the human heart presentation

Cardiovascular System

• It is know as the “transportation” system of the body

Structures Include:

-Blood Vessels

Layers of the Heart

• Endocardium
• Smooth layer
• Lines the interior
• Valves are made from this layer
• Muscle layer
• Thickest layer
• Thin, outermost layer
• Joins with serous lining outside the heart to form the Pe ricardium
• Separates the left and right heart
• Interatrial – top part of the septum
• Interventricular – bottom part of the septum

The Four Chambers

• Right Atrium
• Right Ventricle
• Left Atrium
• Left Ventricle
• Right Atrium – receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava
• Right Ventricle – pumps blood to the lungs
• Left Atrium – receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
• Left Ventricle – pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, strongest chamber
• Valves are important to control the flow of blood from one chamber of the heart to another .
• Valves allow blood to flow in only one direction

Heart Valves

Tricuspid valve – opening between right atria and right ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar valve – opening between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Mitral valve (also called bicuspid) – opening between left atrium and left ventricle

Aortic semilunar valve – located between left ventricle and aorta

• Chordae tendineae – threads, keep valve flaps from flipping up into the atria
• Right Atrioventricular (tricuspid valve) – between the right atrium and right ventricle, has 3 flaps, prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium
• Pulmonic (semilunar valve) – between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle
• Left Atrioventricular (bicuspid valve) – between the left atrium and left ventricle, prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium, has 2 flaps (mitral valve)
• Aortic Valve – between the left ventricle and the aorta, prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle

The human heart beats up to three billion times over an average lifespan. Learn about the anatomy of the heart and how this muscular organ provides life-giving oxygen throughout the body.

Biology, Health

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October 19, 2023

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• Biology Article

Human Heart

The heart is a muscular organ that is situated in the front of the chest. It pumps blood all through the body in a process called circulation. Apart from the heart, the blood vessels and blood as a unit constitute the cardiovascular system.

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Functions of the Human Heart

Types of Circulation

Pericardium, structure of the heart wall, chambers of the heart, blood vessels, facts about human heart.

• Important Questions about the Human Heart
• Practise Labelling the Human Heart Diagram

Introduction to the Human Heart

The human heart is one of the most important organs responsible for sustaining life. It is a muscular organ with four chambers. The size of the heart is the size of about a clenched fist.

The human heart functions throughout a person’s lifespan and is one of the most robust and hardest working muscles in the human body.

Besides humans, most other animals also possess a heart that pumps blood throughout their bodies. Even invertebrates such as grasshoppers possess a heart like pumping organ, though they do not function the same way a human heart does.

Also Refer:  Human Circulatory System

Position of Heart in Human Body

The human heart is located between the lungs in the thoracic cavity, slightly towards the left of the sternum (breastbone). It is derived from the embryonic mesodermal germ layer.

The Function of Heart

The function of the heart in any organism is to maintain a constant flow of blood throughout the body. This replenishes oxygen and circulates nutrients among the cells and tissues.

Following are the main functions of the heart:

• One of the primary functions of the human heart is to pump blood throughout the body.
• Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, glucose and other components to various parts of the body, including the human heart.
• The heart also ensures that adequate blood pressure is maintained in the body

There are two types of circulation within the body, namely pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

Pulmonary circulation (blue) and Systemic circulation (red)

• Pulmonary circulation is a portion of circulation responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart , to the lungs and then bringing oxygenated blood back to the heart.
• Systemic circulation is another portion of circulation where the oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to every organ and tissue in the body, and deoxygenated blood comes back again to the heart.

Now, the heart itself is a muscle and therefore, it needs a constant supply of oxygenated blood. This is where another type of circulation comes into play, the coronary circulation.

• Coronary circulation is an essential portion of the circulation, where oxygenated blood is supplied to the heart. This is important as the heart is responsible for supplying blood throughout the body.
• Moreover, organs like the brain need a steady flow of fresh, oxygenated blood to ensure functionality.

In a nutshell, the circulatory system plays a vital role in supplying oxygen, and nutrients and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes from the body. Let us gain a deeper insight into the various anatomical  structures of the heart:

Structure of the Human Heart

The human heart is about the size of a human fist and is divided into four chambers, namely two ventricles and two atria . The ventricles are the chambers that pump blood and the atrium are the chambers that receive blood. Among these both the right atrium and ventricle make up the “right heart,” and the left atrium and ventricle make up the “left heart.”  The structure of the heart also houses the biggest artery in the body – the aorta .

The right and the left region of the heart are separated by a wall of muscle called the septum. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs for re-oxygenation through the pulmonary arteries. The right semilunar valves close and prevent the blood from flowing back into the heart. Then, the oxygenated blood is received by the left atrium from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.  Read on to explore more about the structure of the heart.

External Structure of Heart

One of the very first structures which can be observed when the external structure of the heart is viewed is the pericardium.

The human heart is situated to the left of the chest and is enclosed within a fluid-filled cavity described as the pericardial cavity. The walls and lining of the pericardial cavity are made up of a membrane known as the pericardium.

The pericardium is a fibre membrane found as an external covering around the heart. It protects the heart by producing a serous fluid, which serves to lubricate the heart and prevent friction between the surrounding organs. Apart from the lubrication, the pericardium also helps by holding the heart in its position and by maintaining a hollow space for the heart to expand itself when it is full. The pericardium has two exclusive layers—

• Visceral Layer:  It  directly covers the outside of the heart.
• Parietal Layer: It  forms a sac around the outer region of the heart that contains the fluid in the pericardial cavity.

The heart wall is made up of 3 layers, namely:

• Epicardium – Epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart. It is composed of a thin-layered membrane that serves to lubricate and protect the outer section.
• Myocardium – This is a layer of muscle tissue and it constitutes the middle layer wall of the heart. It contributes to the thickness and is responsible for the pumping action.
• Endocardium – It is the innermost layer that lines the inner heart chambers and covers the heart valves. Furthermore, it prevents the blood from sticking to the inner walls, thereby preventing potentially fatal blood clots.

Internal Structure of Heart

The internal structure of the heart is rather intricate with several chambers and valves that control the flow of blood.

Vertebrate hearts can be classified based on the number of chambers present. For instance, most fish have two chambers, and reptiles and amphibians have three chambers. Avian and mammalian hearts consists of four chambers. Humans are mammals; hence, we have four chambers, namely:

• Left atrium
• Right atrium
• Left ventricle
• Right ventricle

Atria are thin and have less muscular walls and are smaller than ventricles. These are the blood-receiving chambers that are fed by the large veins.

Ventricles are larger and more muscular chambers responsible for pumping and pushing blood out into circulation. These are connected to larger arteries that deliver blood for circulation.

The right ventricle and right atrium are comparatively smaller than the left chambers. The walls consist of fewer muscles compared to the left portion, and the size difference is based on their functions. The blood originating from the right side flows through the pulmonary circulation, while blood arising from the left chambers is pumped throughout the body.

In organisms with closed circulatory systems, the blood flows within vessels of varying sizes. All vertebrates, including humans, possess this type of circulation. The external structure of the heart has many blood vessels that form a network, with other major vessels emerging from within the structure. The blood vessels typically comprise the following:

• Veins supply deoxygenated blood to the heart via inferior and superior vena cava, and it eventually drains into the right atrium.
• Capillaries are tiny, tube-like vessels which form a network between the arteries to veins.
• Arteries are muscular-walled tubes mainly involved in supplying oxygenated blood away from the heart to all other parts of the body. Aorta is the largest of the arteries and it branches off into various smaller arteries throughout the body.

Also Refer: Difference between Arteries and Veins

Valves are flaps of fibrous tissues located in the cardiac chambers between the veins. They ensure that the blood flows in a single direction (unidirectional). Flaps also prevent the blood from flowing backwards. Based on their function, valves are of two types:

• Atrioventricular valves are between ventricles and atria. The valve between the right ventricle and right atrium is the tricuspid valve, and the one which is found between the left ventricle and left atrium is known as the mitral valve.
• Semilunar valves are located between the left ventricle and the aorta. It is also found between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle.

Also Read: Blood and its Composition

• The heart pumps around 6,000-7,500 litres of blood in a day throughout the body.
• The heart is situated at the centre of the chest and points slightly towards the left.
• On average, the heart beats about 100,000 times a day, i.e., around 3 billion beats in a lifetime.
• The average male heart weighs around 280 to 340 grams (10 to 12 ounces). In females, it weighs around 230 to 280 grams (8 to 10 ounces).
• An adult’s heart beats about 60 to 100 times per minute, and a newborn baby’s heart beats at a faster pace than an adult which is about 90 to 190 beats per minute.

Also Refer:  Heart Health

To know more about the human heart structure and function, or any other related concepts such as arteries and veins, the internal structure of the heart, and the external structure of the heart,  e xplore BYJU’S Biology. Also, learn an  easy diagram of the heart, concepts and relevant questions for the human heart for Class 10  by downloading BYJU’S – The Learning App.

More to Explore:

• Heart Diseases
• Hepatic Portal System

Frequently Asked Questions

1. what is pulmonary circulation explain..

Pulmonary circulation is a type of blood circulation responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart, and to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. The system then brings oxygenated blood back to the heart to be pumped throughout the body.

2. Define systemic circulation.

In systemic circulation, the heart pumps the oxygenated blood through the arteries to every organ and tissue in the body, and then back again to the heart through a system of veins.

3. Elaborate on coronary circulation and its significance.

The heart is a muscle, and it needs a constant supply of oxygenated blood to survive and work effectively. This is where coronary circulation fulfils this function through a network of arteries and veins in the heart. The coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart, and the cardiac veins drain the blood once it has been deoxygenated by the tissues of the heart.

4. Briefly explain the structure of the human heart.

The human heart is divided into four chambers, namely two ventricles and two atria. The ventricles are the chambers that pump blood and atrium are the chambers that receive the blood. Among which, the right atrium and ventricle make up the “right portion of the heart”, and the left atrium and ventricle make up the “left portion of the heart.”

5. Name the chambers of the heart.

6. what is pericardium explain its function..

The pericardium is a fibrous membrane that envelops the heart. It also serves a protective function by producing a serous fluid, which lubricates the heart and prevents friction between the surrounding organs. Furthermore, the pericardium also holds the heart in its position and provides a hollow space for the heart to expand and contract.

7. Explain the three layers of the heart wall.

• Epicardium – This is the outermost layer of the heart. It is composed of a thin layer of membrane that protects and lubricates the outer section.
• Myocardium – This is a layer of muscle tissue that constitutes the middle layer wall of the heart. It is responsible for the heart’s “pumping” action.
• Endocardium – The innermost layer that lines the inner heart chambers and covers the heart valves. Prevents blood from sticking, thereby avoiding the formation of fatal blood clots.

8. Explain the three major blood vessels of the human body.

The  blood vessels comprise:

• Veins – It supplies deoxygenated blood to the heart via inferior and superior vena cava, eventually draining into the right atrium.
• Capillaries – They are minuscule, tube-like vessels which form a network between the arteries and veins.
• Arteries – These are muscular-walled tubes responsible for supplying oxygenated blood away from the heart to all other parts of the body.

9. What is the function of the heart valves? Provide examples of various valves.

Valves are flaps of tissues that are present in cardiac chambers between the veins. They prevent the backflow of blood. Examples include the atrioventricular valves, tricuspid valves, mitral valves and the semilunar valves.

10. What is meant by myocardial infarction?

Myocardial infarction is a serious medical condition where the blood flow to the heart is reduced or entirely stopped. This causes oxygen deprivation in the heart muscles, and prolonged deprivation can cause tissues to die.

Label the Heart Diagram below:

Practice your understanding of the heart structure. Drag and drop the correct labels to the boxes with the matching, highlighted structures.

Instructions to use:

• Hover the mouse over one of the empty boxes.
• One part in the image gets highlighted.
• Identify the highlighted part and drag and drop the correct label into the same box.
• After finishing all the labelling, check your answers.
• Semilunar valve
• Pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary vein

Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. Click ‘Start Quiz’ to begin!

Select the correct answer and click on the “Finish” button Check your score and answers at the end of the quiz

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Home PowerPoint Templates Shapes Anatomy of the Human Heart PowerPoint Shapes

Anatomy of the Human Heart PowerPoint Shapes

Anatomy of the Human Heart PowerPoint Shapes –  Create an impressive and innovative presentation of the human heart’s anatomy using the Anatomy of the Human Heart PowerPoint Shapes. This PowerPoint template is perfect for accurately depicting the parts of the human heart and their functions. Its innovative design allows for individual presentation of each part of the heart by replicating and placing the parts in separate templates. This feature helps the audience to understand better details of the human heart’s anatomy. The clear and lively illustration also assists in memory retention of the information about the heart. This presentation quality is very useful to students, professionals and all other type of audiences.

This presentation is perfect for medical seminars and lectures in both professional and academic settings. The clearly defined illustration of each part is great for expounding its specific functions.  Additional elements can also be added in this template for a more detailed description of the processes that a heart regularly does. In addition, this PowerPoint shapes can be combined with other templates and shapes in our PowerPoint diagram for a more elaborate presentation.

The heart is the most important organ in the human body. History has recorded a lot scientific studies and experiments about the heart. Those scientific activities only continue to grow in number and length of study as well as level of relevance.  The steady increase in the development studies of the human heart creates the need for more suitable and effective presentation platforms. There are other presentation tools in the market today but most of them are not readily available and can only be used in a single presentation. The highly editable quality of this template makes it the most ideal and efficient presentation tool that gives the best value for its price. For example, this PowerPoint template can be used for presentations highlighting the functions of the heart. And then, it can be edited again to present the parts of the heart and their purposes. Each presentation using this template can be as unique as the user would prefer by altering backgrounds, text fonts, color and positioning of each element. On the other hand, its visual properties can be maintained for a series of related presentations.

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The Human Heart

Jul 17, 2014

830 likes | 1.46k Views

Unit Two. The Human Heart. 2.1.1 What is the main function?. First and foremost the human hear t is a… PUMP! A mechanical device using suction or pressure to raise or move liquids, compress gases, or force air into inflatable objects such as tires. When the heart stops pumping=death

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• right pulmonary veins
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• essential questions

Presentation Transcript

Unit Two The Human Heart

2.1.1 What is the main function? • First and foremost the human hear t is a… • PUMP! • A mechanical device using suction or pressure to raise or move liquids, compress gases, or force air into inflatable objects such as tires. • When the heart stops pumping=death • Unless the heart is restarted or intervention is used • Anna Garcia • Blood stopped flowing • Lacking the resources normally carried by the blood • including oxygen and nutrients, • Ms. Garcia’s body cells could no long survive and she died

Important pumps in our lives… • Pumps in the home: • water faucet • toilet • the washing machine • the car • the air conditioner • the refrigerator • liquid soap dispensers • spray bottles

Activity 2.1.1 • Build a simple pump using provided materials • Sketch out a few ideas • Get the OK from me to start testing • Build & Test…Trial & Error • Take GREAT notes! • Success=moving 150ml of water from one flask to the other • Explain two ways the human heart is similar to a mechanical pump. • Conclusion questions due tomorrow!

Activity 2.2.1 • Cool Heart Facts • Your heart beats about 100,000 times in one day and about 35 million times in a year. • During an average lifetime, the human heart will beat more than 2.5 billion times. • The heart pumps about 1 million barrels of blood during an average lifetime--that's enough to fill more than 3 super tankers. • Essential Question 1 • What is a pump? • Key Terms • Pump • Fluid Mechanics • Positive Displacement Pump

Activity 2.2.1: Key Terms • Histology • Inferior Vena Cava • Mitral Valve • Pericardium • Superior Vena Cava • Tissue • Tricuspid Valve • Valve • Aorta • Aortic Valve • Artery • Atrium • Cardiovascular System • Cell

Activity 2.2.1 • Three Diagrams of the heart • Exterior • Internal Ventral • Internal Dorsal Blood Circulation (Lungs/Body) • Complete first with colored pencils, markers, crayons then… • Get my OK • Add “extras” from craft room as time allows • Due Monday!

Example: Exterior

Example: Ventral View

Example: Circulation • Superior Vena Cava • Inferior Vena Cava • Aorta • Right Pulmonary Veins • Left Pulmonary Veins • Right Pulmonary Arteries • Left Pulmonary Arteries • Right Lung • Left Lung • Body (head, trunk)

Let’s check our blood flow guesses? • Enters into Superior & Inferior Vena Cava • Through the Right Atrium • Tricuspid Valve • Right Ventricle • Into Pulmonary Valve • Pulmonary Artery • Thru to the Lungs • Back into Pulmonary Vein • Thru the Left Atrium • Mitral Valve (Bicuspid) • Left Ventricle • Thru the Aortic Valve • Into the Aorta • To the Circulatory System Pulmonary (lungs)& Systemic (body) Circuits http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rj_qD0SEGGk

We’ll come back • We’ll come back to 2.2.2. • Dissection • Microscopy • Next week • Now we’re moving on to 2.3.1

Heart Disease & Technology • Heart Disease Facts • 71,000,000 Americans have heart disease • 403 billion $$ is spent on heart disease in the U.S. • Every 34 seconds an American dies for CVD • Essential Question 1 • In what ways can technology be used to collect and analyze cardiovascular data?

Heart Disease & Technology

Review!What Does the Cardiovascular System Do? 1. Transport _____ and ______ to all cells. 2. Remove ____ and _________ from all cells. 3. Circulate _______ for chemical regulation. 4. Help maintain body __________. (temperature, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, metabolic wastes)

Cardiac Cycle • One complete sequence of pumping/filling: • Contraction phase is called systole • Relaxation phase is called diastole • Average adult at rest completes 75 cardiac cycles per minute or 0.8 seconds per cycle • Heart Beat • Heart Attack

Electrical impulses make the Heart Beat? • SA Node (sinoatrial node) • Pacemaker • Sets timing and rhythm of heart beat • Sends electrical impulse similar to nerve impulse • Triggers cells of both atria to contract in unison • Impulse travels thorough cardiac cells to AV node (atrioventricular node)

What Makes the Heart Beat? • AV Node (atrioventricular node) • Located in wall between right atrium and right ventricle • Delays spreading the electrical impulses for 0.1 seconds to ensure the atria are completely empty • Sends impulses to specialized muscle fibers and Purkinje fibers, which conduct signal to apex of heart and induce ventricular contraction Cardiac Conduction System

Today • Activity 2.3.1 • Biomedical Science Experimental Design Protocol • Introduction to Vernier Probes

Trouble Shooting • The arrows on the two parts are pointed in the same direction. • It may be necessary to hold the receiver very close to the cylinders to initially pick-up the signal…once the signal is detected, the receiver can be moved farther away. • The receiver is within 80 cm of the hand grips. • There are no electrical devices within 25 centimeters of the receiver (including SensorDAQ, computers, cell phones, electrical lab equipment). • Have test subjects from different lab teams maintain a distance of at least 2 m from each other. • No other receivers or transmitters are near the sensor. • The contacts are clean.

Activity 2.3.2 Blood Pressure • Essential Questions • What is the relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular function? • What factors can influence blood pressure? • Why is blood pressure important?

Activity 2.3.2 Blood Pressure • How to Write a Scientific Laboratory Report • Key Terms • Blood Pressure • Cardiology • Diastole • Diastolic Pressure • Electrocardiogram (EKG) • Hypothesis • Sinoatrial Node • Sphygmomanometer • Systole • Systolic Pressure

What Causes Blood Pressure? • Blood is a fluid • As fluids move through a pipe there is pressure exerted on the wall of the pipe= hydrostatic pressure • When blood moves through blood vessels (e.g., veins & arteries) there is pressure on the walls of the vessels= blood pressure

Blood Pressure Measurement • Pressure on arteriole wall when heart contracts= systole • Pressure on arteriole wall when heart relaxes = diastole • Blood pressure = the ratio of systolic to diastolic pressures

Blood Pressure Measurement • Traditionally measured in mm of mercury • Force that can support a column of mercury • Taken in upper arm on level with the heart • Example Measurement • 120 / 70: Systolic=120 Diastolic=70

Ever heard of MAP? • MAP= Mean Arterial Pressure • Used to measure adequacy of blood getting to vital tissues and organs • Calculated by following formula: • Systolic pressure + 2(Diastolic pressure) 3

Influences on Blood Pressure?

High Blood Pressure • Clot formation • The effects of high blood pressure

Activity 2.3.2 • Part 1 (in-class today) • Part 2 (in-class today) • Conclusion questions (Due Tuesday the 25th) • Write a lab report (Due Thursday the 27th) • Lab Report Protocol • Lab Report Example • Monday is DISSECTION DAY!!!!

Activity 2.2.1 Heart Dissection • Please do not touch ANYTHING until directed • Please get into the following groups

Activity 2.2.1 Heart Dissection • Read the introduction and the opening paragraphs on page one of An Illustrated Dissection Guide to the Mammalian Heart • Use the drawings and definitions as guides to help you identify the structures of the heart. • Structures in italicsshould be located and labeled on your heart

Activity 2.2.1 External • Place the heart in your dissecting tray with the ventral side facing up. • Observe the outside of the heart. • The darker line running from the upper right diagonally to the lower left is the coronary artery. • The bottom of the heart comes to a point called the apex.

Activity 2.2.1 External • To the right and above the apex is the left ventricle. • Use your finger to push on the outside wall of the left ventricle. Notice how firm it is. • To the left and above the apex is the right ventricle. • Use your finger and push on its outside wall. Compare it to the left ventricle. Notice it compresses easier than the left ventricular wall. • Differentiate between the functions of the left and right ventricles. Use the Internet or other resources for help, if needed…(time to work on #12)

Activity 2.2.1 External • Above the ventricles is an area called the base of the heart. At each side (left and right), there are “ear like” tissue flaps called the left and right appendages, sometimes called the left and right auricles as well. • Under each appendage are the left atrium and the right atrium. • Explain the functions of the left and right atria …(time to work on #15)

Extending out of the right atrium is the superior vena cavavein. • Place a probe into it and see that it leads directly into the right atrium (this is a good strategy to be sure it is the correct structure). • Explain the function of the superior vena cava…(time to work on #17)

Activity 2.2.1 External • Next to the superior vena cava is the aorta, a large branching artery that leads to the left ventricle. • The aorta has a branch called the brachiocephalic artery. Place your finger or a probe into it and see that it leads directly into the left ventricle. • Explain the function of the aorta…(time to work on #19) • Look to the right (which is really the left), of the aorta, and see the pulmonary veins. Use a probe or your finger and see that they lead to the left atrium. • Explain the function of the pulmonary veins…(time to work on #21)

At this point it should look something like…THIS Take lots of pictures!!

Activity 2.2.1 Internal • Place the heart with the ventral side facing you. • Find the right appendage and the right atrium. • Use the scalpel to cut through the entire length of both structures. • Cut through to the cavity – not through to the other side.

Activity 2.2.1 Internal • Gently pull back the tissue exposing the inside of the cavity. • Look at the various tissues. • Use your metric ruler to measure the thickness, in millimeters, of the atrium wall (work on #28) • Observe the trabeculated (striated) lining of the appendage and the smooth lining of the atrium.

Activity 2.2.1 Internal • Cut open the superior vena cava and carefully pull back the tissue. You should see thin flaps of tissue that almost look like leaflets. This is the tricuspid valve. • Based on the name tricuspid, how many leaflets should you see? (#31) • Feel the leaflets with your finger and describe them in the space below (time to work on #32)

Activity 2.2.1 Internal • Observe the fibrous chords that are attached to the valve and help hold it in place. • These are called the chordaetendineaeand they extend to the right ventricle. • The chordaetendineae are attached to the papillary muscle, which holds the fibers to the wall of the ventricle. • Both are essential for the valve to work correctly. • Describe the function of the tricuspid valve in the space below…(work on #36)

Activity 2.2.1 Internal • Use the scalpel to make a long incision through the wall of the left ventricle. Carefully pull the wall back and observe the various tissues. • Use the metric ruler to measure the thickness of the wall of the left ventricle (in millimeters). Record the measurement: _________ (#38).

Activity 2.2.1 Internal • Compare the thickness of the wall of the left ventricle to the wall of the right ventricle. Which wall is thicker? ____________ (#39) • In the space below, describe the function of the left ventricle and explain how that relates to the difference in the wall thickness of the left and right ventricles…(work on #40)

Activity 2.2.1 Internal • Find the mitral valve(orbicuspid valve) in the left ventricle. Describe its appearance (#41) and explain its function (#42). • Check which structure is the aorta by placing your finger or a probe into it. It should lead directly to the left ventricle. • Cut open the aorta and observe the thickness of the tissue. This may also get you a better view of mitral valve. • Cut open the other major blood vessels you labeled in part one. In the space below, describe the differences you observe between the different vessels. • Based on their different functions, suggest an explanation for the differences in size and thickness of the different vessels (time to work on #43).

Activity 2.2.1 Internal

Activity 2.2.1 Internal • Use your scalpel to cut the heart almost in half. The cut should go through the middle but not all the way through to the other side. Leave a flap holding the organ together. • Use a probe as a pointer and starting with the superior vena cava, trace the flow of blood through the heart. In the space below, list the structures in the order the blood would meet them during its travel through the heart. Include the valves, the lungs and the extremities of your body on your list.  • Reattach any labels that may have come off both hearts. Have your teacher check your dissection and your external labels.

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