essay about malaysian culture

An essay on the diverse yet progressive culture of Malaysia

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History of Malaysia

Culture of malaysia, population groups, greeting style of malaysia, malaysian family traditions, malaysian cultural etiquette, communication styles followed by malaysian people.

• Some Do's and Don'ts in Malaysia

Essay on Malaysian culture

A thorough essay on malaysian history and culture.

Malaysia is a country known for its cultural diversity. It is also the place that has caught the world's eyes for its beauty, which is why it attracts a huge number of tourists. The Malaysian population consists of Indian, Chinese, and native Malaysian people. Moreover, the natives of Malaysia, known as Malay, also reside in other parts of the world. They are spread across the world but make sure to stay close to their religious and cultural beliefs. Thus, one essential aspect of studying in the life of Malaysian people is their culture and religion. This is why this essay enlightens the readers about the various cultural values possessed by Malaysia's people.

Malaysia has its tribal history dated back to approximately 40,000 years ago. However, the Hindu and Buddhist monarchy's kingdoms started to spread in the time zone of 3rd century BC. Further, the Muslims entered the peninsula in the 13th century with Indian and Arab traders' entry. Furthermore, with time, Dutch and Portuguese established their colonial powers in the country. However, from the 18th century, the British began to dominate the country at a highly increasing speed. This resulted in creating an even wider dominance of the British empire over the Malaysian regions.

In 1857, the port cities of Georgetown, along with Malacca, were conjoined by a new city called Kuala Lumpur. This came out to be the first capital of the province and then the national capital of Malaysia. Starting from the years 1948-1960, there were many violent incidents known as Emergency. This resulted in a wedge between the native Malaysian and the Chinese population. After a course of negotiations and incidents, Malaysia became independent in 1965.

After attaining independence, Malaysia has been experiencing an upward movement in the developmental graph. The country has emerged to be one of the most powerful nations in the Southeast Asian region.

Malaysia as a country has been recognized as the blend of three cultures. The country has been blessed with the diversity of three cultures, namely Malay, Chinese and Indian. The country has also been referred to as the ‘Asia in Miniature.’ Further, the cultural origin of the region has been said to stem from ancient times. That is when the Malays moved to the region, followed by Indians and Chinese who entered the region as traders. The country also influences regions like Arab, Persia, and Britain.

The country, therefore, enjoys a variety of cultural beliefs practiced by the people belonging to different cultural groups. Unity in Diversity is the concept that drives the cultural and social behavior of Malaysian people. There is a huge variety of ethnic values which the people of Malaysia solely own. Moving further, art and music form an important part of the Malaysian culture. Which dates back to the Malay Sultanates. The traditional art forms of the country include weaving, silversmithing, and carving. Also, India's cultural influence over Malaysia can be seen with the popularity of performing arts and puppet shows in the various regions of the country. Moving further, the music of Malaysia has originated from various backgrounds and is operated by percussion instruments. The literature has also expanded in recent years, with new Indian and Chinese literature additions added a few years back.

The country of Malaysia is divided into various population groups. The country experiences an uneven distribution of population in the Peninsular and East Malaysian regions. The maximum population of the country resides in Peninsular Malaysia. In this region, the population can be divided into four groups. These people generally vary based on their appearance, including the Orang Asli and the people who do not originally belong to that region. There are Malays, Chinese, and other South Asians living in the region. Additionally, the people situated in this region comprise smaller groups such as Europeans, Thais, Americans, Arabs, and Eurasians.

The first group Orang Asli can be first classified into further small groups. One is Jakun, the people who speak the Malay dialect, while the other is Semang and Senoi, who are known to use the Mon Khmer family's language.

The next group is Malays, which are known to have originated in various regions of peninsula and archipelagic Southeast Asia. These people form the country's most powerful group, with half of the population constituted by them. Along with being a numerically dominant group, they have little variation in their cultural practices. Though the language they speak is Malay, the difference in their culture is largely due to the place they live in.

Next is the Chinese group, which constitutes 1/4th of the population of Malaysia. These have been said to have migrated from the regions of southeastern China. Also, these are known to be culturally diverse and speak varied languages.

Further, there are population groups formed by people from India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. However, these people are comparatively less in number but form a significant part of the Malaysian population. Also, these people speak various languages, but Tamil speakers form the largest group.

The societal practices in Malaysia's country are dominated by the cultural and religious beliefs of the people. The majority of the practices can be seen dominated by the Muslim Malays, Hindus of Indian origin, and believers of the Chinese religions. One of the most popular greetings is Selamat, which Bahasa Melayu uses, but the Malays even more practice Assalamualaikum. In Malay society, males are generally titled as Encik and women as Cik, whereas married women are Puan.

Moreover, a greeting is considered the first step to form a relationship with the other person. The way a person greets the other conveys his feelings about him. Also, the oldest person is supposed to be greeted first and should be given high respect. Further, each individual should be addressed as Mr, Ms, or Mrs as a matter of regard for their individuality. The elders of the society are called ``pakcik” (uncle) or “makcik” (aunty). In addition to this, the common verbal used by Malay people is Salaam.

The Malaysian culture people believe that touching their hands to the chest is a sign of giving respect. Also, while shaking hands, the touch should be gentle, and a relaxed wrist should be proposed to the other person. The people of Chinese and Indian origin have been believed to practice western cultures. Further, hospitality practice should always be carried out on a warmer note, and the guests should be given the highest authority. Moreover, while entering the house, the footwear should be removed outside, and the religious beliefs of all the people should be respected in an equal way.

Malaysia's official religion has been declared to be Islam as around 60% of the country’s population follows the Muslim religion. However, the country has a significant population of Hindus and Buddhists. The country also has Chinese Malaysians who follow the traditions of Taoist and Confucianism. It also forms a habitat for the tribal people of Borneo and other areas with remote presence.

Further, Islam is the factor that differentiates Malays from non- Malays as, by lay, all the Malays are Muslims. Moving to the Chinese population, they do not have any particularly dominant religion. However, they follow the moral principles of Buddhism or Daoism. Moving to the Indian population, the maximum number of Indians practice Hinduism, whereas the Sikhs who belong to the Punjab region practice Sikhism. Malaysia also has a Pakistan's country population, and its people largely follow the Muslim religion and practice its values. Thus, it will not be wrong to say that different ethnicities and religions co-exist in Malayasia without much discrimination .

The Non- Malay Indigenous people constitute Orang Asli, who have adopted Islam as their religion. Many of them still follow their local religions and respect the ethnic values of the same.

Malaysia is a country that is not only culturally diverse but also respects the individuality of every religion. Maintaining the dignity of every religion is the utmost duty of every Malaysian. Same has been imbibed in the family traditions of the country. Though the traditional practices vary as per the regional difference, giving due respect to every person as per their age is very much in the blood of Malaysians.

One prominent culture that is practiced in the various regions of Malaysia is the culture of extended family. Though modern Malaysia is now adopting the nuclear family's values, there are still some agricultural and rural areas, which still include the practice of extended family. One prominent exercise which can be seen followed in the Malaysian society is the difference in age-gap of husband and wife. The Malaysian men prefer to have a large number of children, due to which they prefer to marry women who are younger than them. This is one way in which the patriarchal society of Malaysia promotes the evil practice of child abuse . To explain, as men indulge in polygamy to have many children, they cannot provide sufficient education and nutrition to each kid.

Father or the male figure is often considered as the patriarch of the house. He takes most of the important decisions of the family. Furthermore, the home's older people are consulted before taking a final decision on some important matters.

Malaysia is a country known for its cultural values and traditions. Its people are known to love each other with great respect. Few of the common cultural etiquettes followed by the Malaysian society include:

• Shaking of hands as a gesture to meet and greet at the meeting time and saying goodbye.
• A person has to be polite towards the other and show respect to him in every manner. The people of Malaysia essentially follow the traditional concept of ‘Budi.’
• The word ‘Budi’ is known to comprehend the ethics of wisdom, virtue, good etiquette, and respective moral values in a person.
• Malaysians generally portray nice and calm behavior while talking to people in society.
• They are also known to be gentle and kind human beings who are often modest and follow a patient approach towards life.
• The people who follow this refined and positive behavior are called to follow ‘Budi Bahasa. Whereas the ones who are contrary and aggressive or loud or called as ‘kasar’ or rough people of the society.
• However, the younger generation is moving towards a more direct and open form of communication. It is much because of the online communication space, which needs a more direct and progressive manner of communication. The country has also experienced a major shift in its cultural practices after the concept of globalization .

The land of Malaysia is a multicultural and multilingual country. One can witness several languages being spoken in the country due to considerable population growth since its independence journey. However, Bahasa Melayu is the official language of Malaysia and English is much accepted and used by the locals due to its global accessibility. Other languages, including the Chinese languages such as Cantonese and Hokkien and even others like Tamil and Iban, are practiced by the people living in minority communities of Malaysia.

Moving further to the business style of communication, the country follows a very different way to convey the messages. In case of bad news, the people prefer to communicate the same in a coded form, so that it is tough to interpret. Further in-depth diplomacy and politeness are said to be the center of every business communication. The people of Malaysia make sure that no talk is done with rude or unethical behavior inside or outside the home. They further ensure to follow certain protocols when delivering bad news or in case of talking to seniors.

Furthermore, they also understand the importance of sharing pleasantries before beginning any formal communication. They do understand that this particular process helps in breaking the ice between two unknown people. This process even adds better results to the communication that is going to proceed shortly. Moreover, one important thing to mention is that Malaysia's people do not often use the word ‘No.’ It is used only on rare occasions. Talking about the business language, most people prefer English as the usual language for workplace conversations.

Some Do’s and Don'ts in Malaysia

To properly understand the Malaysian culture, one needs to grasp the Dos and don'ts of the Malaysian culture clearly.

The Don'ts.

• One should never confuse between a Malay and a Malaysian. Malay is the ethnic group of Malaysia that follows Islam, whereas every citizen living in Malaysia is a Malaysian.
• Do not shake hands with Malaysian women. It is often considered an offense to shake hands with women because it is not a part of their culture.
• Public Display of attraction is often considered indecent and unacceptable in many parts of Malaysian society.
• Pointing out with the finger is again considered immoral in the society of Malaysia.
• One should not give tips when they go to Malaysia. The country's people believe in making their living by themselves and do not rely on service-driven benefits. https://sandinmycurls.com/25-dos-and-donts-in-malaysia-to-make-you-a-better-traveler/
• One should always adore Malaysian activates when in Malaysia. This includes the dining and communication styles that one should follow to accept the country's culture gracefully.
• Making sure to follow the dressing code of Malaysia is again an important way to show respect towards the country's culture.
• Further one should talk slowly and make use of polite and fewer words.
• The next important way to stay connected with the culture of Malaysia is to learn the local language. This particular asset helps a person to adjust to the new environment easily.
• Always respect the elders and not initiate any violent actions during a conversation with the Malaysian or any person in the country.

("25 Dos and Don'ts in Malaysia to Make You a Better Traveler • Sand In My Curls", 2020)

The students of the college usually get essays as a part of the college assignment. This section helps to write a descriptive essay on Malaysian culture. one can learn the formats and the structure to write a high-scoring essay through this example if a student cannot understand or does not have time to write an essay for a college assignment. Then he can easily contact Assignmenthelp4me . Our company ensures to write the essay in a much-defined way which will help the student to get HD grades in his college assignment. The essay example below talks about an essay on Malaysian culture and its growth in recent years.

Malaysia- An embodiment of success with a multicultural environment

Introduction.

The Asian countries of the world have been blessed with the power to embrace diversity at its best. From enjoying the diversity of being multilingual, these countries also practice the values of various religions. One such country which practices a mix of religions in Malaysia. It is truly Asia and is a highly preferred tourist destination by the people of the world. The country has made a mark in the world despite the cultural diversity it has. In fact, this diversity has helped the country achieve ambitious goals in terms of financial gains and progress. This essay defines the reasons cultural diversity has positively impacted Malaysia's growth as a country and brought more harmony and unity in the ideology of the people.

The first and foremost thing is the diversity brings creativity to the workspace. It's when there are people from different religious backgrounds working at the same place; then they bring variety in their ideologies. It is further with this mixture; the employees adapt versatility in their creative outlook. They get to learn to think with different mindsets for people with different views. It even helps the company to cater to the contrasting demands of the client. In addition to this, it produces advantageous opportunities for the employees to learn and perform with excellence. One such example can be taken of the hotel industry of Malaysia. This particular sector enjoys a huge turnover and has a positive impact on the diversity of the country. Moreover, a workforce with a diverse background is beneficial for the hotel industry to serve clients from various religious and regional backgrounds. (2020)

Moving further, cultural diversity in an organization has witnessed the production of employees with a growth mindset. If a particular organization favors cultural diversity in its company’s work culture, it becomes effortless for the employees to adapt. Moreover, it brings an element of mutual respect between the two, and both of them invest their best interest in each other. This further leads to the generation of highly motivated employees, who are ready to put in their heart and sweat into the company's growth. These are the employees who see their personal growth with the growth of the company. In addition to this, in a company where cultural diversities are regarded and respected, they do not feel leftover. In fact, despite being an odd one, he feels to be a part of the company, which becomes the guiding force to his constant and conclusive contribution towards the company’s high productivity. A study has supported the same-named The Effect Of Diversity Inclusion On Employee Growth Mindset In Malaysian 4- And 5-Star Hotels. The study results state that it is important and constructive for the growth of a company to include the elements of cultural diversity in its working environment. It boosts the growth mindset of the employees and maintains a harmonious relationship between the employees. It also gives strength to the employee-employer relationship in a company. (2020)

In addition to the private and government sector companies, which are the major driver of economic growth in Malaysia. The education sector also experiences a great surge due to the adoption of cultural diversity in the country. It no denies the fact that students are the growth booster for any country. Suppose a particular nation invests significant resources in the upliftment of the education sector. Then, that country is sure to witness progressive growth in its financial stock figures. Students' education in their early years of schooling and college helps them define their true personality and potential. Moreover, when the students learn from other students of varied cultural backgrounds, then the intensity of the learning multiplies. The country, parents, and the students themselves can see a significant change in their attitude and belief towards society. These changes have helped the students of Malaysia adopt an optimistic attitude towards the diversity in the country. They have now started to embrace the change rather than putting down people's growth from other cultures. As per a study done by Najeemah Mohd of Yusof School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, a teacher's role is instrumental in helping the students accept cultural diversity. In his study named MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION: MANAGING DIVERSITY IN MALAYSIAN SCHOOLS, he underlines the importance and tells how teachers can help the students accept the change. (2020)

On the contrary, some people and organizations state that cultural diversity can confuse the students' minds. They become more confused because of the various cultures, but it also becomes difficult for them to bring up their point. The language and the culture difference inhibits the students from bringing forth their true personality in front of the other students and teachers. The same is the case with the employees who tend to develop a communication gap because of the company's varying cultures. Often, an employee steps back from the job or even secludes himself from the rest of the company, just because of the diverse cultural environment.

("Educational Diversity, Social Learning, and Multicultural Citizenship — The Malaysian Experience," 2020)

To conclude, it can be said that multicultural societies have proven to be an element of a boon for the Malaysian economy rather than the bane. This very cultural concept has boosted the students' confidence, capability, and growth levels and the working class of Malaysian society. It is much because of these efforts of the country’s government that Malaysia's students are easily able to adjust to other countries of the world and pave a luring career for themselves. However, there are some drawbacks, but these can be dealt with by giving more attention to the flaws and working on them. The teachers can pay more attention to students and put in more effort in building positive relationships between the students with cultural variability. Similarly, the employers can employ some better policies to ensure no disrespect is given to any employee's culture or religion. Further, the government can also design strict rules to ensure the individuality of each religion and culture of the Malaysian country. With these positive steps, the Malaysian economy can continue to soar to greater heights with its multicultural environment.

The country of Malaysia has always welcomed new cultures and practices. This is why this country is growing fast and inviting new companies and businesses to grow on its land. Thus, cultural diversity has in every way helped the Malaysian nation experience growth and prosperity from the very beginning of its conception.

• Educational Diversity, Social Learning, and Multicultural Citizenship — The Malaysian Experience. (2020). Retrieved 24 October 2020, from https://headfoundation.org/HESB6/educational-diversity-social-learning-multicultural-citizenship-malaysian-experience/
• (2020). Retrieved 24 October 2020, from http://woulibrary.wou.edu.my/weko/eed502/Najeema_Multicultural_Education.pdf
• (2020). Retrieved 24 October 2020, from http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/dec2019/The-Effect-Of-Diversity-Inclusion-On-Employee-Growth-Mindset-In-Malaysian-4-And-5-star-Hotels.pdf
• 25 Dos and Don’ts in Malaysia to Make You a Better Traveler • Sand In My Curls. (2020). Retrieved 24 October 2020, from https://sandinmycurls.com/25-dos-and-donts-in-malaysia-to-make-you-a-better-traveler/
• Malaysian Culture - Core Concepts. (2020). Retrieved 24 October 2020, from https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/malaysian-culture/malaysian-culture-core-concepts#malaysian-culture-core-concepts
• Malaysian Culture - Family. (2020). Retrieved 24 October 2020, from https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/malaysian-culture/malaysian-culture-family#malaysian-culture-family
• Malaysia - Religion. (2020). Retrieved 24 October 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Malaysia/Religion
• Malaysian Culture - Greetings. (2020). Retrieved 24 October 2020, from https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/malaysian-culture/malaysian-culture-greetings
• Malaysia - People. (2020). Retrieved 24 October 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Malaysia/People
• Traditions & Culture in Malaysia: Greetings, Gifts, Religion &The People. (2020). Retrieved 24 October 2020, from https://internationalliving.com/countries/malaysia/traditions-culture-in-malaysia/
• (2020). Retrieved 24 October 2020, from https://www.studycountry.com/guide/MY-history.htm

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Exploring Malaysian Cultural Norms: Customs and Traditions

By knbbs-sharer.

Malaysia is known for its unique blend of cultures, which has resulted in a diverse and fascinating society. The country’s cultural norms are shaped by religion, ethnicity, and historical influences. Understanding the customs and traditions of Malaysians is crucial for anyone planning to interact with locals or do business in the country. This article explores some of the most significant cultural norms of Malaysians that you should be aware of.

Religion and Customs in Malaysia

Religion plays an integral role in the lives of Malaysians. Islam is the religion of the majority, but there are also sizable populations of Christians, Hindus, and Buddhists. Malaysians practice many customs and traditions to observe their religious beliefs. For instance, Muslims fast during the month of Ramadan, when they abstain from food and drink from dawn to dusk. Christians, on the other hand, celebrate Christmas as the birth of Jesus Christ and attend church services.

Malaysians also observe various festivals and events throughout the year. The most significant festival celebrated by Malaysians is Hari Raya Aidilfitri, which marks the end of Ramadan. This festival is a time for prayer, family gatherings, and forgiveness.

Ethnicity, Language, and Social Interaction in Malaysia

Malaysia has three main ethnic groups: Malays, Chinese, and Indians. Each ethnic group has its customs, traditions, and languages. Malaysians usually greet one another with a smile and a handshake. The Malays often use the Islamic greeting of ‘As-salamu alaykum,’ which means “peace be upon you.”

Language is an essential part of communication in Malaysia. The official language is Malay; however, English is widely spoken, especially in major cities like Kuala Lumpur. Chinese Malaysians often speak dialects of Chinese such as Hokkien, Cantonese, and Mandarin. Indians speak Tamil, Hindi, and other Indian languages.

Social interaction in Malaysia tends to be reserved, with people preferring to maintain a degree of formality. It is crucial to respect elders and authority figures in Malaysian society. Malaysians highly value education and often address individuals by their academic or professional titles.

Food and Dining Etiquette in Malaysia

Malaysia is a foodie’s paradise, with a vast range of cuisines on offer. Malaysian cuisine is a fusion of different cultures, with influences from Malay, Chinese, Indian, and other ethnic groups. Malaysians often eat rice as their staple food, accompanied by curries, stews, and other dishes.

When dining in Malaysia, it is essential to practice proper dining etiquette. Malaysians traditionally eat with their fingers, using only the right hand. It is also customary to leave a little food on the plate as a sign that you have had enough. During Ramadan, Muslims usually break their fast with a meal called the ‘buka puasa’ or the ‘iftar.’

In summary, Malaysia’s cultural norms and traditions are as diverse as its people. Understanding and respecting these customs is crucial when interacting with locals or doing business in the country. By learning about Malaysia’s customs and traditions, you are more likely to have a better experience and build enduring relationships with the locals.

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Profile of Malay Cooking and Culture

Malay food is strong, spicy and aromatic, combining the rich tastes of the many herbs and spices commonly found in Southeast Asia . It is one of three major cuisines in Malaysia, and together with Chinese and Indian food, continually delight visitors to the country with its incredible variety and flavors.

The Malays' qualities inform their cooking. Food preparation can be a communal affair among the Malays and it is not uncommon during major festivals or events to see neighbors in a kampong, or village gathered around a big pot stirring up beef rendang or chicken curry.

Malay food is often eaten with the hands. No implements are needed. Diners simply scoop mouthfuls of rice mixed with curry, vegetables or meat onto their palms and then ladle this into their mouths with the back of their thumbs. It is an art to keep the rice from escaping through the fingers but, with some practice, it can be mastered.

Rice is the staple in a Malay meal. And just as in many other Southeast Asian countries, it is usually eaten together with meat and vegetable dishes, curries and condiments like the Malay sambal sauce . During a typical Malay lunch or dinner, these dishes are placed in the center of the table to be shared by all the diners.

Ingredients

Originally a sea-faring people, the Malays include a lot of seafood in their diet. Fish , squids, prawns, and crabs regularly show up in Malay dishes, as do chicken, beef, and mutton. Meats and seafood are often marinated with special concoctions of herbs and spices before being cooked. Vegetables are usually stir-fried although it is also popular to eat some vegetables raw and dipped in sambal belachan, a spicy chilly condiment.

Many of the fresh herbs and roots that are commonly grown in the Southeast Asian region have found their way into Malay cooking. Lemongrass, shallots, ginger, chilies, and garlic are the main ingredients that are blended together and then sautéed to make a sambal sauce or chile paste, a condiment that often accompanies every meal of Malay food.

Other herbs like galangal (lengkuas), turmeric (kunyit), makrut lime leaves,laksa leaves (daun kesom), wild ginger flower buds or torch ginger (bunga kantan) and screwpine leaves (pandan leaves) add flavor and zest to poultry, meat, and seafood.

Dried spices, too, form an important component of Malay cooking. Malacca, a city in Malaysia about 200 km south of capital Kuala Lumpur, was one of the great trading centers of the spice trade in the 15th century. This has benefited Malay cooking, with spices such as fennel, cumin, coriander, cardamom, cloves, star anise, mustard seeds, cinnamon sticks, fenugreek and nutmeg regularly used in various Malay soups and curries.

Coconut is another favorite ingredient of the Malays. This is not surprising as coconut trees thrive in Malaysia’s tropical weather. Coconut milk, or santan, add a creamy richness to curries, called ‘lemak’ in local parlance, giving them their distinctive Malaysian flavor. All the different parts of the coconut are used – nothing is wasted. The juice is drunk and the flesh of old coconuts are grated and eaten with traditional Malay cakes.

There are regional differences to Malay cuisine. The northern parts of Malaysia have integrated a Thai flavor into their food, due largely to the southbound migration of Thai people and their subsequent intermarriage with the locals.

Negri Sembilan, once dominated by the Minangkabaus from Sumatra, features food that is rich in coconut milk and other ingredients commonly produced by West Sumatra such as ox meat, beef, cultivated vegetables, and the very spicy bird’s eye chilies, also known as cili padi.

South Indian laborers, brought in by British colonialists to work in the rubber estates of Malaysia, have also contributed their influence in the form of ingredients and cooking techniques such as getting the extra flavor by frying spices in oil. Ingredients from southern India like okra and purple eggplants, brown mustard, fenugreek, and curry leaves are often used in Malay dishes today.

With so many different influences from around the region, Malay cuisine has become an interesting and varied adventure, something that can be savored and enjoyed with family and friends.

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Traffic Congestion occurs when a selected road is managing vehicles more than its capability during certain times throughout a day (Kumarage, 2004). Traffic users are losing their precious time in “traffic jam” whenever they are “trapped” in the congestion, reducing productivities in their activities (Wan...

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Alarming Rate of Fatal Road Accidents in Malaysia

Introduction Fatal road accident can be defined as a death resulting from an unfortunate mishap happened on a public road involving one or more vehicle. According to Tang (2017), Malaysia has the highest road fatality risk among the ASEAN and made it to the top...

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Implementation of the Financial Service Act in Business Law

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The Problem of Tidak Apa Attitude in Malaysia

Background As in our country, the crime rates has been significantly reduced compared to the previous records. Crimes such as kidnapping, raping, killings and etc. has reduced drastically. Also according to the statistics of the crime rates in Malaysia, it has been decreased drastically, making...

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Age Factor in Food Waste in Malaysia

In Malaysia from 29,000 tons of total solid waste created in a day, about 45% of it consist of food waste. The estimated expanding population which is exceeding 28 million people by 2020, can contribute to enormous solid waste increment which is about 30,000 tons...

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1957: Hati Malaya as an Example of Patriotism in Malaysian Filmmaking Industry

Introduction The path to achieve independence for our country has been such a painful journey for the people who work for it. While we celebrate 62 years of independence as a sovereign nation on August 31, some important elements of that struggle for freedom in...

Analysis Of Unique Local Service: Dah Makan In Malaysia

Times living in Malaysia has changed for the past 20 years, smartphone usage may have increased and plays a key role in our daily life routine. As the buildings in Malaysia getting higher, industries getting bigger by the second, everyone tries to be creative and...

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Discovery Of Abandoned Housing Project In Klang

Since 1990s’ Malaysia construction industry has been rapidly grown including such constructing commercial buildings, residences building, and also bridges. Buildings, bridges, factories, and construction site can be seen everywhere especially in hotspot urban areas; Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Putrajaya. These constructions eventually contributes to the country...

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Causes of Divorce Cases in Malaysia and How to Avoid Them Increasing

There are a lot of divorce cases happened in Malaysia. According to Malay Mail. (2014, March 3). The divorce cases have dramatically increased in only eight years from 2004. In 2012, 56,760 separations were recorded, which is equivalent to a marriage separate every 10 minutes....

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Malaysian Culture Essay Sample

Malaysia, a vibrant Southeast Asian nation, stands as a testament to the kaleidoscope of cultural diversity, encapsulating a rich tapestry of traditions, customs, and heritage. Rooted in a blend of Malay, Chinese, Indian, and indigenous influences, Malaysia’s cultural landscape is a celebration of unity amidst diversity. This essay aims to explore the multifaceted cultural traditions that define Malaysia’s unique identity, emphasizing the beauty and significance of its varied cultural tapestry.

Historical Foundations: A Mosaic of Influences

Malaysia’s cultural heritage is deeply embedded in its historical journey, shaped by a fusion of influences over centuries. The Malay, Chinese, Indian, and indigenous communities have intricately woven their customs and traditions, forming the bedrock of Malaysia’s cultural richness. This historical legacy has evolved and persevered, creating a vibrant and dynamic cultural identity that distinguishes Malaysia on the global stage.

Diversity Embodied: Malay, Chinese, Indian, and Indigenous Traditions

Malay cultural heritage.

The Malay culture embodies a myriad of traditions, emphasizing values of community, respect, and tradition. Festivals like Hari Raya Aidilfitri and customs such as Batik art and traditional dances like Joget depict the vibrancy and richness of Malay traditions, fostering a sense of identity among its people.

Vibrant Chinese Influences

Chinese cultural influences in Malaysia are characterized by vibrant celebrations like Chinese New Year, adorned with lion dances, red lanterns, and delectable delicacies like dumplings. These traditions not only celebrate Chinese roots but also contribute to the colorful fabric of Malaysia’s cultural diversity.

Enriching Indian Contributions

Indian cultural traditions, deeply ingrained in Malaysia, manifest through festivals like Deepavali and the mesmerizing art of classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam. The infusion of Indian customs, cuisine, and artistry adds a unique dimension to Malaysia’s cultural tableau.

Indigenous Treasures

The indigenous tribes of Malaysia, such as the Orang Asli, contribute distinctive cultural elements. Their customs, rituals, and spiritual practices encapsulate the nation’s original heritage, reflecting a deep connection to the land and nature.

Language, Religion, and Harmony

Language acts as a bridge uniting Malaysia’s diverse communities. While Bahasa Malaysia serves as the official language, the country embraces linguistic diversity, including Mandarin, Tamil, English, and various indigenous languages, fostering understanding and inclusivity.

Religion forms an integral part of Malaysia’s cultural fabric, with Islam being the predominant faith. Alongside Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, and other religions coexist harmoniously, showcasing the nation’s commitment to religious tolerance and mutual respect.

Cultural Expressions: Arts, Festivals, and Cuisine

Malaysia’s cultural vibrancy is exemplified through its artistic expressions, encompassing traditional arts like wayang kulit (shadow puppetry), intricate batik designs, and diverse musical performances. The nation’s festive calendar, featuring celebrations such as Hari Raya, Chinese New Year, and Thaipusam, brings communities together, fostering unity and shared joy.

The culinary landscape of Malaysia is a culinary melting pot, blending flavors and cooking techniques from various cultures. Signature dishes like nasi lemak, roti canai, and satay reflect the fusion of tastes, offering a delightful gastronomic experience.

Preserving and Embracing Heritage

Amidst the challenges posed by globalization, preserving Malaysia’s cultural heritage becomes imperative. Initiatives focusing on cultural education, heritage preservation, and intercultural dialogue play a pivotal role in safeguarding and promoting the authenticity of Malaysia’s diverse cultural traditions.

Some Rules and Regulations in Malaysia 

To live in Malaysia citizens must follow some rules and regulations and this essay sample will briefly discuss the do’s and dont’s in Malaysia.

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Essay on Malaysia

Students are often asked to write an essay on Malaysia in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Malaysia

Introduction to malaysia.

Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. It is known for its beaches, rainforests, and a mix of cultural influences. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, which is home to busy markets and tall buildings.

The country has two main parts: Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia. They are separated by the South China Sea. Malaysia has many landscapes, from mountains to coastal areas.

People and Culture

Malaysians come from different backgrounds, including Malay, Chinese, and Indian. This mix makes the culture and food very interesting and unique.

Malaysia’s economy is strong in Southeast Asia. It makes electronic goods, palm oil, and exports natural resources. Tourism is also important, as many people come to see its beauty.

Nature and Wildlife

Malaysia is rich in nature. It has old rainforests with unique animals like orangutans and tigers. People work to protect these natural treasures.

250 Words Essay on Malaysia

Malaysia is a beautiful country in Southeast Asia. It’s known for its beaches, rainforests, and a mix of cultural influences. The country is split into two parts by the South China Sea. One part is on a peninsula shared with Thailand, and the other is on the island of Borneo.

The People and Culture

Malaysia is a place with many different people. Malays, Chinese, Indians, and others live together in peace. They have their own languages, religions, and foods, but they all call Malaysia home. This mix makes the country’s culture very rich and interesting.

Food in Malaysia

One of the best things about Malaysia is the food. It’s a blend of tastes from its different people. You can eat spicy noodles, tasty rice dishes, and sweet desserts. Street food is very popular and it’s a fun way to try lots of dishes.

Places to See

Malaysia has many wonderful places to visit. The capital city, Kuala Lumpur, has tall buildings like the Petronas Twin Towers. There are also old towns, beautiful islands like Langkawi, and cool highlands where tea is grown.

Nature lovers will find Malaysia amazing. The country has jungles with tall trees, rare animals like orangutans, and colorful birds. You can go on hikes, watch wildlife, or relax by the sea.

Malaysia is a country full of wonders, from its people and their cultures to its delicious food and natural beauty. It’s a great place to learn about and experience many different ways of life.

500 Words Essay on Malaysia

Malaysia is a beautiful country located in Southeast Asia. It is known for its stunning beaches, lush rainforests, and a mix of cultures. The country is divided into two main parts by the South China Sea. One part is on a peninsula that it shares with Thailand, and the other part is on the island of Borneo, which it shares with Indonesia and Brunei.

Malaysia is home to many different people. The main groups are the Malays, Chinese, and Indians, but there are also many other groups. Each group has its own language, religion, and traditions. This mix of cultures makes Malaysia very interesting. People celebrate festivals from all these cultures, such as Hari Raya, Chinese New Year, and Deepavali. The food is also a blend of these cultures, which means there are lots of tasty dishes to try.

Places to Visit

Malaysia has many amazing places to see. The capital city, Kuala Lumpur, has tall buildings like the Petronas Twin Towers, which were once the tallest in the world. There are also old temples and markets to explore. Outside the city, there are beautiful islands like Langkawi and Penang. In Borneo, you can visit the rainforest and maybe even see an orangutan!

Malaysia’s Economy

Malaysia is not just a place for tourists; it also has a strong economy. It makes and sells things like electronics, palm oil, and rubber to other countries. Tourism is also a big part of the economy because so many people want to visit.

Nature lovers would love Malaysia because of its rich wildlife and green forests. The country works hard to protect its animals and plants. There are national parks like Taman Negara, which is very old and has lots of different kinds of trees and animals. The ocean around Malaysia is also full of life, with colorful coral reefs that are home to many fish and sea creatures.

Education in Malaysia

Education is important in Malaysia. Children go to school from a young age, and there are many universities for older students. The government wants everyone to learn and get good jobs so the country can keep growing and doing well.

Challenges Faced

Like any country, Malaysia faces some problems. Sometimes, cutting down trees for farming or building can hurt the forests and animals. Also, different groups of people sometimes disagree because they have different beliefs or ideas. The country works to solve these problems so that everyone can live well together.

Malaysia is a country with beautiful places, interesting people, and a growing economy. It cares about its nature and wants to make sure its people can learn and have good lives. Visitors and those who live there both enjoy the mix of cultures and the warm welcome they receive. Malaysia is a great example of how people from different backgrounds can live together in peace.

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• Countries and Their Cultures
• Culture of Malaysia

Culture Name

Alternative names.

Outsiders often mistakenly refer to things Malaysian as simply "Malay," reflecting only one of the ethnic groups in the society. Malaysians refer to their national culture as kebudayaan Malaysia in the national language.

Orientation

Identification. Within Malaysian society there is a Malay culture, a Chinese culture, an Indian culture, a Eurasian culture, along with the cultures of the indigenous groups of the peninsula and north Borneo. A unified Malaysian culture is something only emerging in the country. The important social distinction in the emergent national culture is between Malay and non-Malay, represented by two groups: the Malay elite that dominates the country's politics, and the largely Chinese middle class whose prosperous lifestyle leads Malaysia's shift to a consumer society. The two groups mostly live in the urban areas of the Malay Peninsula's west coast, and their sometimes competing, sometimes parallel influences shape the shared life of Malaysia's citizens. Sarawak and Sabah, the two Malaysian states located in north Borneo, tend to be less a influential part of the national culture, and their vibrant local cultures are shrouded by the bigger, wealthier peninsular society.

Location and Geography. Malaysia is physically split between west and east, parts united into one country in 1963. Western Malaysia is on the southern tip of the Malay peninsula, and stretches from the Thai border to the island of Singapore. Eastern Malaysia includes the territories of Sabah and Sarawak on the north end of Borneo, separated by the country of Brunei. Peninsular Malaysia is divided into west and east by a central mountain range called the Banjaran Titiwangsa. Most large cities, heavy industry, and immigrant groups are concentrated on the west coast; the east coast is less populated, more agrarian, and demographically more Malay. The federal capital is in the old tinmining center of Kuala Lumpur, located in the middle of the western immigrant belt, but its move to the new Kuala Lumpur suburb of Putra Jaya will soon be complete.

Demography. Malaysia's population comprises twenty-three million people, and throughout its history the territory has been sparsely populated relative to its land area. The government aims for increasing the national population to seventy million by the year 2100. Eighty percent of the population lives on the peninsula. The most important Malaysian demographic statistics are of ethnicity: 60 percent are classified as Malay, 25 percent as of Chinese descent, 10 percent of Indian descent, and 5 percent as others. These population figures have an important place in peninsular history, because Malaysia as a country was created with demography in mind. Malay leaders in the 1930s and 1940s organized their community around the issue of curbing immigration. After independence, Malaysia was created when the Borneo territories with their substantial indigenous populations were added to Malaya as a means of exceeding the great number of Chinese and Indians in the country.

Symbolism. The selection of official cultural symbols is a source of tension. In such a diverse society, any national emblem risks privileging one group over another. For example, the king is the symbol of the state, as well as a sign of Malay political hegemony. Since ethnic diversity rules out the use of kin or blood metaphors to stand for Malaysia, the society often emphasizes natural symbols, including the sea turtle, the hibiscus flower, and the orangutan. The country's economic products and infrastructure also provide national logos for Malaysia; the national car (Proton), Malaysia Airlines, and the Petronas Towers (the world's tallest buildings) have all come to symbolize modern Malaysia. The government slogan "Malaysia Boleh!" (Malaysia Can!) is meant to encourage even greater accomplishments. A more humble, informal symbol for society is a salad called rojak, a favorite Malaysian snack, whose eclectic mix of ingredients evokes the population's diversity.

History and Ethnic Relations

Emergence of the Nation. The name Malaysia comes from an old term for the entire Malay archipelago. A geographically truncated Malaysia emerged out of the territories colonized by Britain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Britain's representatives gained varying degrees of control through agreements with the Malay rulers of the peninsular states, often made by deceit or force. Britain was attracted to the Malay peninsula by its vast reserves of tin, and later found that the rich soil was also highly productive for growing rubber trees. Immigrants from south China and south India came to British Malaya as labor, while the Malay population worked in small holdings and rice cultivation. What was to become East Malaysia had different colonial administrations: Sarawak was governed by a British family, the Brookes (styled as the "White Rajas"), and Sabah was run by the British North Borneo Company. Together the cosmopolitan hub of British interests was Singapore, the central port and center of publishing, commerce, education, and administration. The climactic event in forming Malaysia was the Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia from 1942-1945. Japanese rule helped to invigorate a growing anti-colonial movement, which flourished following the British return after the war. When the British attempted to organize their administration of Malaya into one unit to be called the Malayan Union, strong Malay protests to what seemed to usurp their historical claim to the territory forced the British to modify the plan. The other crucial event was the largely Chinese communist rebellion in 1948 that remained strong to the mid-1950s. To address Malay criticisms and to promote counter-insurgency, the British undertook a vast range of nation-building efforts. Local conservatives and radicals alike developed their own attempts to foster unity among the disparate Malayan population. These grew into the Federation of Malaya, which gained independence in 1957. In 1963, with the addition of Singapore and the north Borneo territories, this federation became Malaysia. Difficulties of integrating the predominately Chinese population of Singapore into Malaysia remained, and under Malaysian directive Singapore became an independent republic in 1965.

National Identity. Throughout Malaysia's brief history, the shape of its national identity has been a crucial question: should the national culture be essentially Malay, a hybrid, or separate ethnic entities? The question reflects the tension between the indigenous claims of the Malay population and the cultural and citizenship rights of the immigrant groups. A tentative solution came when the Malay, Chinese, and Indian elites who negotiated independence struck what has been called "the bargain." Their informal deal exchanged Malay political dominance for immigrant citizenship and unfettered economic pursuit. Some provisions of independence were more formal, and the constitution granted several Malay "special rights" concerning land, language, the place of the Malay Rulers, and Islam, based on their indigenous status. Including the Borneo territories and Singapore in Malaysia revealed the fragility of "the bargain." Many Malays remained poor; some Chinese politicians wanted greater political power. These fractures in Malaysian society prompted Singapore's expulsion and produced the watershed of contemporary Malaysian life, the May 1969 urban unrest in Kuala Lumpur. Violence left hundreds dead; parliament was suspended for two years. As a result of this experience the government placed tight curbs on political debate of national cultural issues and began a comprehensive program of affirmative action for the Malay population. This history hangs over all subsequent attempts to encourage official integration of Malaysian society. In the 1990s a government plan to blend the population into a single group called "Bangsa Malaysia" has generated excitement and criticism from different constituencies of the population. Continuing debates demonstrate that Malaysian national identity remains unsettled.

Ethnic Relations. Malaysia's ethnic diversity is both a blessing and a source of stress. The melange makes Malaysia one of the most cosmopolitan places on earth, as it helps sustain international relationships with the many societies represented in Malaysia: the Indonesian archipelago, the Islamic world, India, China, and Europe. Malaysians easily exchange ideas and techniques with the rest of the world, and have an influence in global affairs. The same diversity presents seemingly intractable problems of social cohesion, and the threat of ethnic violence adds considerable tension to Malaysian politics.

Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space

Food and Economy

Food in Daily Life. Malaysia's diversity has blessed the country with one of the most exquisite cuisines in the world, and elements of Malay, Chinese, and Indian cooking are both distinct and blended together. Rice and noodles are common to all cuisine; spicy dishes are also favorites. Tropical fruits grow in abundance, and a local favorite is the durian, known by its spiked shell and fermented flesh whose pungent aroma and taste often separates locals from foreigners. Malaysia's affluence means that increasing amounts of meat and processed foods supplement the country's diet, and concerns about the health risks of their high-fat content are prominent in the press. This increased affluence also allows Malaysians to eat outside the home more often; small hawker stalls offer prepared food twenty-four hours a day in urban areas. Malaysia's ethnic diversity is apparent in food prohibitions: Muslims are forbidden to eat pork which is a favorite of the Chinese population; Hindus do not eat beef; some Buddhists are vegetarian. Alcohol consumption also separates non-Muslims from Muslims.

Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. When Malaysians have guests they tend to be very fastidious about hospitality, and an offer of food is a critical etiquette requirement. Tea or coffee is usually prepared along with small snacks for visitors. These refreshments sit in front of the guest until the host signals for them to be eaten. As a sign of accepting the host's hospitality the guest must at least sip the beverage and taste the food offered. These dynamics occur on a grander scale during a holiday open house. At celebrations marking important ethnic and religious holidays, many Malaysian families host friends and neighbors to visit and eat holiday delicacies. The visits of people from other ethnic groups and religions on these occasions are taken as evidence of Malaysian national amity.

Basic Economy. Malaysia has long been integrated into the global economy. Through the early decades of the twentieth century, the Malay peninsula was a world leader in the production of tin (sparked by the Western demand for canned food) and natural rubber (needed to make automobile tires). The expansion of Malaysia's industrialization heightened its dependence on imports for food and other necessities.

Land Tenure and Property. Land ownership is a controversial issue in Malaysia. Following the rubber boom the British colonial government, eager to placate the Malay population, designated portions of land as Malay reservations. Since this land could only be sold to other Malays, planters and speculators were limited in what they could purchase. Malay reserve land made ethnicity a state concern because land disputes could only be settled with a legal definition of who was considered Malay. These land tenure arrangements are still in effect and are crucial to Malay identity. In fact the Malay claim to political dominance is that they are bumiputera (sons of the soil). Similar struggles exist in east Malaysia, where the land rights of indigenous groups are bitterly disputed with loggers eager to harvest the timber for export. Due to their different colonial heritage, indigenous groups in Sarawak and Sabah have been less successful in maintaining their territorial claims.

Commercial Activities. Basic necessities in Malaysia have fixed prices and, like many developing countries, banking, retail, and other services are tightly regulated. The country's commerce correlates with ethnicity, and government involvement has helped Malays to compete in commercial activities long dominated by ethnic Chinese. Liberalization of business and finance proceeds with these ethnic dynamics in mind.

Major Industries. The boom and bust in primary commodities such as rubber and tin have given Malaysian society a cyclical rhythm tied to fickle external demand. In the 1970s the government began to diversify the economy (helped by an increase in oil exports) and Malaysia is now well on its way to becoming an industrial country. The country has a growing automotive industry, a substantial light-manufacturing sector (textiles, air conditioners, televisions, and VCRs), and an expanding high technology capacity (especially semi-conductors).

Trade. Malaysia's prominent place in the global economy as one of the world's twenty largest trading nations is an important part of its identity as a society. Primary trading partners include Japan, Singapore, and the United States, with Malaysia importing industrial components and exporting finished products. Palm oil, rubber, tropical hardwoods, and petroleum products are important commodities.

Division of Labor. The old ethnic division of labor (Malays in agriculture, Indians in the professions and plantations, and Chinese in mining and commerce) has steadily eroded. In its place, the Malaysian workforce is increasingly divided by class and citizenship. Educated urban professionals fill the offices of large companies in a multi-ethnic blend. Those without educational qualifications work in factories, petty trade, and agricultural small holdings. As much as 20 percent of the workforce is foreign, many from Indonesia and the Philippines, and dominate sectors such as construction work and domestic service.

Social Stratification

Classes and Castes. Class position in Malaysia depends on a combination of political connections, specialized skills, ability in English, and family money. The Malaysian elite, trained in overseas universities, is highly cosmopolitan and continues to grow in dominance as Malaysia's middle class expands. Even with the substantial stratification of society by ethnicity, similar class experiences in business and lifestyle are bridging old barriers.

Symbols of Social Stratification. In Malaysia's market economy, consumption provides the primary symbols of stratification. Newly wealthy Malaysians learn how to consume by following the lead of the Malay royalty and the prosperous business families of Chinese descent. A mobile phone, gold jewelry, and fashionable clothing all indicate one's high rank in the Malaysian social order. Given the striking mobility of Malaysian society, one's vehicle marks class position even more than home ownership. Most Malaysians can distinguish the difference between makes of cars, and access to at least a motor scooter is a requirement for participation in contemporary Malaysian social life. Kuala Lumpur has more motor vehicles than people. Skin color, often indicative of less or more time working in the hot tropical sun, further marks class position. Distinct class differences also appear in speech. Knowledge of English is vital to elevated class status, and a person's fluency in that language indexes their social background.

Political Life

Leadership and Political Officials. Malaysian political leaders demand a great deal of deference from the public. The Malay term for government, kerajaan, refers to the raja who ruled from the precolonial courts. High-ranking politicians are referred to as yang berhormat (he who is honored), and sustain remarkable resiliency in office. Their longevity is due to the fact that successful politicians are great patrons, with considerable influence over the allocation of social benefits such as scholarships, tenders, and permits. Clients, in return, show deference and give appropriate electoral support. The mainstream press are also among the most consistent and most important boosters of the ruling coalition's politicians. Even with the substantial power of the political elite, corruption remains informal, and one can negotiate the lower levels of the state bureaucracy without paying bribes. However, endless stories circulate of how appropriate payments can oil a sometimes creaky process.

Social Problems and Control. Through its colonial history, British Malaya had one of the largest per capita police forces of all British colonies. Police power increased during the communist rebellion (the "Emergency") begun in 1948, which was fought primarily as a police action. The Emergency also expanded the influence of the police Special Branch intelligence division. Malaysia retains aspects of a police state. Emergency regulations for such things as detention without trial (called the Internal Security Act) remain in use; the police are a federal rather than local institution; and police quarters (especially in more isolated rural areas) still have the bunker-like design necessary for confronting an armed insurgency. Even in urban areas police carry considerable firepower. Officers with M-16s are not a rarity and guards at jewelry shops often have long-barrel shotguns. Criminals tend to be audacious given the fact that possession of an illegal firearm carries a mandatory death sentence. Since the police focus more on protecting commercial than residential property, people in housing estates and rural areas will sometimes apprehend criminals themselves. The most elaborate crime network is composed of Chinese triads who extend back in lineage to the colonial period. Malaysia is close to the opium producing areas of the "Golden Triangle" where Burma, Thailand, and Laos meet. Drug possession carries a mandatory death sentence.

Military Activity. The Malaysian military's most striking characteristic is that, unlike its neighbors, there has never been a military coup in the country. One reason is the important social function of the military to insure Malay political dominance. The highest ranks of the military are composed of ethnic Malays, as are a majority of those who serve under them. The military's controversial role in establishing order following the May 1969 urban rebellion further emphasizes the political function of the institution as one supporting the Malay-dominated ruling coalition. The Malaysian armed forces, though small in number, have been very active in United Nations peace-keeping, including the Congo, Namibia, Somalia, and Bosnia.

Social Welfare and Change Programs

The Malaysian government has promoted rapid social change to integrate a national society from its ethnic divisions. Its grandest program was originally called the New Economic Policy (NEP), implemented between 1971 and 1990 and continued in modified form as the National Development Policy (NDP). Since poverty eradication was an aim of the NEP a considerable amount of energy has gone to social welfare efforts. The consequences of these programs disseminate across the social landscape: home mortgages feature two rates, a lower one for Malays and a higher one for others; university admissions promote Malay enrollment; mundane government functions such as allocating hawker licenses have an ethnic component. But the government has also tried to ethnically integrate Malaysia's wealthy class; therefore many NEP-inspired ethnic preferences have allowed prosperous Malays to accrue even greater wealth. The dream of creating an affluent Malaysia continues in the government's 1991 plan of Vision 2020, which projects that the country will be "fully developed" by the year 2020. This new vision places faith in high technology, including the creation of a "Multi-Media Super Corridor" outside of Kuala Lumpur, as the means for Malaysia to join the ranks of wealthy industrialized countries, and to develop a more unified society.

Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations

Through its welfare policies the government jealously guards its stewardship over social issues, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) work under its close surveillance. The state requires that all associations be registered, and failure to register can effectively cripple an organization. NGO life is especially active in urban areas, addressing problems peripheral to the state's priorities of ethnic redistribution and rapid industrialization. Many prominent NGOs are affiliated with religious organizations, and others congregate around issues of the environment, gender and sexuality, worker's rights, and consumers' interests.

Gender Roles and Statuses

The Relative Status of Women and Men. Generally men have more power than women in Malaysian society. Male dominance is codified in laws over such things as the guardianship of children. The top politicians, business leaders, and religious practitioners are predominately male. Yet Malaysian society shows considerable suppleness in its gender divisions with prominent women emerging in many different fields. Most of the major political parties have an active women's wing which provides access to political power. Though opportunities for men and women differ by ethnic group and social class, strict gender segregation has not been a part of modern Malaysian life.

Marriage, Family, and Kinship

Marriage. Even with significant changes in marriage practices, weddings reveal the sharp differences in Malaysian society. There are two ways to marry: registering the union with the government; and joining in marriage before a religious authority. Christian Malaysians may marry Buddhists or Hindus answering only to their families and beliefs; Muslim Malaysians who marry non-Muslims risk government sanction unless their partner converts to Islam. Marriage practices emphasize Malaysia's separate ethnic customs. Indians and Chinese undertake divination rites in search of compatibility and auspicious dates, while Malays have elaborate gift exchanges. Malay wedding feasts are often held in the home, and feature a large banquet with several dishes eaten over rice prepared in oil (to say one is going to eat oiled rice means that a wedding is imminent). Many Chinese weddings feature a multiple-course meal in a restaurant or public hall, and most Indian ceremonies include intricate rituals. Since married partners join families as well as individuals, the meeting between prospective in-laws is crucial to the success of the union. For most Malaysians marriage is a crucial step toward adulthood. Although the average age for marriage continues to increase, being single into one's thirties generates concern for families and individuals alike. The social importance of the institution makes interethnic marriage an issue of considerable stress.

Domestic Unit. Malaysian households have undergone a tremendous transformation following the changes in the economy. The shift from agricultural commodities to industrial production has made it difficult for extended families to live together. Yet as family mobility expands, as a result of modern schedules, efforts to maintain kin ties also increase. Improved telecommunications keep distant kin in contact, as does the efficient transportation network. A dramatic example of this occurs on the major holidays when millions return to hometowns for kin reunions.

Inheritance. The critical issue of inheritance is land. With the importance Malays place on land ownership, it is rarely viewed as a commodity for sale, and the numerous empty houses that dot the Malaysian landscape are testament to their absentee-owners unwillingness to sell. Gold is also a valuable inheritance; Malaysians from all groups readily turn extra cash into gold as a form of insurance for the future.

Kin Groups. The crucial kin distinctions in Malaysian culture are between ethnic groups, which tend to limit intermarriage. Among the majority of Malays, kin groups are more horizontal than vertical, meaning that siblings are more important than ancestors. Those considered Malay make appropriate marriage partners; non-Malays do not. These distinctions are somewhat flexible, however, and those that embrace Islam and follow Malay customs are admitted as potential Malay marriage partners. Greater flexibility in kinship practices also appears among immigrant groups amid the fresh possibilities created by diasporic life. A striking example is the Baba community, Chinese who immigrated prior to British rule and intermarried with locals, developing their own hybrid language and cultural style. These dynamics point to the varied kinship arrangements possible between the different ethnic communities in Malaysian society.

Socialization

Infant Care. Malaysian babies are lavished with considerable care. Most are born in hospitals, though midwives still provide their services in more remote areas. Careful prohibitions are rigidly followed for both the infant and the mother, according to the various cultural customs. New mothers wear special clothes, eat foods to supplement their strength, and refrain from performing tasks that might bring bad luck to their babies. Grandmothers often live with their new grandchildren for the first few months of their new life.

Higher Education. Higher education is a vital part of Malaysian life, though the universities that are the most influential in the society are located outside the country. Hundreds of thousands of students have been educated in Britain, Australia, and the United States; the experience of leaving Malaysia for training abroad is an important rite of passage for many of the elite. Malaysia boasts a growing local university system that supplements the foreign universities. The quality of local faculty, often higher than that of the second- and third-tier foreign universities that many Malaysians attend, is rarely sufficient to offset the cachet of gaining one's degree abroad.

Malaysian society is remarkable due to its openness to diversity. The blunders of an outsider are tolerated, a charming dividend of Malaysia's cosmopolitan heritage. Yet this same diversity can present challenges for Malaysians when interacting in public. Because there is no single dominant cultural paradigm, social sanctions for transgressing the rights of others are reduced. Maintaining public facilities is a source of constant public concern, as is the proper etiquette for driving a motor vehicle. Malaysian sociability instead works through finding points of connection. When Malaysians meet strangers, they seek to fit them into a hierarchy via guesses about one's religion (Muslims use the familiar Arabic greetings only to other Muslims); inquiries into one's organization (as an initial question many Malaysians will ask, "who are you attached to?"); and estimations of age (unknown older men are addressed by the honorific "uncle," women as "auntie" in the appropriate language). Strangers shake hands, and handshaking continues after the first meeting (Malays often raise the hand to their heart after shaking), though it is sometimes frowned upon between men and women. Greetings are always expressed with the right hand, which is the dominant hand in Malaysian life. Since the left hand is used to cleanse the body, it is considered inappropriate for use in receiving gifts, giving money, pointing directions, or passing objects.

Religious Beliefs. Nearly all the world religions, including Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity are present in Malaysia. Religion correlates strongly with ethnicity, with most Muslims Malay, most Hindus Indian, and most Buddhists Chinese. The presence of such diversity heightens the importance of religious identity, and most Malaysians have a strong sense of how their religious practice differs from that of others (therefore a Malaysian Christian also identifies as a non-Muslim). Religious holidays, especially those celebrated with open houses, further blend the interreligious experience of the population. Tension between religious communities is modest. The government is most concerned with the practices of the Muslim majority, since Islam is the official religion (60 percent of the population is Muslim). Debates form most often over the government's role in religious life, such as whether the state should further promote Islam and Muslim practices (limits on gambling, pork-rearing, availability of alcohol, and the use of state funds for building mosques) or whether greater religious expression for non-Muslims should be allowed.

Religious Practitioners. The government regulates religious policy for Malaysia's Muslims, while the local mosque organizes opportunities for religious instruction and expression. Outside these institutions, Islam has an important part in electoral politics as Malay parties promote their Muslim credentials. Hindu, Christian, and Buddhist clergy often have a presence in Malaysian life through cooperative ventures, and their joint work helps to ameliorate their minority status. Religious missionaries work freely proselytizing to non-Muslims, but evangelists interested in converting Muslims are strictly forbidden by the state.

Rituals and Holy Places. Malaysia's most prominent holy place is the National Mosque, built in the heart of Kuala Lumpur in 1965. Its strategic position emphasizes the country's Islamic identity. Countrywide, the daily call to prayer from the mosques amplifies the rhythm of Islamic rituals in the country, as does the procession of the faithful to fulfill their prayers. Reminders of prayer times are included in television programs and further highlight the centrality of Islam in Malaysia. Important holidays include the birth of the Prophet and the pilgrimage to Mecca, all of which hold a conspicuous place in the media. The month of fasting, Ramadan, includes acts of piety beyond the customary refraining from food and drink during daylight hours and is followed by a great celebration. Non-Muslim religious buildings, practices, and holidays have a smaller public life in Malaysia. Part of this is due to fewer believers in the country, and part is due to public policy which limits the building of churches and temples along with the broadcasting of non-Muslim religious services. The important non-Muslim holidays include Christmas, Deepavali (the Hindu festival of light), and Wesak day (which celebrates the life of the Buddha). The Hindu holiday of Thaipussam merits special attention, because devotees undergo spectacular rites of penance before vast numbers of spectators, most dramatically at the famous Batu Caves, located in the bluffs outside of Kuala Lumpur.

Death and the Afterlife. Malaysians have a strong interest in the metaphysical, and stories about spirits and ghosts whether told in conversation, read in books, or seen on television gain rapt attention. Many of these stories sustain a relationship with people who have passed away, whether as a form of comfort or of fear. Cemeteries, including vast fields of Chinese tombs marked with family characters and Muslim graves with the distinctive twin stones, are sites of mystery. The real estate that surrounds them carries only a modest price due to the reputed dangers of living nearby. Muslim funerals tend to be community events, and an entire neighborhood will gather at the home of the deceased to prepare the body for burial and say the requisite prayers. Corpses are buried soon after death, following Muslim custom, and mourners display a minimum of emotion lest they appear to reject the divine's decision. The ancestor memorials maintained by Chinese clans are a common site in Malaysia, and the familiar small red shrines containing offerings of oranges and joss sticks appear on neighborhood street corners and in the rear of Chinese-owned shops. Faith in the efficacy of the afterlife generates considerable public respect for religious graves and shrines even from non-adherents.

Medicine and Health Care

Malaysia boasts a sophisticated system of modern health care with doctors trained in advanced biomedicine. These services are concentrated in the large cities and radiate out in decreasing availability. Customary practitioners, including Chinese herbalists and Malay healers, supplement the services offered in clinics and hospitals and boast diverse clientele.

Secular Celebrations

The Arts and the Humanities

Support for the Arts. Public support for the arts is meager. Malaysian society for the past century has been so heavily geared toward economic development that the arts have suffered, and many practitioners of Malaysia's aesthetic traditions mourn the lack of apprentices to carry them on. The possibility exists for a Malaysian arts renaissance amid the country's growing affluence.

Literature. The pre-colonial Malay rulers supported a rich variety of literary figures who produced court chronicles, fables, and legends that form a prominent part of the contemporary Malaysian cultural imagination. Developing a more contemporary national literature has been a struggle because of language, with controversies over whether Malaysian fiction should be composed solely in Malay or in other languages as well. Though adult literacy is nearly 90 percent, the well-read newspapers lament that the national belief in the importance of reading is stronger than the practice.

Graphic Arts. A small but vibrant group of graphic artists are productive in Malaysia. Practitioners of batik, the art of painting textiles with wax followed by dying to bring out the pattern, still work in northern peninsular Malaysia. Batik-inspired designs are often produced in factories on shirts, sarongs, table cloths, or dresses forming an iconic Malaysian aesthetic.

Performance Arts. Artistic performance in Malaysia is limited by the state's controls over public assembly and expression. The requirement that the government approve all scripts effectively limits what might be said in plays, films, and television. The preferred performance genre in Malaysia is popular music, and concerts of the top Malay pop singers have great followings in person and on television. Musical stars from Bombay and Hong Kong also have substantial numbers of very committed fans, whose devotion makes Malaysia an overseas stop on the tours of many performers. The favorite Malaysian entertainment medium is television, as most homes have television sets. Malaysians watch diverse programming: the standard export American fare, Japanese animation, Hong Kong martial arts, Hindi musicals, and Malay drama. The advent of the video cassette and the Internet was made for Malaysia's diverse society, allowing Malaysians to make expressive choices that often defeat the state's censorship.

The State of the Physical and Social Sciences

Given the Malaysian government's considerable support for rapid industrialization, scientific research is high on the list of its priorities. Malaysian universities produce sophisticated research, though they are sapped for funds by the huge expenditure of sending students overseas for their degrees. Malaysian scientists have made substantial contributions in rubber and palm oil research, and this work will likely continue to increase the productivity of these sectors. Government monitoring of social science research increases the risks of critical scholarship though some academicians are quite outspoken and carry considerable prestige in society.

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—T HOMAS W ILLIAMSON

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Understanding Malay Society and Culture

Updated 23 March 2023

Subject Asia ,  Identity ,  Race and Ethnicity

Downloads 43

Category Sociology ,  World

Topic Diversity ,  Ethnicity ,  Malaysia

Malaysian Culture

Because of the wide range of people living there, Malaysia has an extremely diversified culture. Taking the Malays as an example, who are an ethnic subgroup of the Austronesian people.

The Malay peninsula, coastal Borneo, and eastern Sumatra are all home to the main ethnic groups from the Philippines and Taiwanese natives. Since China and India had trading links with Malaysia, Malaysia was impacted by their civilizations. The Arabic, British, and Persian cultures have all had a significant impact on Malaysian culture. These Malaysian ethnic groups are different and one of a kind in terms of their cultural customs. So, the Malay culture is a mixture of the cultures mentioned above, predominantly the Indian and Chinese cultures.

The Politics of the Malays

Politics of the Malay people is dominated by the elite which mostly consists of the Chinese middle-class whose lifestyle is the most prosperous. Malaysia’s population is about 26.75 million, comprising of many ethnic groups, including Indians (7.5%), Chinese (25.3%), Malays (54.2%), and others (13%).

Understanding Malay Culture and Society

The malay government.

The government and the politics of Malaysia operate within an agenda of a Federal Representative Democratic Constitution Monarchy. The executive power the government exercises is a federal system of government and 13 governments in the states. The legislative duty is by the federal parliament and the 13 assemblies. They have an independent judiciary, not interfered with by the executive and the legislature. This government is headed by the king who selects a prime minister. The king's position is usually interchanged among some nine hereditary Malay rulers after every five years, who must come from the leading coalition in parliament. Malay parliament is divided into elective representations, which is the Dewan Rakyat and senators who are appointed called the Dewan Negara.

Problems in Understanding Malay Politics

Even having succeeded in poverty reduction of population, Malaysia is grappling with the eradication of inequality between the Malays and the Chinese, which are the major ethnic groups of Malaysia, has made the country polarized. This polarization threatens to cause instability in the government and also the political system, which posed to be a well-established system for a long time. In 1969, there were communal riots that erupted in Kuala Lumpur and in other areas of the country between the Malays and Chinese. These riots made the government scrutinize the policies that were existing from the independence period, which brought with it a launch of a system, New Economic Policy (NEP), that was to earmarked for poverty eradication, trade and economic imbalances among the ethnic communities. Since the NEP was implemented, polarization between these two ethnic communities has been on the rise regarding job opportunities, housing, and education. The system in Malaysia tends to support the Malays more than the Chines. For instance, most Malays work in the government sector, while the Chinese work in the private sector, even as pay is good in the private sector than the government jobs. Malays are also advantaged in getting scholarships in the public colleges and universities as opposed to their Chinese and other citizens. There was a protest in 2007 mobilized by Bersih; it managed to bring out dissatisfaction with the policies of the then government of Abdullah Badawi, which resulted in the opposition gaining some mileage from this in the general election of 2008. Malays are politically powerful because most of them get elected to the office, but the Chinese have the financial might. This hasn't gone well with the maintenance of a peaceful nation. Since the demographics are on their side, for one's political ambition to take shape, one has to appeal to this ethnic group.

Law and Order in Malaysia

Malaysia remains a police state where one can be detained without trial, they call it the Internal Security Act, which means that a police force is a federal rather than a local institution. Their police quarters, more so in the rural areas, have some design that looks like bunkers which necessitate confrontation in case of an armed insurgency. In the urban centres, police still carry firepower with them. Possession of a firearm by citizens is considered illegal and amounts to a death sentence when found culpable. Police officers tend to protect the commercial property rather than the residential areas, this exposes the people living in the rural or just the residential areas at a very high risk, mostly doing the police work in the apprehension of criminals. Most of the crimes in Malaysia are of Chinese ethnic group, who have formed an elaborate network of crime. This group, the Chinese triad, dates back to the precolonial period where they used to trade in drug trafficking, especially opium produced in areas close to Malaysia. Possession of drug itself also can lead someone to a death sentence in Malaysia.

The political power of Malays is said to be degenerating and weakening according to analysis by political observers, with the rights and freedoms of the Malays being distracted and not enjoyed as entrenched in the constitution. Malays have refused to tolerate other ethnic groups, this as we know and analysed here, has become a threat for a united Malaysia. This disunity and intolerance has also thwarted national integrity which is crucial for the country.

In a concerted effort to address the political and social conflicts that exist between these two large ethnic groups, there's a need to create awareness of the social – psychological process and how people's behaviour can be influenced. That active stand between the Malays and the Chinese needs to be taken when working with each other to circumvent classification and minimize the biases of inter-groupings and the conflicts that exist. Chinese and Malays need to be encouraged to treat people as individuals rather than a categorized group. Religious and cultural diversity can be embraced only when each member is treated as an individual, which is necessary for nation-building and maturity in politics. The rule of law and the spirit of the constitution must be defended by all citizens. Not anywhere in the world do peace come easily, and sacrifices and compromises must be made.

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Tay Tian Yan (2017). The Future of Malay Politics. http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2017/04/18/the-future-of-malay-politics/

Weiss, Meredith Leigh (2006). Protest and Possibilities: Civil Society and Coalitions for Political Change in Malaysia. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-8047-5295-8.

Zaid Ibrahim. (August 2016) Malaysian Politics: What Next? Read more: http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2016/08/29/malaysian-politics-whats-next/

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