making up results for dissertation

How to Write an Impressive Thesis Results Section

After collecting and analyzing your research data, it’s time to write the results section. This article explains how to write and organize the thesis results section, the differences in reporting qualitative and quantitative data, the differences in the thesis results section across different fields, and the best practices for tables and figures.

What is the thesis results section?

The thesis results section factually and concisely describes what was observed and measured during the study but does not interpret the findings. It presents the findings in a logical order.

What should the thesis results section include?

Include all relevant results as text, tables, or figures
Report the results of subject recruitment and data collection
For qualitative research, present the data from all statistical analyses, whether or not the results are significant
For quantitative research, present the data by coding or categorizing themes and topics
Present all secondary findings (e.g., subgroup analyses)
Include all results, even if they do not fit in with your assumptions or support your hypothesis

What should the thesis results section not include?

If the study involves the thematic analysis of an interview, don’t include complete transcripts of all interviews. Instead, add these as appendices
Don’t present raw data. These may be included in appendices
Don’t include background information (this should be in the introduction section )
Don’t speculate on the meaning of results that do not support your hypothesis. This will be addressed later in the discussion and conclusion sections.
Don’t repeat results that have been presented in tables and figures. Only highlight the pertinent points or elaborate on specific aspects

How should the thesis results section be organized?

The opening paragraph of the thesis results section should briefly restate the thesis question. Then, present the results objectively as text, figures, or tables.

Quantitative research presents the results from experiments and statistical tests , usually in the form of tables and figures (graphs, diagrams, and images), with any pertinent findings emphasized in the text. The results are structured around the thesis question. Demographic data are usually presented first in this section.

For each statistical test used, the following information must be mentioned:

The type of analysis used (e.g., Mann–Whitney U test or multiple regression analysis)
A concise summary of each result, including descriptive statistics (e.g., means, medians, and modes) and inferential statistics (e.g., correlation, regression, and p values) and whether the results are significant
Any trends or differences identified through comparisons
How the findings relate to your research and if they support or contradict your hypothesis

Qualitative research presents results around key themes or topics identified from your data analysis and explains how these themes evolved. The data are usually presented as text because it is hard to present the findings as figures.

For each theme presented, describe:

General trends or patterns observed
Significant or representative responses
Relevant quotations from your study subjects

Relevant characteristics about your study subjects

Differences among the results section in different fields of research

Nevertheless, results should be presented logically across all disciplines and reflect the thesis question and any hypotheses that were tested.

The presentation of results varies considerably across disciplines. For example, a thesis documenting how a particular population interprets a specific event and a thesis investigating customer service may both have collected data using interviews and analyzed it using similar methods. Still, the presentation of the results will vastly differ because they are answering different thesis questions. A science thesis may have used experiments to generate data, and these would be presented differently again, probably involving statistics. Nevertheless, results should be presented logically across all disciplines and reflect the thesis question and any hypotheses that were tested.

Differences between reporting thesis results in the Sciences and the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) domains

In the Sciences domain (qualitative and experimental research), the results and discussion sections are considered separate entities, and the results from experiments and statistical tests are presented. In the HSS domain (qualitative research), the results and discussion sections may be combined.

There are two approaches to presenting results in the HSS field:

If you want to highlight important findings, first present a synopsis of the results and then explain the key findings.
If you have multiple results of equal significance, present one result and explain it. Then present another result and explain that, and so on. Conclude with an overall synopsis.

Best practices for using tables and figures

The use of figures and tables is highly encouraged because they provide a standalone overview of the research findings that are much easier to understand than wading through dry text mentioning one result after another. The text in the results section should not repeat the information presented in figures and tables. Instead, it should focus on the pertinent findings or elaborate on specific points.

Some popular software programs that can be used for the analysis and presentation of statistical data include Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS ) , R software , MATLAB , Microsoft Excel, Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) , GraphPad Prism , and Minitab .

The easiest way to construct tables is to use the Table function in Microsoft Word . Microsoft Excel can also be used; however, Word is the easier option.

General guidelines for figures and tables

Figures and tables must be interpretable independent from the text
Number tables and figures consecutively (in separate lists) in the order in which they are mentioned in the text
All tables and figures must be cited in the text
Provide clear, descriptive titles for all figures and tables
Include a legend to concisely describe what is presented in the figure or table

Figure guidelines

Label figures so that the reader can easily understand what is being shown
Use a consistent font type and font size for all labels in figure panels
All abbreviations used in the figure artwork should be defined in the figure legend

Table guidelines

All table columns should have a heading abbreviation used in tables should be defined in the table footnotes
All numbers and text presented in tables must correlate with the data presented in the manuscript body

Quantitative results example : Figure 3 presents the characteristics of unemployed subjects and their rate of criminal convictions. A statistically significant association was observed between unemployed people <20 years old, the male sex, and no household income.

Qualitative results example: Table 5 shows the themes identified during the face-to-face interviews about the application that we developed to anonymously report corruption in the workplace. There was positive feedback on the app layout and ease of use. Concerns that emerged from the interviews included breaches of confidentiality and the inability to report incidents because of unstable cellphone network coverage.

Table 5. Themes and selected quotes from the evaluation of our app designed to anonymously report workplace corruption.

Tips for writing the thesis results section

Do not state that a difference was present between the two groups unless this can be supported by a significant p-value .
Present the findings only . Do not comment or speculate on their interpretation.
Every result included must have a corresponding method in the methods section. Conversely, all methods must have associated results presented in the results section.
Do not explain commonly used methods. Instead, cite a reference.
Be consistent with the units of measurement used in your thesis study. If you start with kg, then use the same unit all throughout your thesis. Also, be consistent with the capitalization of units of measurement. For example, use either “ml” or “mL” for milliliters, but not both.
Never manipulate measurement outcomes, even if the result is unexpected. Remain objective.

Results vs. discussion vs. conclusion

Results are presented in three sections of your thesis: the results, discussion, and conclusion.

In the results section, the data are presented simply and objectively. No speculation or interpretation is given.
In the discussion section, the meaning of the results is interpreted and put into context (e.g., compared with other findings in the literature ), and its importance is assigned.
In the conclusion section, the results and the main conclusions are summarized.

A thesis is the most crucial document that you will write during your academic studies. For professional thesis editing and thesis proofreading services , visit Enago Thesis Editing for more information.

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Review Checklist

Have you completed all data collection procedures and analyzed all results ?

Have you included all results relevant to your thesis question, even if they do not support your hypothesis?

Have you reported the results objectively , with no interpretation or speculation?

For quantitative research, have you included both descriptive and inferential statistical results and stated whether they support or contradict your hypothesis?

Have you used tables and figures to present all results?

In your thesis body, have you presented only the pertinent results and elaborated on specific aspects that were presented in the tables and figures?

Are all tables and figures correctly labeled and cited in numerical order in the text?

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How to Write the Dissertation Findings or Results – Steps & Tips

Published by Grace Graffin at August 11th, 2021 , Revised On October 9, 2023

Each part of the dissertation is unique, and some general and specific rules must be followed. The dissertation’s findings section presents the key results of your research without interpreting their meaning .

Theoretically, this is an exciting section of a dissertation because it involves writing what you have observed and found. However, it can be a little tricky if there is too much information to confuse the readers.

The goal is to include only the essential and relevant findings in this section. The results must be presented in an orderly sequence to provide clarity to the readers.

This section of the dissertation should be easy for the readers to follow, so you should avoid going into a lengthy debate over the interpretation of the results.

It is vitally important to focus only on clear and precise observations. The findings chapter of the dissertation is theoretically the easiest to write.

It includes statistical analysis and a brief write-up about whether or not the results emerging from the analysis are significant. This segment should be written in the past sentence as you describe what you have done in the past.

This article will provide detailed information about how to write the findings of a dissertation .

When to Write Dissertation Findings Chapter

As soon as you have gathered and analysed your data, you can start to write up the findings chapter of your dissertation paper. Remember that it is your chance to report the most notable findings of your research work and relate them to the research hypothesis or research questions set out in the introduction chapter of the dissertation .

You will be required to separately report your study’s findings before moving on to the discussion chapter if your dissertation is based on the collection of primary data or experimental work.

However, you may not be required to have an independent findings chapter if your dissertation is purely descriptive and focuses on the analysis of case studies or interpretation of texts.

Always report the findings of your research in the past tense.
The dissertation findings chapter varies from one project to another, depending on the data collected and analyzed.
Avoid reporting results that are not relevant to your research questions or research hypothesis.

Does your Dissertation Have the Following?

Great Research/Sources
Perfect Language
Accurate Sources

If not, we can help. Our panel of experts makes sure to keep the 3 pillars of the Dissertation strong.

1. Reporting Quantitative Findings

The best way to present your quantitative findings is to structure them around the research hypothesis or questions you intend to address as part of your dissertation project.

Report the relevant findings for each research question or hypothesis, focusing on how you analyzed them.

Analysis of your findings will help you determine how they relate to the different research questions and whether they support the hypothesis you formulated.

While you must highlight meaningful relationships, variances, and tendencies, it is important not to guess their interpretations and implications because this is something to save for the discussion and conclusion chapters.

Any findings not directly relevant to your research questions or explanations concerning the data collection process should be added to the dissertation paper’s appendix section.

Use of Figures and Tables in Dissertation Findings

Suppose your dissertation is based on quantitative research. In that case, it is important to include charts, graphs, tables, and other visual elements to help your readers understand the emerging trends and relationships in your findings.

Repeating information will give the impression that you are short on ideas. Refer to all charts, illustrations, and tables in your writing but avoid recurrence.

The text should be used only to elaborate and summarize certain parts of your results. On the other hand, illustrations and tables are used to present multifaceted data.

It is recommended to give descriptive labels and captions to all illustrations used so the readers can figure out what each refers to.

How to Report Quantitative Findings

Here is an example of how to report quantitative results in your dissertation findings chapter;

Two hundred seventeen participants completed both the pretest and post-test and a Pairwise T-test was used for the analysis. The quantitative data analysis reveals a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the pretest and posttest scales from the Teachers Discovering Computers course. The pretest mean was 29.00 with a standard deviation of 7.65, while the posttest mean was 26.50 with a standard deviation of 9.74 (Table 1). These results yield a significance level of .000, indicating a strong treatment effect (see Table 3). With the correlation between the scores being .448, the little relationship is seen between the pretest and posttest scores (Table 2). This leads the researcher to conclude that the impact of the course on the educators’ perception and integration of technology into the curriculum is dramatic.

Paired Samples

Paired samples correlation, paired samples test.

Also Read: How to Write the Abstract for the Dissertation.

2. Reporting Qualitative Findings

A notable issue with reporting qualitative findings is that not all results directly relate to your research questions or hypothesis.

The best way to present the results of qualitative research is to frame your findings around the most critical areas or themes you obtained after you examined the data.

In-depth data analysis will help you observe what the data shows for each theme. Any developments, relationships, patterns, and independent responses directly relevant to your research question or hypothesis should be mentioned to the readers.

Additional information not directly relevant to your research can be included in the appendix .

How to Report Qualitative Findings

Here is an example of how to report qualitative results in your dissertation findings chapter;

How do I report quantitative findings?

The best way to present your quantitative findings is to structure them around the research hypothesis or research questions you intended to address as part of your dissertation project. Report the relevant findings for each of the research questions or hypotheses, focusing on how you analyzed them.

How do I report qualitative findings?

The best way to present the qualitative research results is to frame your findings around the most important areas or themes that you obtained after examining the data.

An in-depth analysis of the data will help you observe what the data is showing for each theme. Any developments, relationships, patterns, and independent responses that are directly relevant to your research question or hypothesis should be clearly mentioned for the readers.

Can I use interpretive phrases like ‘it confirms’ in the finding chapter?

No, It is highly advisable to avoid using interpretive and subjective phrases in the finding chapter. These terms are more suitable for the discussion chapter , where you will be expected to provide your interpretation of the results in detail.

Can I report the results from other research papers in my findings chapter?

NO, you must not be presenting results from other research studies in your findings.

How to Write the Results Section of your Dissertation or Thesis?

Introduction

Organizing your results, providing context, presenting the data in results section, describing statistical analysis, reporting the findings in results section, supporting the findings, visual representation in results section.

As you progress on your journey towards completing your PhD or Post Graduate dissertation, one of the most critical sections that holds immense significance is the results section.

Results section serves as the pinnacle of your research, where you unveil the outcomes of your exhaustive efforts and shed light on the answers to your research questions. In this blog post, we will delve into the intricacies of the results section and explore how to effectively present and interpret your findings to leave a lasting impact.

Whether you’re conducting research in the field of biology, psychology, computer science, or any other discipline, the results section is where your data takes center stage. It is a space where you showcase your meticulous analysis, statistical methods, and the discoveries you’ve made along the way. By understanding the key components and best practices for constructing a compelling results section, you can present your findings in a manner that resonates with both your academic peers and the wider research community.

In this comprehensive guide, we will walk you through the fundamental elements of the results section, from organizing your data to choosing the appropriate visual representations. We will explore the importance of clear and concise reporting, emphasizing the significance of providing contextual information and highlighting any unexpected or groundbreaking discoveries.

Furthermore, we will discuss strategies for effectively interpreting your results, discussing their implications, and connecting them back to your research objectives. By mastering these skills, you will be able to demonstrate the significance of your work, contribute to the existing body of knowledge, and potentially pave the way for further research in your field.

Throughout the blog post, I will provide concrete examples from various disciplines to illustrate the implementation of these techniques. Additionally, I will offer valuable tips on avoiding common pitfalls, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of your results, and seeking feedback from your advisors or peers to enhance the quality of your analysis.

If you are in paucity of time, not confident of your writing skills and in a hurry to complete the writing task then you can think of hiring a research consultant that solves all your problems. Please visit my article on Hiring a Research consultant for your PhD tasks for further details.

Organizing the results of your study in a logical and coherent manner is crucial for effectively communicating your findings. By presenting your results in an organized structure, you enhance the clarity and readability of your dissertation. Here are some key considerations for organizing your results:

Research studies often involve complex algorithms, software implementations, experimental data, and performance metrics. It is essential to organize these diverse elements in a cohesive manner to make it easier for readers to follow your research. A well-structured results section enables readers to understand the progression of your experiments and the relationship between different findings.
Begin by reminding readers of the research questions or hypotheses that guided your study. This alignment helps establish a clear connection between the objectives of your research and the subsequent presentation of results. For example, if your research question focuses on evaluating the efficiency of a new sorting algorithm, you would present the experimental data, performance metrics, and comparative analyses specific to that algorithm in relation to the research question.
Subsubsection 1.1: Experimental Setup
Subsubsection 1.2: Experimental Results and Analysis
Subsubsection 2.1: Performance Metrics
Subsubsection 2.2: Comparative Results and Discussion

Remember to tailor the organization of your results section to the specific requirements of your research. The key is to provide a logical flow and structure that enables readers to easily comprehend and interpret your findings.

Providing context for the results of your study is essential to help readers understand the significance and implications of your findings. By offering background information and study design details, you establish a foundation upon which the results can be properly interpreted. Here are some key considerations for providing context:

Before delving into the results, it is important to provide readers with relevant background information about the topic or problem being addressed. This may include a literature review of existing research, theories, or methodologies in the field. By doing so, you situate your work within the broader landscape of and demonstrate its relevance. Additionally, explain the design of your study, such as the specific algorithms, software frameworks, datasets, or hardware setups used. This ensures that readers understand the context in which your results were obtained.
Provide a brief overview of the current state-of-the-art in image recognition algorithms and their limitations.
Explain the specific challenges or gaps in the existing methods that motivated your research.
Describe the design of your study, including the choice of machine learning techniques, datasets used for training and evaluation, preprocessing steps, and any hardware or software configurations.

By providing context, you allow readers to understand the background, motivation, and methodology behind your research. This sets the stage for better comprehension and interpretation of your results. Contextualizing your findings, as it helps establish the relevance, novelty, and potential impact of your research within the larger field.

Presenting data in a clear and organized manner is crucial for effectively communicating your results. The way you present your data can greatly impact the reader’s understanding and interpretation of your findings. Here are some key considerations for presenting data:

Presenting performance metrics of different algorithms using a table to allow for easy comparison.
Using a line graph to depict the improvement in accuracy over training iterations in a machine learning model.
Employing a bar chart to compare the execution times of different algorithms on a specific dataset.
Clear labelling and formatting of your data ensure that readers can easily understand and interpret the information presented. Label each table, figure, chart, or graph with a concise and descriptive title. Ensure that axes, legends, and labels are clearly labelled and units of measurement are specified. Use appropriate fonts, colours, and styles to enhance readability. Consider providing captions or footnotes to provide additional context or explanations where necessary.
In the text, refer to a specific table presenting the accuracy results of different algorithms and explain how these results support your research hypothesis or contribute to the field.
Discuss a figure showing the relationship between the number of training examples and the performance of a machine learning model, emphasizing its implications for scalability and generalization.

By presenting data in a visually appealing and well-organized manner, you enhance the clarity and accessibility of your results. Proper labelling, formatting, and referring to each table or figure in the text help readers navigate the information and grasp its significance. Remember to choose the most appropriate format for your data and use visuals to support and reinforce your findings.

The inclusion of statistical analyses in the results section is crucial for providing objective and quantitative evidence to support your findings. Statistical analyses help you draw meaningful conclusions from your data and determine the significance of observed results. Here are some key considerations for describing statistical analyses:

Statistical analyses play a vital role in determining the reliability and significance of your findings. They provide a systematic and objective framework for interpreting the data and testing hypotheses. Discuss the importance of including statistical analyses in the results section to demonstrate the rigour and validity of your research.
Describe using a t-test to compare the means of two groups in a user study, as it is appropriate for assessing the statistical significance of differences.
Explain employing logistic regression to model the relationship between independent variables and a binary outcome in a predictive analytics study.
Report the p-value as 0.032, indicating a statistically significant difference between the two groups at the 0.05 significance level.
Interpret an effect size of 0.40 as a medium-sized effect, highlighting its practical importance in the context of the research.

By describing the statistical analyses conducted, explaining the rationale behind the chosen tests, and accurately presenting the statistical values and interpretations, you strengthen the validity and reliability of your findings. Statistical analyses provide an objective framework for drawing conclusions from your data and lend credibility to your research in the computer science domain.

Reporting the findings of your research in an objective, concise, and clear manner is essential for effectively communicating your results. Here are some key considerations for reporting the findings:

Summarize the key findings of a machine learning study by stating that “the proposed algorithm achieved an average accuracy of 85% on the test dataset, outperforming existing state-of-the-art methods by 10%.”
For a research question about the impact of different programming languages on software performance, present specific metrics such as execution time or memory usage for each language, along with a comparison and interpretation of the results.
Instead of using overly technical language, communicate the results in a more accessible way: “The experimental results showed a significant correlation between the number of training samples and the accuracy of the model, indicating that a larger training dataset leads to improved prediction performance.”

By guiding readers on summarizing the results objectively and concisely, addressing each research question or hypothesis, and using clear and concise language, you ensure that your findings are communicated effectively. This approach allows readers to understand the core contributions of your research and how they align with the research questions or hypotheses you set out to investigate.

Providing strong evidence from the data to support your findings, addressing unexpected or contradictory results, and discussing limitations and potential explanations are essential components of reporting research findings. Here are some key considerations for supporting the findings:

Present empirical evidence from a user study, such as participant feedback or performance metrics, to support the usability and effectiveness of a proposed user interface design.
If a software system performed unexpectedly poorly in certain scenarios, discuss potential factors such as data bias, implementation issues, or limitations of the evaluation methodology that could have influenced the results.
Acknowledge limitations such as a small sample size, limited dataset availability, or computational constraints that might affect the generalizability or robustness of the results.
Discuss potential explanations for unexpected results, such as issues with data quality, algorithmic complexity, or model assumptions.

By providing evidence from the data to support the findings, addressing unexpected or contradictory results, and discussing limitations and potential explanations, you demonstrate a rigorous and reflective approach to your research in the computer science domain. This allows readers to assess the strength and reliability of your findings and gain a deeper understanding of the nuances and implications of your work.

Using visual representations, such as tables, graphs, and figures, alongside the text can greatly enhance the understanding and impact of your findings. Here are some key considerations for visual representation:

Visual representations offer several benefits in presenting research findings. They provide a concise and intuitive way to convey complex information, trends, and patterns. Visuals can help readers grasp key insights at a glance, enhance the overall readability of the document, and make the findings more memorable. Visual representations also facilitate effective comparisons, highlight important relationships, and aid in storytelling. Example:

When creating visual representations, consider the following tips to ensure clarity and effectiveness: a. Choose the appropriate visual format: Select the most suitable format, such as tables, line graphs, scatter plots, or heatmaps, based on the nature of the data and the message you want to convey.

b. Simplify and declutter: Avoid overwhelming the visuals with excessive data points, labels, or unnecessary decorations. Keep the design clean and focused on conveying the essential information.

c. Label and title clearly: Provide descriptive and informative titles for tables, graphs, and figures. Label the axes, data points, or components clearly to facilitate understanding.

d. Use colors and visual cues purposefully: Utilize colors and visual cues to highlight important information or differentiate between categories. Ensure that the chosen colors are distinguishable and accessible. e. Provide legends and captions: Include legends to explain symbols, colors, or abbreviations used in the visuals. Provide informative captions or annotations to guide readers in interpreting the visuals accurately. Example:

By incorporating clear and effective visual representations alongside the text, you enhance the presentation and understanding of your research findings in the computer science domain. Well-designed tables, graphs, and figures can simplify complex information, facilitate comparisons, and enhance the visual appeal of your dissertation. Remember to choose appropriate formats, keep the visuals uncluttered, label clearly, and use colors and visual cues purposefully to maximize their impact.

Writing the results section of a dissertation or thesis is a critical task that requires careful attention to detail, organization, and effective communication. Throughout this blog post, we have explored key elements to consider when crafting this section.

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How to Write a Results Section for a Dissertation or Research Paper: Guide & Examples

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A results section is a crucial part of a research paper or dissertation, where you analyze your major findings. This section goes beyond simply presenting study outcomes. You should also include a comprehensive statistical analysis and interpret the collected data in detail.

Without dissertation research results, it is impossible to imagine a scientific work. Your task here is to present your study findings. What are qualitative or quantitative indicators? How to use tables and diagrams? How to describe data? Our article answers all these questions and many more. So, read further to discover how to analyze and describe your research indexes or contact or professionals for dissertation help from StudyCrumb.

What Is a Results Section of Dissertation?

The results section of a dissertation is a data statement from your research. Here you should present the main findings of your study to your readers. This section aims to show information objectively, systematically, concisely. It is allowed using text supplemented with illustrations. In general, this section's length is not limited but should include all necessary data. Interpretations or conclusions should not be included in this section. Therefore, in theory, this is one of your shortest sections. But it can also be one of the most challenging sections. The introduction presents a research topic and answers the question "why?". The Methods section explains the data collection process and answers "how?". Meanwhile, the result section shows actual data gained from experiments and tells "what?" Thus, this part plays a critical role in highlighting study's relevance. This chapter gives reader study relevance with novelty. So, you should figure out how to write it correctly. Here are main tasks that you should keep in mind while writing:

Results answer the question "What was found in your research?"
Results contain only your study's outcome. They do not include comments or interpretations.
Results must always be presented accurately & objectively.
Tables & figures are used to draw readers' attention. But the same data should never be presented in the form of a table and a figure. Don't repeat anything from a table also in text.

Dissertation: Results vs Discussion vs Conclusion

Results and discussion sections of a dissertation are often confused among researchers. Sometimes both these parts are mixed up with a conclusion for thesis . Figured out what is covered in each of these important chapters. Your readers should see that you notice how different they are. A clear understanding of differences will help you write your dissertation more effectively. 5 differences between Results VS Discussion VS Conclusion:

Wanna figure out the actual difference between discussion vs conclusion? Check out our helpful articles about Dissertation Discussion or Dissertation Conclusion.

Present Your Findings When Writing Results Section of Dissertation

Now it's time to understand how to arrange the results section of the dissertation. First, present most general findings, then narrow it down to a more specific one. Describe both qualitative & quantitative results. For example, imagine you are comparing the behavior of hamsters and mice. First, say a few words about the behavioral type of mammals that you studied. Then, mention rodents in general. At end, describe specific species of animals you carried out an experiment on.

Qualitative Results Section in Dissertation

In your dissertation results section, qualitative data may not be directly related to specific sub-questions or hypotheses. You can structure this chapter around main issues that arise when analyzing data. For each question, make a general observation of what data show. For example, you may recall recurring agreements or differences, patterns, trends. Personal answers are the basis of your research. Clarify and support these views with direct quotes. Add more information to the thesis appendix if it's needed.

Quantitative Results Section in a Dissertation

The easiest way to write a quantitative dissertation results section is to build it around a sub-question or hypothesis of your research. For each subquery, provide relevant results and include statistical analysis . Then briefly evaluate importance & reliability. Notice how each result relates to the problem or whether it supports the hypothesis. Focus on key trends, differences, and relationships between data. But don't speculate about their meaning or consequences. This should be put in the discussion vs conclusion section. Suppose your results are not directly related to answering your questions. Maybe there is additional information that helps readers understand how you collect data. In that case, you can include them in the appendix. It is often helpful to include visual elements such as graphs, charts, and tables. But only if they accurately support your results and add value.

Tables and Figures in Results Section in Dissertation

We recommend you use tables or figures in the dissertation results section correctly. Such interpretation can effectively present complex data concisely and visually. It allows readers to quickly gain a statistical overview. On the contrary, poorly designed graphs can confuse readers. That will reduce the effectiveness of your article. Here are our recommendations that help you understand how to use tables and figures:

Make sure tables and figures are self-explanatory. Sometimes, your readers may look at tables and figures before reading the entire text. So they should make sense as separate elements.
Do not repeat the content of tables and figures in text. Text can be used to highlight key points from tables and figures. But do not repeat every element.
Make sure that values or information in tables and text are consistent. Make sure that abbreviations, group names, interpretations are the same as in text.
Use clear, informative titles for tables and figures. Do not leave any table or figure without a title or legend. Otherwise, readers will not be able to understand data's meaning. Also, make sure column names, labels, figures are understandable.
Check accuracy of data presented in tables and figures. Always double-check tables and figures to make sure numbers converge.
Tables should not contain redundant information. Make sure tables in the article are not too crowded. If you need to provide extensive data, use Appendixes.
Make sure images are clear. Make sure images and all parts of drawings are precise. Lettering should be in a standard font and legible against the background of the picture.
Ask for permission to use illustrations. If you use illustrations, be sure to ask copyright holders and indicate them.

Tips on How to Write a Results Section

We have prepared several tips on how to write the results section of the dissertation! Present data collected during study objectively, logically, and concisely. Highlight most important results and organize them into specific sections. It is an excellent way to show that you have covered all the descriptive information you need. Correct usage of visual elements effectively helps your readers with understanding. So, follow main 3 rules for writing this part:

State only actual results. Leave explanations and comments for Discussion.
Use text, tables, and pictures to orderly highlight key results.
Make sure that contents of tables and figures are not repeated in text.

In case you have questions about a conceptual framework in research , you will find a blog dedicated to this issue in our database.

What to Avoid When Writing the Results Section of a Dissertation

Here we will discuss how NOT to write the results section of a dissertation. Or simply, what points to avoid:

Do not make your research too complicated. Your paper, tables, and graphs should be clearly marked and follow order. So that they can exist independently without further explanation.
Do not include raw data. Remember, you are summarizing relevant results, not reporting them in detail. This chapter should briefly summarize your findings. Avoid complete introduction to each number and calculation.
Do not contradict errors or false results. Explain these errors and contradictions in conclusions. This often happens when different research methods have been used.
Do not write a conclusion or discussion. Instead, this part should contain summaries of findings.
Do not tend to include explanations and inferences from results. Such an approach can make this chapter subjective, unclear, and confusing to the reader.
Do not forget about novelty. Its lack is one of the main reasons for the paper's rejection.

Dissertation Results Section Example

Let's take a look at some good results section of dissertation examples. Remember that this part shows fundamental research you've done in detail. So, it has to be clear and concise, as you can see in the sample.

Final Thoughts on Writing Results Section of Dissertation

When writing a results section of a dissertation, highlight your achievements by data. The main chapter's task is to convince the reader of conclusions' validity of your research. You should not overload text with too detailed information. Never use words whose meanings you do not understand. Also, oversimplification may seem unconvincing for readers. But on the other hand, writing this part can even be fun. You can directly see your study results, which you'll interpret later. So keep going, and we wish you courage!

Writing any academic paper is long and thorough work. But StudyCrumb got you back! Our professional writers will deliver any type of work quickly and excellently!

Joe Eckel is an expert on Dissertations writing. He makes sure that each student gets precious insights on composing A-grade academic writing.

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Writing your Dissertation: Results and Discussion

When writing a dissertation or thesis, the results and discussion sections can be both the most interesting as well as the most challenging sections to write.

You may choose to write these sections separately, or combine them into a single chapter, depending on your university’s guidelines and your own preferences.

There are advantages to both approaches.

Writing the results and discussion as separate sections allows you to focus first on what results you obtained and set out clearly what happened in your experiments and/or investigations without worrying about their implications.This can focus your mind on what the results actually show and help you to sort them in your head.

However, many people find it easier to combine the results with their implications as the two are closely connected.

Check your university’s requirements carefully before combining the results and discussions sections as some specify that they must be kept separate.

Results Section

The Results section should set out your key experimental results, including any statistical analysis and whether or not the results of these are significant.

You should cover any literature supporting your interpretation of significance. It does not have to include everything you did, particularly for a doctorate dissertation. However, for an undergraduate or master's thesis, you will probably find that you need to include most of your work.

You should write your results section in the past tense: you are describing what you have done in the past.

Every result included MUST have a method set out in the methods section. Check back to make sure that you have included all the relevant methods.

Conversely, every method should also have some results given so, if you choose to exclude certain experiments from the results, make sure that you remove mention of the method as well.

If you are unsure whether to include certain results, go back to your research questions and decide whether the results are relevant to them. It doesn’t matter whether they are supportive or not, it’s about relevance. If they are relevant, you should include them.

Having decided what to include, next decide what order to use. You could choose chronological, which should follow the methods, or in order from most to least important in the answering of your research questions, or by research question and/or hypothesis.

You also need to consider how best to present your results: tables, figures, graphs, or text. Try to use a variety of different methods of presentation, and consider your reader: 20 pages of dense tables are hard to understand, as are five pages of graphs, but a single table and well-chosen graph that illustrate your overall findings will make things much clearer.

Make sure that each table and figure has a number and a title. Number tables and figures in separate lists, but consecutively by the order in which you mention them in the text. If you have more than about two or three, it’s often helpful to provide lists of tables and figures alongside the table of contents at the start of your dissertation.

Summarise your results in the text, drawing on the figures and tables to illustrate your points.

The text and figures should be complementary, not repeat the same information. You should refer to every table or figure in the text. Any that you don’t feel the need to refer to can safely be moved to an appendix, or even removed.

Make sure that you including information about the size and direction of any changes, including percentage change if appropriate. Statistical tests should include details of p values or confidence intervals and limits.

While you don’t need to include all your primary evidence in this section, you should as a matter of good practice make it available in an appendix, to which you should refer at the relevant point.

For example:

Details of all the interview participants can be found in Appendix A, with transcripts of each interview in Appendix B.

You will, almost inevitably, find that you need to include some slight discussion of your results during this section. This discussion should evaluate the quality of the results and their reliability, but not stray too far into discussion of how far your results support your hypothesis and/or answer your research questions, as that is for the discussion section.

See our pages: Analysing Qualitative Data and Simple Statistical Analysis for more information on analysing your results.

Discussion Section

This section has four purposes, it should:

Interpret and explain your results
Answer your research question
Justify your approach
Critically evaluate your study

The discussion section therefore needs to review your findings in the context of the literature and the existing knowledge about the subject.

You also need to demonstrate that you understand the limitations of your research and the implications of your findings for policy and practice. This section should be written in the present tense.

The Discussion section needs to follow from your results and relate back to your literature review . Make sure that everything you discuss is covered in the results section.

Some universities require a separate section on recommendations for policy and practice and/or for future research, while others allow you to include this in your discussion, so check the guidelines carefully.

Starting the Task

Most people are likely to write this section best by preparing an outline, setting out the broad thrust of the argument, and how your results support it.

You may find techniques like mind mapping are helpful in making a first outline; check out our page: Creative Thinking for some ideas about how to think through your ideas. You should start by referring back to your research questions, discuss your results, then set them into the context of the literature, and then into broader theory.

This is likely to be one of the longest sections of your dissertation, and it’s a good idea to break it down into chunks with sub-headings to help your reader to navigate through the detail.

Fleshing Out the Detail

Once you have your outline in front of you, you can start to map out how your results fit into the outline.

This will help you to see whether your results are over-focused in one area, which is why writing up your research as you go along can be a helpful process. For each theme or area, you should discuss how the results help to answer your research question, and whether the results are consistent with your expectations and the literature.

The Importance of Understanding Differences

If your results are controversial and/or unexpected, you should set them fully in context and explain why you think that you obtained them.

Your explanations may include issues such as a non-representative sample for convenience purposes, a response rate skewed towards those with a particular experience, or your own involvement as a participant for sociological research.

You do not need to be apologetic about these, because you made a choice about them, which you should have justified in the methodology section. However, you do need to evaluate your own results against others’ findings, especially if they are different. A full understanding of the limitations of your research is part of a good discussion section.

At this stage, you may want to revisit your literature review, unless you submitted it as a separate submission earlier, and revise it to draw out those studies which have proven more relevant.

Conclude by summarising the implications of your findings in brief, and explain why they are important for researchers and in practice, and provide some suggestions for further work.

You may also wish to make some recommendations for practice. As before, this may be a separate section, or included in your discussion.

The results and discussion, including conclusion and recommendations, are probably the most substantial sections of your dissertation. Once completed, you can begin to relax slightly: you are on to the last stages of writing!

Continue to: Dissertation: Conclusion and Extras Writing your Methodology

See also: Writing a Literature Review Writing a Research Proposal Academic Referencing What Is the Importance of Using a Plagiarism Checker to Check Your Thesis?

Writing the Dissertation - Guides for Success: The Results and Discussion

Writing the Dissertation Homepage
Overview and Planning
The Literature Review
The Methodology
The Results and Discussion
The Conclusion
The Abstract
The Difference
What to Avoid

Overview of writing the results and discussion

The results and discussion follow on from the methods or methodology chapter of the dissertation. This creates a natural transition from how you designed your study, to what your study reveals, highlighting your own contribution to the research area.

Disciplinary differences

Please note: this guide is not specific to any one discipline. The results and discussion can vary depending on the nature of the research and the expectations of the school or department, so please adapt the following advice to meet the demands of your project and department. Consult your supervisor for further guidance; you can also peruse our Writing Across Subjects guide .

Guide contents

As part of the Writing the Dissertation series, this guide covers the most common conventions of the results and discussion chapters, giving you the necessary knowledge, tips and guidance needed to impress your markers! The sections are organised as follows:

The Difference - Breaks down the distinctions between the results and discussion chapters.
Results - Provides a walk-through of common characteristics of the results chapter.
Discussion - Provides a walk-through of how to approach writing your discussion chapter, including structure.
What to Avoid - Covers a few frequent mistakes you'll want to...avoid!
FAQs - Guidance on first- vs. third-person, limitations and more.
Checklist - Includes a summary of key points and a self-evaluation checklist.

Training and tools

The Academic Skills team has recorded a Writing the Dissertation workshop series to help you with each section of a standard dissertation, including a video on writing the results and discussion (embedded below).
The dissertation planner tool can help you think through the timeline for planning, research, drafting and editing.
iSolutions offers training and a Word template to help you digitally format and structure your dissertation.

Introduction

The results of your study are often followed by a separate chapter of discussion. This is certainly the case with scientific writing. Some dissertations, however, might incorporate both the results and discussion in one chapter. This depends on the nature of your dissertation and the conventions within your school or department. Always follow the guidelines given to you and ask your supervisor for further guidance.

As part of the Writing the Dissertation series, this guide covers the essentials of writing your results and discussion, giving you the necesary knowledge, tips and guidance needed to leave a positive impression on your markers! This guide covers the results and discussion as separate – although interrelated – chapters, as you'll see in the next two tabs. However, you can easily adapt the guidance to suit one single chapter – keep an eye out for some hints on how to do this throughout the guide.

Results or discussion - what's the difference?

To understand what the results and discussion sections are about, we need to clearly define the difference between the two.

The results should provide a clear account of the findings . This is written in a dry and direct manner, simply highlighting the findings as they appear once processed. It’s expected to have tables and graphics, where relevant, to contextualise and illustrate the data.

Rather than simply stating the findings of the study, the discussion interprets the findings to offer a more nuanced understanding of the research. The discussion is similar to the second half of the conclusion because it’s where you consider and formulate a response to the question, ‘what do we now know that we didn’t before?’ (see our Writing the Conclusion guide for more). The discussion achieves this by answering the research questions and responding to any hypotheses proposed. With this in mind, the discussion should be the most insightful chapter or section of your dissertation because it provides the most original insight.

Across the next two tabs of this guide, we will look at the results and discussion chapters separately in more detail.

Writing the results

The results chapter should provide a direct and factual account of the data collected without any interpretation or interrogation of the findings. As this might suggest, the results chapter can be slightly monotonous, particularly for quantitative data. Nevertheless, it’s crucial that you present your results in a clear and direct manner as it provides the necessary detail for your subsequent discussion.

Note: If you’re writing your results and discussion as one chapter, then you can either:

1) write them as distinctly separate sections in the same chapter, with the discussion following on from the results, or...

2) integrate the two throughout by presenting a subset of the results and then discussing that subset in further detail.

Next, we'll explore some of the most important factors to consider when writing your results chapter.

How you structure your results chapter depends on the design and purpose of your study. Here are some possible options for structuring your results chapter (adapted from Glatthorn and Joyner, 2005):

Chronological – depending on the nature of the study, it might be important to present your results in order of how you collected the data, such as a pretest-posttest design.
Research method – if you’ve used a mixed-methods approach, you could isolate each research method and instrument employed in the study.
Research question and/or hypotheses – you could structure your results around your research questions and/or hypotheses, providing you have more than one. However, keep in mind that the results on their own don’t necessarily answer the questions or respond to the hypotheses in a definitive manner. You need to interpret the findings in the discussion chapter to gain a more rounded understanding.
Variable – you could isolate each variable in your study (where relevant) and specify how and whether the results changed.

Tables and figures

For your results, you are expected to convert your data into tables and figures, particularly when dealing with quantitative data. Making use of tables and figures is a way of contextualising your results within the study. It also helps to visually reinforce your written account of the data. However, make sure you’re only using tables and figures to supplement , rather than replace, your written account of the results (see the 'What to avoid' tab for more on this).

Figures and tables need to be numbered in order of when they appear in the dissertation, and they should be capitalised. You also need to make direct reference to them in the text, which you can do (with some variation) in one of the following ways:

Figure 1 shows…

The results of the test (see Figure 1) demonstrate…

The actual figures and tables themselves also need to be accompanied by a caption that briefly outlines what is displayed. For example:

Table 1. Variables of the regression model

Table captions normally appear above the table, whilst figures or other such graphical forms appear below, although it’s worth confirming this with your supervisor as the formatting can change depending on the school or discipline. The style guide used for writing in your subject area (e.g., Harvard, MLA, APA, OSCOLA) often dictates correct formatting of tables, graphs and figures, so have a look at your style guide for additional support.

Using quotations

If your qualitative data comes from interviews and focus groups, your data will largely consist of quotations from participants. When presenting this data, you should identify and group the most common and interesting responses and then quote two or three relevant examples to illustrate this point. Here’s a brief example from a qualitative study on the habits of online food shoppers:

Regardless of whether or not participants regularly engage in online food shopping, all but two respondents commented, in some form, on the convenience of online food shopping:

"It’s about convenience for me. I’m at work all week and the weekend doesn’t allow much time for food shopping, so knowing it can be ordered and then delivered in 24 hours is great for me” (Participant A).

"It fits around my schedule, which is important for me and my family” (Participant D).

"In the past, I’ve always gone food shopping after work, which has always been a hassle. Online food shopping, however, frees up some of my time” (Participant E).

As shown in this example, each quotation is attributed to a particular participant, although their anonymity is protected. The details used to identify participants can depend on the relevance of certain factors to the research. For instance, age or gender could be included.

Writing the discussion

The discussion chapter is where “you critically examine your own results in the light of the previous state of the subject as outlined in the background, and make judgments as to what has been learnt in your work” (Evans et al., 2014: 12). Whilst the results chapter is strictly factual, reporting on the data on a surface level, the discussion is rooted in analysis and interpretation , allowing you and your reader to delve beneath the surface.

Next, we will review some of the most important factors to consider when writing your discussion chapter.

Like the results, there is no single way to structure your discussion chapter. As always, it depends on the nature of your dissertation and whether you’re dealing with qualitative, quantitative or mixed-methods research. It’s good to be consistent with the results chapter, so you could structure your discussion chapter, where possible, in the same way as your results.

When it comes to structure, it’s particularly important that you guide your reader through the various points, subtopics or themes of your discussion. You should do this by structuring sections of your discussion, which might incorporate three or four paragraphs around the same theme or issue, in a three-part way that mirrors the typical three-part essay structure of introduction, main body and conclusion.

Cycle of introduction (topic sentence), to main body (analysis), to conclusion (takeaways). Graphic at right shows cycle repeating 3, 5, and 4 times for subtopics A, B, and C.

Figure 1: The three-part cycle that embodies a typical essay structure and reflects how you structure themes or subtopics in your discussion.

This is your topic sentence where you clearly state the focus of this paragraph/section. It’s often a fairly short, declarative statement in order to grab the reader’s attention, and it should be clearly related to your research purpose, such as responding to a research question.

This constitutes your analysis where you explore the theme or focus, outlined in the topic sentence, in further detail by interrogating why this particular theme or finding emerged and the significance of this data. This is also where you bring in the relevant secondary literature.

This is the evaluative stage of the cycle where you explicitly return back to the topic sentence and tell the reader what this means in terms of answering the relevant research question and establishing new knowledge. It could be a single sentence, or a short paragraph, and it doesn’t strictly need to appear at the end of every section or theme. Instead, some prefer to bring the main themes together towards the end of the discussion in a single paragraph or two. Either way, it’s imperative that you evaluate the significance of your discussion and tell the reader what this means.

A note on the three-part structure

This is often how you’re taught to construct a paragraph, but the themes and ideas you engage with at dissertation level are going to extend beyond the confines of a short paragraph. Therefore, this is a structure to guide how you write about particular themes or patterns in your discussion. Think of this structure like a cycle that you can engage in its smallest form to shape a paragraph; in a slightly larger form to shape a subsection of a chapter; and in its largest form to shape the entire chapter. You can 'level up' the same basic structure to accommodate a deeper breadth of thinking and critical engagement.

Using secondary literature

Your discussion chapter should return to the relevant literature (previously identified in your literature review ) in order to contextualise and deepen your reader’s understanding of the findings. This might help to strengthen your findings, or you might find contradictory evidence that serves to counter your results. In the case of the latter, it’s important that you consider why this might be and the implications for this. It’s through your incorporation of secondary literature that you can consider the question, ‘What do we now know that we didn’t before?’

Limitations

You may have included a limitations section in your methodology chapter (see our Writing the Methodology guide ), but it’s also common to have one in your discussion chapter. The difference here is that your limitations are directly associated with your results and the capacity to interpret and analyse those results.

Think of it this way: the limitations in your methodology refer to the issues identified before conducting the research, whilst the limitations in your discussion refer to the issues that emerged after conducting the research. For example, you might only be able to identify a limitation about the external validity or generalisability of your research once you have processed and analysed the data. Try not to overstress the limitations of your work – doing so can undermine the work you’ve done – and try to contextualise them, perhaps by relating them to certain limitations of other studies.

Recommendations

It’s often good to follow your limitations with some recommendations for future research. This creates a neat linearity from what didn’t work, or what could be improved, to how other researchers could address these issues in the future. This helps to reposition your limitations in a positive way by offering an action-oriented response. Try to limit the amount of recommendations you discuss – too many can bring the end of your discussion to a rather negative end as you’re ultimately focusing on what should be done, rather than what you have done. You also don’t need to repeat the recommendations in your conclusion if you’ve included them here.

What to avoid

This portion of the guide will cover some common missteps you should try to avoid in writing your results and discussion.

Over-reliance on tables and figures

It’s very common to produce visual representations of data, such as graphs and tables, and to use these representations in your results chapter. However, the use of these figures should not entirely replace your written account of the data. You don’t need to specify every detail in the data set, but you should provide some written account of what the data shows, drawing your reader’s attention to the most important elements of the data. The figures should support your account and help to contextualise your results. Simply stating, ‘look at Table 1’, without any further detail is not sufficient. Writers often try to do this as a way of saving words, but your markers will know!

Ignoring unexpected or contradictory data

Research can be a complex process with ups and downs, surprises and anomalies. Don’t be tempted to ignore any data that doesn’t meet your expectations, or that perhaps you’re struggling to explain. Failing to report on data for these, and other such reasons, is a problem because it undermines your credibility as a researcher, which inevitably undermines your research in the process. You have to do your best to provide some reason to such data. For instance, there might be some methodological reason behind a particular trend in the data.

Including raw data

You don’t need to include any raw data in your results chapter – raw data meaning unprocessed data that hasn’t undergone any calculations or other such refinement. This can overwhelm your reader and obscure the clarity of the research. You can include raw data in an appendix, providing you feel it’s necessary.

Presenting new results in the discussion

You shouldn’t be stating original findings for the first time in the discussion chapter. The findings of your study should first appear in your results before elaborating on them in the discussion.

Overstressing the significance of your research

It’s important that you clarify what your research demonstrates so you can highlight your own contribution to the research field. However, don’t overstress or inflate the significance of your results. It’s always difficult to provide definitive answers in academic research, especially with qualitative data. You should be confident and authoritative where possible, but don’t claim to reach the absolute truth when perhaps other conclusions could be reached. Where necessary, you should use hedging (see definition) to slightly soften the tone and register of your language.

Definition: Hedging refers to 'the act of expressing your attitude or ideas in tentative or cautious ways' (Singh and Lukkarila, 2017: 101). It’s mostly achieved through a number of verbs or adverbs, such as ‘suggest’ or ‘seemingly.’

Q: What’s the difference between the results and discussion?

A: The results chapter is a factual account of the data collected, whilst the discussion considers the implications of these findings by relating them to relevant literature and answering your research question(s). See the tab 'The Differences' in this guide for more detail.

Q: Should the discussion include recommendations for future research?

A: Your dissertation should include some recommendations for future research, but it can vary where it appears. Recommendations are often featured towards the end of the discussion chapter, but they also regularly appear in the conclusion chapter (see our Writing the Conclusion guide for more). It simply depends on your dissertation and the conventions of your school or department. It’s worth consulting any specific guidance that you’ve been given, or asking your supervisor directly.

Q: Should the discussion include the limitations of the study?

A: Like the answer above, you should engage with the limitations of your study, but it might appear in the discussion of some dissertations, or the conclusion of others. Consider the narrative flow and whether it makes sense to include the limitations in your discussion chapter, or your conclusion. You should also consult any discipline-specific guidance you’ve been given, or ask your supervisor for more. Be mindful that this is slightly different to the limitations outlined in the methodology or methods chapter (see our Writing the Methodology guide vs. the 'Discussion' tab of this guide).

Q: Should the results and discussion be in the first-person or third?

A: It’s important to be consistent , so you should use whatever you’ve been using throughout your dissertation. Third-person is more commonly accepted, but certain disciplines are happy with the use of first-person. Just remember that the first-person pronoun can be a distracting, but powerful device, so use it sparingly. Consult your lecturer for discipline-specific guidance.

Q: Is there a difference between the discussion and the conclusion of a dissertation?

A: Yes, there is a difference. The discussion chapter is a detailed consideration of how your findings answer your research questions. This includes the use of secondary literature to help contextualise your discussion. Rather than considering the findings in detail, the conclusion briefly summarises and synthesises the main findings of your study before bringing the dissertation to a close. Both are similar, particularly in the way they ‘broaden out’ to consider the wider implications of the research. They are, however, their own distinct chapters, unless otherwise stated by your supervisor.

The results and discussion chapters (or chapter) constitute a large part of your dissertation as it’s here where your original contribution is foregrounded and discussed in detail. Remember, the results chapter simply reports on the data collected, whilst the discussion is where you consider your research questions and/or hypothesis in more detail by interpreting and interrogating the data. You can integrate both into a single chapter and weave the interpretation of your findings throughout the chapter, although it’s common for both the results and discussion to appear as separate chapters. Consult your supervisor for further guidance.

Here’s a final checklist for writing your results and discussion. Remember that not all of these points will be relevant for you, so make sure you cover whatever’s appropriate for your dissertation. The asterisk (*) indicates any content that might not be relevant for your dissertation. To download a copy of the checklist to save and edit, please use the Word document, below.

Results and discussion self-evaluation checklist

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Last Updated: Feb 22, 2024 3:43 PM
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Guide on How to Write the Results Section of a Dissertation

The dissertation results chapter can be written once data has been collected and analyzed. In this section, the main findings of the research are reported and their relation to hypotheses or research questions are observed briefly. This chapter is among the most crucial parts of a study. It is here that statistical analysis is accurately performed, findings reported and explained, and assumptions examined. After this analysis, results are presented in a manner that shows non-support or support of the stated hypothesis.

Writing a thesis results section requires statistical expertise to present and defend the findings effectively. What’s more, the core findings should be presented logically without interpretation or bias from the writer. This section should set up the read for evaluation or interpretation of the findings in the discussion chapter .

When writing the thesis results chapter, the author should break down the findings into simple sentences. Essentially, this section should tell readers what the author found in the research.

What to Include in the Dissertation Results Chapter

The results chapter of a dissertation should include the core findings of a study. Essentially, only the findings of a specific study should be included in this section. These include:

Data presented in graphs, tables, charts, and figures
Data collection recruitment, collection, and/or participants
Secondary findings like subgroup analyses and secondary outcomes
Contextual data analysis and explanation of the meaning
Information that corresponds to research questions

It’s crucial to consider the scope of your research when writing up dissertation results. That’s because a study with many variables or a broader scope can yield different results. In that case, only the most relevant results should be stated. Any data that doesn’t present direct outcomes or findings of a study should not be included in this section.

What are the Five Chapters of a Dissertation?

Traditionally, a dissertation has five major chapters. The results section is one of the most important chapters because it summarizes and presents the collected and analyzed data. The major chapters of this paper are:

Introduction
Literature review
Methodology

The methodology section can vary depending on whether the author conducted qualitative research or quantitative research or a mixed study. However, the methodology section is also very important because the used methods can influence how the gathered results will be presented. For instance, you can use a questionnaire to gather information. If you don’t know how to analyze questionnaire results dissertation paper might not impress your readers. Therefore, choose your research methods wisely to make writing the findings or results section easier.

How to Write a Dissertation Results Chapter

Every research project is unique. As such, learners should not take a one-size-fits-all approach when writing results for a dissertation. The layout and content of this chapter should be determined by your research area, study design, and the chosen methodologies. Also, consider the target journal guidelines and editors.

But, when writing the results section dissertation authors can follow certain steps, especially for scientific studies. Those steps are as follows.

Check the Target Journal’s Instructions or GuidelinesDifferent journals outline the requirements, instructions, or guidelines that authors should follow when writing the findings or results section. A journal can also provide a dissertation results section example to guide authors. It’s crucial that you note the content length limitations, scope, and aims that the journal requires dissertation authors to consider.
Consider How Your Results Relate to the Catalogue and Requirements of the JournalConsider your findings or experimental results that are relevant to the research objectives or questions. Include even the findings that don’t support your hypothesis or are unexpected. Also, catalog the findings of your research using subheadings to clarify and streamline your report. That way, you can avoid peripheral and excessive details and make your findings easy to understand.It’s important to decide on the results structure. For instance, you can match the hypothesis or research questions to the results. You can also arrange them the way they are ordered in your Methods section. Alternatively, use the importance hierarchy or chronological order. Most importantly, consider your evidence, audience, and objectives of the study when deciding on the dissertation structure for the results section.
Design Tables and Figures for Illustrating Your DataNumber your figures and tables in the order that you use to mention them in main the paper text. Make sure that your figures have self-explanatory information. Also, include the necessary information, such as definitions in the design to make the findings data easy to understand. Essentially, readers should understand your tables and figures without reading the text.Additionally, make your figures and tables the focal point of this section. Ensure that they tell an informative and clear story about the study without repetition. However, always remember that figures should enhance and clarify your text, not replace it.

Checklist for the Results Chapter

Once you have written this section, go through it carefully to ensure the following:

All findings that are relevant to the research questions have been included.
Each result has been reported objectively and concisely, including relevant inferential statistics and descriptive statistics.
You have stated whether the study findings refuted or supported every hypothesis.
You have used figures and tables to illustrate your results appropriately.
All figures and tables are referred to and labeled correctly in the text.
The presented results do not include speculations or subjective interpretation

You may come across many tips on how to write the results section of a dissertation. However, the most important tip is to ensure that the results that you present in this section are relevant to your study questions or hypotheses. If this sounds too complicated, you can ask us “ do my thesis for me “, and we’ll take care of it. Anyways, you have to remember that relevance is the most important thing regardless of whether the results support or do not support the hypotheses. Also, decide on the order to use when presenting the results of your study. This is very important because it makes it easier for your readers to understand them. Including figures, tables, and graphs makes the information in this section easier to understand.

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Dissertation
How to Write a Results Section | Tips & Examples

How to Write a Results Section | Tips & Examples

Published on 27 October 2016 by Bas Swaen . Revised on 25 October 2022 by Tegan George.

A results section is where you report the main findings of the data collection and analysis you conducted for your thesis or dissertation . You should report all relevant results concisely and objectively, in a logical order. Don’t include subjective interpretations of why you found these results or what they mean – any evaluation should be saved for the discussion section .

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How to write a results section, reporting quantitative research results, reporting qualitative research results, results vs discussion vs conclusion, checklist: research results, frequently asked questions about results sections.

When conducting research, it’s important to report the results of your study prior to discussing your interpretations of it. This gives your reader a clear idea of exactly what you found and keeps the data itself separate from your subjective analysis.

Here are a few best practices:

Your results should always be written in the past tense.
While the length of this section depends on how much data you collected and analysed, it should be written as concisely as possible.
Only include results that are directly relevant to answering your research questions . Avoid speculative or interpretative words like ‘appears’ or ‘implies’.
If you have other results you’d like to include, consider adding them to an appendix or footnotes.
Always start out with your broadest results first, and then flow into your more granular (but still relevant) ones. Think of it like a shoe shop: first discuss the shoes as a whole, then the trainers, boots, sandals, etc.

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If you conducted quantitative research , you’ll likely be working with the results of some sort of statistical analysis .

Your results section should report the results of any statistical tests you used to compare groups or assess relationships between variables . It should also state whether or not each hypothesis was supported.

The most logical way to structure quantitative results is to frame them around your research questions or hypotheses. For each question or hypothesis, share:

A reminder of the type of analysis you used (e.g., a two-sample t test or simple linear regression ). A more detailed description of your analysis should go in your methodology section.
A concise summary of each relevant result, both positive and negative. This can include any relevant descriptive statistics (e.g., means and standard deviations ) as well as inferential statistics (e.g., t scores, degrees of freedom , and p values ). Remember, these numbers are often placed in parentheses.
A brief statement of how each result relates to the question, or whether the hypothesis was supported. You can briefly mention any results that didn’t fit with your expectations and assumptions, but save any speculation on their meaning or consequences for your discussion and conclusion.

A note on tables and figures

In quantitative research, it’s often helpful to include visual elements such as graphs, charts, and tables , but only if they are directly relevant to your results. Give these elements clear, descriptive titles and labels so that your reader can easily understand what is being shown. If you want to include any other visual elements that are more tangential in nature, consider adding a figure and table list .

As a rule of thumb:

Tables are used to communicate exact values, giving a concise overview of various results
Graphs and charts are used to visualise trends and relationships, giving an at-a-glance illustration of key findings

Don’t forget to also mention any tables and figures you used within the text of your results section. Summarise or elaborate on specific aspects you think your reader should know about rather than merely restating the same numbers already shown.

Example of using figures in the results section

Figure 1: Intention to donate to environmental organisations based on social distance from impact of environmental damage.

In qualitative research , your results might not all be directly related to specific hypotheses. In this case, you can structure your results section around key themes or topics that emerged from your analysis of the data.

For each theme, start with general observations about what the data showed. You can mention:

Recurring points of agreement or disagreement
Patterns and trends
Particularly significant snippets from individual responses

Next, clarify and support these points with direct quotations. Be sure to report any relevant demographic information about participants. Further information (such as full transcripts , if appropriate) can be included in an appendix .

‘I think that in role-playing games, there’s more attention to character design, to world design, because the whole story is important and more attention is paid to certain game elements […] so that perhaps you do need bigger teams of creative experts than in an average shooter or something.’

Responses suggest that video game consumers consider some types of games to have more artistic potential than others.

Your results section should objectively report your findings, presenting only brief observations in relation to each question, hypothesis, or theme.

It should not speculate about the meaning of the results or attempt to answer your main research question . Detailed interpretation of your results is more suitable for your discussion section , while synthesis of your results into an overall answer to your main research question is best left for your conclusion .

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I have completed my data collection and analyzed the results.

I have included all results that are relevant to my research questions.

I have concisely and objectively reported each result, including relevant descriptive statistics and inferential statistics .

I have stated whether each hypothesis was supported or refuted.

I have used tables and figures to illustrate my results where appropriate.

All tables and figures are correctly labelled and referred to in the text.

There is no subjective interpretation or speculation on the meaning of the results.

You've finished writing up your results! Use the other checklists to further improve your thesis.

The results chapter of a thesis or dissertation presents your research results concisely and objectively.

In quantitative research , for each question or hypothesis , state:

The type of analysis used
Relevant results in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics
Whether or not the alternative hypothesis was supported

In qualitative research , for each question or theme, describe:

Recurring patterns
Significant or representative individual responses
Relevant quotations from the data

Don’t interpret or speculate in the results chapter.

Results are usually written in the past tense , because they are describing the outcome of completed actions.

The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports what you found, without speculating on why you found these results. The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter.

In qualitative research , results and discussion are sometimes combined. But in quantitative research , it’s considered important to separate the objective results from your interpretation of them.

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How to Perform a Systematic Literature Review pp 139–152 Cite as

Making an Impact: Dissemination of Results

Edward Purssell ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3748-0864 3 &
Niall McCrae ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9776-7694 4
First Online: 05 August 2020

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Each of us makes some impact on the world, for better or worse, but scientific researchers are among those who measure this formally (sometimes obsessively). The impact of your systematic review may be judged by the contribution that it makes to the wellbeing of relevant people. This is not easily assessed, but there are important indicators of the reach of your review findings, such as journal impact factor, media coverage, downloads and citations. Success depends not only on the scientific conduct of your review but on the quality of your report, which will determine whether it gets published, read and applied in practice. Good reporting using the PRISMA guidance is a requirement for publication almost everywhere, and we would strongly advise it for producing an academic assignment too. The recently devised TRANSFER guidance can help to signal the distinct messages of your review and how it has added to the evidence within the reviewed studies. This chapter shows how you can maximise the impact of your review, whether it is a small-scale dissertation for an educational course or a major funded project.

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Ten things I wish I'd known before starting my dissertation

The sun is shining but many students won't see the daylight. Because it's that time of year again – dissertation time.

Luckily for me, my D-Day (dissertation hand-in day) has already been and gone. But I remember it well.

The 10,000-word spiral-bound paper squatted on my desk in various forms of completion was my Allied forces; the history department in-tray was my Normandy. And when Eisenhower talked about a "great crusade toward which we have striven these many months", he was bang on.

I remember first encountering the Undergraduate Dissertation Handbook, feeling my heart sink at how long the massive file took to download, and began to think about possible (but in hindsight, wildly over-ambitious) topics. Here's what I've learned since, and wish I'd known back then…

1 ) If your dissertation supervisor isn't right, change. Mine was brilliant. If you don't feel like they're giving you the right advice, request to swap to someone else – providing it's early on and your reason is valid, your department shouldn't have a problem with it. In my experience, it doesn't matter too much whether they're an expert on your topic. What counts is whether they're approachable, reliable, reassuring, give detailed feedback and don't mind the odd panicked email. They are your lifeline and your best chance of success.

2 ) If you mention working on your dissertation to family, friends or near-strangers, they will ask you what it's about, and they will be expecting a more impressive answer than you can give. So prepare for looks of confusion and disappointment. People anticipate grandeur in history dissertation topics – war, genocide, the formation of modern society. They don't think much of researching an obscure piece of 1970s disability legislation. But they're not the ones marking it.

3 ) If they ask follow-up questions, they're probably just being polite.

4 ) Do not ask friends how much work they've done. You'll end up paranoid – or they will. Either way, you don't have time for it.

5 ) There will be one day during the process when you will freak out, doubt your entire thesis and decide to start again from scratch. You might even come up with a new question and start working on it, depending on how long the breakdown lasts. You will at some point run out of steam and collapse in an exhausted, tear-stained heap. But unless there are serious flaws in your work (unlikely) and your supervisor recommends starting again (highly unlikely), don't do it. It's just panic, it'll pass.

6 ) A lot of the work you do will not make it into your dissertation. The first few days in archives, I felt like everything I was unearthing was a gem, and when I sat down to write, it seemed as if it was all gold. But a brutal editing down to the word count has left much of that early material at the wayside.

7 ) You will print like you have never printed before. If you're using a university or library printer, it will start to affect your weekly budget in a big way. If you're printing from your room, "paper jam" will come to be the most dreaded two words in the English language.

8 ) Your dissertation will interfere with whatever else you have going on – a social life, sporting commitments, societies, other essay demands. Don't even try and give up biscuits for Lent, they'll basically become their own food group when you're too busy to cook and desperate for sugar.

9 ) Your time is not your own. Even if you're super-organised, plan your time down to the last hour and don't have a single moment of deadline panic, you'll still find that thoughts of your dissertation will creep up on you when you least expect it. You'll fall asleep thinking about it, dream about it and wake up thinking about. You'll feel guilty when you're not working on it, and mired in self-doubt when you are.

10 ) Finishing it will be one of the best things you've ever done. It's worth the hard work to know you've completed what's likely to be your biggest, most important, single piece of work. Be proud of it.

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2 justices who upheld Arizona's 1864 abortion ban are up for retention. Who are they?

The Arizona Supreme Court ruled the 1864 territorial ban on abortions can be enforced , with four justices voting in favor of the ban, two voting against and one not voting.

Two of the four justices who voted in favor of the ban are up for retention in November, meaning voters will decide whether or not to keep them on the court.

The court is made up of seven justices who are appointed by the governor and retained by voters two years after their initial appointment and every six years thereafter. The court's chief justice is selected by their colleagues and serves a term of five years.

Who is on the Arizona Supreme Court?

Chief Justice Robert M. Brutinel was appointed by Gov. Jan Brewer in 2010 and became chief justice in 2019. Before being appointed to the Supreme Court, Brutinel was a judge in the Yavapai County Superior Court and founded his own law firm.
Vice Chief Justice Ann A. Scott Timmer was appointed by Brewer in 2012 and became vice chief justice in 2019. Prior to joining the court, Timmer was a state Court of Appeals judge and worked in private law firms.
Associate Justice James P. Beene was appointed by Gov. Doug Ducey in 2019. Prior to joining the court, Beene was a state Court of Appeals judge and a Maricopa County Superior Court judge. He also worked as an assistant attorney general for the Attorney General's Office in the capital litigation section.
Associate Justice Clint Bolick was appointed by Ducey in 2016. He had no judicial experience prior to his appointment. He previously worked as the vice president of litigation for the Goldwater Institute and served on Ducey's transition team. Bolick is married to state Sen. Shawnna Bolick, R-Phoenix.
Associate Justice Kathryn H. King was appointed by Ducey in 2021. King previously served on the Arizona Board of Regents and as an aide in Ducey's administration. She also served as deputy general counsel for Ducey from 2015 to 2017 and previously worked for a private law firm.
Associate Justice John R. Lopez IV was appointed by Ducey in 2016 and was the first Hispanic justice to serve on the court. Before joining the court, Lopez worked at the Arizona Attorney General's Office as solicitor general and the U.S. Attorney's Office in Arizona.
Associate Justice William "Bill" G. Montgomery did not participate in the abortion case. He was appointed by Ducey in 2019 after serving as the Maricopa County attorney for nearly a decade. He was rejected from the shortlist for another vacancy that year due to questions about his impartiality on issues like sentencing reform, decriminalizing marijuana and LGBTQ+ rights.

How did the justices vote?

Justices John R. Lopez IV, Clint Bolick, James P. Beene and Kathryn H. King voted to enforce the 1864 ban. Lopez wrote the majority opinion.

Chief Justice Robert M. Brutinel and Vice Chief Justice Ann A. Scott Timmer voted against enforcing the ban, with Timmer writing the dissenting opinion.

Associate Justice Bill Montgomery recused himself from the case in November 2023 after an anti-abortion post from his Facebook account surfaced. Montgomery denied a motion from Planned Parenthood to recuse himself but later reversed his decision, citing "additional information" coming to light.

Which justices are up for retention?

Bolick and King will both be on the ballot in November. Montgomery, Beene and Timmer were all retained by voters in 2022 while Brutinel and Lopez were retained in 2020.

The Arizona Commission on Judicial Performance Review will evaluate Bolick, King and all other judges up for retention this year to provide a guide for voters. In 2022, only one judge did not meet the commission's standards requirements.

In the 52 years since the state enacted its judicial retention system, only six judges have not been retained by voters. Three of those judges were rejected in 2022.

How do Arizona retention elections work?

All Arizona voters can vote in retention elections for Supreme Court justices. The Commission on Judicial Performance Review must release the findings of its evaluations 60 days before the primary election, meaning voters will see those reviews by the end of May.

On the ballot, voters must select "yes" to retain a judge or "no" to remove them. Retention elections are a simple majority, so judges need over 50% of voters to select yes to stay on the bench.

These elections tend to have a lower turnout than other statewide races. According to results from the Arizona Secretary of State's office, 2.5 million Arizonans cast ballots for the gubernatorial election in 2022, but only 1.8 million cast votes in Montgomery's retention election that same year.

Reach the reporters at [email protected] and [email protected] .

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Knowledge Base

Tables in your dissertation

Published on November 2, 2016 by Kirsten Dingemanse . Revised on January 31, 2020.

Dissertations and theses often include tables. One advantage of tables is that they allow you to present data in a clear and concise manner without having to provide a lengthy explanation in the text. This is particularly helpful in sections such as your results chapter.

Step 1. decide where to insert a table, step 2. create your table, example of a table in apa style, step 3. assign your table a number and title, step 4. clarify your table with a note (optional), step 5. cite the table within the text, where should you add a table.

Tables are often included in the main body of a dissertation, so that readers can view them straight away. In this case, place the table immediately above or below the paragraph in which you introduce or refer to it.

If you are not allowed to include tables within your main text or your tables are very long, you can instead put them in an appendix to your dissertation. However, bear in mind that doing so might make your text less readable, as readers will always have to turn to an appendix . It’s thus better to include at least key tables in the main document.

Be careful. Never directly import tables from a statistical analysis program such as SPSS, as these tables provide too much detailed information. For instance, if you just want to report the results of a t-test from SPSS, your table likely does not need to include figures related to the standard mean error.

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All word processing programs include an option to create a table. For example, in Word’s top menu bar you can either click on the “Table” tab or select Insert -> Table -> New.

To keep your tables consistent, it’s important that you use the same formatting throughout your dissertation. For example, make sure that you always use the same line spacing (e.g., single vs. double), that the data is aligned the same way (namely center, left or right) and that your column and row headings always reflect the same style same (for example, bold).

If you are using Word, you can also opt to use one of the program’s pre-set table styles. Doing so will ensure that all of the tables throughout your dissertation have the same formatting. You can apply one of these styles by selecting the table and then selecting one of the preformatted “Table Styles.”

For examples of tables in MLA format , check our guide here .

Once you have decided where to incorporate a table, assign it a number (which should then be noted at the top of the table). Different numbering schemes can be used, but the easiest is to just use Table 1, Table 2 and so forth. Numbers will allow you to easily refer to the correct table within the text.

You can also set a table up so that Word automatically assigns it a number. We recommend that you do this, as it will ensure that your table numbers are always correct. For instance, if you add a new table in the middle of your dissertation, Word will automatically adjust the table numbers throughout the rest of the document. Using this Word feature also makes it easy to generate a list of tables .

Automatically numbering tables

To use automatic numbering, click on the tab ‘Reference’ and select ‘Insert Caption’.

Titling tables

It is important that you always give each table a title. If you use automatic table numbering, a table’s title will automatically be noted after its number.

A table title should be clear and comprehensive enough that it does not need to be explained in the text. Readers should be able to understand what a table contains solely on the basis of its title.

Make sure you also follow any title specifications that either your academic program or the citation style you are using dictates. For instance, in APA Style it is customary to put a table’s title under its number.

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A note can be used for information that helps to clarify the data in a table. For example, you can specify p-values, define abbreviations or explain further details related to a particular row or column. If you don’t have anything special to convey (and the table is your own creation), you don’t need to include a note.

Table from another source

If you have taken a table from another source, it’s mandatory that you explain this in a note. However, how this should be done varies by citation style . Below we explain how you should handle a table from another source according to the APA Style .

The APA Style specifies that you should write “Reprinted from” or “Adapted from” followed by the title and complete source information of the book or article that you have taken the table from.

It is important that you always refer to your table in the text. This helps readers to understand why the table is included and ensures that you don’t have any “free-floating” tables in your dissertation. All tables should have a clear function.

When citing a table in your running text, mention the table’s number instead of using phrases such as “the table below” (which can create confusion for your readers).

A numbered table in the main document

The table below shows that…

Table 1 shows that…

When referring to a table in an appendix, include both the table number and the appendix number.

A numbered table in the appendix

Table 2 (see Appendix 1) shows that…

There is evidence that… (see Table 2, Appendix 1)

Cross-references

If you automate the numbering of your tables, you can choose to apply cross-references. This feature creates links in your text that lead directly to the corresponding table when clicked. The advantage of this is that the numbering is always correct.

In Word, cross-referencing can be activated by selecting Insert -> Cross-Reference from the top menu bar. From there set the “Reference type” to “Table” and “Insert reference to” to whatever you wish to include (for example, the entire caption or only the table’s name and number). Then select the table to which you want to link and click “Insert”.

Checklist: Tables

Each table has a number.

Each table has a clear, descriptive title.

All tables are consistently formatted according to my style guide or department’s requirements.

The content of each table is clearly understandable in its own right.

I have referred to each table in the main text.

I have correctly cited the source of any tables reproduced or adapted from other authors.

Your tables look great! Use the other checklists to improve your thesis or dissertation.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Dingemanse, K. (2020, January 31). Tables in your dissertation. Scribbr. Retrieved April 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/tips/tables-in-your-dissertation/

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Dissertation Structure & Layout 101: How to structure your dissertation, thesis or research project.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) Reviewed By: David Phair (PhD) | July 2019

So, you’ve got a decent understanding of what a dissertation is , you’ve chosen your topic and hopefully you’ve received approval for your research proposal . Awesome! Now its time to start the actual dissertation or thesis writing journey.

To craft a high-quality document, the very first thing you need to understand is dissertation structure . In this post, we’ll walk you through the generic dissertation structure and layout, step by step. We’ll start with the big picture, and then zoom into each chapter to briefly discuss the core contents. If you’re just starting out on your research journey, you should start with this post, which covers the big-picture process of how to write a dissertation or thesis .

Dissertation structure and layout - the basics

The Caveat

In this post, we’ll be discussing a traditional dissertation/thesis structure and layout, which is generally used for social science research across universities, whether in the US, UK, Europe or Australia. However, some universities may have small variations on this structure (extra chapters, merged chapters, slightly different ordering, etc).

So, always check with your university if they have a prescribed structure or layout that they expect you to work with. If not, it’s safe to assume the structure we’ll discuss here is suitable. And even if they do have a prescribed structure, you’ll still get value from this post as we’ll explain the core contents of each section.

Overview: S tructuring a dissertation or thesis

Acknowledgements page
Abstract (or executive summary)
Table of contents , list of figures and tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature review
Chapter 3: Methodology
Chapter 4: Results
Chapter 5: Discussion
Chapter 6: Conclusion
Reference list

As I mentioned, some universities will have slight variations on this structure. For example, they want an additional “personal reflection chapter”, or they might prefer the results and discussion chapter to be merged into one. Regardless, the overarching flow will always be the same, as this flow reflects the research process , which we discussed here – i.e.:

The introduction chapter presents the core research question and aims .
The literature review chapter assesses what the current research says about this question.
The methodology, results and discussion chapters go about undertaking new research about this question.
The conclusion chapter (attempts to) answer the core research question .

In other words, the dissertation structure and layout reflect the research process of asking a well-defined question(s), investigating, and then answering the question – see below.

A dissertation's structure reflect the research process

To restate that – the structure and layout of a dissertation reflect the flow of the overall research process . This is essential to understand, as each chapter will make a lot more sense if you “get” this concept. If you’re not familiar with the research process, read this post before going further.

Right. Now that we’ve covered the big picture, let’s dive a little deeper into the details of each section and chapter. Oh and by the way, you can also grab our free dissertation/thesis template here to help speed things up.

The title page of your dissertation is the very first impression the marker will get of your work, so it pays to invest some time thinking about your title. But what makes for a good title? A strong title needs to be 3 things:

Succinct (not overly lengthy or verbose)
Specific (not vague or ambiguous)
Representative of the research you’re undertaking (clearly linked to your research questions)

Typically, a good title includes mention of the following:

The broader area of the research (i.e. the overarching topic)
The specific focus of your research (i.e. your specific context)
Indication of research design (e.g. quantitative , qualitative , or mixed methods ).

For example:

A quantitative investigation [research design] into the antecedents of organisational trust [broader area] in the UK retail forex trading market [specific context/area of focus].

Again, some universities may have specific requirements regarding the format and structure of the title, so it’s worth double-checking expectations with your institution (if there’s no mention in the brief or study material).

Acknowledgements

This page provides you with an opportunity to say thank you to those who helped you along your research journey. Generally, it’s optional (and won’t count towards your marks), but it is academic best practice to include this.

So, who do you say thanks to? Well, there’s no prescribed requirements, but it’s common to mention the following people:

Your dissertation supervisor or committee.
Any professors, lecturers or academics that helped you understand the topic or methodologies.
Any tutors, mentors or advisors.
Your family and friends, especially spouse (for adult learners studying part-time).

There’s no need for lengthy rambling. Just state who you’re thankful to and for what (e.g. thank you to my supervisor, John Doe, for his endless patience and attentiveness) – be sincere. In terms of length, you should keep this to a page or less.

Abstract or executive summary

The dissertation abstract (or executive summary for some degrees) serves to provide the first-time reader (and marker or moderator) with a big-picture view of your research project. It should give them an understanding of the key insights and findings from the research, without them needing to read the rest of the report – in other words, it should be able to stand alone .

For it to stand alone, your abstract should cover the following key points (at a minimum):

Your research questions and aims – what key question(s) did your research aim to answer?
Your methodology – how did you go about investigating the topic and finding answers to your research question(s)?
Your findings – following your own research, what did do you discover?
Your conclusions – based on your findings, what conclusions did you draw? What answers did you find to your research question(s)?

So, in much the same way the dissertation structure mimics the research process, your abstract or executive summary should reflect the research process, from the initial stage of asking the original question to the final stage of answering that question.

In practical terms, it’s a good idea to write this section up last , once all your core chapters are complete. Otherwise, you’ll end up writing and rewriting this section multiple times (just wasting time). For a step by step guide on how to write a strong executive summary, check out this post .

Need a helping hand?

This section is straightforward. You’ll typically present your table of contents (TOC) first, followed by the two lists – figures and tables. I recommend that you use Microsoft Word’s automatic table of contents generator to generate your TOC. If you’re not familiar with this functionality, the video below explains it simply:

If you find that your table of contents is overly lengthy, consider removing one level of depth. Oftentimes, this can be done without detracting from the usefulness of the TOC.

Right, now that the “admin” sections are out of the way, its time to move on to your core chapters. These chapters are the heart of your dissertation and are where you’ll earn the marks. The first chapter is the introduction chapter – as you would expect, this is the time to introduce your research…

It’s important to understand that even though you’ve provided an overview of your research in your abstract, your introduction needs to be written as if the reader has not read that (remember, the abstract is essentially a standalone document). So, your introduction chapter needs to start from the very beginning, and should address the following questions:

What will you be investigating (in plain-language, big picture-level)?
Why is that worth investigating? How is it important to academia or business? How is it sufficiently original?
What are your research aims and research question(s)? Note that the research questions can sometimes be presented at the end of the literature review (next chapter).
What is the scope of your study? In other words, what will and won’t you cover ?
How will you approach your research? In other words, what methodology will you adopt?
How will you structure your dissertation? What are the core chapters and what will you do in each of them?

These are just the bare basic requirements for your intro chapter. Some universities will want additional bells and whistles in the intro chapter, so be sure to carefully read your brief or consult your research supervisor.

If done right, your introduction chapter will set a clear direction for the rest of your dissertation. Specifically, it will make it clear to the reader (and marker) exactly what you’ll be investigating, why that’s important, and how you’ll be going about the investigation. Conversely, if your introduction chapter leaves a first-time reader wondering what exactly you’ll be researching, you’ve still got some work to do.

Now that you’ve set a clear direction with your introduction chapter, the next step is the literature review . In this section, you will analyse the existing research (typically academic journal articles and high-quality industry publications), with a view to understanding the following questions:

What does the literature currently say about the topic you’re investigating?
Is the literature lacking or well established? Is it divided or in disagreement?
How does your research fit into the bigger picture?
How does your research contribute something original?
How does the methodology of previous studies help you develop your own?

Depending on the nature of your study, you may also present a conceptual framework towards the end of your literature review, which you will then test in your actual research.

Again, some universities will want you to focus on some of these areas more than others, some will have additional or fewer requirements, and so on. Therefore, as always, its important to review your brief and/or discuss with your supervisor, so that you know exactly what’s expected of your literature review chapter.

Now that you’ve investigated the current state of knowledge in your literature review chapter and are familiar with the existing key theories, models and frameworks, its time to design your own research. Enter the methodology chapter – the most “science-ey” of the chapters…

In this chapter, you need to address two critical questions:

Exactly HOW will you carry out your research (i.e. what is your intended research design)?
Exactly WHY have you chosen to do things this way (i.e. how do you justify your design)?

Remember, the dissertation part of your degree is first and foremost about developing and demonstrating research skills . Therefore, the markers want to see that you know which methods to use, can clearly articulate why you’ve chosen then, and know how to deploy them effectively.

Importantly, this chapter requires detail – don’t hold back on the specifics. State exactly what you’ll be doing, with who, when, for how long, etc. Moreover, for every design choice you make, make sure you justify it.

In practice, you will likely end up coming back to this chapter once you’ve undertaken all your data collection and analysis, and revise it based on changes you made during the analysis phase. This is perfectly fine. Its natural for you to add an additional analysis technique, scrap an old one, etc based on where your data lead you. Of course, I’m talking about small changes here – not a fundamental switch from qualitative to quantitative, which will likely send your supervisor in a spin!

You’ve now collected your data and undertaken your analysis, whether qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods. In this chapter, you’ll present the raw results of your analysis . For example, in the case of a quant study, you’ll present the demographic data, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics , etc.

Typically, Chapter 4 is simply a presentation and description of the data, not a discussion of the meaning of the data. In other words, it’s descriptive, rather than analytical – the meaning is discussed in Chapter 5. However, some universities will want you to combine chapters 4 and 5, so that you both present and interpret the meaning of the data at the same time. Check with your institution what their preference is.

Now that you’ve presented the data analysis results, its time to interpret and analyse them. In other words, its time to discuss what they mean, especially in relation to your research question(s).

What you discuss here will depend largely on your chosen methodology. For example, if you’ve gone the quantitative route, you might discuss the relationships between variables . If you’ve gone the qualitative route, you might discuss key themes and the meanings thereof. It all depends on what your research design choices were.

Most importantly, you need to discuss your results in relation to your research questions and aims, as well as the existing literature. What do the results tell you about your research questions? Are they aligned with the existing research or at odds? If so, why might this be? Dig deep into your findings and explain what the findings suggest, in plain English.

The final chapter – you’ve made it! Now that you’ve discussed your interpretation of the results, its time to bring it back to the beginning with the conclusion chapter . In other words, its time to (attempt to) answer your original research question s (from way back in chapter 1). Clearly state what your conclusions are in terms of your research questions. This might feel a bit repetitive, as you would have touched on this in the previous chapter, but its important to bring the discussion full circle and explicitly state your answer(s) to the research question(s).

Next, you’ll typically discuss the implications of your findings? In other words, you’ve answered your research questions – but what does this mean for the real world (or even for academia)? What should now be done differently, given the new insight you’ve generated?

Lastly, you should discuss the limitations of your research, as well as what this means for future research in the area. No study is perfect, especially not a Masters-level. Discuss the shortcomings of your research. Perhaps your methodology was limited, perhaps your sample size was small or not representative, etc, etc. Don’t be afraid to critique your work – the markers want to see that you can identify the limitations of your work. This is a strength, not a weakness. Be brutal!

This marks the end of your core chapters – woohoo! From here on out, it’s pretty smooth sailing.

The reference list is straightforward. It should contain a list of all resources cited in your dissertation, in the required format, e.g. APA , Harvard, etc.

It’s essential that you use reference management software for your dissertation. Do NOT try handle your referencing manually – its far too error prone. On a reference list of multiple pages, you’re going to make mistake. To this end, I suggest considering either Mendeley or Zotero. Both are free and provide a very straightforward interface to ensure that your referencing is 100% on point. I’ve included a simple how-to video for the Mendeley software (my personal favourite) below:

Some universities may ask you to include a bibliography, as opposed to a reference list. These two things are not the same . A bibliography is similar to a reference list, except that it also includes resources which informed your thinking but were not directly cited in your dissertation. So, double-check your brief and make sure you use the right one.

The very last piece of the puzzle is the appendix or set of appendices. This is where you’ll include any supporting data and evidence. Importantly, supporting is the keyword here.

Your appendices should provide additional “nice to know”, depth-adding information, which is not critical to the core analysis. Appendices should not be used as a way to cut down word count (see this post which covers how to reduce word count ). In other words, don’t place content that is critical to the core analysis here, just to save word count. You will not earn marks on any content in the appendices, so don’t try to play the system!

Time to recap…

And there you have it – the traditional dissertation structure and layout, from A-Z. To recap, the core structure for a dissertation or thesis is (typically) as follows:

Acknowledgments page

Most importantly, the core chapters should reflect the research process (asking, investigating and answering your research question). Moreover, the research question(s) should form the golden thread throughout your dissertation structure. Everything should revolve around the research questions, and as you’ve seen, they should form both the start point (i.e. introduction chapter) and the endpoint (i.e. conclusion chapter).

I hope this post has provided you with clarity about the traditional dissertation/thesis structure and layout. If you have any questions or comments, please leave a comment below, or feel free to get in touch with us. Also, be sure to check out the rest of the Grad Coach Blog .

Psst… there’s more (for free)

This post is part of our dissertation mini-course, which covers everything you need to get started with your dissertation, thesis or research project.

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36 Comments

many thanks i found it very useful

Glad to hear that, Arun. Good luck writing your dissertation.

Such clear practical logical advice. I very much needed to read this to keep me focused in stead of fretting.. Perfect now ready to start my research!

what about scientific fields like computer or engineering thesis what is the difference in the structure? thank you very much

Thanks so much this helped me a lot!

Very helpful and accessible. What I like most is how practical the advice is along with helpful tools/ links.

Thanks Ade!

Thank you so much sir.. It was really helpful..

You’re welcome!

Hi! How many words maximum should contain the abstract?

Thank you so much 😊 Find this at the right moment

You’re most welcome. Good luck with your dissertation.

best ever benefit i got on right time thank you

Many times Clarity and vision of destination of dissertation is what makes the difference between good ,average and great researchers the same way a great automobile driver is fast with clarity of address and Clear weather conditions .

I guess Great researcher = great ideas + knowledge + great and fast data collection and modeling + great writing + high clarity on all these

You have given immense clarity from start to end.

Morning. Where will I write the definitions of what I’m referring to in my report?

Thank you so much Derek, I was almost lost! Thanks a tonnnn! Have a great day!

Thanks ! so concise and valuable

This was very helpful. Clear and concise. I know exactly what to do now.

Thank you for allowing me to go through briefly. I hope to find time to continue.

Really useful to me. Thanks a thousand times

Very interesting! It will definitely set me and many more for success. highly recommended.

Thank you soo much sir, for the opportunity to express my skills

Usefull, thanks a lot. Really clear

Very nice and easy to understand. Thank you .

That was incredibly useful. Thanks Grad Coach Crew!

My stress level just dropped at least 15 points after watching this. Just starting my thesis for my grad program and I feel a lot more capable now! Thanks for such a clear and helpful video, Emma and the GradCoach team!

Do we need to mention the number of words the dissertation contains in the main document?

It depends on your university’s requirements, so it would be best to check with them 🙂

Such a helpful post to help me get started with structuring my masters dissertation, thank you!

Great video; I appreciate that helpful information

It is so necessary or avital course

This blog is very informative for my research. Thank you

Doctoral students are required to fill out the National Research Council’s Survey of Earned Doctorates

wow this is an amazing gain in my life

This is so good

How can i arrange my specific objectives in my dissertation?

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2024 Masters odds: Surprising PGA picks, Sunday predictions from golf model that's nailed 10 majors

Sportsline's golf model ran 10,000 simulations of the final round of the masters 2024 at augusta national golf club.

Sunday at the 2024 Masters has arrived and it is shaping up to be a thrilling finish. Scottie Scheffler has emerged as the top golfer in the world in recent years and is on the hunt for a second green jacket after winning the Masters in 2022. He enters Sunday as the leader at 7 under on the 2024 Masters leaderboard. He has plenty of impressive company atop the Sunday Masters leaderboard 2024, however. Two-time major winner Collin Morikawa is just one shot off the lead at 6 under, with Max Homa (-5), Ludvig Aberg (-4) and Bryson DeChambeau (-3) all lurking as well.

The first Sunday 2024 Masters tee times come at 9:15 a.m. ET, and the final group of Scheffler and Morikawa get underway at 2:35 p.m. ET. Scheffler is the -105 favorite (risk $105 to win $100) in the latest 2024 Masters odds, followed by Morikawa (+350), Homa (+550) and Aberg (+1000). Before locking in any 2024 Masters Sunday picks, be sure to see the 2024 Masters predictions and projected leaderboard from the proven computer model at SportsLine .

SportsLine's proprietary model, built by DFS pro Mike McClure, has been red hot since the PGA Tour resumed in June 2020. In fact, the model is up nearly $9,500 on its best bets since the restart, nailing tournament after tournament.

McClure's model predicted Scottie Scheffler would finish on top of the leaderboard at the Arnold Palmer Invitational and The Players Championship this season. McClure also included Hideki Matsuyama in his best bets to win the 2024 Genesis Invitational. That bet hit at +9000, and for the entire tournament, McClure's best bets returned nearly $1,000.

The model also predicted Jon Rahm would be victorious at the 2023 Sentry Tournament of Champions and The American Express. At the 2023 Masters, the model was all over Rahm's second career major victory heading into the weekend. Rahm was two strokes off the lead heading into the third round, but the model still projected him as the winner. It was the second straight Masters win for the model, which also nailed Scheffler winning in 2022.

In addition, McClure's best bets included Nick Taylor (70-1) winning the 2023 RBC Canadian Open, Jason Day (17-1) winning outright at the 2023 AT&T Byron Nelson and Rickie Fowler (14-1) finishing on top of the leaderboard at the 2023 Rocket Mortgage Classic. This same model has also nailed a whopping 10 majors entering the weekend. Anyone who has followed it has seen massive returns.

Now that three rounds are in the books at the 2024 Masters, SportsLine simulated the final round 10,000 times, and the results were surprising. Head to SportsLine now to see the projected 2024 Masters leaderboard .

Top 2024 Masters predictions

One surprise the model is calling for at the 2024 Masters: Max Homa, who enters Sunday in third place and with the third-lowest odds, stumbles over the last 18 holes and barely records a top-five finish. He's a golfer to avoid in your Masters best bets for Round 4.

Homa came out hot on Thursday, firing a 67 to take an early lead. However, he was just 1 under on Friday and then 1 over on Saturday. He hasn't recoded a birdie since the fourth hole on Friday, so McClure's model doesn't project that he'll be able to go low enough to be a serious contender on Sunday.

Another surprise: Ludvig Aberg, a +1000 longshot, makes a strong run at the title. He has a much better chance to win it all than his odds imply, so he's a target for anyone looking for a huge payday. Aberg, the runner-up for 2023 PGA Rookie of the Year, has been a force early in 2024. He has three top-10 finishes, including a runner-up performance at Pebble Beach. He's finished outside the top 30 just once all season.

History is working against him at Augusta since a debutant hasn't won the Masters since 1979. However, Aberg shook off a first-round 73 to go a combined 5-under on Friday and Saturday, putting him just three shots off the lead entering Sunday. His combined Round 2 and Round 3 scores were better than Scheffler, Homa and Bryson DeChambeau, so if he keeps that pace on Sunday, he'll have a shot at putting on the green jacket. See who else to pick here .

How to make 2024 Masters picks

The model is targeting multiple huge longshots who are set to make surprising runs, including one golfer who enters Round 4 several shots off the lead. Anyone who backs these longshots could hit it big. You can only see the model's Masters picks here .

So who will win the Masters 2024, and which longshots stun the golfing world? Check out the 2024 Masters odds below and then visit SportsLine to see the projected 2024 Masters leaderboard, all from the model that's nailed 10 golf majors, including last year's Masters and Open Championship .

2024 Masters odds, field

See full Masters 2024 picks, best bets and predictions here .

Scottie Scheffler -105 Collin Morikawa +350 Max Homa +550 Ludvig Aberg +1000 Bryson DeChambeau +1800 Xander Schauffele +2500 Cameron Smith +9000 Nicolai Hojgaard +10000 Tommy Fleetwood +10000 Cameron Young +12500 Cam Davis +15000 Byeong Hun An +22500 Patrick Cantlay +27500 Matthew Fitzpatrick +75000 Patrick Reed +100000 Lucas Glover +100000 Adam Schenk +100000 Chris Kirk +200000 Matthieu Pavon +200000 Rory McIlroy +250000 Joaquin Niemann +250000

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Fight Schedule

UFC 300 Results: Bo Nickal Dazzles Once Again, Chokes Cody Brundage in Toughest Test

The first UFC 300 main card fight between Bo Nickal and Cody Brundage has wrapped up.

Author: Fernando Quiles Jr.

Bo Nickal took center stage to kick off the UFC 300 card against Cody Brundage.

Much had been made about Nickal's opening main card spot, but Bo certainly wasn't going to complain about it. In fact, he mocked those who were complaining about him getting the first bout on the pay-per-view portion of the card.

Nickal did end up winning his fight as most expected.

TRUE SAMURAI! JIŘÍ PROCHÁZKA RALLIES TO FINISH ALEKSANDAR RAKIĆ IN UFC 300 BANGER (VIDEO)

Brundage wasn't afraid to throw out some offense early. The two rolled on the ground before Nickal had his opponent against the fence. Bo hit a double leg takedown, but Brundage got back up to his feet with his opponent still holding him.

Brutal gnp from Bo Nickal #UFC300 pic.twitter.com/YoG95gcZVU — TakeruCigarra (@TakeruCigarra) April 14, 2024

Bo went for a choke, but Brundage avoided danger for the time being. Nickal moved to full mount before going for the back of his opponent again.

Nickal caught a kick early in the second round, but Brundage avoided the takedown. Bo went for the takedown again, but this time he scored it. Cody's corner continued calling for the left underhook while their fighter was on his back. Ultimately, Nickal sunk in the rear-naked choke to force the tap.

🚨🚨 BO NICKAL PLACE UN RNC AU 2EME ROUNDS. ✅ pic.twitter.com/nYrRQlga74 — ARENA (@MMArena_) April 14, 2024

Winner : Bo Nickal

Stick with MMA Knockout for more daily coverage of the UFC, MMA, WWE, and AEW.

Follow MMA Knockout on Twitter and Facebook .

Updated 5m ago

Masters 2024 live updates: Tiger Woods to make history today, round 4 leaderboard, tee times, odds

8 New Updates

Masters 2024 — Round four tee times, leaderboard, odds

Fourth and final round to start at 9.15am ET (2.15pm BST)
Scheffler (-7) leads Morikawa (-6) by one shot
Leaders to tee off at 2.35pm
Watch the Masters on CBS (US) and Sky Sports (UK)
✉️ Get in touch by emailing [email protected]
Find tickets to watch the Masters

Tiger Woods still on course to make another piece of Masters history

(Photo: Getty Images)

Tiger Woods is scheduled to tee it up today with amateur Neal Shipley, a grad student at Ohio State who finished runner-up at last summer’s U.S. Amateur at Cherry Hills. It will be Tiger’s 100th career Masters round, a milestone only 20 other players all time have reached.

Tiger Woods fails to find his rhythm

Tiger Woods’ face said it all coming off the course. He exited Augusta through the traditional tunnel of patrons clapping and cheering, some extending fists. Woods was stone faced the whole way, barely blinking.

The 10-over 82 is a new record-high score in his major championship professional career — the worst of all 307 major rounds he’s played over the last 27 years.

Woods said afterward he began Saturday with a poor warmup session and never found rhythm throughout the round.

“Just hitting the ball in all the places that I know I shouldn’t hit it,” Woods said. “And I missed a lot of putts. Easy, makable putts. I missed a lot of them.”

Saturday’s Masters leaderboard report

Moving day at Augusta National provided all the excitement, setting the stage for an epic final round Sunday at the Masters.

Scottie Scheffler shot a third-round 71 to enter the clubhouse at 7-under-par. He will hold the 54-hole lead alone as he looks to win his second green jacket.

Looming behind Scheffler is Collin Morikawa , who shot a 3-under 69. Morikawa is searching for his third major championship.

Max Homa sits at 5-under-par, two off the lead after a third-round 73. Homa is looking for his first major championship.

Bryson DeChambeau had a rough back nine which included a double bogey on the par-5 15th. But he dazzled on the 18th hole with a hole out from the fairway for birdie to enter Sunday four off the lead.

Ludvig Åberg shot a third-round 70. He’s three off the lead and is looking to become the first since Fuzzy Zoeller in 1979 to win the Masters in his major championship debut.

Tiger Woods , who made his 24th consecutive cut at the Masters, shot a 10-over 82 in his third round. It was the highest round for Woods at the Masters in his career.

Sunday’s 2024 Masters round four tee times

9:15 AM EST (2.15pm BST): Vijay Singh, Adam Hadwin

9:25 AM: Grayson Murray, Jake Knapp

9:35AM: Tiger Woods, Neal Shipley (a)

9:45AM: Denny McCarthy, Tom Kim

9:55AM: Thorbjorn Olesen, Kurt Kitayama

10:05AM: Eric Cole, Erik van Rooyen

10:15AM: Camilo Villegas, Jose Maria Olazabal

10:25AM: Jason Day, Russell Henley

10:35AM: Min Woo Lee, Keegan Bradley

10:45AM: J.T. Poston, Si Woo Kim

11:05AM: Brooks Koepka, Corey Conners

11:15AM: Shane Lowry, Phil Mickelson

11:25AM: Sahith Theegala, Taylor Moore

11:35AM: Harris English, Akshay Bhatia

11:45AM: Tony Finau, Jon Rahm

11:55AM: Luke List, Hideki Matsuyama

12:05PM: Rickie Fowler, Ryan Fox

12:25PM: Adam Scott, Danny Willett

12:35PM: Tyrrell Hatton, Will Zalatoris

12:45PM: Joaquin Niemann, Rory McIlroy

12:55PM: Sepp Straka, Matthieu Pavon

1:05PM: Patrick Reed, Matt Fitzpatrick

1:15PM: Chris Kirk, Adam Schenk

1:25PM: Lucas Glover, Patrick Cantlay

1:45PM: Tommy Fleetwood, Cameron Young

1:55PM: Cameron Smith, Byeong Hun An

2:05PM: Nicolai Hojgaard, Cameron Davis

2:15PM: Xander Schauffele, Bryson DeChambeau

2:25PM: Ludvig Aberg, Max Homa

2:35PM: Scottie Scheffler, Collin Morikawa

How to watch and stream the final day of the Masters

CBS are showing live coverage of the final day of play at Augusta, with their primary live feed beginning at 2pm EST and concluding at 7pm. In the UK, Sky Sports have all the action.

Live coverage of the final day of the 2024 Masters

Hello and welcome to our live coverage of the fourth and final day of the 2024 Masters.

It promises to be a very exciting day of play that could well go down to the wire. World number one Scottie Scheffler yesterday hung on to the lead, shooting a one-under 71 to move seven under and one clear of compatriot Collin Morikawa .

Morikawa, the 2020 PGA Championship winner and 2021 Open champion, carded a 69 for six under, with Max Homa (73) next on five under.

Morikawa searching for his game

(Photo: Andrew Redington/Getty Images)

Morikawa did not come to Augusta National feeling like his game was ready to win the Masters. “I had to search,” said Morikawa, who made swing tweaks on the range and during practice sessions, and went so far as to switch putters before Friday’s second round.

But he’ll play Sunday afternoon in the final group, in solo second and one stroke behind Scheffler. Morikawa had a 3-under 69 on Saturday, the second-best round of the day. He birdied his first 3 holes to emerge from the pack to the front of the race, then kept himself in it during the wild couple of hours late Saturday afternoon where the lead changed hands so many times.

Morikawa has two major championships — the 2020 PGA Championship and the 2021 Open Championship — but prolonged issues with his swing have hurt his ability to win on the PGA Tour or contend in majors over the last year. While Morikawa is not ready to reveal what exactly he’s done to fire 71, 70 and 69 rounds over the first three days at this Masters, it’s clearly working for him.

“Scottie is the No. 1 player in the world for a reason, and what he's done over the past few years is incredible,” Morikawa said. “But at the end of the day, it doesn't scare me. I still know that at my best and at what I truly believe I can do. I saw a little glimpse of that early on today. And just didn't hit the shots I needed to. Didn't really make the putts on the back nine, or else I would be even with him or 1-up.”

Morikawa began 2024 working with a TaylorMade TP Soto blade-style putter, but abandoned it for a Logon Olson prototype model for two events last month. When he arrived in Augusta he was using a mallet-style putter that was very similar to what Scheffler has been using. But Morikawa said he spent the first round completely uncomfortable with it, and luckily had a backup. He gained 1.07 strokes on the field putting in Round 3, and 2.98 during the second round. He lost 0.39 strokes putting in the first round.

Masters Round 3 takeaways: Scottie Scheffler solo 54-hole leader with Morikawa, Homa lurking

Final round tee times

Below are the Sunday tee times for the final four groups:

2:05 p.m. ET: Cameron Davis/Nicolai Højgaard

2;15 p.m. ET: Bryson DeChambeau/Xander Schauffele

2:25 p.m. ET: Max Homa/Ludvig Åberg

2:35 p.m. ET: Scottie Scheffler/Collin Morikawa

Read the full tee times here .

54-hole trends at the Masters

27 straight winners have been within four shots.

28 of the last 33 winners were in the final group.

Only one winner has ever been outside the top 10 (Art Wall in 1959).

Significance of Scheffler/Morikawa final pairing

Both Scottie Scheffler and Collin Morikawa — who are in the final pairing — are major champions and 27 years old.

The last time both members of a final pairing on Masters Sunday were both major winners in their 20s was 1965 (Jack Nicklaus and Gary Player).

History of reigning World No. 1 players to lead after 54 holes

1991 Ian Woosnam — W

1996 Greg Norman — 2nd

2001 Tiger Woods — W

2002 Tiger Woods — W

2020 Dustin Johnson — W

2022 Scottie Scheffler — W

2024 Scottie Scheffler — ?

DeChambeau holes out on 18

Bryson DeChambeau was struggling.

He double bogeyed on 15.

Bogeyed 16.

He was going in the wrong direction.

But DeChambeau salvaged his round with a hole out for birdie from the fairway on 18.

DeChambeau is currently 3-under-par, four off the lead.

What a golf shot.

Scheffler alone on top

(Photo: Warren Little/Getty Images)

Scottie Scheffler is the solo 54-hole leader after shooting a third-round 71.

Scheffler had the best second shot into 18 on Saturday, before birdieing the final hole of the third round.

Per Justin Ray, 28 of the last 33 winners of the Masters have been in the final group on Sunday.

Collin Morikawa shoots 69

Collin Morikawa shoots an impressive third-round 69.

It is just the second round in the 60s on Saturday, joining Chris Kirk.

Morikawa is 6-under-par for the tournament, looking to win his third major championship on Sunday.

Ludvig Åberg shoots 70

(Photo: Jamie Squire/Getty Images)

The Masters debut for Ludvig Åberg continues to amaze.

The 24-year-old shoots a third-round 70.

Åberg is looking to become the first since Fuzzy Zoeller in 1979 to win the Masters in their major championship debut.

DeChambeau doubles No. 15

Bryson DeChambeau, after birdieing No. 14, made a mess of the par-5 15th.

After he sailed his second shot right into the patrons, DeChambeau chuffed his third shot which went into the water.

The result? A double-bogey 7.

DeChambeau now is 3-under-par for the tournament and four off the lead.

Tiger never finds rhythm

Woods’ face said it all coming off the course. He exited Augusta through the traditional tunnel of patrons clapping and cheering, some extending fists. Woods was stone faced the whole way, barely blinking.

The results: Woods found only four fairways in the third round, hit eight greens in regulation and tallied 34 putts.

Following Friday’s triumph of making his record 24th straight Masters cut as a professional, Saturday made you wonder if it was worth it. Woods limped more noticeably throughout Saturday, the result of Friday’s demanding 23-hole day stemming from opening round delays on Thursday.

Starting his third round at 1-over par for the tournament and tied for 27th on the leaderboard, Woods opened by striping the first fairway. A little over an hour later, he arrived at No. 6 still at even par. Then it all went wrong, quickly. A bogey-double bogey-double bogey-bogey stretch wrapped up a front-nine 42. On the back, he struggled with five bogeys buffered by only one bogey.

On 9, Woods finished a one-handed follow through in obvious pain, as his ball tumbled into the right pine straw. His next swing looked just as unbearable, as he again finished with one hand on the club.

Woods admitted to being warn out by Friday’s haul, but said he plans to continue Sunday. That very well could rely on his post-round physical therapy session. Woods has withdrawn from two of his last three major tournament appearances due to physical limitations.

“It will be a long night and a long warmup session, but we’ll be ready,” Woods said.

Scheffler solo leader

Scottie Scheffler birdies the par-5 15th from off the fringe.

After at one point being two back of the lead at 4-under-par, Scheffler is now at 7-under-par and the solo leader.

What a turnaround.

Max Homa searching for a birdie

(Photo: Ben Jared/PGA TOUR via Getty Images)

Max Homa does not have a birdie yet today.

The last player to win any men's major without making birdie or eagle in the third round was Curtis Strange at the 1989 U.S. Open.

Tiger Woods score today at 2024 Masters Tournament: Scorecard, results from second round

Track tiger woods' scorecard live in the second round of the 2024 masters tournament on friday at augusta national golf club..

Despite inclement weather that delayed the start of the first round of the 2024 Masters , most golfers were able to complete their first 18 holes at August National before dusk.

That group, however, didn’t include the game’s most famous figure.

Tiger Woods performed admirably in his first round Thursday, but he wasn’t able to complete it, standing at 1-under through 13 holes when play was suspended. He finished his round early Friday, stumbling to a 1-over 73 before starting his second round.

REQUIRED READING: Tiger Woods score today at 2024 Masters Tournament: Scorecard, results from first round

Woods wants to remain in contention for a sixth career green jacket. He's halfway there, as he endured 23 holes of golf in one day to finish one over par overall placing him tied for 22nd place. Woods, who once again played conservative and smart, carded an even-par of 72 in the second round thanks to a strong Back 9 where he hit par in seven of nine holes.

Here’s look at Woods and how he fared during the second day of competition in the Masters:

Tiger Woods’ Masters scorecard today

Tiger Woods finished a long and taxing second day of the Masters at even par, shooting a 72 in the second round following a quick turnaround after completing the final five holes of his first round Friday morning.

With his score, Woods made the cut at the Masters for a record 24th consecutive time.

Woods' score on each hole is listed below, along with his under-par score for the round in parentheses.

Masters leaderboard 2024

Here's a look at the leaderboard during the second round from Augusta National:

T-1. Scottie Scheffler, -6 (F)
T-1. Bryson DeChambeau, -6 (F)
T-1. Max Homa, -6 (F)
4. Nicolai Hojgaard, -4 (F)
T-5. Cameron Davis, -3 (F)
T-5. Collin Morikawa, -3 (F)
T-7. Ludvig Aberg, -2 (F)

LEADERBOARD: Full second-round scoreboard from 2024 Masters

Tiger Woods tee time today

Tiger Woods is scheduled to tee off at 10:18 a.m. ET in Friday's second round after completing his final five holes of the first round early Friday morning.

Woods will remain in a group with Jason Day and Max Homa for the second round of the 2024 Masters. ESPN will carry coverage of the afternoon, with Masters.com, ESPN+ ( subscription required ) and Fubo ( free trial ) offering live stream options.

Tiger Woods wins at Masters

Of Tiger Woods’ 15 major championship wins, five have come at the Masters, his most of any of golf’s four preeminent tournaments.

Woods won the Masters in 1997, 2001, 2002, 2005 and 2019. His five Masters victories are the second-most ever, behind only Jack Nicklaus’ six.

Tiger Woods history at Masters

Prior to this year, Woods has played in the Masters 25 times, going all the way back to 1995, when a 19-year-old Woods qualified for the tournament after winning the 1994 U.S. Amateur. Just two years later, he won the event by 12 strokes. By doing so, he became both the youngest winner of the Masters (at 21 years old) and the first non-white champion.

Beginning with his first-place finish in 1997, Woods won five of the nine Masters from 1997-2005. That run was punctuated by a victory in 2005, in which Woods famously chipped in for birdie on the 16 th hole in the final round and went on to defeat Chris DiMarco in a playoff.

Due in large part to a deteriorating body, Woods wouldn’t win again at Augusta National until 2019, when he finished 13-under to edge Dustin Johnson, Brooks Koepka and Xander Schauffele, all at 12-under. It was Woods’ first victory in a major championship since 2008 and, at 43 years old, he became the second-oldest Masters winner ever, behind only Nicklaus, who famously won the 1986 Masters at 46 years old.

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How to Write a Results Section
Here are a few best practices: Your results should always be written in the past tense. While the length of this section depends on how much data you collected and analyzed, it should be written as concisely as possible. Only include results that are directly relevant to answering your research questions.
Dissertation Results/Findings Chapter (Quantitative)
The results chapter (also referred to as the findings or analysis chapter) is one of the most important chapters of your dissertation or thesis because it shows the reader what you've found in terms of the quantitative data you've collected. It presents the data using a clear text narrative, supported by tables, graphs and charts.
How to Write an Impressive Thesis Results Section
Include all relevant results as text, tables, or figures. Report the results of subject recruitment and data collection. For qualitative research, present the data from all statistical analyses, whether or not the results are significant. For quantitative research, present the data by coding or categorizing themes and topics.
How to Write the Dissertation Findings or Results
The best way to present your quantitative findings is to structure them around the research hypothesis or questions you intend to address as part of your dissertation project. Report the relevant findings for each research question or hypothesis, focusing on how you analyzed them. Analysis of your findings will help you determine how they ...
Dissertation Results & Findings Chapter (Qualitative)
The results chapter in a dissertation or thesis (or any formal academic research piece) is where you objectively and neutrally present the findings of your qualitative analysis (or analyses if you used multiple qualitative analysis methods ). This chapter can sometimes be combined with the discussion chapter (where you interpret the data and ...
What goes in the results section of a dissertation?
The results chapter of a thesis or dissertation presents your research results concisely and objectively. In quantitative research, for each question or hypothesis, state: The type of analysis used. Relevant results in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics. Whether or not the alternative hypothesis was supported.
How to Write the Results Section of your Dissertation?
Choose the appropriate visual format: Select the most suitable format, such as tables, line graphs, scatter plots, or heatmaps, based on the nature of the data and the message you want to convey. b. Simplify and declutter: Avoid overwhelming the visuals with excessive data points, labels, or unnecessary decorations.
How to Write a Results Section: Definition, Tips & Examples
Dissertation: Results vs Discussion vs Conclusion. Results and discussion sections of a dissertation are often confused among researchers. Sometimes both these parts are mixed up with a conclusion for thesis. Figured out what is covered in each of these important chapters. Your readers should see that you notice how different they are.
How to Write a Dissertation Results Section
The results section is where you report the main findings of your research. Watch this video to learn how to report your results concisely and objectively in...
Dissertation Writing: Results and Discussion
Summarise your results in the text, drawing on the figures and tables to illustrate your points. The text and figures should be complementary, not repeat the same information. You should refer to every table or figure in the text. Any that you don't feel the need to refer to can safely be moved to an appendix, or even removed.
The Results and Discussion
Guide contents. As part of the Writing the Dissertation series, this guide covers the most common conventions of the results and discussion chapters, giving you the necessary knowledge, tips and guidance needed to impress your markers! The sections are organised as follows: The Difference - Breaks down the distinctions between the results and discussion chapters.
Guide on How to Write the Results Section of a Dissertation
The results chapter of a dissertation should include the core findings of a study. Essentially, only the findings of a specific study should be included in this section. These include: Data presented in graphs, tables, charts, and figures. Data collection recruitment, collection, and/or participants. Secondary findings like subgroup analyses ...
The Results Section of a Dissertation
The purpose of the results section is to present findings in a logical, objective, and impartial manner. At this stage, you do not include your interpretation as a researcher or discuss the implications of the research. Observations that you make, as a researcher, are better suited for the next few chapters. In other words, you simply present ...
How To Write A Dissertation Or Thesis
Craft a convincing dissertation or thesis research proposal. Write a clear, compelling introduction chapter. Undertake a thorough review of the existing research and write up a literature review. Undertake your own research. Present and interpret your findings. Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications.
What Is a Dissertation?
A dissertation is a long-form piece of academic writing based on original research conducted by you. It is usually submitted as the final step in order to finish a PhD program. Your dissertation is probably the longest piece of writing you've ever completed. It requires solid research, writing, and analysis skills, and it can be intimidating ...
How to Write a Results Section
Here are a few best practices: Your results should always be written in the past tense. While the length of this section depends on how much data you collected and analysed, it should be written as concisely as possible. Only include results that are directly relevant to answering your research questions.
Making an Impact: Dissemination of Results
This chapter shows how you can maximise the impact of your review, whether it is a small-scale dissertation for an educational course or a major funded project. ... You can look up colleagues' or rivals' scores in Scopus or Web of Science to compare your progress! ... Making an Impact: Dissemination of Results. In: How to Perform a ...
Writing up the results section of your dissertation
PICTURE 2. Results of ANOVA for regression: Now you need to report the value of R 2 (see PICTURE 3), which tells you the degree to which your model predicted self-esteem scores. You need to multiply this value by 100 to get a percentage. Thus, if your R 2 value is .335, the percentage becomes 33.5%.
Ten things I wish I'd known before starting my dissertation
4) Do not ask friends how much work they've done. You'll end up paranoid - or they will. Either way, you don't have time for it. 5) There will be one day during the process when you will freak ...
faking dissertation data
faking dissertation data. how would the uni know, i havnt got much time and need to get this sorted, im on for a 2:1 in everything else but this could screw up my degree. If you could think of no alternative, then the decision is yours. However, at my university, falsification of data is a number of very serious offences under the university's ...
2 Arizona Supreme Court justices who banned abortion up for retention
0:04. 2:37. The Arizona Supreme Court ruled the 1864 territorial ban on abortions can be enforced, with four justices voting in favor of the ban, two voting against and one not voting. Two of the ...
Celebrini wins Hobey Baker Award as top NCAA men's hockey player
April 12, 2024. Macklin Celebrini, expected to be the No. 1 pick of the 2024 NHL Draft, won the Hobey Baker Award on Friday. The Boston University freshman forward was voted the top men's player ...
Tables in your dissertation
To keep your tables consistent, it's important that you use the same formatting throughout your dissertation. For example, make sure that you always use the same line spacing (e.g., single vs. double), that the data is aligned the same way (namely center, left or right) and that your column and row headings always reflect the same style same (for example, bold).
2024 Masters missed cuts: Jordan Spieth, Viktor Hovland, Justin Thomas
The two-time PGA Championship winner was in the mix for most of his second round. Thomas stepped to the 15th tee even par for the tournament. He laid up in the water leading to a double bogey, but ...
Dissertation Structure & Layout 101 (+ Examples)
Time to recap…. And there you have it - the traditional dissertation structure and layout, from A-Z. To recap, the core structure for a dissertation or thesis is (typically) as follows: Title page. Acknowledgments page. Abstract (or executive summary) Table of contents, list of figures and tables.
2024 Masters odds: Surprising PGA picks, Sunday predictions from golf
The 2024 Masters heads for a thrilling conclusion on Sunday when play tees off at 9:15 a.m. ET. Though the action begins early, all eyes will be on the final few groups as the leaders tee off ...
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The Biden administration announced this past Monday that Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSM-3.18%) will receive a subsidy of up to $6.6 billion from the federal government to support ...
UFC 300 Results: Bo Nickal Dazzles Once Again, Chokes Cody Brundage in
Brundage wasn't afraid to throw out some offense early. The two rolled on the ground before Nickal had his opponent against the fence. Bo hit a double leg takedown, but Brundage got back up to his ...
Tiger Woods still on course to make another piece of Masters history
Scottie Scheffler is the solo 54-hole leader after shooting a third-round 71. Scheffler had the best second shot into 18 on Saturday, before birdieing the final hole of the third round. Per Justin ...
Tiger Woods score today at 2024 Masters Tournament: Scorecard, results
Track Tiger Woods' scorecard live in the second round of the 2024 Masters Tournament on Friday at Augusta National Golf Club. Despite inclement weather that delayed the start of the first round of the 2024 Masters, most golfers were able to complete their first 18 holes at August National before dusk. That group, however, didn't include the ...

How to Write an Impressive Thesis Results Section

What is the thesis results section?

What should the thesis results section include?

What should the thesis results section not include?

How should the thesis results section be organized?

Differences among the results section in different fields of research

Differences between reporting thesis results in the Sciences and the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) domains

Best practices for using tables and figures

General guidelines for figures and tables

Figure guidelines

Table guidelines

Tips for writing the thesis results section

Results vs. discussion vs. conclusion

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How to Write the Dissertation Findings or Results – Steps & Tips

When to Write Dissertation Findings Chapter

Does your Dissertation Have the Following?

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Use of Figures and Tables in Dissertation Findings

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2. Reporting Qualitative Findings

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How to Write the Results Section of your Dissertation or Thesis?

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How to Write a Results Section for a Dissertation or Research Paper: Guide & Examples

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Dissertation: Results vs Discussion vs Conclusion

Present Your Findings When Writing Results Section of Dissertation

Qualitative Results Section in Dissertation

Quantitative Results Section in a Dissertation

Tables and Figures in Results Section in Dissertation

Tips on How to Write a Results Section

What to Avoid When Writing the Results Section of a Dissertation

Dissertation Results Section Example

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Writing your Dissertation: Results and Discussion

Results Section

Discussion Section

Starting the Task

Fleshing Out the Detail

The Importance of Understanding Differences

Writing the Dissertation - Guides for Success: The Results and Discussion

Overview of writing the results and discussion

Disciplinary differences

Guide contents

Training and tools

Introduction

Results or discussion - what's the difference?

Writing the results

Tables and figures

Using quotations

Writing the discussion

A note on the three-part structure

Using secondary literature

Limitations

Recommendations

What to avoid

Over-reliance on tables and figures

Ignoring unexpected or contradictory data

Including raw data

Presenting new results in the discussion

Overstressing the significance of your research

Q: What’s the difference between the results and discussion?

Q: Should the discussion include recommendations for future research?

Q: Should the discussion include the limitations of the study?

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