed on its violation. Rules help to maintain discipline. Rules are both specific and rigid. For example, No smoking, No Parking. It is a type of standing plan.

Question 5. State any three features of planning. (CBSE, Delhi 2017) Answer: The three features of planning are described below:

• Planning is pervasive: Planning is not an special function, is equally essential at all levels of management. But the scope of planning varies at different levels and among different departments.
• Planning involves decision-making: Planning essentially involves*-application of rational thinking to choose the best alternative among the various available alternatives in order to achieve the desired goals efficiently and effectively.
• Planning is a primary function: Planning precedes all the functions of management i.e. organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. This refers to primacy of planning. Planning provides basis of all other functions.

Question 6. Give the meaning of ‘policy’ and ‘strategy’ as type of plans. (CBSE, Delhi 2017) Answer:

• Policy: Policy are general statements that guide managerial decision making. If is determined by top level management. It is a general statement. It provides scope for managerial discretion. Policies are framed to achieve the objectives of an organisation. They all guides in implementing the strategy. It is a type of standing plan.
• Strategy: A strategy is a comprehensive plan prepared for winning over the given challenge or problem. A strategy is based on the objectives of the organisation. A strategy may be determined by top level or middle level management.

Question 7. Give the meaning of ‘ Objective’ and ‘Procedure’ as types of plans. (CBSE, OD 2017) Answer:

• Objectives: Objectives are the end results of the activities that an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence. All other activities within the organisation are directed towards achieving these objectives. Objectives are based on the mission or philosophy of the organisation. Objectives are determined by top level management. For example, the objectives of a newly started business is to earn 30% profit on the amount invested in the first year.

Question 8. Give the meaning of ‘Strategy’ and ‘Rule’ as types of plans. (CBSE, OD 2017) Answer:

• Strategy: A strategy is a comprehensive plan prepared for winning over the given challenge or problem. It is based on the objectives of the organisation. It may be determined by top level or middle level management.
• Rule: Rules are specific statements that tell people what should or should not be done. Violation of Rules may lead to imposition of penalties. Rules help to maintain discipline. Rules are both specific and rigid. For example, No smoking, No Parking. It is a type of standing plan.

Question 9. Super Fine Rice Ltd. has the largest share of 55% in the market. The company’s policy is to sell only for cash. In 2015, for the first time company’s number one position in the industry has been threatened because other companies started selling rice on credit* also. But the managers of Super Fine Rice Ltd. continued to rely on it’s previously tried and tested successful plans which didn”t work because the environment is not static. This led to decline in sales of Super Fine Rice Ltd. The above situation is indicating two limitations of planning which led to decline in it sales. Identify these limitations. (CBSE, Sample Paper, 2017) Answer: The two limitations of planning which led to decline in it sales are:

• Planning does not guarantee success.
• Planning may not work in dynamic environment.

Question 10. State the main aspects in the concept of planning. (CBSE, Sample Paper, 2017) Answer: The concept of planning primarily involves three aspects namely;

• Setting objectives in clear specific and measurable terms for a given period of time.
• Identifying the various alternative courses of action which may be adopted to achieve the objectives.
• Selecting the best possible alternative course of action from among the various courses of action available.

Question 11. Laxmi Chemicals Ltd., a soap manufacturing company, wanted to increase its market share from 30% to 55% in the long-run. A recent report submitted by the Research & Development Department of the company had predicted a growing trend of herbal and organic products. On the basis of this report, the company decided to diversify into new variety of soaps with natural ingredients having benefits and fragrances of Jasmine, Rose, Lavender, Mogra, Lemon Grass, Green Apple, Strawberry etc. The Unique Selling Proposition (USP) was to promote eco-friendly living in the contemporary life style. The company decided to allocate t 30 crores to achieve the objective. Identify the type of one of the functions of management mentioned above which will help the company to acquire dominant position in the market. (CBSE, Sample Paper 2016) Answer: Strategy is the type of plan which will help the company to acquire dominant position in the market.

Question 12. Suhasini, a home science graduate from a reputed college, has recently done a cookery course. She wished to start her own venture with a goal to provide ‘health food’ at reasonable prices. She discussed her idea with her teacher (mentor) who encouraged her. After analysing various options for starting her business venture, they short listed the option to sell ready made and ‘ready to make’ vegetable shakes and sattu milk shakes. Then, they weighed the pros and cons of both the short listed options.

• Name the function of management being discussed above and give any one of its characteristics.
• Also briefly discuss any three limitations of the function discussed in the case. (CBSE, Sample Paper 2016)
• Planning is the function of management which is being discussed above. Planning involves decision-making: Planning essentially involves application of rational thinking to choose the best alternative among the various available alternatives in order to achieve the desired goals efficiently and effectively.
• Planning may not work in a dynamic environment: The business environment is dy¬namic in nature. Every organisation has to constantly adapt itself to changes in its environment in order to survive and grow. However, it is difficult to anticipate all the likely future changes in the environment with utmost accuracy. Hence, even with planning, everything cannot be foreseen.
• Planning reduces creativity: The top management undertakes planning of various activities whereas the other members are expected to merely implement these plans. This restricts the creativity of the middle level managers as they are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own.
• Planning involves huge costs: The process of planning involves huge cost in terms of time and money as detailed planning is based on a series of scientific calculations. Moreover, it may include a number of related costs as well, like expenses on boardroom meetings, discussions with professional experts and preliminary investigations to find out the viability of the plan. As a result, the expenses on planning may turn out to be much more than benefits derived from it.

Question 13. Two years ago, Madhu completed her degree in food technology. She worked for sometime in a company that manufactured chutneys, pickles and murabbas. She was not happy in the company and decided to have her own organic food processing unit for the same. She set the objectives and the targets and formulated an action plan to achieve the same. One of her objectives was to earn 10% profit on the amount invested in the first year. It was decided that raw materials like fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. will be purchased on three months credit from farmers cultivating only organic crops. She also decided to follow the steps required for marketing of the products through her own outlets. She appointed Mohan as the Production Manager who decided the exact manner in which the production activities were to be carried out. Mohan also prepared a statement showing the number of workers that will be required in the factory throughout the year. Madhu informed Mohan about her area wise sales target for different products for the forthcoming quarter. While working on the production table, a penalty of ? 100 per day for not wearing caps, gloves and apron was announced. Quoting lines from the above paragraph, identify and explain the different types of plans discussed. (CBSE, Delhi 2016) Answer: The different types of plans discussed above are listed below:

• Objectives: Objectives are the end results of the activities that-an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence. All other activities within the organisation are directed towards achieving these objectives. “One of her objectives was to earn 10% profit on the amount invested in the first year.”
• Policy: A policy is a set of general guidelines that helps in managerial decision making and action. “It was decided that the raw materials like fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. will be purchased on three months credit from farmers cultivating only organic crops.”
• Procedure: A procedure contains a series of specific steps to be performed in a chronological order to carry out the routine activities. “She also decided to follow the steps required for marketing of the products through her own outlets.” “The exact manner in which the production activities are to be carried out.”
• Rule: A rule is a specific statement relating to the general norms in terms of Do’s and Dont’s that guide the behaviour of people. It commands strict obedience and a penalty is likely to be imposed on its violation. “While working on the production table, a penalty of ? 100 per day for not wearing caps, gloves and aprons was announced.”
• Budget: A budget refes to a financial plan that is expressed in numerical terms. “Mohan also prepared a statement showing the number of workers different products for the forthcoming quater.”

Question 14. Two years ago, Mayank obtained a degree in food technology. For some time, he worked in a company that manufactured bread and biscuits. He was not happy in the company and decided to have his own bread and biscuits manufacturing unit. For this, he decided the objectives and the targets, and formulated an action plan to achieve the same. One of his objectives was to earn 50% profits on the amount invested in the first year. It was decided that raw materials like flour, sugar, salt, etc. will be purchased on two months credit. He also decided to follow the steps required for marketing the products through his own outlets. He appointed Harsh as the Production Manager who decided the exact manner in which the production activities were to be carried out. Harsh also prepared a statement showing the requirement of workers in the factory throughout the year. Mayank informed Harsh about his are a wise sales target for different products, for the forthcoming quarter. While working on the production table, a penalty of ?150 per day was announced for not wearing the helmet, gloves and apron by the workers. Quoting lines from the above paragraph, identify and explain the different types of plans discussed. (CBSE, OD 2016) Answer: The different types of plans discussed above are listed below:

• Objectives: Objectives are the end results of the activities that an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence. All other activities within the organisation are directed towards achieving these objectives. “One of her objectives was to earn 50% profit on the amount invested in the first year.”
• Policy: A policy is a set of general guidelines that help in managerial decision making and action. “It was decided that the raw materials like flour, wheat, sugar, etc. will be purchased on two months credit.”
• Method: A method refers to the prescribed ways or manner in which a task has to be performed considering the objective. “..decided the exact manner in which production activities were to be carried out.”
• Procedure: A procedure contains a series of specific steps to be performed in a chronological order to carry out the routine activities. “He also decided to follow the steps required for marketing of the products through his own outlets.”
• Rule: A rule is a specific statement relating to the general norms in terms of Do’s and Dont’s that guide the behaviour of people. It commands strict obedience and a penalty is likely to be imposed on its violation. “While working on the production table, a penalty of Rs. 150 per day was announced for not wearing helmets, gloves and aprons by the workers.”

Question 15. Rahul, a worker, is given a target of assembling two computers per day. Due to his habit of doing things differently, an idea struck him which would not only reduce the assembling time of computers but would also reduce the cost of production of the computers. Instead of appreciating him, Rahul’s supervisor ordered him to complete the work as per the methods and techniques decided earlier as nothing could be changed at that stage. The above paragraph describes one of the limitations of the planning function of management. Name and explain that limitation. (CBSE, Delhi Comptt. 2011) Answer: The limitation of the planning function of management described in the above paragraph is that ‘planning reduces creativity.’ The top management undertakes planning of various policies and procedures whereas the other members are expected to merely implement these plans. This restricts the creativity of the middle level managers as they are neither allowed to deviate from plans, nor permitted to act on their own.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

Question 1. Josh Ltd. is a one of the largest two-wheeler manufacturer in India. It has a market share of about 42% in the two-wheeler category. The company had witnessed almost a 35% drop in the booking as the currency crunch was prompting people to withhold new purchases due to demonetisation. Therefore, the production manager of the company had decided to align production to factor in slower sales in the market. In context of the above case:

• Identify and explain the function of management being discussed in the above lines.
• Which limitations of the function of management as identified in part (a) of the question was the production manager trying to overcome due to demonetisation?
• Planning is the function of management which is being discussed in the above lines. Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do, when to do and who has to do it. Thus, it involves setting objectives and developing an appropriate course of action to achieve these objectives.
• Planning may not work in dynamic environment

Question 2. The term demonetisation has become a household name since the government pulled the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1,000 notes out of circulation in November 2016. Prior to the year 2016, the Indian government had demonetised bank notes on two prior occasions—once in the year 1946 and then again in the year 1978. In both cases, the purpose was to combat tax evasion by ‘black money’. Identify the types of one of the functions of management being discussed in the above lines. Answer: Objective and Strategy

Question 3. The arrangement to demonetise the ? 500 and ?1000 bank notes began six to ten months prior to the public announcement and was kept highly confidential. The cabinet was informed about the demonetisation on 8th November 2016 in a meeting called by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi. This was followed by Modi’s public announcement about the demonetisation in a televised address where he announced that currency notes with the denomination of ? 500 and ? 1000 would cease to be the legal tender from 9th of November 2016. The most interesting thing regarding the demonetisation is that people were devising various unique ways for transforming their black money in to white one by depositing money in the accounts of their poor relatives and friends, converting black money in to gold, paying a few months salaries in advance and so on. In context of the above case: Identify and explain the types of plans being discussed in the above lines with regard to demonetisation. Answer: The various types of plans being discussed in the above lines with regard to demonetisation are detailed below:

• Procedure: It is a series of chronological steps which are performed to do a particular activity.
• Rule: A rule is a specific statement relating to the general norms in terms of Do’s and Don’ts that guide the behaviour of people.

Question 4. Flipkart is an e-commerce company founded in the year 2007 by Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal. The company is registered in Singapore, but has its headquarters in Bangaluru, India. The company seeks to increase traffic (more clicks on their products) and boost sales and revenue through integration of Mobile Apps, Display, Pay Per Click and Search Engine Optimization. In order to dispel the fear of people related to shopping online, Flipkart was the first company to implement the popular ‘Cash on Delivery’ facility. All the products sold by the company under a particular category may have different return/replacement period. Flipkart allows multiple payment options such as cash on delivery, credit or debit card transactions, net banking, e-gift voucher and card swipe on delivery. The company operates both ways when an order is received. The products for which it holds inventory are dispatched by it directly. For the products they do not store in inventory, they just send the order received by them to the supplier who ships it. The company plans to spend about ? 75 crores on e-Commerce advertising in the year 2016. Flipkart reserves the right to terminate your membership and/or refuse to provide you with access to the website if it is brought to Flipkart’s notice or if it is discovered that you are under the age of 18 years. This is because as per the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the minors, un-discharged insolvents, etc. are not eligible to use the website. In context of the above case, identify and explain the different types of plans being used by Flipkart by quoting lines from the paragraph. Answer: The different types of plans being used by Flipkart are listed below:

• Objectives: Objectives are the end results of the activities that an organisation seeks to achieve through its existence. All other activities within the organisation are directed towards achieving these objectives. “The company seeks to increase traffic (more clicks on their products) and boost sales and revenue through integration of Mobile Apps, Display, Pay Per Click and Search Engine Optimization.”
• determining long term objectives
• adopting a particular course of action
• allocating resources necessary to achieve the objective. “In order to dispel the fear of people related to shopping online, Flipkart was the first company to implement the popular ‘Cash On Delivery’ facility.”
• Policy: A policy is a siet of general guidelines that help in managerial decision making and action. “All the products sold by the company under a particular category may have different return/replacement period.”
• Method: A method refers to the prescribed ways or manner in which a task has to be performed considering the objective. “Flipkart allows multiple payment options such as cash on delivery, credit or debit card transactions, net banking, e-gift voucher and card swipe on delivery.”
• Procedure: A procedure contains a series of specific steps to be performed in a chronological order to carry out the routine activities. “The company operates both ways when an order is received. The products for which it holds inventory are dispatched by it directly. For the products they do not store in inventory, they just send the order received by them to the supplier who ships it.”
• Budget: A budget refers to a financial plan that is expressed in – numerical terms. “The company plans to spend about ? 75 crores on e-commerce advertising in the year 2016.”
• Rule: A rule is a specific statement relating to the general norms in terms of Do’s and Don’ts that guide the behaviour of people. It commands strict obedience and a penalty is likely to be imposed on its violation. “Flipkart reserves the right to terminate your membership and/or refuse to provide you with access to the Website if it is brought to Flipkart’s notice or if it is discovered that you are under the age of 18 years. This is because as per the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the minors, un-discharged insolvents etc. are not eligible to use the Website.”

Question 5. Rajender has been running a successful business of manufacturing traditional wedding wear for women including sarees and lehengas. His friend Surinder who is engaged in the business of providing web designing solutions to his clients, suggests him to explore the option of selling his products online. Rajender agrees to his suggestion and decides to venture into online business, keeping in view the various e-commerce regulations in order to avoid imposition of any penalty. In order to facilitate the sale of his products, Rajender decides to offer multiple payment options such as cash on delivery, credit or debit card transactions, net banking to the buyers etc. In context of the above case:

• Identify the two different types of plans mentioned in the above paragraph that relate to the online portal that Rajinder intends to startby quoting lines from the paragraph.
•  Distinguish between the two types of plans as identified in part (a).
• Rule: “Rajender agrees to his suggestion and decides to venture into online business keeping in view the various e-commerce regulations in order to avoid imposition of any penalty.”
• Method: “However, he decides to offer multiple payment options such as cash on delivery, credit or debit card transactions, net banking to the buyers etc.”

Question 6. Wazir Ahmed joins ‘Ashiyana Ltd.’ a company dealing in real estate, as a human resource manager. Through a series of interactions with his team during lunch breaks, he comes to know that quite a few managers at middle and senior levels have recently left the organisation as their promotions were overdue. Therefore, in order to reinstate the confidence of the staff, he lays out a clear cut plan consisting of a set of general guidelines for both time bound and performance related appraisals of the mangers at all levels. Moreover, he develops standardized processes containing a series of steps specified in a chronological order for its implementation. In context of the above case:

• Identify the two different types of plans that Wazir Ahmed proposes to implement in order to reinstate the confidence of the staff by quoting lines from the paragraph.
• Distinguish between the two types of plans as identified in part (a).
• Policy and Procedure are the two different types of plans that Wazir Ahmed proposes to implement in order to reinstate the confidence of the staff. Policy: “… he lays out a clear cut plan consisting of a set of general guidelines for both time bound and performance related appraisals of the mangers at all levels.” Procedure: “Moreover, he develops standardized processes containing a series of steps specified in a chronological order for its implementation.”
• The difference between Policy and Procedure is outlined below:

Question 7. ‘Apna Ghar/ a company dealing in consumer durables, plans to increase the sale of its products by 25% around Diwali this year. Moreover, in order to cash on the implementation of the seventh pay commission by that time, which is likely to raise the income of 47 lakh serving employees of the Central government and 52 lakh pensioners, the company has created 30 advertisement films which will be aired across 85 national and regional channels until Diwali. In context of the above case:

• Identify the two different types of plans that ‘Apna Ghar’ proposes to implement by quoting lines from the paragraph.
• Distinguish between the two types of plans as identified in part(i).
• Objective and Strategy are the two different types of plans that ‘Apna Ghar’ proposes to implement. Objective: “Apna Ghar’, a company dealing in consumer durables, plans to increase the sale of its products by 25% around Diwali this year.” Strategy: “Moreover, in order to cash on the implementation of the seventh pay commission by that time which is likely to raise the income of 47 lakh serving employees of the Central government and 52 lakh pensioners, the company has created 30 advertisement films which will be aired across 85 national and regional channels until Diwali.”
• The difference between objectives and strategy is outlined below:

Question 8. After completing a diploma in Bakery and Patisserie, Payai sets up a small outlet at Goa Airport to provide a healthy food option to the travellers. To begin with, she has decided to sell five types of patties, three types of pizzas and low sugar muffins in four flavours. Thus, by deciding in advance what to do and how to do, she is able to reduce the risk of uncertainty and avoid overlapping and wasteful activities. But sometimes her planning does not work due to some unavoidable circumstances like cancellation of flights due to bad weather conditions, government alert etc. which adversely affects her clientele. In context of the above case:

• Identify and explain the points highlighting the importance of planning mentioned in the above paragraph.
• Describe briefly the limitation of planning which adversely affects Payal’s business
• Reduces the risk of uncertainty: Planning relates to deciding in advance about the tasks to be performed in future. This enables a manager to anticipate changes and devise the ways to deal with changes and uncertain events effectively.
• Avoiding overlapping and wasteful activities: Planning ensures clarity in thought and action and serves as the basis of coordinating the activities and efforts of different individuals and departments. Therefore, by curtailing useless and redundant activities, it helps in the smooth working of the organisation’s work without interruptions. Moreover, it makes detection of inefficiencies easier so that timely corrective measures may be taken to avoid them in future.
• Planning may not work in a dynamic environment: The business environment is dynamic in nature. Every organisation has to constantly adapt itself to changes in its environment in order to survive and grow. However, it difficult to anticipate all the likely future changes in the environment with utmost accuracy. Hence, even with planning, everything cannot be foreseen.

Question 9. ‘Agile Ltd.’ is a well-known automobile manufacturing company in India. The company plans to increase the sale of its sedan cars by 20% in the next quarter. In order to achieve the desired target, the marketing team of the company considers the impact of policy of the government towards diesel vehicles and the level of competition in this segment of cars. They explore the various available options like offering more discount to dealers and customers, providing more customer friendly finance options, lucky draws on test drives, increasing advertising, offering more of free accessories on the purchase of the car, etc. A thorough analysis of the various available options is done keeping in view the relative viability of each option. The company decides to pursue the option of offering more discount to dealers and customers in order to boost the sale of sedan cars. In order to implement the plan, they determine the various discount packages and communicate the same to their product dealers. To make the prospective consumers aware about the new available benefits, advertisements are made through various sources of print and electronic media. The market analysts of the company keep a close watch on the revenue from the sedan cars to study the effect of new initiatives by the company to promote its sales. In context of the above case:

• Name the function of management described in the above paragraph.
• Identify and explain the various steps involved in process the function of management as identified in part (a) by quoting lines from the paragraph.
• Planning is the function of management which is being described in the above paragraph.
• Setting objectives: The planning process is initiated by setting the objectives in clear, specific and measurable terms. The objectives may be set for the organization as a whole and for each department or unit within the organization. “The company plans to increase the sale of its sedan cars by 20% in next quarter.”
• Developing Premises: Planning process is carried out keeping in view the assumptions related to the future, which is uncertain. These assumptions are called premises and may relate to government policy, interest rate, inflation, etc. Accurate forecasts are therefore essential for successful planning. “In order to achieve the desired target the marketing team of the company considers the impact of policy of the government towards diesel vehicles and level of competition in this segment of cars.” .
• Identifying alternative courses of action: The next step in the planning process involves identification of the various ways in which the goals can be achieved. “They explore the various available options like offering more discount to dealers and customers, providing more customer friendly finance options, lucky draws on test drives, increasing advertising, offering more of free accessories on the purchase of the car, etc.”
• Evaluating alternative courses: In order to select the best option, the relative positive and negative aspects of each alternative should be evaluated in the light of their feasibility and consequences. “A thorough analysis of the various available options is done keeping in view the relative viability of each option.”
• Selecting an alternative: The best plan is adopted to achieve the desired goals. Sometimes, a combination of plans may be selected instead of one best course of action. “The company decides to pursue the option of offering more discount to dealers and customers in order to boost the sale of sedan cars.”
• Implement the plan: This step is concerned with putting plans into action. “In order to implement the plan, they determine the various discount packages and communicate the same to their product dealers. To make the prospective consumers aware about the new available benefits, advertisements are made through various sources of print and electronic media.”
• Follow up action: Monitoring of plans is equally important to ensure that objectives are achieved efficiently and effectively. “The market analysts of the company keep a close watch on the revenue from the sedan cars to study the effect of new initiatives by the company to promote its sales.”

Question 10. Arush joins as a sales manager of a company dealing in naturotherapy products. Being proficient in his work, he knew that without good planning he will not be able to organise, direct, control or perform any of the other managerial functions efficiently and effectively. Only on the basis of sales forecasting, he would assist in the preparation of the annual plans for its production and sales. Besides, he will have to prepare sales plans regularly on weekly, monthly, quarterly and half yearly basis. While preparing the sales forecasts, he undertakes intellectual thinking involving foresight, visualization and issued judgement rather than wishful thinking or guess work. Most importantly, all these planning activities will be meaningful only if they will coincide with the purpose fob which the business is being carried out. In context of the above case, identify the various features of planning highlighted in the above paragraph by quoting lines from it. Answer: The features of planning highlighted in the above paragraph are explained below:

• Planning is a primary function: Planning precedes all the functions of management i.e. organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. This refers to primacy of planning. Planning provides the basis of all other functions. “… without good planning he will not be able to organise, direct, control or perform any of the other managerial functions efficiently and effectively. “
• Planning is futuristic: Planning is called a forward looking function as it enables an organization to meet future events effectively. “Only on the basis of sales forecasting, he would assist in the preparation of the annual plans for its production and sales.”
• Planning is continuous: Plans need to be continuously made, implemented and followed by another plan and so on till an organization exists “Besides, he will have to prepare sales plans regularly on weekly, monthly, quarterly and half yearly basis.”
• Planning is a mental exercise: Planning is done on the basis of rational thinking involving foresight, visualization and issued judgement rather than wishful thinking or guess work. “While preparing the sales forecasts, he undertakes intellectual thinking involving foresight, visualisation and issued judgement rather than wishful thinking or guess work.”
• Planning focuses on achieving objectives: Planning is a purposeful activity as it contributes to the achievement of predetermined goals of the organisation both efficiently and effectively. “Most importantly, all these planning activities will be meaningful only if they will coincide with the purpose for which the business is being carried out.”

Question 11. Holistic Education Public School in Bahadurgarh decides to implement the literacy programme of the government in the school. It is decided that within the year, the forty five support staff employees of the school will be made literate by the school counsellors and social workers. In order to enhance the learning process, the school decides to use audio-visual aids. To start the programme, the school has to first procure the literacy books from State Resource Centre at Jamia. Besides the curriculum, each literacy book contains a series of nine tests which the volunteers have to get completed by the learners during the programme. Moreover, by implementing the plan of ‘each one teach one’, each student of the school from classes fifth to tenth will be encouraged to make one person literate. The student volunteers may select a learner by adopting any one of the two ways; either from the slum areas adopted by the school or on their own within the vicinity of their residence. As per the norms of the Delhi Government, it is mandatory for the volunteers to send back the filled copy of only the ninth test paper in the series to the authorities as a conclusive proof of the completion of the course, else the certificate of commendation will not be awarded to them. Considering the implementation of the programme to be a part of its corporate social responsibility initiative, the school has decided to spend around Rs. 50,000 on the distribution of free stationery items, refreshments of the learners, etc. In context of the above case:

• Identify the various types of plans being used by Holistic Education Public School in order to implement the literacy programme in their school by quoting the lines from the paragraph.
• Categorise the various types of plans as identified in part (a) into single use plans and standing plans.
• Objectives: “It is decided that within the year, all the forty five support staff employees of the school will be made literate by the school counsellors and social workers.”
• Strategy: “In order to enhance the learning process, the school decides to use audio visual aids.”
• Policy: “Moreover, by implementing the plan of ‘each one teach one,’ each student of the school from classes fifth to tenth will be encouraged to make one person literate.”
• Procedure: “To start the programme the school has to first procure the literacy books from State Resource Centre at Jamia. Besides the curriculum, each literacy book contains a series of nine tests which the volunteers have to get completed by the learners during the programme.”
• Method: “The student volunteers may select a learner by adopting any one of the two ways; either from the slum areas adopted by the school or on their own within the vicinity of their residence.”
• Rule: “As per the norms of the Delhi Government, it is mandatory for the volunteers to send back the filled copy of only the ninth test paper in the series to the authorities as a conclusive proof of the completion of the course, else the certificate of commendation will not be awarded to them.”
• Budget: “Considering the implementation of the programme to be a part of its corporate social responsibility initiative, the school has decided to spend around ? 50,000 on the distribution of free stationery items, refreshments of the learners, etc.”
• Single use plans are the ones that are formulated to deal with new or non-repetitive situations that may arise in an organisation from time to time. This includes programmes, budgets and projects. Standing plans refer to the types of plans which once formulated may be used for a long period of time in similar or repetitive situations that may prevail in an organisation. These include objectives, strategies, policies, procedures methods and rules.

Case Studies in Business Studies Business Studies Case Studies Business Studies Commerce

Make up your mind through different businesses one after one like the nr7 pattern follows.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Planning

Detailed, Step-by-Step NCERT Solutions for 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Planning Questions and Answers were solved by Expert Teachers as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines covering each topic in chapter to ensure complete preparation.

Planning NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4

Planning questions and answers class 12 business studies chapter 4.

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1. What are the main points in the definition of planning? Answer: Planning is what managers at all levels do. It requires taking decisions since it involves making a choice from alternative courses of action. Planning, thus involves setting objectives and developing appropriate courses of action to achieve these objectives. Objectives provide direction for all managerial decisions and action. Planning provides a rational approach for achieving predetermined objectives. All members, therefore need to work towards achieving organisational goals.

Question 2. How does planning provide direction? Answer: Planning provides direction by stating in advance how Work is to be done planning provides direction for action. Planning ensures that the goals or objectives are clearly stated so that they act as a guide for deciding what action should be taken and in which direction.

If goals are will defined, employees are aware of what the organisation has to do and what they must to do achieve those goals. Departments and individuals in the organisation are able to work in coordination If there was no planning, employees would be working in different directions and the organisation would not be able to achieve its desired goals.

Question 3. Do you think planning can work in a changing environment? Answer: No, planning.cannot work in a changing environment. The business environment is dynamic, nothing is constant. The environment consists of a number of dimensions, economic political, physical, legal and social dimensions. The organisation has to constantly adopt itself to change.

It becomes difficult to accurately assess future trends in the environment if economic policies are modified or political conditions in the country are not stable or there is a natural calamity. Competition in the market can also upset financial plans, sales targets may have to be revised and accordingly.

Cash budgets alsoneed to be modified since they are based on sales figures. Planning cannot foresee everything and thus, there may be obstacles to effective planning.

Question 4. If planning involves working out details for the future, why does it not ensure success? Answer: Yes, only planning does not guarantee success. The success of an enterprise is possible only when plans are properly drawn up and implemented. Any plan needs to be translated into action or becomes meaningless. Managers have a tendency to rely on previously tried and tasted successful plans.

It is not always true that just because a plan has worked before it will work again. Besides there are so many other unknown factors to be considered. This kind of complacency and false sense of security may actually lead to failure instead of success.

However, despite its limitations, planning is not a useless exercise. It is a tool to be used with caution. It provides a base for analysing future courses of action. But, it is not a solution to all problems.

Question 5. Why are rules considered to be plans? Answer: A rule is a guide to action. It specifies what is to be done and what is not to be done and thus leaving the concerned person with no direction. Rules are specific statements that inform what is to be done.

They do not allow for any flexibility or discretion. It reflects a managerial decision that a certain action must or must not be, taken they are usually the simplest type of plans because there is no compromise or change unless a policy decision is taken. These are important for an organisation because

• It is a code of conduct governing human behaviour.
• It is used to maintain discipline and command.
• Rules are authoritative in nature.
• It is the result of managerial values and thinking.

Question 6. What kind of strategic decisions are taken by business organisations? Answer: A strategy provides the broad contours of an organisation’s business. It will also refer to future decisions defining the organisations direction and scope in the long run. Thus, we can say a strategy is a comprehensive plan for complishing an organisation objectives.

Whenever a strategy is formulated the business environment needs to be taken into consideration. The changes in the economic, policital, social, legal and technological environment will affect an organisations strategy. Strategies usually take the course of forming the organisations identity in the business environment.

Major strategic decisions will include decision like whether the organisation will continue to be in the same line of business or combine new lines of activity with the existing business or seek to acquire a dominant position in the same market.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Why is it that organisations are not always able to accomplish all their objectives? Answer: Planning is essential for business organisation. It is difficult to manage operations without formal planning. It is important for an organisation to move towards achieving goals. But in our daily lives also we have seen that things do not always go according to plan.

Unforeseen events and changes, rise in costs and prices, environmental changes, government intervention, All affect our business plans thus organisations are not always able to accomplish all their objectives as they have certain limitations such as :

1. Planning leads to rigidity In an organisation a well-defined plan is drawn up with specific goals to be achieved within a specific timeframe. But rigidity in plans may create difficulty. Managers need to be given some flexibility.

2. Planning may not work in a dynamic environment The business environment is dynamic, nothing is constant. It consists of a number of demensions, economic, political, legal and social dimensions competition may also upset financial plans.

3. Planning reduces creativity Planning is an activity which is done by the top management. Usually the rest of the members just implement these plans. As a result, middle management and others decision makers are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own. thus must of the initiative inherent in them also gets lost or reduced.

4. Planning involves huge costs When plans are drawn up huge costs are involved in their formulation. These may be in terms of time and money. Like expencison boards room meeting, discussions with professional experts to find out the viability of the plan.

5. Planning is a time consuming process Some time, plans to be drawn up take so much of time that there is not much time left for their implementation.

6. Planning does not guarantee success The success of an enterprise is possible only when plans are properly drawn up and implemented any plan needs to be translated into action or becomes meaningless. Besides, there are so many other factors to be considered. This kind of complacency may actually lead to failure instead of success.

Question 2. What are the main features to be considered by the management while planning? Answer: Features of planning The planning function of the management has certain special features. These features throw light on its nature and scope. 1. Planning focuses on achieving objectives Organisations are set up with a general purpose in view. Specific goals are set out in the plans along with the activities to be undertaken to achieve the goals.

2. Planning is a primary function of management Planning lays down the base for other functions of management. All other managerial functions are performed within the framework of the plans drawn and planning provides the basis of all other functions.

3. Planning is pervasive Planning is required at all levels of management as well as in all departments of the organisation, it is not only for top management but it differs at different,levels and among different departments.

4. Planning is continuous Plans are prepared for a specific period of time, may be for a month, a quarter or a year. At the end of that period there is need for a new plans to be drawn on the basis of new requirements and future conditions. Hence it is q continuous process.

5. Planning is futuristic Planning essentially involves looking ahead and preparing for the future the purpose of planning is to meet future events effectively to the best advantage of an organisation. Therefore it is regarded as a forward looking function based on forecasting.

6. Planning involves decision making It essentially involves choice from among various alternatives and activities. If there is only one possible goal there is no need for planning because there is no choice.

7. Planning is a mental exercise Planning requires Application Of the mind involving foresight, intelligent imagination and sound judgement. It is basically an intellectual activity of thinking rather than doing in other words thinking for planning must be orderly and based on the analysis of facts and forecasts.

Question 3. What are the steps taken by management in the planning process ? Answer: Planning Process Plannirig is deciding in advance what to do and how to do. It is a process of decision making. Since it is an activity there are certain logical steps for every manager to follow.

1. Setting objectives The first and formost step is setting objectives every organisation must’have certain objectives. Objectives may be set for the entire organisation and each department within the organisation.

2. Developing premises Planning is concerned with the future which is uncertain and every planner is using conjucture about what might happen in future. Therefore the manager is required to make certain assumption about the future. These assumptions are called premises. They must be some for all anci there should be total agreement on them.

3. Identifying alternative courses of action Once objectives are set assumptions are made. Then the next step would be to act upon them. There may be many ways to act and achieve objectives.

4. Evaluating alternative courses The next step is to weight the pros and cons of each alternative. Each course will have many variables which have to be weighed against each other, the positive and negative aspects of each proposal need to be evaluated in the light of the objective to be achieved.

5. Selecting an alternative This is the real point of decision making. The best plan has to be adopted and implemented. The ideal plan of course would be the most feasible profitable and with least negative consequences.

6. Implement the plan This is the step where other managerial function also come into the Picture. The step is concerned with putting the plan into action i.e. doing what is required.

7. Follow-up action I’m see whether plans are being implemented and activities are performed according to schedule is that part of planning process.

Question 4. Is planning actually worth the huge costs involved? Explain. Answer: Planning is certainly important as it tells us where to go, it provides direction and reduces the risk of uncertainity by preparing forecasts. The major benefits are as follows :

1. Planning provides direction By stating in advance how work is to be done planning provides direction for action. It ensures that the goals or objectives are clearly stated so that they act as a guide for deciding about actions.

2. Planning reduces the risks of uncertainity Planning an activity which enables a manager to look ahead and anticipate changes. By deciding in .advance the tasks to be performed planning shows the way to deal with changes and uncertain events.

3. Planning reduces overlapping It serves as basis of coordinating the activities and efforts of different divisions and individuals. It helps in avoiding confusion and misunderstanding.

4. Planning promotes innovative ideas Since it is the first function of management new ideas can take the shape of concrete plAnswer:It is the most challenging activity for the management.

5. Planning facilitates decision making Planning helps the manager to look into the future and made a choice from amongest various alternative courses of action.

6. Planning establishes standards for controlling Planning involves setting of goals. The entire managerial process is concerned with accomplishing predetermined goals through planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling. Therefore we can say that planning is a prerequisite for controlling it is not a costly affair.

Case Problem

An auto company C Ltd. is facing a problem of declining market share due to increased competition from other new and existing players in the market. Its competitors are introducing lower priced models for mass consumers who are price sensitive. For quality conscious consumers, the company is introducing new models with added features and new technological advancements.

Question 1. Prepare a model business plan for C Ltd. to meet the exsiting challenge. You need not be very specific about quantitative parameters. You may specify which type of plan you are preparing. Answer: New Plans of ‘C Ltd.’ ‘C’ Ltd which has had a monopoly in the auto world is set to see some tough competitions fn the coming days. Many new companies are now in the market with new models and lower prices, the new chairman shares his thoughts on how he plans to take the company ahead.

Main priorities Now the companies priority is to meet the challenge with new technology and low prices. So the consumer 9an easily get the car. Thus C Ltd. should adopt the planning which is based on future.

Question 2. Identify the limitations of such plans. Answer: The limitations of this plan are these, that, they might be a costly affair and even than success is not assure

Question 3. How will you seek to remove these limitations? Answer: Before entering and adopting new technology the company should arrange proper funds so that success can be achieved without any problem.

• NCERT Solutions for Class 9-12

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4:Planning; Available for free download

This article from jagran josh presents complete ncert solutions for class 12 business studies chapter 4, planning. also find some important topics from the chapter for upcoming cbse board examinations 2024..

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 : Find complete NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4, Planning. This article also provides free PDF Download link for complete NCERT Solutions of the chapter mentioned above. All the solutions have been prepared by our subject experts as per Revised CBSE Syllabus 2023-2024.

NCERT Exercises are prepared from important topics present in the chapter. Practise of these NCERT Solutions can clear your concepts of important topics and help you practically implement the knowledge gained through the chapter. Most importantly it plays a crucial role in scoring good marks in academics.

• Importance of Planning
• Features of Planning
• Limitations of Planning
• Planning process
• Types of Plan

 CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Revised Syllabus 2023-2024 (PDF)

CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Sample Paper 2023-2024(PDF)

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4, Planning are present below:

Very Short Answer Type

 1 .How does planning provide direction?

Answer . Planning is the pre-decided order or work for fulfilling objectives smoothly. Since, planning governs our course of action and tells us what to do next in order to achieve your goal, it can be said that planning provides direction.

2.A company wants to increase its market share from the present 10% to 25% to have a dominant position in the market by the end of the next financial year. Ms Rajni, the sales manager has been asked to prepare a proposal that will outline the options available for achieving this objective. Her report included the following options - entering new markets, expanding the product range offered to customers, using sales promotion techniques such as giving rebates, discounts or increasing the budget for advertising activities. Which step of the planning process has been performed by Ms Rajni?

Answer.  Ms Rajni has performed third step of the planning process i.e identifying alternative courses of action because in this case, Ms Rajni is jotting down every possible alternative to fulfill the objectives of the organization which will then be decided on account of feasibility, profitability and accessibility.

3.Why are rules considered to be plans?

Answer.  Rules are inflexible statements that have to be adhered to and direct the course of our action. Since, planning too directs our action, rules can be considered to be simplest type of plan, with only difference being that plans are flexible and rules aren’t.

4.Rama Stationery Mart has made a decision to make all the payments by e-transfers only. Identify the type of plan adopted by Rama Stationery Mart

Answer.  Rama Stationery Mart has adopted ‘Policy’. Policy is a general statement that guides or channelizes energies in a particular direction. In this case, the organization has adopted a direction of payment, i.e. Through e-transfers. Hence, policy has been used in the above case.

5.Can planning work in a changing environment? Give a reason to justify your answer.

Answer.  No, I don’t think planning can work in a changing environment because a plan is made on premises of a particular situation, influenced by a particular business environment, if that changes than the same plan might not work. Different plans has to be created in different situations.

Short Answer Type

1. What are the main aspects in the definition of planning?

• Setting Objectives
• Time period
• Alternatives for action
• Selection of the best alternative

2.If planning involves working out details for the future, why does it not ensure success?

Answer.  Yes, planning involves working out details for the future but future is uncertain. It is impossible to determine what future holds. Thus, accurate prediction of future is impossible. Plans are mere execution of predictions aimed at fulfilling goals and objectives. Though it does not ensure success but it can stop you from wandering around and ensure you move ahead in the right direction.

3.What kind of strategic decisions are taken by business organisations?

Answer . Strategy is a comprehensive plan for accomplishing an organization’s objectives. This comprehensive plan will include three dimensions:

(i) determining long term objectives

(ii) adopting a particular course of action

 (iii) allocating resources necessary to achieve the objective. 

Company’s take major strategic decisions like:

(i) Determining whether the business should function in the same line of business or not

(ii) Determining new lines of activity with the existing business.

(iii) How to seek the dominant position in the market.

(iv) Determining your target audience, customers, consumers etc

(v) Observing demand for product

(vi) Finding out best channel of distribution

(vii) Checking out the pricing policy

(viii) Product advertising

4.Planning reduces creativity. Critically comment.(Hint: both the points - Planning promotes innovative ideas and planning reduces creativity – will be given).

Answer. Planning is a laid-out direction of what is to be done and how it is to be done. It is determined after looking at all aspects of fulfilling a goal that any change in them can lead to failure of the plan and most importantly unfulfillment of objectives. Thus, it does reduce the scope of creativity since a plan has to be made considering what can constitute to achieve a goal. But, planning does not limit your scope for innovation. Infact, innovative plans often lead to successful plans and pose an organization as a market leader. For example: if an organization brings up an innovative idea of promoting chocolate by showing that chocolates act as a comfort between couples and can be shared in different emotions like joy, sadness etc. It is an innovative plan which can benefit the company but it can limit your creativity in terms of language to be used, and creatives in the ad to be used, as a whole. So, yes planning reduces creativity because they are laid out on account of formal execution determined to achieve certain goals but it can never disrupt your innovative thinking.

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Home » 12th Class » NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Planning | Question Answer PDF

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Planning | Question Answer PDF

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Planning has been published by Aglasem. You can now download the Class 12 Business Studies Ch 4 Questions and Answers PDF here. This NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies contains answers of all questions asked in Chapter 4 in textbook, Business Studies Part I Principles and Functions of Management . Therefore you can refer it to solve Planning exercise questions and learn more about the topic.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Planning

Class – Class 12 Subject – Business Studies Chapter – Ch 4 Chapter Name – Planning Book – Business Studies Part I Principles and Functions of Management Study Material – NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 PDF

While you can read NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Ch 4 for all exercises here on aglasem. You can also download this NCERT Solutions PDF to refer ncer question answer at anytime when you study Planning. Here it is.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 PDF Download Link – Click Here to Download Solutions PDF

How to download NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 PDF?

You can download the complete NCERT solutions for chapter 4 of this NCERT Book i.e. Business Studies Part I Principles and Functions of Management with following steps.

• First search NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Ch 4 PDF aglasem and come to this page.
• Now you will see the exercise questions answers of Planning and download pdf link on it.
• Click the Download PDF link to obtain the Planning questions with answers document.
• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies

There are more chapters to study besides Planning in this subject. So here are NCERT solutions for all topics of Business Studies taught in 12th class here at aglasem.

• Chapter 1 Nature and Significance of Management
• Chapter 2 Principles of Management
• Chapter 3 Business Environment
• Chapter 4 Planning
• Chapter 5 Organising
• Chapter 6 Staffing
• Chapter 7 Directing
• Chapter 8 Controlling
• Chapter 9 Financial Management
• Chapter 10 Marketing
• Chapter 11 Consumer Protection

NCERT Solutions for Class 12

Just like you got Business Studies Ch 4 solutions here. You can see exercise questions answers of other subjects and their topics too on aglasem. Here are NCERT solutions for all subjects of 12th standard NCERT books.

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• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 – An Overview

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Class 12 Business Studies Case Study Questions

Table of Contents

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In this article, we will discuss how to get CBSE class 12 Business Studies Case Study Questions from the myCBSEguide App and our Student Dashboard for free.

For the students appearing for class 12 board exams from the Commerce Stream, Business Studies is a core subject. Business Studies as a subject provides a way of perceiving and interacting with the business ecosystem . It well establishes the interdependence of business on various social, political, legal and economic forces and vice-versa. Business Studies is a purely theoretical and a relevantly easier subject for the Commerce students. Business Studies class 12 exam is a highly scoring subject and it facilitates the students to increase their percentile and excel in academics.

12 Business Studies Paper Design

The exam is divided into 2 parts:

• Part A generally contains questions from Principles and Functions of Management and carries 60 marks.
• Part B comprises questions from Business Finance and Marketing, it carries a total of 40 marks.

The syllabus of class 12 Business Studies comprises 12 chapters that are divided into 2 books

• Principles and Functions of Management
• Business Finance and Marketing

Business Studies Syllabus

CBSE has released the latest class 12 syllabus (2022-23) for Business Studies. 

Business Studies Case Study Questions

Case-based questions have always been an integral part of Business Studies class 12 question papers for the past many years. Students are required to focus more on case studies as they require the application of their knowledge of the key business concepts. In the year 2021-22 CBSE introduced a few changes in the question paper pattern to enhance and develop analytical and reasoning skills among students. Sanyam Bhardwaj, controller of examinations, CBSE quoted that case-based questions would be based on real-life situations encountered by the students.

The purpose was to drift from rote learning to competency and situation-based learning. He emphasized the fact that it was the need of the hour to move away from the old system and formulate new policies to enhance the critical reasoning skills of students. Introducing case study questions was a step toward achieving the goals of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

What is a case study question? (Business Studies)

A case study in reference to Business Studies can be thought of as a real-world test of how the implementation works. It is predominantly a report of an organization’s implementation of something such as a practice, a product, a system, or a service. Case studies based on NCERT text form a substantial part of the Business Studies examination. Initially, they were confusing for both students and teachers but now there is a clarity that has made the question paper more student-friendly. A significant weightage has been given to case-based and application-based questions.

Critical and Analytical Thinking

These questions demand critical and analytical thinking on behalf of the students. The best part of these questions is that they provide conceptual hints and keys that point to the right answer. According to the new pattern implemented by CBSE, case-based questions would carry a significant weightage of more than 30% in the Business Studies question paper.

Case Study Passage

As part of these questions, the students would be provided with a comprehensive passage, based on which analytical questions will have to be answered by them. The students would be required to read the passage carefully before attempting the questions. In the coming examination cycle (2022-23), case-based questions have a weightage of around 30%.

Types of Case Study questions in Business Studies

CBSE plans to increase the weightage of such questions in the following years, so as to enhance the intellectual and analytical abilities of the students. Case study questions would be based on various topics and chapters in Business Studies. It is expected from the students to have complete knowledge of the concepts in their syllabus.

They will have to let go of the shortcut techniques and get to read their textbooks with full concentration, especially for solving case-based questions in Business Studies for the passages given are generally lengthy and require an in-depth study. The best part of having these questions is that the question itself projects a hint of its solution.

The questions asked could be :

• Direct and simple-such questions can easily be solved as the answers are either there in the given passage or the student can solve it at ease by reading and analyzing the passage carefully.
• Indirect and application-based- These are the ones that would require the student to have complete knowledge of the topic and could be answered by application of the concepts. The answers to such questions are slightly tricky and not visible in the given passage, though the passage would highlight the concept on which the questions would be asked by CBSE.

Class 12 Business Studies Case Study

Case study questions asked by CBSE were stated to be quite challenging by many students. It prominently focuses on real and present scenarios of the business world. Though the exam, on the whole, was quite direct and its difficulty level was termed out to be moderate. Around 30% of the question paper consisted of case-based questions that required high-order thinking and analytical skills from the students.

Content of Case Study Questions

The concept of case-based questions is not new since CBSE has always included questions based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) and case-based questions. Though now we will have an increased percentage of such questions in the question paper. The student has to keep in mind that the concept-based questions can be attempted only with the proper understanding of the business concepts.

Benefits Of Case-based Questions

Class 12 Business Studies syllabus comprises two books and CBSE can ask Case study questions from any of them. Students must prepare themselves thoroughly for both the books. They must practice class 12 Business Studies case-based questions from the various options available to them.

• Enhance the intellectual capabilities of the students.
• Provide a complete and deeper understanding of the subject.
• Inculcate analytical reasoning and temperament in students.
• Help students retain knowledge for longer periods of time.
• Would definitely help to discard the concept of rote learning and cramming without understanding the core of the subject.
• The questions would facilitate bringing out the much-awaited change in the prevalent system of education in India that hinders the strengthening of practical learning.

Some Case-Study Questions (Business Studies) Class 12

Here are some case study questions for CBSE class 12 Business Studies. If you wish to get more case study questions and other related study material, download the myCBSEguide App now. You can also access it through our Student Dashboard .

Business Studies Case Study 1

Read the following text and answer the questions: ABLEX Ltd. is a big and well-reputed company. The biggest challenge for the company is managing many employees at the same time. As the company has various departments like human resources, marketing, finance,etc., it is very necessary for the company to maintain unity in different departments. All the employees work hard for the organisation. Despite their different interest, they all perform various activities together so as to achieve the objectives of the company. The career of employees is shown a developmental path through proper training modules and job enrichment. Ajay is a manager who assigns all duties and responsibilities to his employees in the department. He uses all sources to develop proper communication with them and leaves no attempt to motivate them.

• It integrates Group Efforts
• It is a Continuous process
• It ensures Unity of Action
• It is Pervasive
• Top Level Management
• Middle-Level Management
• Lower Level Management
• Supervisory Level Management
• Economic objectives
• Social Objectives
• Organisational Objectives
• Personal Objectives

Answer Key:

• (c) It ensures unity of action
• (b) Middle-level management
• (c) Personal objectives
• (a) Directing

Business Studies Case Study 2

Read the following text and answer the question: Mohan works in a bulb manufacturing company. Each bulb that is manufactured is of standard size and quality. Further, if there is any unrequited type of bulb manufactured then its production is stopped. Last month when the company came to know that 10-watt bulbs were no more liked by customers, their production was stopped. He works in the purchasing department. His job is to purchase the filaments required to make bulbs. This time when he purchases the filament he gets the instruction from the seller that some special care needs to be taken in the first hour of fixing the filaments inside the bulb. Mohan knows this information should be given immediately to the production department before the assembling process starts. However, he finds that his company’s policies only allow him to give the message to his immediate boss who will further pass this message to his boss. The passing of this message will continue until it reaches the desired person in the production department. Based on the passage answer the following questions:

• Method study
• Fatigue study
• Standardization and simplification
• None of these
• Scalar chain
• Departmentalization
• Division of Work
• None of the above
• Organization
• Authority and Responsibility
• All of these
• Division of work
• Scalar Chain
• (b) Fatigue study
• (a) Scalar chain
• (c) Gang plank
• (a) Division of work

Business Studies Case Study 3

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Two years ago Radhika completed her degree in food technology. She worked for some time in a company manufacturing chutneys, pickles and murabbas. She was not happy in the company and decided to have her own organic food processing unit for the same. She set the objectives and the targets and formulated an action plan to achieve the same. One of her objectives was to earn 10% profit on the amount invested in the first year. It was decided that raw materials like fruits, vegetables, spices, etc. will be purchased on three months’ credit form farmers cultivating organic crops only. She also decided to follow the steps required for the marketing of the products through her own outlets. She appointed Rakesh as a production manager who decides the exact manner in which the production activities are to be carried out. Rakesh also prepared a statement showing the number of workers that will be required in the factory throughout the year. Radhika informed Mohan about her sales target for different products, area wise for the forthcoming quarter. While working on the production table a penalty of 100 per day for not wearing the caps, gloves and apron was announced.

• Standing Plan
• (a) Objectives
• (c) Procedure
• (b) Programme

Tips to Solve Case Study Questions in Business Studies

Let’s try to comprehend and solve case study questions of class 12 Business Studies. As mentioned earlier, the entire syllabus is divided into 2 books. It is expected from the students to rigorously follow the NCERT book as the language written is quite simple and crisp. The exam in spite of being totally theoretical is quite scoring.

• Read the passage in depth.
• Try to comprehend the situation and focus on the questions asked.
• Generally, the passage given in Business Studies is lengthy but the solutions are brief and simple.
• Can follow a reversal pattern, i.e read the questions before and then search for the answers. You will save time.
• Answer briefly and precisely.
• Focus on solidifying key Business Studies fundamentals for acing any case study. If your concepts are clear, you will hardly face any difficulty in answering them.
• While answering the case study, pick the keywords or any keyline based on which you are withdrawing your conclusion. You need to highlight the reason for your answer.

These simple points if kept in mind will definitely help the student to fetch good marks in case study-based questions in class 12 Business Studies.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

Business Studies Class 12 Revision Notes Chapter 4 Planning

August 16, 2017 by Sastry CBSE

NCERT Solutions CBSE Sample Papers Business Studies +2 Business Studies

Points to Remember

1. Planning Planning can be defined as “thinking in advance what is to be done, when it is to be done, how it is to be done and by whom it should be done.” According to Fayol, “Planning is chalking out plan of action, i.e., the result envisaged in the line of action to be followed, the stages to go through the methods to use.” 2. Importance of Planning (i) Planning Provides Directions  Planning provides the directions to the efforts of employees. Planning makes clear what employees have to do, how to do etc. (ii) Planning Reduces the Risk Uncertainty  Planning helps the manager to face the uncertainty because planners try to force the future by making some assumptions. The plans are made to over come uncertainties. (iii) Planning Reduces Over Lapping and Wasteful Activities  Planning evaluates the alternatives uses of the available and prospective resources of the business and makes their must appropriate use. (iv) Planning Promotes Innovative Ideas  Planning requires high thinking and it is an intellectual process. So it makes the managers innovative and creative. (v) Planning Facilitates Decision Making  Planning helps the managers to look in to the future and make a choice from amongst various alternative courses of action. (vi) Planning Establishes Standards for Controlling  It has predetermined goal with which the actual performances are compared to find out deviation and suggest remedial measures.

3. Features of Planning (i) Planning Focuses on Achieving Objective Planning is purposeful. It has no meaning unless it contributes to the achievement of predetermined organisational goals. (ii) Planning is a Primary Function of Management  Planning is the primary or first function to be performed by every manager. No other function can be executed by the manager without performing planning function. (iii) Planning is Pervasive Planning is essential for every sort of business activities. Every department whether, purchase, sales accounts, auditing, marketing etc needs systematic planning. (iv) Planning is Continuous Planning is a never ending or continuous process because after making plans also one has to be in touch with the changes in changing environment and in the selection of one best way. (v) Planning is Futuristic Planning always means looking ahead, it is never for the past. All the managers try to make predictions and assumptions for future. , (vi) Planning Involves Decision Making Planning choice making of the best possible alternative out of various alternatives. 4. Limitations of Planning (i) Planning Leads to Rigidity Once plans are made to decide the future course of action the manager may not be in a position to change them. (ii) Planning May Not Work in a Dynamic Environment Business environment is very dynamic as there are continuously changes. It becomes very difficult to forecast these future changes. Plans may fail if the changes are very frequent. (iii) Planning Reduces Creativity With the planning the managers of the organisation start working rigidly and they become the blind followers of the plan only. (iv) Planning Involves Huge Costs Planning process involves lot of cost because it is an intellectual process and companies need to hire the professional experts to carry on this process. (v) Planning is a Time Consuming Success Lot of time is needed in developing planning premises. (vi) Planning does not Guarantee Success Planning only provides a base for analysing future. It is not a solution for future course of action.

5. Planning Process (i) Setting Objectives In planning function manager begin with setting up of objectives because all the policies, procedures and methods are framed for achieving objectives only. (ii) Developing Premises Premises refers to making assumptions regarding future. The assumptions are made on the basis of forecasting. Forecast is the technique of gathering information. (iii) Identifying Alternative Courses of Action After setting up of objectives the managers make a list of alternatives through which the organisation can achieve its objectives. (iv) Evaluating Alternative Courses After making the list of various alternatives along with the assumptions supporting them the manager starts evaluating each and every alternative. (v) Selecting an Alternative The best alternative is selected but as such there is no mathematical formula to select the best alternative. Some times instead of selecting one alternative a combination of different alternatives can also be selected. (vi) Implementing the Plan This is the step where other managerial functions also come in to the picture. The step is concerned with putting the plan into action i.e., doing what is required. (vii) Follow-up Action Planning is a continuous process so the manager’s job does not get over simply by putting the plan into action. The manager monitor the plan carefully while it is implemented. 6. Types of Plans (i) Objectives Objectives are the ends towards which the activities are directed. They are the end result of every activity, e.g., increase in sale by 10%. (ii) Strategy A strategy is a comprehensive plan to achieve the organisational objectives. (iii) Policies Policies are general statements that guide thinking or channelise energies towards a particular direction. (iv) Procedures Procedures are required steps established in advance to handle future conditions. The procedure can be defined as the exact manner in which an activity has to be accomplished. (v) Method Methods provide the prescribed ways or manner in which a task has to be performed considering the objective. (vi) Rule Rules are specific statements that inform what is to be done. They do not allow for any flexibility or discreation. (vii) Programme Programme are detailed statements about a project which outlines the objectives, policies, procedures, rules. (viii) Budget A budget is a statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms.

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Business Studies Class 12 Notes for All Chapters

• Revision Notes
• Business Studies

Chapter-wise Class 12 Business Studies Notes - FREE PDF Download

Class 12 Business Studies Notes and Summary is prepared to help students study business concepts easily and effectively. These notes cover all the key topics, concepts, and terminologies clearly and concisely. Class 12 Revision Notes simplify complex business theories and practices into easy-to-understand points, making it easier for students to grasp and retain the material. Business Studies Class 12 Notes PDF highlights essential details from each chapter of the Class 12 Business Studies NCERT Textbook , making them perfect for quick revision before exams.

Download the FREE Class 12 Business Studies Notes PDF, created by experts at Vedantu and updated according to the latest CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Syllabus , to save time and enhance your understanding of business concepts.

Chapter-wise Business Studies Class 12 Notes PDF Download In English

CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Textbook: A General Overview

The CBSE Class 12 Business Studies textbook is structured to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the principles and practices of business management. The textbook covers various aspects of business operations and management, divided into 2 parts:

Part I Principles and Functions of Management

Nature and Significance of Management: This section introduces the basic concepts of management, its importance, and the role it plays in achieving organisational goals. It covers the characteristics, objectives, and levels of management, providing a foundational understanding of the subject.

Principles of Management: This section discusses the core principles of management developed by pioneers like Henry Fayol and F.W. Taylor. It explores how these principles guide managers in making decisions and running organisations efficiently.

Business Environment: This section examines the external forces that influence business operations, including economic, social, technological, and legal factors. Understanding the business environment is crucial for managers to adapt and respond to changes effectively.

Planning: Planning is the first step in the management process, and this section delves into its importance, types, and steps. It also highlights the limitations and challenges associated with planning in a business context.

Organising: This section covers the process of organising resources and activities to achieve the organisation's objectives. It includes discussions on organisational structure, types of organisations, and the significance of delegation and decentralisation.

Staffing: Staffing involves hiring and managing the workforce. This section explores the various aspects of staffing, including recruitment, selection, training, and development, as well as the importance of maintaining a motivated and competent workforce.

Directing: Directing is about guiding and supervising employees to achieve organisational goals. This section discusses leadership, communication, motivation, and the role of managers in directing the efforts of their teams.

Controlling: Controlling ensures that organisational activities are aligned with the plans. This section explains the process of controlling, including setting performance standards, measuring actual performance, and taking corrective actions when necessary.

Part II Business Finance and Marketing

Financial Management: This section focuses on managing the financial resources of an organisation. It covers key concepts such as financial planning, capital structure, and working capital management, which are essential for maintaining the financial health of a business.

Marketing: Marketing is crucial for business success, and this section explores the various aspects of marketing management, including product development, pricing strategies, promotion, and distribution. It emphasises the importance of understanding consumer needs and market trends.

Consumer Protection: The final section highlights the importance of protecting consumer rights and the role of businesses in ensuring fair practices. It discusses consumer protection laws, the rights of consumers, and the redressal mechanisms available to them.

Key Features of the Class 12 Business Studies Textbook

Comprehensive Coverage of Syllabus : The textbook thoroughly covers the entire CBSE syllabus for Class 12 Business Studies, ensuring that students have access to all the necessary material for their exams.

Conceptual Clarity : The textbook presents complex business concepts clearly and concisely, making it easier for students to grasp and retain important information.

Practical Examples : Real-world examples and case studies are included to help students relate theoretical concepts to practical business scenarios, enhancing their understanding of how these concepts are applied in real life.

Step-by-Step Explanations : The textbook breaks down complicated topics into simpler, step-by-step explanations, making it easier for students to follow along and understand the material.

Well-Structured Content : The chapters are organised logically, with each section building on the previous one. This structured approach helps students develop a strong foundation in business studies.

Illustrations and Diagrams : The textbook includes various illustrations, charts, and diagrams that visually represent key concepts, aiding in better comprehension and retention.

Review Questions and Exercises : At the end of each chapter, there are review questions and exercises that allow students to test their understanding of the material and reinforce their learning.

Overall Important Concepts from Class 12 Business Studies:

Management Functions : Understanding the core functions of management—planning, organising, staffing, directing, and controlling—is crucial. These functions are interrelated and collectively help in achieving organisational goals.

Principles of Management : The principles of management provide a framework for decision-making and guide managers in leading organisations efficiently. These principles include division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, and more.

Business Environment : The business environment encompasses all external forces that affect a business's operations, including economic, social, technological, legal, and political factors. Understanding how these factors influence business decisions is vital for effective management.

Planning and Decision-Making : Planning is the process of setting objectives and determining the best course of action to achieve them. It involves decision-making, which is the selection of the best alternative among available options.

Organisational Structure : The organisational structure defines how tasks are divided, coordinated, and supervised within a business. Key aspects include the types of organisational structures (functional, divisional, matrix), and the importance of delegation and decentralisation.

Human Resource Management : Staffing, or human resource management, involves recruiting, selecting, training, and managing employees. Effective HR management ensures that the organisation has the right people in the right positions.

Leadership and Motivation : Leadership is the ability to influence and guide employees toward achieving organisational goals. Motivation, on the other hand, involves understanding what drives employees to perform well and how to incentivize them to reach their full potential.

Communication : Effective communication is essential for the smooth functioning of any organisation. It involves the exchange of information between different levels of the organisation and ensures that everyone is aligned with the company’s goals.

Control Mechanisms : Controlling is the process of monitoring organisational performance and taking corrective actions when necessary. It involves setting standards, measuring actual performance, and implementing corrective measures to ensure that goals are met.

Financial Management : Financial management involves planning, organising, and controlling the financial resources of an organisation. Key concepts include financial planning, capital structure, and working capital management, all of which are critical for maintaining the financial stability of a business.

Marketing Management : Marketing management focuses on strategies to promote and sell products or services. It includes understanding market research, product development, pricing strategies, distribution channels, and promotional tactics.

Consumer Protection : Understanding the rights of consumers and the legal protections available to them is essential. Businesses must adhere to consumer protection laws to ensure fair practices and maintain trust.

CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Weightage 2024-25

Benefits of CBSE Business Studies Class 12 Notes PDF

Business Studies Class 12 Notes are prepared to condense the vast syllabus into concise and focused content, allowing students to quickly review and understand key concepts without getting overwhelmed by details.

The notes highlight the most important topics and concepts, saving students valuable time when preparing for exams. This is especially useful during revision when time is limited.

The notes are structured to simplify complex topics and break them down into easy-to-understand points, making it easier for students to grasp difficult concepts and retain information.

Class 12 Business Studies Notes serve as an excellent tool for quick revision before exams. They provide a summary of each topic, allowing students to refresh their memory and improve their understanding of key concepts.

The notes are designed to enhance retention through the use of clear explanations, bullet points, and summaries. This helps students remember key information more effectively.

Exam Preparation Guide for Class 12 Business Studies

Understand the Syllabus and Exam Pattern: Familiarise yourself with the CBSE syllabus and exam pattern for Business Studies. Knowing the weightage of each chapter and the types of questions asked can help you prioritise your study plan.

Create a Study Schedule: Develop a study timetable that allocates sufficient time to each chapter based on its difficulty and importance. Ensure you include time for revision and practice tests as well.

Use Quality Study Material: Rely on the NCERT textbook, along with supplementary notes and reference books, to cover all the topics thoroughly. Class 12 Business Studies Notes PDFs can be particularly helpful for quick revisions.

Focus on Key Concepts: Concentrate on understanding the core concepts such as management functions, principles of management, business environment, and financial management. These are crucial for answering both theoretical and case study-based questions.

Practice Case Studies: Case studies are an integral part of the Business Studies exam. Practice solving different case studies to improve your analytical skills and ability to apply concepts in real-life scenarios.

Revise Regularly: Regular revision is essential to retain what you’ve learned. Go through your notes and summaries regularly, and revise important topics multiple times before the exam.

Attempt Sample Papers and Past Papers: Practice with CBSE sample papers and previous years’ question papers. This will help you get accustomed to the exam format and improve your time management skills.

Focus on Presentation: Business Studies requires not just knowledge but also good presentation skills. Practice writing answers clearly, using headings, bullet points, and diagrams where necessary to make your answers more readable and organised.

Business Studies Class 12 Notes are an essential resource for students to excel in their exams. These notes simplify complex topics, making it easier to understand and remember key concepts. They are designed to save time by focusing on the most important material, allowing for quick revisions. With clear explanations and structured content, these notes help students build a strong foundation in business studies, ensuring they are well-prepared for their exams and future studies. Using Class 12 Business Studies Notes can improve confidence and overall performance.

Related Study Material Class 12 Business Studies

FAQs on Business Studies Class 12 Notes for All Chapters

1. Can You Give me the Details of the Portion of Business Studies Class 12?

Class 12 Business Studies is divided majorly into two portions.

The 1st Portion Consists:

Principles and Functions of Management - Nature and Significance of Management, Principles of Management, Business Environment, Planning Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling. 

The 2nd Part Consists:

Business Finance and Marketing. 

Financial Management.

2. Where can I get FREE Revision Notes of Business Studies Class 12 Online?

Students can download well-explained and reliable Class 12 Business Studies Revision notes online for free from the official website of Vedantu. These notes are prepared by the subject experts as per the latest CBSE syllabus and hence wholly trustworthy and reliable. Students can always access these notes freely whenever required.

3. Is it necessary to use Class 12 Business Studies notes?

Refer to Vedantu's Class 12 Business Studies Notes to ace your exam preparation. With the help of these notes, you will be able to revise all important topics of the syllabus in less time. These notes are prepared on the latest syllabus, exam pattern and marking scheme to fetch you more marks in the exam. They are fully authentic as they are prepared by the best Business Studies teachers in India. By studying from these notes, you will see a lot of progress in your exam preparation. 

4. What are the chapters in Business Studies Class 12?

The syllabus of Class 12 Business Studies comprises 12 chapters that are divided into two books - Principles and Functions of Management, and Business Finance and Marketing. 

There are eight chapters in the first book. These are as follows - 

Chapter 1: Nature & Significance of Management

Chapter 2: Principles of Management

Chapter 3: Business Environment

Chapter 4: Planning

Chapter 5: Organising

Chapter 6: Staffing

Chapter 7: Directing

Chapter 8: Controlling

The second book consists of the following four chapters - 

Chapter 9: Financial Management

Chapter 11: Consumer Protection

5. How do you make a BST note?

Business Studies notes are really important to simplify your exam preparation journey. You can prepare handwritten notes for BST. First, thoroughly read all the chapters from your NCERT BST textbook. While preparing notes, make sure that they are well-structured, crisp and short. Divide your notes into two sections - the theory section and the numerical section. Prepare the most important bullet points in simple words from every theory topic and write down statistics from the case studies. Revise these notes multiple times to strengthen your conceptual understanding. 

6. How to download CBSE Class 12th Business Studies Quick Revision Notes?

You can easily download Class 12 Business Studies Quick Revision Notes by visiting the page CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Revision Notes on the Vedantu website. You can select the chapter and then proceed to download the PDF of its Revision Notes. These notes will help you ace Business Studies by providing the best quality study material from an examination point of view. They are 100% authentic notes, error-free and comprehensive. By downloading these notes, and regularly revising them, you will be able to learn the Business Studies concepts with a crystal-clear understanding. All these PDFs are available at FREE of cost.

7. Can you please provide a detailed Stepwise Study Plan to ace Business Studies Class 12?

First of all, study each chapter from the standard NCERT textbook to obtain conceptual clarity and to cover all basics. Then, solve every question given in the back exercises of each chapter. Refer to Vedantu's Revision Notes for Class 12 Business Studies CBSE Class 12 Business Studies Revision Notes. Prepare short notes to summarize all the main topics. Analyze the tables and charts given in the NCERT for better understanding. Practice as many previous year questions and sample papers as you can, and most importantly, revise all topics multiple times. 

8. What are Class 12 Business Studies Notes?

Class 12 Business Studies Notes are condensed summaries of each chapter, designed to help students quickly understand and revise key concepts, terms, and principles covered in the CBSE syllabus.

9. Do Business Studies Class 12 Notes PDFs include case studies and examples?

While the notes primarily focus on summarising key concepts, they often include important case studies and examples to illustrate how these concepts apply in real-world scenarios.

10. How are Class 12 Business Studies Notes organised?

The notes are organised chapter-wise, with each section summarising the main points, definitions, and principles related to that particular chapter.

Revision Notes for Class 12

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NCERT Solutions for Business Studies Class 12

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies provide a wide range of concepts and advanced information regarding the subject, including all the questions provided in the NCERT books. Students who wish to score remarkable grades will be able to ace their exams using the NCERT Solutions given at BYJU’S.

Business pursuits influence the day-to-day lives of all people as they work, spend, save, invest, travel, and relax. Business affects jobs, earnings, and chances for personal endeavour and enhancement. Business affects not only the class of living and quality of lifestyle but also the environment in which the people reside.

In Class 11, we studied the fundamental aspects of the subject. NCERT Solutions Business studies for Class 12 is an advanced level of Class 11 NCERT Solutions.

Chapterwise NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies is given below.

The following chapters have been removed from the NCERT Class 12 Business Studies textbook 2023-24.

Financial Markets

Entrepreneurship Development

Access and download  NCERT class 12 Books  here.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies provides a wide range of illustrative examples which help the students to comprehend and learn quickly. The above-mentioned is the syllabus for CBSE Class 12 . For more solutions and study materials of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, visit BYJU’S or download the app for more information and the best learning experience.

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