essay on war of 1965 in urdu

Today's Paper | May 06, 2024

Literary notes: the 1965 war and pakistani urdu literature.

The quote “the battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton” may be apocryphal, but it does underscore the importance of character-building the educational institutions of a nation are supposed to do.

The character of a nation is reflected in its soldiers. So it is not only the soldiers that fight a war, but it is the nation as well.

And the soldiers fight for what they love, as G.K. Chesterton has put it “the true soldier fights not because he hates what is in front of him, but because he loves what is behind him”.

Reciprocally, individuals, including poets, writers and intellectuals, put their weight behind the soldiers fighting for them.

Even in modern-day wars, intellectuals support the soldiers fighting for them and the examples abound.

When the United States joined in the First World War, for instance, the public sentiments quickly turned in favour of US intervention, backed by the intellectuals and philosophers such as John Dewey, and even the ones with the leftist leanings echoed the nationalist feelings.

American intellectuals like Randolph Bourne, who wrote against US going to war, were far and few between (Bourne had his own reasons, right or wrong, but at least he was not influenced by foreign-funded NGOs, unlike some of our intellectuals). The American and western journalists “embedded” with the forces fighting against Saddam Hussein were supporting their national interests, conveniently forgetting things like impartiality and the standards of objective reporting.

The 1965 Indo-Pakistani war saw an overwhelming support for the Pakistani armed forces from the Pakistani nation and everyone stood behind them (for they were the very people the true soldiers loved and fought for).

This included poets, writers, journalists and intellectuals. The Indian attack, wrote Dr Waheed Qureshi, bolstered a true sense of unity among the Pakistanis, which was hitherto not as deep as one would have desired. The introvert writers, romantic poets and the intellectuals who used to ask ‘should a writer be loyal to the country’ began reassessing their noncommittal stance.

The 1965 war jolted even the writers who were associated with Halqa-i-Arbab-i-Zauq and, as Shahzad Manzar has put it, were not convinced of the theories of utility or commitment in literature. Such literary circles feel, generally, that creative literature must dissociate itself from social or political ideologies and also from what may be perceived as ‘useful’.

The great aspect of the brief war was, Shahzad Manzar adds, that it caused to bring to surface suddenly an acute sense of patriotism among all and sundry. The petty differences were forgotten at once and we emerged as one, united nation.

The whole nation was in a trance-like condition, general public as well as our creative writers and poets. Even poets and writers connected with Halqa-i-Arbab-i-Zauq and progressive literary movement penned many literary pieces portraying the sentiments that had gripped the entire nation. The literature created during and after the 1965 war reflected an unprecedented flair and it strikes a chord with readers even today.

But it is a fact that it was the poets and song writers who led the way. Supported fully by Radio Pakistan, the poets helped lift the spirits of the nation and infuse a deep sense of commitment and loyalty to the motherland.

It is not possible to enlist here the large number of song-writers, but some of the Urdu poets whose songs reverberate in the memory of nation included, among others, Ehsan Danish, Rasees Amrohvi, Masroor Anwer, Fayyaz Hashmi, Hafeez Hosh­yarpuri, Soofi Tabassum, Jame­eluddin Aali and Himayat Ali Shaer.

Aside from the emotional war songs, many of which simply fall in the category of propaganda, some poems with profound meaning and lasting beauty were composed.

Some of such poems were penned, according to some researchers, by Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi, Naeem Siddiqi, Jeelani Kamran, Majeed Amjad, Muneer Niazi, Safdar Mir, Qateel Shifai, Shaurish Kashmiri, Farigh Bukhari, Shaer Lukhnavi, Ada Jafri, Amjad Islam Amjad, Sehba Akhter, Saqi Javed, Jafer Tahir, Mukhtar Siddiqi, Ahmed Faraz, and many others.

Dr Tahira Nayyar has mentioned in her thesis that even a romantic genre such as ghazal could not remain aloof and was taken in with the wave of patriotism that was sweeping all over. Traces of such emotions can be found in some ghazals of Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Ahmed Faraz and Mahir-ul-Qadri.

Some critics believe that Pakistani Urdu fiction could not come up on the occasion as forcefully as did Urdu poetry. But it is a fact that Urdu short story writers contributed their bit.

And one should not forget that, according to Shahzad Manzar, novel and short stories — unlike poems and songs — require a plot, characters, certain descriptive style and a story-like narrative and it is never easy to hastily put all these things together with a certain point of view and commitment.

Despite all this, a large number of Urdu short stories were written on the theme and events of 1965 war, albeit some of them read like reportage or sound like slogan-chanting. The short story writers who wrote some moving pieces on the topic included Intizar Hussain, Altaf Fatima, Masood Mufti and some others. In 1969, Masood Mufti published Rag-e-sang, a collection of short stories exclusively capturing the essence of the sacrifices and emotions of his fellow countrymen.

In the aftermath of war, newspapers and literary magazines published special issues on 1965 war and put together many important literary pieces written against the backdrop of the war.

Some of these literary magazines include Nuqoosh, Naqsh, Funoon, Adabi dunya, Saqi, Afkaar and Khatoon-i-Pakistan. And hardly any newspaper or magazine was there that did not publish an editorial or two on the war.

It is a fact that the 1965 war created a new sensibility in Pakistan’s Urdu literature. The intellectual circles were beset with new questions. Some of these issues were related to the creation of Pakistan, Pakistan as a geographical and ideological entity, writers’ commitment to the state (not the government) and Pakistani nationalism.

Ahmed Javed once wrote that 1965 war worked as a psychological catharsis for the nation. The issues such the definition of Pakistan ideology and Pakistani culture were raised and many books and articles were written as to what constitutes Pakistani culture and what do we mean when we say Pakistaniyat.

The study of literary and intellectual aspects of the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war as reflected in Pakistani Urdu literature is indeed a topic fit for a PhD dissertation.

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Published in Dawn, September 7th, 2015

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Literary notes: The 1965 war and Pakistani Urdu literature

The 1965 Indo-Pakistani war saw an overwhelming support for the Pakistani armed forces from the Pakistani nation and everyone stood behind them (for they were the very people the true soldiers loved and fought for).

This included poets, writers, journalists and intellectuals. The Indian attack, wrote Dr Waheed Qureshi, bolstered a true sense of unity among the Pakistanis, which was hitherto not as deep as one would have desired. The introvert writers, romantic poets and the intellectuals who used to ask ‘should a writer be loyal to the country’ began reassessing their noncommittal stance. 

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Pak India 1965 Battle Urdu Essay 6 September

Farrukh Nawaz September 2, 2015 News

6 th September is always celebrated by Pakistani people with delightful manner. Now in 2015 as you know 50 years have been completed of Indo-Pak battle (1965) . So, we are celebrating this year great persons of Pakistan. Many schools, colleges & universities arrange programs according to 6 th September 1965. Pakistan Army, Navy & Air force also play role to save Pakistan in 1965 battle.

Here you will find urdu speech / essay for schools and colleges related to Pak – India battle 1965. Check out Pakistan India 1965 war urdu essay. Download urdu essay Pakistan India battle Jang 1965 , 6 th September. Urdu essay Pak India jang 6 th September 1965. 6 September 1965 Pakistan India war urdu speech download. Indo Pak (1965) battle urdu speech download free.

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6 September 1965 History in Urdu Pdf

If you’re seeking 6 September 1965 History in Urdu Pdf, then you’ve arrived at the right webpage.

Here we will share the complete history of the 6 Sep 1965 war in pdf format for educational purposes.

Table of Contents

1965 War PDF in Urdu

A war broke out between Pakistan and India on September 6, 1965. It is known as the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War. This battle lasted about a month and ended when both sides agreed to stop fighting on September 23, 1965.

The conflict severely harmed both countries, and it took them years to recover. The war also affected Pakistan-India relations.

Major Aziz Bhatti was a brave soldier from Pakistan. He fought in a big war between India and Pakistan in 1965. Major Bhatti had the job of protecting a canal.

Although Major Aziz Bhatti lost his life in the battle, his bravery will forever hold a special place in the hearts of Pakistanis.

Major Aziz Bhatti was awarded the Nishan-e-Haider in recognition of his bravery in the battle of 1965.

You can download the 1965 Ki Jung history in pdf by clicking the below link.

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6 September Speech in Urdu and English

September 6 Speech in Urdu

6 september essay in English

My Countrymen! 6 September 1965 is the day when India attacked Lahore, the city of vivacious and lively people of Pakistan.

When in 1947, undivided India got partitioned into two, the people of Jammu and Kashmir, with 95% Muslim population, proclaimed to join Pakistan but India ignoring the decision of Kashmiri people, entered its army into Kashmir. Upon this, Kashmiris defied this occupation and started struggle against Indian occupation. In some time, they succeeded to regain some area which is known as Azad Kashmir today. Indian Prime Minister at that time Jawahar Lal Nehru got ceasefire on assurance of organizing a referendum in Kashmir. According to the referendum, Kashmiris would be able to use their right of self-determination and choose to merge with Pakistan or India and this will be accepted to both Pakistan and India.

This was a elementary and just action. As when a dispute could be solved without a war, then it is better to stop the war.

But it never happened!

And then Kashmiris started their struggle to get their freedom back. In the wake of freedom struggle by Kashmiris, on September 6 1965, India waged a war on Pakistan. Tanks, cannons attacked Lahore in the darkness of night but self-respecting and lively people of Pakistan, along brave Pakistan Army made this attempt failed.

My countrymen! Pakistan president at that time, General Ayub Khan announced Jehad against Indian aggression. In the morning of September 6, 1965, he said: “India forgot that he challenged a nation who recites La Ilaha Illallah and they will respond befittingly.”

Indian army had entered some areas of Lahore but Pakistani brave soldiers, army men and people made them back off. Pakistan Airforce pilots destroyed 22 Indian jet fighters and gave heavy loss to the enemy.

Many of Pakistani soldiers got martyrdom in which Major Aziz Bhatti Shaheed’s name is on the top. Major Khadim Hussain and Lieutenant Iftakhar showed their braveness at Qasoor, Hadhiyara and Wagha.

In memory of those brave fighters of Pakistan, we observe September 6 as Defence Day of Pakistan every year. Each Pakistani youth and child offers Salam to martyrs of Pak Army.

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Youm e Difa 6 September, Defence Day Speech In Urdu

(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({}) 6 september youm e difa speech in urdu.

Defence Day Yaum-i Difa is celebrated in Pakistan as a national day on 6 September in memory of how Pakistan denfended itself against the powerful Indian army in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India.

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1965 war: Pivotal actions of Pakistani armed forces

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10. War September 1965 and Pakistani Urdu Afsana

جنگ ستمبر 1965ء اور پاکستانی اردو افسانہ.

• Dr. Khalid Mahmood Assistant Professor, Department of Urdu, Govt. Ambala Muslim Graduate College Sargodha
• Dr. Tayyaba Nighat Assistant Professor, Department of Urdu, Govt. Women College University, Faisalabad
• Dr. Uzma Bahsir Visiting Lecturer, Department of Urdu, Govt. Women College University, Faisalabad

Wars have never been considered positive for humanity. The consequences of wars are always lethal for man. Pakistan and India two neighbouring countries have some territorial, ideological and political disputes ever since partition of sub-continent. These disputes erupted numbers collusions between both countries. War of September 1965 has been one of the outcomes of hostile nature of India. War of September 1965 had effected the creators of every genre of literature. Pakistan Urdu Afsana was of no exception. This research article is an effort to highlight the effects of September 1965 war on Pakistani Urdu Afsana.

? Ghulam-ul-Thaqaleen Naqvi, Naghma wa Aag (Lahore: Maktaba Alia, S. n), p. 6

? Sadiq Hussain, "Insaan", Naqosh, Issue 105 (Lahore: Farogh Urdu Institute, 1966): p. 1059

? Farkhanda Lodhi, Kaliat Farkhanda Lodhi (Lahore: Kitab Sarai, 2013), p. 61

? Intizar Hussain, The Last Man (Lahore: Bibliography, 1997), p. 140

? Khadija Mastoor, Thanda Mitha Pani (Lahore: Publications, 1981), p. 137

? Ibid., p. 76. 77

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How did the United States react to the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965

The 1965 war between India and Pakistan was the second conflict between the two countries over the status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The clash did not resolve this dispute, but it did engage the United States and the Soviet Union in ways that would have important implications for subsequent superpower involvement in the region.

What was the cause of the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War?

The dispute over this region originated in the process of decolonization in South Asia. When the British colony of India gained its independence in 1947, it was partitioned into two separate entities: the secular nation of India and the predominantly Muslim nation of Pakistan. Pakistan was composed of two noncontiguous regions, East Pakistan and West Pakistan, separated by Indian territory. The state of Jammu and Kashmir, which had a predominantly Muslim population but a Hindu leader, shared borders with both India and West Pakistan.

The argument over which nation would incorporate the state led to the first India-Pakistan War in 1947–48 and ended with UN mediation. Jammu and Kashmir, also known as “Indian Kashmir” or just “Kashmir,” joined the Republic of India, but the Pakistani Government continued to believe that the majority Muslim state rightfully belonged to Pakistan.

Conflict resumed again in early 1965, when Pakistani and Indian forces clashed over disputed territory along the border between the two nations. Hostilities intensified that August when the Pakistani Army attempted to take Kashmir by force. The attempt to seize the state was unsuccessful, and the second India-Pakistan War reached a stalemate. This time, the international politics of the Cold War affected the nature of the conflict.

Why weren't the United States and India allies?

The United States had a history of ambivalent relations with India. During the 1950s, U.S. officials regarded Indian leadership with some caution due to India’s involvement in the nonaligned movement, particularly its prominent role at the Bandung Conference of 1955. The United States hoped to maintain a regional balance of power, which meant not allowing India to influence the political development of other states. However, a 1962 border conflict between India and China ended with a decisive Chinese victory, which motivated the United States and the United Kingdom to provide military supplies to the Indian Army. After the clash with China, India also turned to the Soviet Union for assistance, which placed some strains on U.S.-Indian relations. However, the United States also provided India with considerable development assistance throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

Why was the United States better allies with Pakistan?

U.S.-Pakistani relations had been more consistently positive. The U.S. Government looked to Pakistan as an example of a moderate Muslim state and appreciated Pakistani assistance in holding the line against communist expansion by joining the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954 and the Baghdad Pact (later renamed the Central Treaty Organization, or CENTO) in 1955. Pakistan’s interest in these pacts stemmed from its desire to develop its military and defensive capabilities, which were substantially weaker than those of India. Both the United States and the United Kingdom supplied arms to Pakistan in these years.

After the War started the United Nations interceded

After Pakistani troops invaded Kashmir, India moved quickly to internationalize the regional dispute. It asked the United Nations to reprise its role in the First India-Pakistan War and end the current conflict. The Security Council passed Resolution 211 on September 20 calling for an end to the fighting and negotiations on the settlement of the Kashmir problem, and the United States and the United Kingdom supported the UN decision by cutting off arms supplies to both belligerents. This ban affected both belligerents, but Pakistan felt the effects more keenly since it had a much weaker military in comparison to India. The UN resolution and the halting of arms sales had an immediate impact. India accepted the ceasefire on September 21 and Pakistan on September 22.

Resolution to the War was short-lived

The ceasefire alone did not resolve the status of Kashmir, and both sides accepted the Soviet Union as a third-party mediator. Negotiations in Tashkent concluded in January 1966, with both sides giving up territorial claims, withdrawing their armies from the disputed territory. Nevertheless, although the Tashkent agreement achieved its short-term aims, conflict in South Asia would reignite a few years later.

• Republished from Office of the Historian, United States Department of State
• Article: The India-Pakistan War of 1965
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Indo-Pak War of 1965

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between India and Pakistan. This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War fought by India and Pakistan over the disputed region of Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947. The war began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.

The Pakistani invasion of India in 1965, similar to that of 1947, was a well thought out diabolical plan consistent with Pakistan's anti-India and annex-Kashmir policies pursued since its formation. The objectives and modus operandi were the same. Pakistan-trained infiltrators supported by its regular army soldiers were pushed into Indian territory with the same purpose of sabotage, disruption and distribution of arms among the locals to start a guerrilla uprising. The prevailing conditions which encouraged Pakistan to undertake the misadventure were in fact, construed as ideal by Pakistan. The death in May 1964 of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and the coming to power of the late Lal Bahadur Shastri as Nehru's successor were treated by Pakistan as an encouragement to complete its unfinished war of 1947. Shastri was considered as a weakling and India was perceived as being deeply pre-occupied with its internal crises. Therefore, Pakistan assumed that India would not be able to react effectively to the situation. Pakistan believed that the population of Kashmir was generally discontented with Indian rule and that a resistance movement could be ignited by a few infiltrating saboteurs. Pakistan attempted to ignite the resistance movement by means of a covert infiltration, codenamed Operation Gibraltar. The Pakistani infiltrators were soon discovered, however, their presence reported by local Kashmiris, and the operation ended in a complete failure Pakistan claimed to have been concerned by attempts of India to absorb Kashmir - a state claimed by Pakistan as "disputed", into the Indian Union. The basis for this claim was the application of Articles 356 and 357 of the Indian Constitution that allow the President of India to declare President's Rule in the State.

On August 15, 1965, Indian forces crossed the border and launched an attack on the territory of Kashmir administered by Pakistan. Pakistani reports cite this attack as unprovoked while assessments from India and neutral sources cite this as a response to Pakistan's infiltration into Jammu and Kashmir as part of Operation Gibraltar. Initially, the Indian Army met with considerable success, capturing three important mountain positions after a prolonged artillery barrage. By the end of August, however, both sides had relative progress; Pakistan had made progress in areas such as Tithwal, Uri and Punch and India had captured the Haji Pir Pass, eight kilometers into Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. On September 1, 1965, Pakistan launched a counterattack, called Operation Grand Slam, with the objective to capture the vital town of Akhnoor in Jammu, which would sever communications and cut off supply routes to Indian troops. Attacking with an overwhelming ratio of troops and technically superior tanks, Pakistan made gains against Indian forces, who were caught unprepared and suffered heavy losses. India responded by calling in its air force to blunt the Pakistani attack. The next day, Pakistan retaliated, its air force attacked Indian forces and air bases in both Kashmir and Punjab. India's decision to open up the theater of attack into Pakistani Punjab forced the Pakistani army to relocate troops engaged in the operation to defend Punjab. Operation Grand Slam therefore failed, as the Pakistan Army was unable to capture Akhnoor; it became one of the turning points in the war when India decided to relieve pressure on its troops in Kashmir by attacking Pakistan further south.

India crossed the International Border on the Western front on September 6, marking an official beginning of the war. On September 6, the 15th Infantry Division of the Indian Army, under World War II veteran Major General Prasad, battled a massive counterattack by Pakistan near the west bank of the Ichogil Canal (BRB Canal), which was a de facto border of India and Pakistan. These developments brought the Indian Army within the range of Lahore International Airport. On the days following September 9, both nations' premiere formations were routed in unequal battles. India's 1st Armored Division, labeled the "pride of the Indian Army", launched an offensive towards Sialkot. The Division divided itself into two prongs, was forced back by the Pakistani 6th armoured division at Chawinda and was forced to withdraw after suffering heavy losses of nearly 100 tanks. The Pakistanis followed up their success by launching Operation Windup, which forced the Indians back farther. Similarly, Pakistan's pride, the 1st Armored Division, pushed an offensive towards Khemkaran, with the intent to capture Amritsar (a major city in Punjab, India) and the bridge on River Beas to Jalandhar. The Pakistani 1st Armored Division never made it past Khem Karan, however, and by the end of September 10 lay disintegrated by the defences of the Indian 4th Mountain Division at what is now known as the Battle of Asal Uttar.

The war saw the Indian Air Force and the Pakistani Air Force engaged in full scale combat for the first time since independence. Though the two forces had previously faced off in the First Kashmir War during the late 1940s, that engagement was limited in scale compared to the 1965 conflict. Despite the qualitative and numerical superiority of Pakistani armour, Pakistan was outfought on the battlefield by India, which made progress into the Lahore-Sialkot sector, whilst halting Pakistan's counteroffensive on Amritsar; they were sometimes employed in a faulty manner, such as charging prepared defenses during the defeat of Pakistan's 1st Armored Division at Assal Uttar.

The Pakistan Army launched a number of covert operations to infiltrate and sabotage Indian airbases.On September 7, 1965, the Special Services Group (SSG) commandos were parachuted into enemy territory. The daring attempt proved to be an "unmitigated disaster".Only 22 commandos returned to Pakistan as planned, 93 were taken prisoner (including one of the Commanders of the operations, Major Khalid Butt), and 20 were killed in encounters with the army, police or civilians. The reason for the failure of the commando mission is attributed to the failure to provide maps, proper briefings and adequate planning or preparation. India responded to the covert activity by announcing rewards for captured Pakistani spies or paratroopers.

The war was heading for a stalemate, with both nations holding territory of the other. The Indian army suffered 3,000 battlefield deaths, while Pakistan suffered 3,800. The Indian army was in possession of 710 mile² (1,840 km²) of Pakistani territory and the Pakistan army held 210 mile² (545 km²) of Indian territory. The territory occupied by India was mainly in the fertile Sialkot, Lahore and Kashmir sectors, while Pakistani land gains were primarily south in deserts opposite to Sindh and in Chumb sector near Kashmir in north. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan. Most Pakistanis, schooled in the belief of their own martial prowess, refused to accept the possibility of their country's military defeat by "Hindu India" and were, instead, quick to blame their failure to attain their military aims on what they considered to be the ineptitude of Ayub Khan and his government. On September 22, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a resolution that called for an unconditional ceasefire from both nations. Peace had been achieved on September 23 by the intervention of the great powers who pushed the two nations to a cease fire for fears the conflict could escalate and draw in other powers. The war ended the following day.The Soviet Union, led by Premier Alexey Kosygin, hosted ceasefire negotiations in Tashkent (now in Uzbekistan), where Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Agreement, agreeing to withdraw to pre-August lines no later than February 25, 1966.

India continued to increase its defense spending after the war. The Indian Armed Forces, which was already undergoing rapid expansions, made improvements in command and control to address some shortcomings. Partly as a result of the inefficient information gathering preceding the war, India established the Research and Analysis Wing for external espionage and intelligence Moreover, Pakistan had lost more ground than it had gained during the war and, more importantly, failed to achieve its goal of occupying Kashmir; this result has been viewed by many impartial observers as a defeat for Pakistan. Many high ranking Pakistani officials and military experts later criticized the faulty planning of Operation Gibraltar that ultimately led to the war. The Tashkent declaration was also criticized in Pakistan, though few citizens realised the gravity of the situation that existed at the end of the war. Political leaders were also criticized.