college education in india essay

Essay on Indian Education System for Students and Children

500+ words essay on indian education system for students and children.

The Indian education system is quite an old education system that still exists. It has produced so many genius minds that are making India proud all over the world. However, while it is one of the oldest systems, it is still not that developed when compared to others, which are in fact newer. This is so as the other countries have gone through growth and advancement, but the Indian education system is still stuck in old age. It faces a lot of problems that need to be sorted to let it reach its full potential.

Problems with Indian Education System

Our Indian education system faces a lot of problems that do not let it prosper and help other children succeed in life . The biggest problem which it has to face is the poor grading system. It judges the intelligence of a student on the basis of academics which is in the form of exam papers. That is very unfair to students who are good in their overall performance but not that good at specific subjects.

Moreover, they only strive to get good marks not paying attention to understanding what is taught. In other words, this encourages getting good marks through mugging up and not actually grasping the concept efficiently.

Furthermore, we see how the Indian education system focuses on theory more. Only a little percentage is given for practical. This makes them run after the bookish knowledge and not actually applying it to the real world. This practice makes them perplexed when they go out in the real world due to lack of practical knowledge.

Most importantly, the Indian education system does not emphasize enough on the importance of sports and arts. Students are always asked to study all the time where they get no time for other activities like sports and arts.

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How Can We Improve Indian Education System?

As the Indian Education System is facing so many problems, we need to come up with effective solutions so it improves and creates a brighter future for students . We can start by focusing on the skill development of the students. The schools and colleges must not only focus on the ranks and grades but on the analytical and creative skills of children.

In addition, subjects must not be merely taught theoretically but with practical. This will help in a better understanding of the subject without them having to mug up the whole thing due to lack of practical knowledge. Also, the syllabus must be updated with the changing times and not follow the old age pattern.

Other than that, the government and private colleges must now increase the payroll of teachers. As they clearly deserve more than what they offer. To save money, the schools hire teachers who are not qualified enough. This creates a very bad classroom environment and learning. They must be hired if they are fit for the job and not because they are working at a lesser salary.

In conclusion, the Indian education system must change for the better. It must give the students equal opportunities to shine better in the future. We need to let go of the old and traditional ways and enhance the teaching standards so our youth can get create a better world.

FAQs on Indian Education System

Q.1 What problems does the Indian Education System face?

A.1 Indian education is very old and outdated. It judges students on the basis of marks and grades ignoring the overall performance of the student. It focuses on academics side-lining arts and sports.

Q.2 How can we improve the Indian education system?

A.2 The colleges and schools must hire well and qualified teachers. They must help students to understand the concept instead of merely mugging up the whole subject.

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Education System In India Essay

Indian education reformers want to narrow the disparity in student achievement between rural and urban areas. India's educators work hard to overcome their country's challenges in providing quality education to all its citizens. Here are some sample essays on the education system in India.

100 Words Essay On Education System In India

India's education system is ideal for providing its students with a solid academic foundation. It emphasises lifelong learning and encourages its students to pursue higher education. It also develops the students' language skills by allowing them to study in both English and Indian languages. Such courses encourage ideal attitudes toward their nation and its people- creating a positive atmosphere for learning and growth.

India surrounds its students with Indian history, culture, religion, and literature throughout their schooling years. It promotes patriotism through encouraging students to study Indian history and culture. This can help them develop a sense of cultural pride that can inspire them to support the development of their home country.

200 Words Essay On Education System In India

Education is the most important aspect of any society. It is the foundation on which a society is built and the tool that allows its citizens to make the most of their lives. It allows the country to educate its people and earn revenue from their talents. However, there are always 2 sides to a coin, along with benefits there are also some issues.

Issues In The Indian Education System

The Indian education system is in a state of flux. A number of issues have cropped up in recent years, and there seems to be no clear solution in sight.

One of the biggest problems is the disparity between urban and rural students. The quality of education that students in rural areas receive is quite poor, and they often don't have access to the same resources as their urban counterparts. This leads to a huge achievement gap between students from different backgrounds.

There are also concerns about the level of education that students are receiving. Many experts believe that the curriculum is outdated and does not prepare students for the modern world. In addition, there is a lot of emphasis on rote learning, which does not allow students to think creatively or critically.

500 Words Essay On Education System In India

The education system in India is plagued with a number of issues that have a direct impact on the students. Addressing these issues will require systemic changes that ensure all students can access adequate resources.

Challenges of Accessibility and Quality

Let's take a closer look at two of the biggest challenges facing India's education system: accessibility and quality.

Accessibility is a huge issue in India. Due to poverty and the lack of infrastructure, many rural areas and poor urban neighbourhoods don't have adequate schools or teachers. As a result, many children are denied the right to an education.

And even when children have access to education, it's often of poor quality. Many schools are overcrowded and underfunded, which means that students don't have access to good teachers or up-to-date textbooks and other learning materials.

Impact of Gender Inequality

One issue impacting the students is gender inequality. Boys and girls are not given an equal opportunity to receive an education. This needs to change if India wants to become a developed nation. Girls need to be given the same opportunities as boys so that they can contribute to the growth of the country. There are many solutions that have been proposed to address this issue, but more needs to be done to implement them successfully.

Struggles of India’s Rural Areas

For many parts of the country, especially rural areas, the issues in India’s education system run even deeper. Much of the Indian population is still living without access to educational resources and other basic needs. To make matters worse, a large number of these people belong to marginalised communities, like those living in poverty or facing discrimination based on factors like gender or caste.

In rural areas, most schools are underfunded and lack basic facilities. These schools face varying levels of neglect when it comes to providing adequate teacher support as well as basic needs such as toilets, clean drinking water, and well-maintained buildings. As a result, attendance rates at primary schools are often very low and many drop out before completing schooling altogether.

Solutions for Improved Education

The Indian government has taken various steps to ensure that a quality education is accessible for all. In 2020, the government launched a new initiative called ‘National Education Policy’ (NEP) which promises to set up a new educational system in India with increased access, improved quality, and greater equity. This initiative will focus on strengthening school education by providing more resources and more qualified teachers, and introducing vocational training programs as an alternative to traditional education.

NEP also sets out some objectives for higher education that aim to make learning more interesting and accessible. These include setting up new autonomous colleges for research purposes, and improving the availability of faculty in universities. NEP also aims to bridge the digital divide by making information communication technology (ICT) an integral part of teaching and learning.

Furthermore, NEP plans to focus on addressing gender inequalities in the Indian education system by introducing measures such as affirmative action policies, gender sensitization training, flexible learning options and financial assistance schemes specifically for women. These strategies go a long way towards improving India’s educational system and ensuring better outcomes for students across the country.

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Education in India – A Detailed Analysis

Last updated on March 23, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

This article is a detailed analysis of the Education System of India.

The post covers various aspects of the problems faced by the Indian Education sector, the Constitutional provisions related to education, and the education policies adopted by modern India.

History of Education in India

India has a rich tradition of imparting knowledge.

The ‘gurukul’ was a type of education system in ancient India with shishya (students) living with the guru in the same house. Nalanda has the oldest university system of education in the world. Students from across the world were attracted to Indian knowledge systems.

Many branches of the knowledge system had their origin in India. Education was considered a higher virtue in ancient India.

However, the renaissance and scientific thinking as happened in Europe didn’t happen in India at that time.

The British who took control of the Indian affairs by that time had different priorities. Education in British India initially lagged a lot.

However, later, the British established the modern education system still followed in India. They replaced age-old systems of education in the country with English ways .

Still, the education system in India needs a lot of reforms.

Current Status of Education in India: Data from Census 2011

Literacy rate in India as per Census 2011: 74%.
Literacy rate: Male: 82.1%; Female: 65.5%
Kerala tops the rankings, followed by Delhi, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
Bihar is the lowest among states, followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, etc., however, they are improving their position.
Bihar has a literacy rate of 63.8%, and that of women is 53.3%.
Literacy rates for both adults as well as youths have increased, still, the absolute number of illiterates in India is as much as India’s population was at the time of independence.
The gender gap in terms of literacy began to narrow first in 1991 and the pace has accelerated, however still lags far behind the global female literacy rate of 7% (UNESCO 2015).
There are large state variations in the gender gap.
However, during 2001 – 2011, the male literacy rate increased by 6 percentage points but female literacy increased by nearly 12 percentage points. Achievement in female literacy in Bihar is noteworthy: from 33% in 2001 to 53% in 2011.
Be that as it may, India is still lagging behind the world literacy rate of 86.3%(UNESCO 2015). A major group of states lies in the average rank i.e. just above the national level of 64.8 percent.

Indian Education System: The Present Pyramidal Structure

The Indian education system can broadly be considered as a pyramidal structure:

Pre-primary level: 5-6 years of age.
Primary (elementary) level: 6-14 years of age. Elementary-level education is guaranteed by our constitution under Article 21 A . For this level, the government has introduced Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) under the Right To Education(RTE) Act.
Secondary level: Age group between 14-18. For this level, the government has extended SSA to secondary education in the form of the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan .
Higher education: generally of three levels: UG→ PG→ MPhil/PhD. To cater to the requirements of higher education, the government has introduced Rashtriya Uchhattar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA).

Read: Examination System in India

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) related to Education

Goal 4 of SDG : Education for all – ensures equitable, inclusive, and quality education along with the promotion of lifelong learning opportunities for all by 2030.

Provisions in the Indian Constitution related to Education

Under Article 45 in DPSP , it was mentioned that the government should provide free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14 years within 10 years from the commencement of the Constitution. As this was not achieved, Article 21A was introduced by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 , making elementary education a fundamental right rather than a directive principle. Article 45 was amended to provide for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years.
To implement Article 21A, the government legislated the RTE Act. Under this act, SSA – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – got a further impetus. SSA aims to provide Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) in a time-bound manner.
SSA has been operational since 2000-2001. Its roots go back to 1993-1994 when the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched. However, under the RTE Act, it got legal backing.

RTE Act 2009

86th Amendment Act 2002 introduced Article 21-A, which provides for free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right.
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act was enacted to implement this fundamental right.

Provisions of the RTE Act

‘Compulsory education’ means an obligation of the government to provide free elementary education and ensure compulsory admission, attendance, and completion of elementary education.
Provision for a non-admitted child to be admitted to an age-appropriate class.
Rational deployment of teachers, ensuring that there is no urban-rural imbalance in their postings.
Prohibition of deployment of teachers for non-educational work, other than services like decennial census, elections, etc.
It prohibits (a) physical punishment and mental harassment (b) screening procedures for admission of children (c) capitation fees (d) private tuition by teachers (e) running of schools without recognition.
Development of curriculum in consonance with the values enshrined in the constitution, ensuring all-around development of the child, building a system of child-friendly and child-centered learning.
To further inclusiveness, 25% reservation is provided for disadvantaged students in private schools.

Criticisms of the RTE Act

Even though the RTE + SSA have increased access to schools, resulting in a high enrollment rate, dropout rates increased in tandem. However, there is inadequate attention given to this scenario.
There is a fear of financial burden on the government for teacher recruitment and training.
The grey area of teacher transfer is also not helping the cause.
Since all state holidays are not relevant for all localities, such a calendar preparation by local authorities can increase attendance and can also encourage local panchayats to take ownership of schools.
RTE students in private schools are paying extra fees as the schools claim that the government fund provided for the same is not adequate.
Most private schools treat RTE as charity and demand that the onus of universalizing education should be on the government’s head rather than putting pressure on them.
70% of students are in government schools. So it must be fixed in priority, by providing infrastructure , teacher quality , and targeted learning for children from disadvantaged groups to provide an equitable education system.
Under the RTE Act, till class 8, students should not be failed in exams. This is called the No detention policy. It had reduced dropout rates.
There is growing criticism of the policy resulting in reducing the quality of elementary education. Hence the RTE Act was amended to scrap the policy.
RTE Act prioritized schooling of children only from the age of 6, thus ignoring pre-school education. Kothari Commission had recommended the establishment of a center for the development of pre-primary education in each district.
District Information System for Education (DISE) report states that 30% of primary and 15% of upper primary schools have higher PTRs.
According to the Economic Survey 2018-19, the PTR at the national level for primary schools is 23 and 27 for secondary schools. Thus PTR appears to be satisfactory, as there are sufficient teachers. However, the main issue is a balanced deployment of teachers based on student strength.
Even though the Student-Classroom ratio (SCR) improved in almost all of the States, there is disparity across the country.

Modern Education in India: The Evolution of the System through various policies

The British government had introduced modern education in India. From Macaulay’s minutes to Wood’s dispatch to several commissions like the Sadler Commission, 1904 Indian education policy, etc. built the foundation of the Indian education system during the colonial period.

Radhakrishnan committee

In 1948-49, the University Education Commission was constituted under Radhakrishnan . It molded the education system based on the needs of an independent India. The pre-Independent Indian education value system was catering to colonial masters. There was a need to replace Macaulayism with the Indian value system. ( Macaulayism is the policy of eliminating indigenous culture through the planned substitution of the alien culture of a colonizing power via the education system). Some of the values mentioned in the commission were:

Wisdom and Knowledge
Aims of the Social Order : the desired social order for which youths are being educated.
Love for higher values in life
Training for Leadership

The Independent Indian education system developed along the lines of this value framework. In the present times, where there are imminent threats of political ideologies hijacking the pedagogy of education and commercialization of education eroding value systems, it is appreciable to dust off the values promulgated by the commission. A recent controversial circular by the Central University of Kerala (CUK), directing that research topics for Ph.D. students must be by ‘national priorities’, and research in ‘irrelevant topics’ and ‘privilege areas’ must be discouraged, is a case in point.

Kothari commission

If the Radhakrishnan committee charted out the value system of the Indian education system, it was the Kothari Commission that provided the basic framework of the same. The commission provided for:

Standardization of educational system on 10+2+3 pattern.
Emphasized the need to make work experience and social/national service an integral part of education.
Linking of colleges to several schools in the neighborhood.
Equalization of opportunities to all and to achieve social and national integration .
Neighborhood school system without social or religious segregation and a s chool complex system integrating primary and secondary levels of education.
Establishment of Indian Education Service.
On-the-job training of the teaching staff and efforts to raise the status of the teachers to attract talents into the profession.
To raise expenditure on education from 2.9% of the GDP to 6% by 1985.

This committee report paved the way for the National Educational Policy 1968 which provided the base and roadmap for further development of the education system in India.

National Educational Policy 1968

The policy provided for “radical restructuring” and equalization of educational opportunities to achieve national integration and greater cultural and economic development.
Increase public expenditure on education to 6% of GDP.
Provide for better training and qualification of teachers.
Three-language formula : state governments should implement the study of a modern Indian language, preferably one of the southern languages, apart from Hindi and English in the Hindi-speaking states, and of Hindi along with the regional language and English in the non-Hindi-speaking states. Hindi was encouraged uniformly to promote a common language for all Indians.

National Educational Policy 1985

The policy aimed at the removal of disparities and to equalize educational opportunities, especially for women, SC and ST.
Launching of “Operation Blackboard” to improve primary schools nationwide.
IGNOU, the Open University, was formed.
Adoption of the “rural university” model , based on the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, to promote economic and social development at the grassroots level in rural India.

T.S.R.Subramanium committee report

ECCE is inconsistent across states. So all government schools should have facilities for pre-primary education, which would facilitate pre-school education by the government instead of the private sector.
The policy of no detention should be upheld only till class five and not till class eight.
There is a steep rise in teacher shortage, absenteeism, and grievances.
Need to constitute an Autonomous Teacher Recruitment Board.
Four years integrated B.Ed. the course should be introduced.
There is an inadequate integration of information technology (IT) and the education sector.
The National Skills Qualification Framework should be scaled up.
The choice of vocational courses should be in line with local opportunities and resources .
Bringing formal certification for vocational education at par with conventional education certificates.
All India Education Service.
Existing separate laws governing individual regulators in higher education should be replaced by the said act.
The role of existing regulatory bodies like UGC and AICTE should be revised.
National Accreditation Board (NAB) subsuming the existing accreditation bodies.

Kasturirangan Report On School Education (Draft National Education Policy)

For restructuring the education system in India, the government is preparing to roll out a New Education Policy that will cater to Indian needs in the 4th Industrial Revolution by making use of its demographic dividend. Committee for Draft National Education Policy (chaired by Dr. K. Kasturirangan) submitted its report on May 31, 2019.

You can read about the National Education Policy 2020 in detail here .

School Education:

Low accessibility.
The curriculum doesn’t meet the developmental needs of children.
Lack of qualified and trained teachers.
Substandard pedagogy.
Currently, most early childhood education is delivered through anganwadis and private preschools. However, there has been less focus on the educational aspects of early childhood.
Guidelines for up to three-year-old children.
Educational framework for three to eight-year-old children.
This would be implemented by improving and expanding the Anganwadi system and co-locating anganwadis with primary schools.
Expanding the ambit of the Act to all children between the ages of three to 18 years, thus including early childhood education and secondary school education.
There should be no detention of children till class eight. Instead, schools must ensure that children are achieving age-appropriate learning levels.
The current structure of school education is to be restructured based on the development needs of students.
10+2+3 structure to be replaced by 5-3-3-4 design comprising: (i) five years of foundational stage (three years of pre-primary school and classes one and two), (ii) three years of preparatory stage (classes three to five), (iii) three years of middle stage (classes six to eight), and (iv) four years of secondary stage (classes nine to 12).
The current education system solely focuses on rote learning. The curriculum load should be reduced to its essential core content.
Force students to concentrate only on a few subjects.
Do not test learning in a formative manner.
Cause stress among students.
To track students’ progress throughout their school experience, State Census Examinations in classes three, five, and eight should be established.
Restructure the board examinations to test only the core concept. These board examinations will be on a range of subjects. The students can choose their subjects and the semester when they want to take these board exams. The in-school final examinations may be replaced by these board examinations.
Although establishing primary schools in every habitation has increased access to education, it has led to the development of very small schools making it operationally complex. Hence the multiple public schools should be brought together to form a school complex .
A complex will consist of one secondary school (classes nine to twelve) and all the public schools in its neighborhood that offer education from pre-primary to class eight.
These will also include anganwadis, vocational education facilities, and an adult education center.
Each school complex will be a semi-autonomous unit providing integrated education across all stages from early childhood to secondary education.
This will ensure that resources such as infrastructure and trained teachers can be efficiently shared across a school complex.
A steep rise in a teacher shortage, lack of professionally qualified teachers, and deployment of teachers for non-educational purposes have plagued the system.
Teachers should be deployed with a particular school complex for at least five to seven years.
They will not be allowed to participate in any non-teaching activities during school hours.
Existing B.Ed. the program will be replaced by a four-year integrated B.Ed. program that combines high-quality content, pedagogy, and practical training. An integrated continuous professional development will also be developed for all subjects.
Separating the regulation of schools from aspects such as policymaking, school operations, and academic development.
Independent State School Regulatory Authority for each state will prescribe basic uniform standards for public and private schools.
The Department of Education of the State will formulate policy and conduct monitoring and supervision.

Higher Education

According to the All India Survey on Higher Education , the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education in India has increased from 20.8% in 2011-12 to 25.8% in 2017-18. Lack of access is a major reason behind the low intake of higher education. The policy aims to increase GER to 50% by 2035.
Multiple regulators with overlapping mandates reduce the autonomy of higher educational institutions and create an environment of dependency and centralized decision-making.
The National Higher Education Regulatory Authority (NHERA) should replace the existing individual regulators in higher education. Thus the role of all professional councils such as AICTE would be limited to setting standards for professional practice. The role of the UGC will be limited to providing grants.
Separate the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) from the UGC into an independent and autonomous body. It will function as the top-level accreditor and will issue licenses to different accreditation institutions. All existing higher education institutions should be accredited by 2030.
Replacing the current system of establishing higher educational institutions by Parliament or state legislatures. Instead, institutions can be set up through a Higher Education Institution Charter from NHERA.
Research universities focus equally on research and teaching.
Universities focus primarily on teaching.
Colleges focus only on teaching at undergraduate levels.
All such institutions will gradually move towards full autonomy.
Total investment in research and innovation in India has declined from 0.84% of GDP in 2008 to 0.69% in 2014. India also lags behind many nations in the number of researchers, patents, and publications.
NRF will act as an autonomous body for funding, mentoring, and building the capacity for quality research.
Undergraduate programs should be made interdisciplinary by redesigning their curriculum to include: a common core curriculum; and one/two area(s) of specialization.
Introduce four-year undergraduate programs in Liberal Arts.
By the next five years, five Indian Institutes of Liberal Arts must be set up as model multidisciplinary liberal arts institutions.
Poor service conditions and heavy teaching loads, augmented by a lack of autonomy and no clear career progression system, have resulted in low faculty motivation.
Introduction of a Continuous Professional Development program and permanent employment track system for faculty in all higher education institutions by 2030.
The student-teacher ratio of not more than 30:1 must be ensured.
All higher education institutions must have complete autonomy on curricular, pedagogical, and resource-related matters.

Read: Institutions of Eminence Scheme

Additional Key Focus Areas:

Additional key focus areas are (1) Technology in Education (2) Vocational Education (3) Adult Education and (4) the Promotion of Indian Languages.

Technology in Education

Improving the classroom process of teaching, learning, and evaluation
Aiding teacher training.
Improving access to education.
Improving the overall planning, administration, and management of the entire education system.
Electrification of all educational institutions paves the way for technology induction.
An autonomous body, the National Education Technology Forum, set up under the Mission, will facilitate decision-making on the use of technology.
Single online digital repository to make available copyright-free educational resources in multiple languages.

Vocational Education

Less than 5% of the workforce in the age group of 19-24 receives vocational education in India, in contrast to 52% in the USA, 75% in Germany and 96% in South Korea.
Vocational courses : All school students must receive vocational education in at least one vocation in grades 9 to 12.
Higher Education Institutions must offer vocational courses that are integrated into undergraduate education programs.
The draft Policy targets to offer vocational education to up to 50% of the total enrolment in higher education institutions by 2025, up from the present level of enrolment of below 10%.
National Committee for the Integration of Vocational Education for charting out plans for the above objectives.

Adult Education

As per Census 2011, India had a total of 26.5 crore adult non-literate (15 years and above).

Establishing an autonomous Central Institute of Adult Education as a constituent unit of NCERT. It will develop a National Curriculum Framework for adult education.
Adult Education Centers will be included within the school complexes.
Relevant courses are made available at the National Institute of Open Schooling.
National Adult Tutors Programme to build a cadre of adult education instructors and managers.

Education and Indian Languages

The medium of instruction must be the mother tongue until grade 5, and preferably until grade 8.
3 language formula be continued and flexibility in the implementation of the formula should be provided. Implementation of the formula needs to be strengthened, particularly in Hindi-speaking states. Schools in Hindi-speaking areas should also teach Indian languages from other parts of India for national integration.
To promote Indian languages, a National Institute for Pali, Persian, and Prakrit will be set up.
The mandate of the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology will be expanded to include all fields and disciplines to strengthen vocabulary in Indian languages.

Transforming Education

The policy talked about the synergistic functioning of India’s education system, to deliver equity and excellence at all levels, from vision to implementation, led by a new Rashtriya Shiksha Aayog.

Education Governance

Revitalize education governance by bringing in synergy and coordination among the different ministries, departments, and agencies.

Constitute the National Education Commission or Rashtriya Shiksha Aayog, as an apex body for education headed by the Prime Minister. It would be responsible for developing, implementing, evaluating, and revising the vision of education and overseeing the implementation and functioning of bodies including the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), National Higher Education Regulatory Authority, and National Research Foundation.
The Ministry of Human Resources and Development must be renamed the Ministry of Education to bring the focus back on education.

Financing Education

The Draft Policy reaffirmed the commitment to spending 6% of GDP as a public investment in education.
The draft Policy seeks to double the public investment in education from the current 10% of total public expenditure to 20% in the next 10 years. 5% will be utilized for higher education, 2% in school education, and 1.4% for early childhood care and education.
There should be optimal and timely utilization of funds through the institutional development plans and by plugging loopholes in the disbursement of funds.

Criticism of the New Education Policy of India

The New Education Policy lacks operational details.
It is not clear from where the funding will be sourced.
Enough importance is not given to innovation, startup culture or economic principles to be added to the curriculum.
One-size-fits for all states can’t be a solution as each state in India is diverse in its educational needs. Controversy on NEET has shown this.
With technological advancement and the democratization of knowledge, the policy should have focused more on how to teach rather than what to teach.
Economic Survey 2017-18 mentioned the perils of the distinction between research institutions and universities in higher education. The policy recommendation of three distinct higher education institutions of research universities, teaching universities, and teaching colleges will further augment the gap between research and universities.
The draft policy is silent on the Institutions of Eminence and agencies like the Higher Education Funding Agency.
The role of Rashtriya Shiksha Aayog should be defined clearly. What would be its role vis-a-vis existing regulators? Also, there are criticisms from some quarters that RSA will open the door to the politicization of education.
Earlier the 3-language formula proposed by the draft policy made Hindi compulsory in non-Hindi speaking states. However, after the furor, the proposal was removed.
Even though the policy talks about bringing “unrepresented groups” into school and focusing on educationally lagging “ special education zones” , it doesn’t comprehensively address the inequalities prevalent in the system. It misses methods to bridge the gaps between rich and poor children.
The policy proposes to remove the provision mandating that primary schools be within stipulated distance from students’ homes and common minimum infrastructure and facility standards that should be met by all schools. If a common minimum standard is not specified, it will create an environment where quality in some schools will fall further thus augmenting the inequalities between schools across the country.

India’s education history is rich with ambitious policies failing at the altar of inadequate implementation of the same. In the absence of a handholding mechanism for states to embark on the path-breaking reforms mentioned in the policy and that too in a short time, will be too much to ask.

Funding requirements and governance architecture pose major challenges in the implementation of the policy. Political commitment is required to increase funding. RTE Act expansion to include preschool should keep in mind the present infrastructure inadequacies and teacher vacancies.

Rashtriya Shiksha Aayog may face administrative problems and turf battles. Also, it will raise questions on the role of new bodies like the National Medical Council.

The recent controversy on 3 language formula shows the sensitivity of language education in India and care should be taken to appreciate the emotional overtures while implementing the same.

Politically acceptability, social desirability, technological feasibility, financial viability, administratively doability, and judicially tenability are 6 pillars that will impact the implementation of the policy.

Be that as it may, the new education policy aims to address the challenges of (i) access, (ii) equity, (iii) quality, (iv) affordability, and (v) accountability faced by the current education system. It aims to revitalize and equip the education system to meet the challenges of the 21st century and 4th industrial revolution rather than catering to 19th and 20th century needs of industrialization. Also, India is on the cusp of a demographic dividend, rather than entered into this phase. So the education system catering to these needs is not a luxury that we hope for but rather a dire need at this moment in Indian history.

The Problems associated with the Education System in India

HRD ministry: Over 1.4 million schools and 50,000 higher educational institutions are operating in India. Out of 907 universities, there are 399 state universities, 126 deemed-to-be universities, 48 central and 334 private universities.

Even after more than a hundred years of “ Gokhale’s Bill”1911, where universal primary education was originally mooted, India is yet to achieve this goal.
China had achieved it in the 1970s. As per Census 2011, over 26% of India’s population is still illiterate, compared to 4% in China. About 50% of India’s population has only primary education or less, compared to 38% in China. The 13% of the population with tertiary education at the upper end in India is comparable with China.
Progress has been made in respect of female participation up to secondary level and GER for girls has exceeded that of boys.
But the girl’s enrollment rate is lower than that of boys at the higher education level.
A gap is visible across social categories in terms of enrollment rate at the higher education level.
According to NSSO’s 71st round (2014), drop-out rates are very high for boys at the secondary school level. Reasons for the same are economic activities, lack of interest in education, and financial constraints.
The transition rate from secondary school to senior secondary and further to higher education is very low.

Despite these highly ambitious education policies and elaborate deliberations on the same, the outcomes are rather shaky. Major criticisms and shortcomings of these policies and their implementations are:

Half the population is crowded at the bottom, either illiterate or with only primary education. Meanwhile, a disproportionately large segment is at the upper end with tertiary education.
The 2015 Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) reflects this deteriorating quality. The report opines that deficits in foundational reading and arithmetic skills are cumulative, which leaves students grossly handicapped for further education .
India had fared poorly in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) test in 2008, and 09.
Education policies in India are focused on inputs rather than on learning outcomes.
Teacher shortages.
Local politics.
Corruption in teacher appointment.
Defects in teacher training.
Socio-cultural factors like caste division, and cynical attitude towards the teaching profession.
There is no accountability, as there is a guaranteed lifetime job independent of performance.
From 1952-2012 , education expenditure as a percentage of total government expenditure increased from 7.92 to 11.7, and as a percentage of GDP increased from 0.64 to 3.31. But it has still not reached 6% of GDP, as was recommended by the Kothari Commission way back in 1964.
Expenditure by the government on elementary education is more than tertiary level, but expenditure per student is more in tertiary. So there is a need to increase expenditure in all segments.
All India survey on higher education has shown that in West Bengal Muslim students in universities are very low. Lack of education at the primary and secondary levels is said to be the main reason.
Even though Article 15(4),(5) provides reservations for SC, ST, and OBC in higher education institutions , the Economic Survey 2018-19 points out their inadequate representation in these institutions.
The suicide of Rohit Vemula, a Ph.D. scholar at the University of Hyderabad, in 2016 had brought forward the discrimination still existing in these institutions.
Also, the representation of teachers at these levels is skewed against the backward class in spite of reservations. Article 16(4) provides for reservations of backward class in jobs.
At the school level, poor children are primarily concentrated in government schools. The poor quality of government schools thus disproportionately affects these children and creates a vicious cycle of illiteracy.
At the higher education level, the situation is more critical. One reason for the introduction of the National Medical Commission Bill is to curb the exorbitant fees charged by medical colleges.
Youths coming out of the higher education system in India are not employable, as they lack relevant industry-level skills.
India’s long-standing neglect of primary and secondary education has limited access to quality basic education. No skill development program can succeed without an underlying foundation of basic education.
National Policy on Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015 (PMKVY) has shown disappointing results.
Budget 2019-20 stated that the government enables about 10 million youth to take up industry-relevant skill training through the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY). The Budget has also increased focus on ‘new-age skills’ like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, 3D Printing, Virtual Reality, and Robotic.
Currently, B Tech courses in AI are offered mostly in premier institutions only.
The budget 2019-20 proposed the National Sports Education Board for the development of sportspersons under the Khelo India program (2017).

Now we will look at each rung of the education ladder in India.

Early childhood education

Early childhood education (ECE) is needed for cognitive development in the early stage.
Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) has a component for providing ECE through Anganwadis . But lack of effective regulation in this sector is eroding the quality of ECE.
There is a National Early Childhood Care and Education Policy 2013 . However, the policy has not been properly implemented.
There are multiple service providers but there is no clarity in the types of services provided.
The sprawling of an unregulated private channel, both organized and unorganized, which is also spreading to rural areas, has led to inequitable access, uneven quality, and commercialization of ECE.
Both Anganwadis and private schools focus on reading, writing, and arithmetic rather than cognitive and conceptual development.
There is a decline in the quality and training of teachers.
S.R. Subramanian’s committee report has brought focus to the quality deterioration in this sector.

Primary level

There is an increasing trend of parents choosing private schools for the primary level. However, there is variable quality in private schools. Also, fees vary from school to school and are on the higher side.
Eschew rigid curricula and make them more cognitive and flexible. There should be a broader cognitive approach than rote learning.
There is a need for activity-based learning. Teachers should teach at the right level, rather than teaching for the average learner.
The government has launched Padhe Bharat Bade Bharat – targeting early reading and writing. The twin-track approach of comprehension and math is the main focus.
There is a supply-side problem . The government is pumping funds through government schools thus increasing the number of schools and thus enrollment. However, quality and inclusiveness have dropped and dropout rates increased. These lead to poor learning outcomes.

School Complex

RTE and SSA have resulted in over-access but low-quality primary-level education. Now the aim should be to integrate these into school complexes, as mentioned by the Kasturirangan committee report, thus rationalizing the number of schools in an area.
The ‘Adarsh’ integrated school system of Rajasthan is an example of a school complex system . Here one school provides classes from l to XII under one principal. There is one such school in every gram panchayat.
This is an efficient way to solve teacher shortages and also to address the shortages of secondary schools. It can also address the problem of resource scarcity by integrating and rationalizing resources.
Inclusive learning can be furthered through school.
Also, these complexes can act as a pivot around which new reforms in education can be implemented.

Secondary level

ASER Rural 2017: In 2017, ASER changed the age group of the survey from primary level to secondary level. The report mentions the following:

Enrollment is low in this age group. There is a high digital divide at this level. Low quality also persists at this level. There is a high amount of absenteeism as well.
There is a need to expand RTE to cover the 14-18 age groups.
To realize the demographic dividend, skill education for these groups is necessary.

Economic Survey 2018-19 points out that Indian demography is changing and it requires more quality secondary education system rather than merely an increasing number of primary-level schools.

Private fees

The vagueness in the judgment regarding ‘reasonable surplus’ and ‘commercialization’ of education has watered down the outcome of the judgment.
There are state laws for capping fees. However, implementation problems and litigation make them ineffective.
CAG report mentioned misreporting and mismanagement by private schools. So laws should address this problem through stricter inspection, penalties, etc.

Higher education

There is an increasing number of higher education institutions but their quality is questionable, effectively making ‘islands of excellence amidst the sea of mediocrity. Increased accessibility to a low-quality higher education system has made democratization of mediocrity.

Raghuram Rajan, the ex-RBI governor, argued that India needs idea factories and universities by leveraging India’s inherent strengths like tolerance, diversity, etc. He said that there is a need for strong accreditation agencies and continuing education.

Problems of the higher education system in India

There is a dual problem of both quality and quantity. The gross enrollment ratio (GER) in higher education is only 24.5.
Even though education policy had an elitist bias in favor of higher education, the state of the same is much worse than the state of school education. Unlike school education, there is no national survey of the learning levels of college students.
The desired levels of research and internationalization of Indian campuses remain weak points.
Also, there is a low philanthropic investment in this sector. This creates an exclusive dependency on government funding by universities. This, in turn, reduces the autonomy and vision of these universities.
Privatization of higher education has not been led by philanthropy but the commercial interest that does not have a symbiotic relationship with the vision of universities.
These have led to inadequate human capacity, shoddy infrastructure, and weak institutions. Recommendations of the Narayana Murthy committee, on the role of the corporate sector in higher education, have not been implemented and thus channeling of CSR funds to higher education remains inadequate.
Banks and financial institutions are not giving adequate attention to this area. Giving PSL status to these institutions can be considered.
Indian higher education system is of a linear model with very little focus on specialization.
UGC and AICTE act more as controllers of education than facilitators.
Due to the mushrooming of colleges at a higher rate since the 1980s , there is a regulatory sprawl in higher education.
Poor governance , with mindless over-regulation , is widespread in this sector. Educational institutions responded to this with claims of academic and institutional autonomy for themselves, which was mostly a smokescreen for a culture of sloth in these institutions.
There is a concentration of powers, as these regulatory institutions control all aspects like accreditation, curriculum setting, professional standard-setting, funding, etc.
Compartmentalization and fragmentation of the knowledge system.
Disconnect with society.
Overemphasis on entrance tests.
Absence of innovation in learning methods.
Corrosion of autonomy of universities.
For long basic disciplines across the physical and social sciences and humanities were ignored.
However, the Economic Survey 2017-18 mentioned that there is an increase in Ph.D. enrolment in India in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) due to efforts by the government to increase the number and quantum of fellowships. However, there are still fewer researchers in India in comparison to other countries.
Budget 2019-20 proposes ‘Study in India’ with a focus on bringing foreign students to higher educational institutions in India to make India a “hub of higher education.”
Higher education institutions are used as rewards for loyalists and channels of graft by political parties in power.
Indian higher education system is plagued by unregulated and shoddy coaching institutions. The coaching industry makes around Rs. 24000 crores a year in India. Proper regulation of the same is required.

Research and development (R&D)

Economic Survey 2017-18 stated: “To transform from net consumer to net producer of knowledge, India should invest in educating its youth in science and mathematics, reform the way R&D is conducted, engage the private sector and the Indian diaspora, and take a more mission-driven approach in areas such as dark matter, genomics, energy storage, agriculture, and mathematics and cyber-physical systems”.

Although Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) is consistently increasing, as a fraction of GDP it has been stagnant between 0.6-0.7 percent of GDP over the past two decades.
The universities play a relatively small role in the research activities in India. There is a disconnection between research institutes and universities. This results in the compartmentalization of research activities and teaching into two separate silos.
The separation of research from teaching leads to a situation where universities have students but need additional faculty support, while research institutes have qualified faculty but are starved of young students.
India was, at one point, spending more on R&D as a percentage of GDP than countries like China – but currently, India under-spends on R&D.
Doubling of R&D spending is necessary and much of the increase should come from the private sector and universities.

The need of the hour

It is imperative to improve math and cognitive skills at the school level to make a difference at a higher level.
There is a need to expand R&D in India and to go beyond paper presentations and patents to a broader contribution of providing value for society.
There is also a need to encourage Investigator-led Research for funding science research. Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) 2008, a statutory body of DST, is a step in the right direction.
50:50 partnerships with SERB for industry-relevant research under the Ucchatar Avishkar Yojana (UAY) is the right way to go forward.
It would strengthen state universities and provide knowledge in areas specific to a state.
National Research Foundation, to fund, coordinate, and promote research at the college level, is proposed by the Kasturirangan report. It is reiterated in Budget 2019-20 : NRF will ensure the overall research ecosystem in the country is strengthened with a focus on areas relevant to national priorities without duplication of effort and expenditure. The funds available with all Ministries will be integrated into NRF.
Link national labs to universities and create new knowledge ecosystems. Together they can link up with the commercial sectors and help develop industrial clusters.
National Mission on Dark Matter
National Mission on Genomics
National Mission on Energy Storage Systems
National Mission on Mathematics
National Mission on Cyber-Physical Systems
National Mission on Agriculture
Ramanujan Fellowship Scheme.
Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research ( INSPIRE ) Faculty Scheme.
Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship.
Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty Scheme ( VAJRA ).
Improve the culture of research thus ‘ ease of doing research’. There is a need for less hierarchical governance systems that encourage risk-taking and curiosity in the pursuit of excellence.
Greater public engagement of the science and research establishment is needed. A greater effort at science communication is needed.

Government initiatives on higher education

The government is trying to revitalize the Indian higher education system and for this many initiatives have been launched. Let’s discuss the importance of them.

National Testing Agency (NTA) 2017

NTA was set up for conducting entrance exams in higher educational institutions. It is based on the recommendations of the Ashok Mishra committee on IIT entrance 2015.
It will conduct JEE, NEET, National Eligibility Test (NET), Common Management Admission Test (CMAT), and Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT).
It will provide diversity and plurality in higher education. It will also ensure independence and transparency in conducting the exams.
However, it should be ensured that the computer-based test should not lead to further exploitation of rural students.
NEET stands for National Eligibility cum Entrance Test . It is for admissions in medical courses by replacing a plethora of medical entrance tests with one national-level test.
Supreme Court had said that NEET should be the sole basis for admission to medical courses.
There is a controversy about whether urban and CBSE students will dominate NEET. The government should pay heed to this criticism.
In Tamil Nadu doctors serving in rural areas get weightage in PG admission. NEET will effectively dislodge this system.
This controversy brought forward the conflict between the fair and transparent system of admission to curb the commercialization of medical education and the socioeconomic goals of the state, which in the case of Tamil Nadu includes ensuring enough doctors for rural areas.
Controversy on NEET has brought the following question to the limelight: should uniformity be thrust upon a country with such vast disparity and diversity? The political leadership should iron out the differences and produce a suitable admission policy. This task should not be left to the judiciary.
Be that as it may, states can’t remain insulated from the need to upgrade their education standard.

RUSA: Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan 2013

About 94 % of students in higher education study in 369 State universities, whereas less than 6% of students study in 150 Centrally-funded institutions.
11th 5-year plan (2007-12) opined that the center’s bias towards premier central institutions had skewed funding for these institutions mainly and thus neglected state-level institutions.
State investment in higher education was declining. UGC’s system of direct release of funds to State institutions bypassing State governments also leads to a sense of alienation for the states.
RUSA tried to correct this bias. The scheme aims at financing state institutions concerning their governance and performance.
RUSA has shown the result in increasing the performance of state institutions and changing the way regulators function for the good. State Higher Education Council(SHEC) made medium-long-term state perspective plans.
Cabinet in 2018 decided to continue the scheme. A renewed focus by the center on RUSA will be a success only if it is impartially administered and states are willing to heed the advice of SHEC.

HECI: Higher Education Commission of India bill

On the recommendation of the Yashpal Committee 2010 for renovation and rejuvenation of higher education, the National Commission on Higher Education and Research bill was introduced but was not passed.
HECI was proposed to act as an overarching regulator of higher education by replacing UGC, which will maintain academic standards, approve new educational institutions, etc. but with no funding powers.
Draft Higher Education Commission of India (Repeal of University Grants Commission Act) Bill, 2018 was introduced in 2018. Budget 2019-20 proposed to bring a bill on HECI this year.
The draft bill had separated funding and placed it under MHRD. This was criticized for the fear of increasing political control and reducing the autonomy of universities.

IoE: Institutions of Eminence 2017

Around 2005, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the QS World University Rankings started, and in 2009 the Academic Ranking of World Universities started. From India, only the Indian Institute of Science was included in the top 500 every year. This prompted the government to introduce NIRF and IoE.
Under IoE, UGC was tasked to select 10 government universities and 10 private ones as IoE. These would be given autonomy in operations.
Selected government institutions would be provided with ₹1,000 crore over five years.
The IoE tag is expected to help them achieve the world’s top 500 higher education institutions in a decade and later into the top 100.
Institutes among the top 50 in the National Institute Ranking Framework rankings or in the top 500 in international ratings were eligible.
The model for the sector remains dependent on state patronage.
Entry into the global education race could now become an overriding concern when many systemic issues are plaguing the sector.
Funding only for public institutions is discriminatory.
Humanities institutions were neglected.
Transparency in the selection process, and the public sharing of benchmarks and guidelines. The furor over the selection of Jio Institute, even before it functioned, had attracted many eyeballs and criticisms.
Separate category to include sectoral institutions like IIM.

National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) 2015

NIRF is a methodology adopted by the MHRD to rank higher education institutions in India.

NIRF is common for public and private institutions as well as state and central institutions. Comparison of state-level colleges with central and private colleges may lead to a vicious cycle of low funding, poor performance, and low ranks among state-level institutions because of the resource gap.
So performance index values should be normalized concerning investments and resources that have gone into that institution. Also should consider making another ranking system for state-level institutions.

HEFA: Higher Education Financing Agency 2018

Introduced in Budget 2018-19, HEFA is a joint venture of MHRD and Canara Bank

With an initial capital base of Rs 1,000 crores, it will act as a not-for-profit organization that will leverage funds from the market and supplement them with donations and CSR funds. These funds will be used to finance improvement in infrastructure in top institutions.
It has been tasked with raising ₹1 lakh crore to finance infrastructure improvements in higher education by 2022.

Foreign Education Providers Bill 2013

There is no account of programs delivered by foreign universities in India. Inadequate regulation has led to low-quality courses offered in this sector.
The foreign Institution bill was not been able to pass in Parliament. However,

EQUIP report has mentioned the revival of this bill.

There are many other schemes and initiatives like SWAYAM, which offers open online courses from Class IX to post-graduation free of cost, GIAN and IMPRINT which are primarily focused on elite institutes like IITs and IISc.

APAAR: One Nation One Student ID Card

The Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR) is a transformative initiative introduced in alignment with the National Education Policy (NEP) of 2020 and the National Credit and Qualifications Framework (NCrF).

It aims to provide a unified and accessible academic experience for students across India by assigning a unique and permanent 12-digit ID to every student, consolidating their academic achievements in one place.

Other Major Issues connected with the Education sector in India

The Indian education sector is also affected by other issues like the politicization of campuses, gender parity problems, poor-quality standards, etc.

Politicization of campuses

JP movement had provided an impetus to the politicization of students.
In Indian higher education institutions, university politics has become a launchpad for political ambitions.
Though campus politics is vital for democracy, as it makes students better citizens, the negative side of the politicization of campuses has been visible across Indian campuses. Recent incidents at Kerala University are a case in point.
One of the most important problems of student politics in India is that it acts as an appendage to political parties without having an independent identity or autonomy.

Gender Parity

By parents → who send boys to private and girls to government schools. Economic Survey 2018-19: enrollment of girls is higher than that of boys in government schools but the pattern gets reversed in private schools. The gender gap in enrollment in private schools has consistently increased across age groups.
By teachers → who reinforced the belief that boys are quick learners.
Girls are eased out of school to work on home chores or get married.
Economic Survey 2018-19 opines that BBBP has been a success and proposes to extend the cause of Gender equality by coining the slogan of BADLAV (Beti Aapki Dhan Lakshmi Aur Vijay-Lakshmi) to enhance the contribution of women in the workforce and the economy.
For ranking states based on gender disparity, Digital Gender Atlas for Advancing Girl’s Education was launched by MHRD.
In higher education, gender disparities still prevail in enrollment.
Efforts by the Government through programs like Beti Padhao, and Beti Bachao, the GPI has improved substantially at the primary and secondary levels of enrolment.

Quality of education

Learning outcomes are not assessed in India as numerical outcomes. The 12th Five-Year Plan noted the need for measuring and improving learning outcomes.

Children of illiterate parents can’t supplement school studies at home and also can’t afford expensive tuition, leading to a vicious cycle of illiteracy.
From 2014 to 2018, there was a gradual improvement in both basic literacy and numeracy for Class III students but only a quarter of them are at grade level (ability to read and do basic operations like subtraction of Class II level).
The report also shows that 1 out of 4 children leaving Class VIII are without basic reading skills (ability to read at least a Class II level).

Government initiatives

Central Rules under the RTE Act were amended in February 2017 to include the defined class-wise and subject-wise learning outcomes.
Nationwide sub-program of SSA to improve comprehensive early reading, writing, and early mathematics programs for children in Classes I and II.

Teacher Training

Teachers play the most critical role in a student’s achievement.
The need is for better incentives for teachers, investments in teacher capacity through stronger training programs, and addressing the problems in the teaching-learning process.
However, teachers in India, especially in government schools, are considered a cog in the way to efficient governance. There is an inadequate focus on their motivation and skill updation.
NCERT study shows that there is no systematic incorporation of teacher feedback into designing pieces of training. Also, there is no mechanism to check whether this training is translated into classroom performance.
These results in de-professionalizing the teaching profession and curb a teacher’s “internal responsibility” — the sense of duty to the job.
World Development Report on Education (2018) opined that both teaching skills and motivation matter. Individually targeted continued training is important. In line with this, MHRD and the National Council for Teacher Education launched the National Teacher Platform, or Diksha in 2017 . It is a one-stop solution to address teacher competency gaps.
However, the current training through Diksha follows a one-size-fits-all approach. Even though the platform is designed to democratize both access to and creation of content by teachers, its real benefits are in the ability to provide continuous professional development which complements existing physical training.
This technology-enabled platform allows training to become a continuous activity rather than an annual event and also creates a feedback loop ensuring the effectiveness of the material.
Diksha has the potential to re-engineer in-service teacher training in India. It is important to create good content and also to ensure technology consumption by teachers, the role of headmasters in promoting teachers’ professional development, etc.

As India participates in the PISA in 2021, it is to be made sure that we recognize the importance of teachers and their role in education outcomes.

Private Schools vs Public Schools: The Big Debate in Education

At least 30% of students between the 6-14 age groups are in the private sector.

There is an increasing perception that the quality of teaching in private schools is better than that of public schools. Thus there is a clamour for increasing the number of private schools and simultaneously limiting public spending on government schools.
However, the claim on the quality of private schools is debatable as there is a wide disparity of the same among these schools.

Research paper by Geeta Gandhi Kingdon, professor of education and international development at the Institute of Education, London, offers insights into private-public school education in India:

The paper points out that between 2010-11 and 2015-16, the average enrolment in government schools declined from 122 to 108 students per school, while in private schools it rose from 202 to 208.
Nevertheless, according to the District Information System for Education (DISE), 65% of all school-going children, 113 million, get their education from government schools.
The study points out that the migration to private schools is due to the belief among parents that these schools offer better value for money in terms of quality.
IndiaSpend, in 2016, reported that despite the Rs 1.16 lakh crore spent on SSA, the quality of learning declined between 2009 and 2014. It also points out that less than one in five elementary school teachers in India are trained. Also, the contractual teachers, who are high in number in government schools, are likely to be less motivated and accountable.
Preference for private school tutoring is there.
The quality of schools varies between states. In 2016, in Kerala, the proportion of children enrolled in primary government schools increased from 40.6% in 2014 to 49.9% according to ASER 2016.
States with better-functioning government schools have more expensive private schools as there is no market for the ‘low-fee’ budget private schools. Around 80% of private schools in India are ‘low’ fee schools.
ASER 2016 has shown small improvements in learning outcomes in government schools.
Between 2010-11 and 2015-16, the number of private schools grew by 35% – to 0.30 million. On the other hand, the number of government schools grew only by 1%, to 1.04 million. The migration out of government schools has left many of these economically unviable.
Government teachers in India earn four times that of China but don’t perform as well. Up to 80% of India’s public expenditure on education is spent on teachers. There is a need to link teacher salaries to their accountability.
However, the salary of private teachers is very low compared to their government counterparts. This is due to the “bureaucratically-set high ‘minimum wage’, which is being influenced by strong unions of government school teachers.
Another reason for the low salary of private school teachers is that the private education sector offers salaries based on market factors of demand and supply. Since 10.5% of graduates are unemployed in India, there is a high supply of teachers.
Rather than merely increasing the budget outlay for education, the need is to revise the Education policy for better accountability and monitoring mechanisms.
Gandhi argued that a Public-private partnership (PPP) model may be the solution, with public sector funding and private resources for education, since reforming the present system may not be politically feasible.

Rather than debating about private versus public schools, the focus should be to enable the private sector to set up more schools under the scrutiny of regulatory authorities. There is no point in driving off the private initiative in schooling given the limited resources of the states. Private investment should be encouraged but made accountable for quality and conduct.

The above discussion showed the challenges of the Indian education system. A workforce that India wants to create in this digital age requires reforms in education at all levels. UNESCO’s Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report 2016 opined that India is expected to achieve universal primary education in 2050. India is 50 years late in achieving its global education commitments. If the nation wants fundamental changes in the education system, it has to meet the 2030 SDG targets on education. There is an urgent requirement for greater evolution in education in India.

Education Quality Upgradation and Inclusion Programme (EQUIP): How to transform Education in India?

EQUIP is a five-year vision plan on education, released by MHRD, by the Prime Minister’s decision to create a five-year vision plan for each Ministry.

The EQUIP project is crafted by ten expert groups led by experts within and outside the government:

Group 1: Strategies for expanding access
Group 2: Towards global best teaching/learning process
Group 3: Promoting Excellence
Group 4: Governance reforms
Group 5: Assessment, Accreditation, and Ranking Systems
Group 6: Promotion of research and innovation
Group 7: Employability and Entrepreneurship
Group 8: Using Technology for Better Reach
Group 9: Internationalisation
Group 10: Financing Higher Education

The groups have suggested initiatives to transform the education system completely. The goals set by the groups are:

Double GER in higher education and resolve the geographically and socially skewed access to higher education institutions.
Upgrade the quality of education to global standards.
Position at least 50 Indian institutions among the top 1000 global universities.
Introduce governance reforms in higher education for well-administered campuses.
Accreditation of all institutions as an assurance of quality.
Promote Research and Innovation ecosystems for positioning India in the top three countries in the world in matters of knowledge creation.
Double the employability of the students passing out of higher education.
Harness education technology for expanding the reach and improving pedagogy.
Promote India as a global study destination.
Achieve a quantum increase in investment in higher education.

We can see that each of the above goals has been known to us for a long time. The problem is its implementation. The political class and all other stakeholders should come together to achieve these goals. The plethora of government initiatives on higher education is a sure sign of the importance given by the political class in the reform of the education system of India. Let’s hope that a new dawn of Indian education is around the corner which will bring back the glory of ancient times when India was the centre of knowledge production.

As the Economic Survey 2016-17 points out, lack of health, malnourishment, etc. affects the cognitive ability of children. This will, in turn, have a detrimental effect on their future educational prospects. This leads to a vicious cycle of inter-generational illiteracy, poor health, and ultimately poverty. So education and health are complementary to each other and reforms in one sector should invariably be preceded and followed by reforms in other sectors. Human development as a whole can be considered as a wholesome development and we must appreciate the interlinkages of each section of human capital formation, be it health, education, digital literacy, skills, etc.

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Reader Interactions

November 27, 2019 at 10:33 pm

Wow what the largest matter of education is?. Very nice thank u sir

November 28, 2019 at 12:09 pm

Nice article but it is too long we need around 400 words which explains education in india,challenges,way forward only It is very hard to remember and segrate from given imp because all points look like imp please try to make it around 400 words only

November 28, 2019 at 2:00 pm

@MKM – The aim was to cover almost everything about Education in India as a comprehensive post. The post covers: (a) History of Education in India (b) Current Status of Education in India: Data from Census 2011 (c) RTE Act (d) Various Educational Policies in the past (e) The New National Educational Policy (NEP) (f) The Problems associated with the Education System in India (g) Education Quality Upgradation and Inclusion Programme (EQUIP): How to transform Education in India?

Though ClearIAS prefers short and crisp articles, for important areas like Education, we felt a detailed write-up would be useful.

Thank you for your feedback. We will continue to create concise articles as well.

November 28, 2019 at 12:35 pm

Good Source thank you Team.

November 28, 2019 at 1:56 pm

November 28, 2019 at 2:41 pm

November 29, 2019 at 7:45 am

This is a very nice and comprehensive information on education.

November 29, 2019 at 2:21 pm

Such a nice article sir thank you..

December 16, 2019 at 5:31 pm

March 30, 2020 at 12:48 pm

Sir,a small corrrection regarding literacy rate ranking, Kerala (93%)tops its followed by Lakshadweep(92 %), Mizoram (91 %) , Tripura (87.7 %) and Goa (87.4 %) as 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th places repectively according to 2011 census.

June 16, 2020 at 12:20 am

Excellent Work

August 31, 2020 at 1:14 pm

Thank you vry much team.🤗 You provide excellent data ,analysis,facts,etc…evrything at one doc.

November 16, 2020 at 10:47 pm

Absolutely amazing stuff. Can’t believe.. Thanks from the bottom of my heart ❤️❤️

May 27, 2021 at 12:38 pm

Great article about Education very informative thanks for sharing

May 31, 2021 at 11:55 pm

Well and easy to understand…thank u for the team

September 12, 2021 at 10:37 am

Very good and such a broad information thank u 💖.. Lots of love

December 16, 2021 at 11:10 am

Need to update with current data eg how much percentage of school/ children get access of online education in pandemic Era COVID challanges others family support etc thank

January 28, 2022 at 10:32 am

Thank you so much for your birthday support

February 27, 2022 at 5:33 pm

good information

June 10, 2022 at 3:00 pm

Nice article very informative…traditional classroom study should be changed into a smart classroom online

July 14, 2022 at 8:55 pm

December 18, 2022 at 1:05 am

Absolute coverage article, Kindly keep it up for your determined spectators.

May 28, 2023 at 9:10 pm

desserstation on education/slums/miagration par hindi me pdf mil sakta hai

January 23, 2024 at 8:06 pm

The analysis provides a comprehensive overview of India’s education system, highlighting its pyramid structure and alignment with Sustainable Development Goals. Constitutional provisions like Article 21A and the RTE Act aim for universal education. However, the RTE Act faces criticism. To enhance educational outcomes, addressing these concerns and ensuring effective implementation are imperative. Schools in Pataudi Gurgaon focus on quality, inclusivity, and overcoming criticisms can lead Indian education to new heights. Thank You Samriddhi Sharma

February 7, 2024 at 7:44 pm

It’s crucial to delve into the challenges confronting the Indian education sector and understand the constitutional framework and policies guiding it. Exploring these aspects sheds light on the complexities and opportunities within the system. However, it’s equally important to consider how these discussions translate into action at the grassroots level, especially in local communities like Rajajinagar, Bangalore. How are schools in rajajinagar bangaloreaddressing these systemic issues and implementing reforms to ensure quality education for all students? This intersection of policy discourse and on-the-ground realities is where meaningful change happens.

March 8, 2024 at 6:22 am

Is there any data on how many states provide free education to girls till grade X and how many provide it till grade XII?

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Essay on Education System in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Education System in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Education System in India

Introduction.

India’s education system is one of the world’s largest. It includes both public and private institutions, offering different levels of education – from primary to higher education.

The structure is divided into different stages: pre-primary (ages 3-6), primary (6-10), upper primary (11-12), secondary (13-15), and higher secondary (16-18).

Despite its vastness, the system faces challenges. Issues like inadequate infrastructure, teacher shortages, and high dropout rates, especially in rural areas, need attention.

Reforms are being introduced to address these issues. The recent National Education Policy aims to revolutionize India’s education system, focusing on holistic and skill-based learning.

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250 Words Essay on Education System in India

The genesis of indian education system.

The education system in India traces its roots back to ancient times, where education was imparted orally, and later through writing. The Gurukul system was prevalent, where students resided with their teachers to learn various disciplines.

Modern Indian Education System

Post-independence, India adopted a mixed system of public and private education. The Right to Education Act, 2009, ensures free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14. The system is divided into four levels: pre-primary, primary, secondary, and higher secondary.

Strengths and Challenges

India’s education system is laudable for its vastness and inclusivity, with policies aimed at promoting education for all strata of society. However, it faces challenges like inadequate infrastructure, low teacher-student ratios, and outdated curriculum.

The Need for Reform

The National Education Policy 2020 is a step towards reform, aiming to overhaul the system to make it more holistic, flexible, and aligned with 21st-century needs. It emphasizes experiential learning, critical thinking, and creativity, moving away from rote learning.

The Indian education system is at a critical juncture, balancing tradition and modernity. While it has made significant strides in promoting literacy and inclusivity, it needs to address its shortcomings to prepare its youth for the global economy. The road ahead is challenging but full of promise.

500 Words Essay on Education System in India

India, with its rich and diverse culture, has a long-standing tradition of education. The Indian education system is one of the oldest in the world. It has evolved significantly over time, from the ancient Gurukul system to the contemporary system of today.

Ancient Indian Education System

The Gurukul system, prevalent during the Vedic period, was a residential schooling system where students lived with their teacher until their education was complete. The focus was not only on academic learning but also on the overall development of the individual.

Colonial Influence and Post-Independence Developments

The British colonial rule introduced the modern school system in India, which was primarily focused on creating a workforce for administrative roles. Post-independence, the government made significant efforts to universalize primary education and improve literacy rates.

Present Scenario

Today, the education system in India is divided into different levels – primary, secondary, and higher education. The Right to Education Act, 2009, made education a fundamental right for children between 6 and 14 years of age. However, despite these efforts, the system faces several challenges.

Challenges in the Indian Education System

The primary challenge is the lack of quality education. Many schools, especially in rural areas, lack basic infrastructure and qualified teachers. The curriculum is often criticized for being outdated and not aligned with the skills required in the 21st century.

Overemphasis on rote learning and examination scores often stifles creativity and critical thinking among students. The system also struggles with issues of access and equity. Despite the government’s efforts, many children, particularly girls and those from marginalized communities, are still out of school.

Reforms and the Way Forward

The recently introduced National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 aims to overhaul the education system. It proposes several reforms, including a new pedagogical and curricular structure, a shift from rote learning to experiential learning, and increased focus on vocational education.

The policy also emphasizes the importance of technology in education, which has gained prominence in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The success of these reforms, however, will depend on their effective implementation.

The Indian education system, with its strengths and weaknesses, has a significant impact on the country’s socio-economic development. While it has made considerable progress, there is a need for continuous reforms to address the existing challenges and prepare the youth for the demands of the future. The new NEP is a step in the right direction, but its effective implementation will be the key to transforming India’s education landscape.

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Essay on Indian Education System

Education is like a key that opens doors to a world of knowledge, opportunities, and growth. In India, a vast and diverse country, the education system plays a crucial role in shaping the future of millions of students. In this essay, I will argue that the Indian education system has its strengths and challenges, and it is continually evolving to provide quality education to its youth.

The Foundation of the Indian Education System

The roots of the Indian education system can be traced back to ancient times, where gurus (teachers) imparted knowledge to their students. This rich history forms the foundation of modern Indian education. Today, the system is a blend of traditional values and contemporary approaches.

The Structure of Indian Education

The Indian education system is divided into several stages, including primary, secondary, and higher education. It is governed by various boards and councils, such as the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE). These boards set standards and conduct examinations.

Strengths of the Indian Education System

One of the strengths of the Indian education system is its emphasis on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) subjects. India has produced many successful scientists, engineers, and IT professionals who have made significant contributions worldwide.

Furthermore, the Indian education system places importance on rote learning, which helps students develop strong memory and discipline. It also fosters a competitive spirit, motivating students to excel academically.

Challenges Faced by the Indian Education System

Despite its strengths, the Indian education system faces several challenges. One significant challenge is the disparity in access to quality education between urban and rural areas. Many rural schools lack proper infrastructure and trained teachers, hindering the education of countless students.

Another challenge is the pressure of examinations and competition. High-stakes exams can create stress and anxiety among students, which may not always be conducive to their overall development.

The Importance of Vocational Education

Recognizing the need for practical skills, the Indian education system has been gradually incorporating vocational education. Vocational courses provide students with skills that are directly applicable to various industries, making them job-ready upon graduation. This is a positive step towards reducing unemployment and enhancing employability.

The Role of Technology in Indian Education

In recent years, technology has played a significant role in transforming Indian education. E-learning platforms and digital classrooms have made education more accessible and interactive. These innovations bridge the gap between urban and rural students, providing them with valuable resources.

Expert Opinions on Indian Education

Experts in education, such as Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the former President of India, have stressed the importance of holistic education. They advocate for a system that not only focuses on academics but also nurtures creativity, critical thinking, and ethical values.

The Journey Towards Educational Reforms

The Indian government has been working on several educational reforms to address the challenges faced by the system. Initiatives like the National Education Policy 2020 aim to provide quality education, promote research and innovation, and reduce the burden of exams.

Conclusion of Essay on Indian Education System

In conclusion, the Indian education system is a complex and evolving landscape. It has its strengths, including its emphasis on STEM subjects and rote learning, and its challenges, such as the rural-urban education divide and exam pressure. However, with ongoing reforms and a focus on holistic education, India is working towards nurturing well-rounded individuals who can contribute to the nation’s growth and prosperity. The Indian education system continues to shape the minds and futures of millions, guided by the vision of a brighter tomorrow.

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Education System in India Essay

1 Introduction
2 Importance of Education in India
3 Historical Overview
4 Current State of Education in India
5 Primary and Secondary Education
6 Higher Education
7 Vocational Education and Training
8 Conclusion
9.1 Q: What is the current education system in India?
9.2 Q: What are the main challenges facing the education system in India?
9.3 Q: What is the role of technology in the education system in India?
9.4 Q: What is the government doing to improve the education system in India?
9.5 Q: How can parents and guardians support the education system in India?

Explore the current state of the education system in India in this comprehensive essay. Learn about the challenges facing the system, the role of technology, and the initiatives being taken by the government to improve access and quality of education for students.

Introduction

The education system in India is one of the oldest and most diverse in the world. With a history that dates back to ancient times, the Indian education system has undergone significant changes and developments over the years. However, despite its long history, the education system in India still faces several challenges that need to be addressed.

Importance of Education in India

The importance of education in India cannot be overstated. It is widely recognized as a key driver of economic growth and social development. Education plays a critical role in empowering individuals and communities, and is essential for the country’s overall progress and prosperity. The government of India has recognized the importance of education and has made significant investments in the education sector over the years.

Historical Overview

One of the most significant milestones in the history of Indian education was the arrival of the British during the colonial period. The British introduced a new education system that was based on Western models and aimed to produce a class of educated Indians who would serve as intermediaries between the British and the native population. This system of education had a profound impact on the development of the Indian education system and laid the foundation for the education system we have today.

Current State of Education in India

The current state of education in India is a mixed one. On the one hand, there has been significant progress in terms of access to education, with enrollment rates at primary and secondary levels reaching nearly 100%. However, the quality of education remains a major concern, with a significant portion of students not achieving basic literacy and numeracy skills. The government has introduced several policies and initiatives aimed at improving the quality of education, but there is still a long way to go.

Primary and Secondary Education

Primary and secondary education in India is organized and administered by the state governments. The curriculum is designed to provide students with a broad-based education that covers subjects such as language, mathematics, science, and social studies. However, there are significant disparities in the quality of education across states, with students in some states performing much better than those in others.

Higher Education

Higher education in India is provided by universities and colleges. The higher education system is characterized by a large number of institutions and a wide range of programs. However, access to higher education remains a major challenge, with only a small percentage of students being able to enroll in universities and colleges. The quality of higher education is also a concern, with a significant portion of graduates not being employable.

Vocational Education and Training

Vocational education and training in India is provided by a range of institutions, including industrial training institutes and polytechnics. The government has introduced several policies and initiatives aimed at expanding access to vocational education and training, but there are still significant gaps in terms of quality and coverage.

In conclusion, the education system in India has a long and rich history, and has made significant progress in terms of access to education. However, there are still significant challenges that need to be addressed, including the quality of education, access to higher education, and vocational education and training. The government of India has recognized these challenges and has introduced several policies and initiatives aimed at addressing them. However, more needs to be done to ensure that all students in India have access to quality education that will enable them to reach their full potential.

FAQs for “Education System in India Essay”

Q: what is the current education system in india.

A: The current education system in India is a combination of both public and private institutions, with the government responsible for formulating policies and regulations for education. The system includes primary, secondary, and higher education, with the option for students to specialize in various fields such as science, arts, and commerce.

Q: What are the main challenges facing the education system in India?

A: Some of the main challenges facing the education system in India include: lack of access to education in rural areas, inadequate funding, shortage of qualified teachers, and a high dropout rate. Additionally, there are issues of gender and socio-economic disparities, as well as a lack of focus on practical skills and job readiness.

Q: What is the role of technology in the education system in India?

A: Technology is increasingly being used in the education system in India to improve access to education and enhance the learning experience for students. This includes the use of online courses, virtual classrooms, and educational apps, as well as the incorporation of technology into traditional classroom teaching.

Q: What is the government doing to improve the education system in India?

A: The Indian government has been taking steps to improve the education system in India. This includes initiatives to increase access to education in rural areas, increase funding for education, and improve the quality of teachers. Additionally, the government has been implementing policies to improve the focus on job readiness and practical skills, as well as addressing the issues of gender and socio-economic disparities in education.

Q: How can parents and guardians support the education system in India?

A: Parents and guardians can support the education system in India by encouraging their children to attend school and take their education seriously. Additionally, they can support the education system by participating in school activities and working with teachers to ensure that their children are receiving a quality education. They can also advocate for better funding and resources for education in their communities.

Essay on Higher Education in India

In India, higher education is an important aspect in anyone’s life it gives students to learn more about anything and to pursue in that field. However, there are some challenges that Higher Education in Indi is facing and it need to be discussed. Since, India has one of the oldest education systems and is considered to be the pioneer in higher education in the world as it had Nalanda University.

Short and Long Essay on Status of Higher Education in India in English

Here is a long essay mentioned which tells about Higher education system in India including good, bad and what needs to focused to improve and other aspects.

10 Lines Essay on Higher Education in India (100-120 Words)

1) Higher education is considered the last stage of academic learning.

2) Higher studies are done after the successful completion of secondary education.

3) Colleges and universities are responsible for providing higher education.

4) India possesses a low level of about 23.6% higher education.

5) Many universities in India are unable to fulfill the criteria set by UGC.

6) Central, State, deemed, and private universities are the four higher education sectors in India.

7) Associate, bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral are the four higher education degrees in India.

8) India stands 59 th among 64 countries in terms of the education system.

9) Political interference, unavailability of facilities, lack of faculties, etc are the barriers to higher education in India.

10) India’s higher education condition can be improved by setting up good private institutions or through a partnership with foreign countries.

Long Essay on Higher Education in India – 1500 Words

Introduction

Higher Education for any student in the world are as important as basic important. It not only gives student to learn more about any specialization, but also makes understand student the practicality of that subject. Higher education in India means a degree learning and understanding more about a particular subject. Higher education in India includes Bachelors, Masters, Diploma and Doctorate program in a particular discipline.

Various institutes offer higher education in India and they are called Colleges and Universities. A record of 2015 mentions there are 760 universities and 38,498 colleges in India. These colleges provide education in various fields and works on practical development of students.

National Education Policy and Higher Education

To increase the GER to half continuously by 2035, NEP 2020 wants to make it continuous for half a century. It’s estimated that 3.5 crore or significantly more spots can be allocated to higher education organizations to make this agreement a reality.

A multi-disciplinary curriculum can be combined with courses in professional fields. One or both of the UG projects may last 3 or 4 years. There will be a variety of leave alternate options, and appropriate “certificates” will be issued to the understudies during their residency. The first year of study will conclude with a certificate, the second year with a preliminary confirmation, the third year with a Bachelor’s degree and the last year ending with a degree that demonstrates research insight at the end of the fourth year. A credit bank for academic development will be set up to track credits students acquire over the length of their academic journey.

Different classes of colleges will appear in accordance with the vision and mission of instructional organizations, such as educating serious colleges, research-centered colleges, and universities that grant degrees autonomously. Organizations will be granted independence in 15 years as the school association methodology is gradually eliminated.

Higher Education versus Skill Acquisition

Generally we don’t consider on skill acquisition in India. We are totally focused on theoretical part of education. This has been an issue. This issue causes a lot of students to be inferior while telling about their SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats).

Skill acquisition means to accomplish any specialty. It can be in studies or in any field. But, when we put the skills in front of higher education, things seem to be little bit different. People are busy with their curriculum so that they cannot find what their skills are. This disturbs them while choosing a job or figuring out their career field.

Studies that require skill development are not generally conducted by institutes. Finding and incorporating skills can provide chances of discovering yourself in your field. Even, in engineering people need to focus on presentation and speaking but they are not part of their curriculum. This leads to people doing jobs in a call centre and it discourages many students to stop themselves from growing.

Apart from all these, Indian education system is quite different especially in North India. The roots of this starts from class 10 th , parents decide student’s future and tells them what to do. If they score well in class 10 th then they are asked to either go with science. If their marks are average then they are asked to go for commerce and below average students are supposed to go with humanities stream. Sometimes these streams feel like a caste system in India. Parents never give time to understand what students want to do, what is their hobby and what do they want to pursue.

During the time of placements or job interview, people do not know what a SWOT analysis is. SWOT denotes Strength Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats. It allows any person to identify their negative and positive parts and work on it so that they can deliver their work. Many institutions don’t do that ultimately leads to drastic failure of students.

Skill acquisition and know strengths are important part of life. In the higher education field we should not study only getting a degree or to get a job but we should look completely over the skills so that we can utilize our strengths into what it suits us.

Higher Education Issues and Challenges in India

In India, Higher Education faces some challenges and issues that need to be seen by government. When compared with other agricultural nations, India has a very low level of advanced education, which is just 26.3%. In India, many schools and colleges do not meet the basic requirements set by the UGC, which renders them unable to position themselves from among top colleges around the globe.

Enrollment and Faculties

More than 670 colleges exist in India today, no less than 38,000 universities, 817000 instructors and educators, and more than 28000000 understudies registered. School, college, student, and instructor numbers keep developing every year. The courses available to understudies are diverse. The number of students applying for master’s programs across the country exceeds 140,000,000. More than 20490000 understudies are enrolled in post-graduate programs. The year 2014 was selected for both research and confirmation to cover around 1370000 understudies.

Quality Education

Attempting to expand new universities requires swindling money from understudies and their families. Long-term problems with quality training have been caused by deficiencies in staff and the inability of the state educational framework to draw in and retain good educators. Despite the abundance of job opportunities in advanced education, a large number of NET/PhD competitors are unemployed. Due to market opportunities and pioneering enthusiasm, numerous establishments are utilizing the carelessness of the administrative climate to offer ‘degrees’ not verified by Indian specialists, and a lot of foundations are obtaining funds by creating fake NGOs. Understudies from rural and semi-urban foundations regularly enroll in these organizations and universities.

However, in India, numerous colleges and schools have not met the UGC’s low standards. Consequently, we are not in position to place among the top universities in the world. Furthermore, reduced administrative financial assistance negatively impacts small and rural educational institutions. Thus, only a small number of first-class students can attend advanced education, reducing general access.

Higher Education as an agent of change

Higher education’s mission is to address large challenges and lead exploration in areas that are in need throughout the world, thereby supporting social values like welfare and social commitment. It is possible to be surprised to discover you are naturally talented in a certain area of math, to have a particular preference for moving, or to find a particular creator you enjoy more than others. Their time should be managed well, they should step up, and they should stay on top of things. It is these skills that can be applied to everyday concerns, from maintaining one’s living space to being a strong person to dominating at one’s job.

Today’s marketplace requires business people to have administration skills, progressive theoretical aptitudes, and development-improved learning abilities. Not just a couple of high school and college graduates are required. By doing this, it will enable schools to make the changes in curricular content, instructional methods, and task plans needed to ensure an undeniably strong link between what students in their institutions are learning and what graduates are reasonably expected to do. As a result, all understudies will have a better educational experience and prepare to function as managers with their multicultural smoothness.

Ideally, the new hire will possess the relevant experience, knowledge, and affiliations; this will allow him/her to stay on the cutting edge of the industry and interface such cutting edge practices to the development of the association. Aware of complex authoritative construction and implementing that information with discernment abilities and higher-request thinking, the hiring manager additionally expects that the new hire will develop a strong, encompassing, and flexible grasp of the organization.

Importance of Higher Education

Institutions today provide their students with various programs that prepare them to enter different economic areas, assist them with remaining in the work market for long, and keep pace with the changes in the worldwide economy and changes in technological advancements. Innovation and development are driven by advanced education. The majority of enormous universities suggest that students not settle on a space of focus until after their first year, or maybe even their sophomore year. While you might not be sure which employment you are interested in pursuing, you should remain mindful that academic environments are probably the best grounds to examine your options and settle on your choice.

Having the ability to distinguish and deal with issues in an appropriate way is beneficial for both personal and professional activities. This course teaches you basic reasoning skills no matter what you’re learning, from how to approach a scholarly thesis to how to operate a motor.

Higher Education in India needs to be emphasized in a good way. The matter is that it should not be limited to only getting a degree and getting a job. Institutes providing higher education should ensure that focusing on practical and skill based knowledge are quite important in the field. If this can be achieved then we won’t be having corporate slaves, rather than we would be having great leaders and productive candidates who would be delivering their best in their respective fields.

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions

Ans. GB Pant University is the biggest university in India.

Ans. Jawaharlal Nehru University was the first to receive A++ NAAC.

Ans. UGC stands for University Grants Commission.

Ans. Nalanda is considered to be the first University in the world.

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Essay on The Indian Education System: Challenges and Opportunities 1000, 500, 300, 200 words

Essay on The Indian Education System: Challenges and Opportunities

Introduction

Essay on The Indian Education System: The Indian education system is one of the oldest in the world, with a rich history dating back to ancient times. It has undergone numerous transformations over the centuries, but it continues to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of India. This essay explores the strengths and weaknesses of the Indian education system, its historical evolution, current challenges and potential opportunities for improvement.

Essay on The Indian Education System: A Journey of Challenges and Opportunities 500 words

Essay on the indian education system: challenges and opportunities 300 words, essay on education system in india 200 words, essay on education system in india 150 words, historical evolution.

The roots of the Indian education system can be traced back to the Gurukul system, where students lived with their gurus (teachers) and received holistic education encompassing not only academic subjects but also ethics, values and life skills. This system emphasized experiential learning and individualized instruction.

During British colonial rule, the education system underwent significant changes with a focus on producing a workforce to serve the colonial administration. This period saw the establishment of institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), which have since become renowned globally.

Strengths of the Indian Education System

Diversity : India’s education system is vast and diverse, offering a wide range of subjects and courses, catering to the varied interests and talents of its students.
Quality Institutions : India boasts several prestigious institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), and top-tier universities that have produced exceptional graduates who excel on the global stage.
Strong Emphasis on STEM : The system places significant importance on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education, contributing to India’s reputation as a hub for IT and engineering professionals.
Global Diaspora : The Indian education system has produced a vast pool of skilled professionals who have excelled internationally, making India a significant contributor to the global workforce.

Challenges Faced

Quality Disparities : While India has prestigious institutions, a majority of schools and colleges, especially in rural areas, lack basic infrastructure and quality teachers. This results in a stark rural-urban divide in education.
Rote Learning : The system’s emphasis on rote memorization rather than critical thinking and problem-solving often stifles creativity and innovation among students.
Pressure and Stress : A highly competitive environment and parental expectations can place immense pressure and stress on students, leading to mental health issues.
Outdated Curriculum : The curriculum often lags behind in terms of relevance to real-world skills, emerging technologies and global trends.
Inequality : Socio-economic disparities result in unequal access to quality education, perpetuating inequality.

Opportunities for Improvement

Holistic Education : Incorporating holistic education that includes life skills, ethics and vocational training can prepare students for the complexities of the modern world.
Teacher Training : Investing in teacher training and providing incentives for educators can improve the quality of instruction across the board.
Flexible Curriculum : Regularly updating and adapting the curriculum to include relevant and contemporary subjects can better prepare students for the future job market.
Digital Education : Leveraging technology for online and distance learning can bridge the urban-rural education gap and make education more accessible.
Mental Health Support : Introducing mental health support services within educational institutions can help students cope with the pressures of academic life.

The Indian education system is at a crossroads, with both strengths and weaknesses. While it has produced brilliant minds and professionals, it also faces challenges related to quality, access and relevance. To truly harness its potential, India must address these issues and embrace reforms that prioritize holistic education, teacher development and adaptability to the changing global landscape. Only then can the Indian education system prepare its youth to excel not only in the domestic arena but also on the global stage.

Essay on The Indian Education System: An In-depth Analysis 600 words

Introduction :

The Indian education system has a rich and diverse history dating back thousands of years. With its roots in ancient Gurukul systems, it has evolved significantly over time to meet the changing needs of society. This essay delves into the Indian education system, its structure, challenges, and prospects.

Historical Background:

The origins of the Indian education system can be traced back to ancient times when education was imparted in Gurukuls, informal centers of learning under the guidance of a guru (teacher). This system emphasized holistic education, including subjects like mathematics, science, philosophy and ethics. However, the British colonial era (from the 18th to the 20th century) brought significant changes to India’s education system, introducing a more standardized, Westernized approach.

Structure of the Indian Education System:

Pre-primary and Primary Education: The foundation of education in India starts with pre-primary and primary education, typically from ages 3 to 14. This stage is crucial for building a strong educational base.
Secondary Education: After completing primary education, students move on to secondary education, which spans from grades 9 to 12. Here, they follow the curriculum set by respective state boards or national boards like the CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education).
Higher Education: After completing secondary education, students have the option to pursue various streams, including science, arts, commerce and vocational courses. India has a vast higher education system comprising universities, colleges, and institutes offering undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programs.
Technical and Professional Education: India boasts prestigious institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) that offer specialized technical and management education.

Challenges in the Indian Education System:

Quality Disparities: There is a significant gap in the quality of education between urban and rural areas. Urban schools tend to have better infrastructure and teaching facilities, while rural schools often lack essential resources.
Rote Learning: The system is often criticized for promoting rote learning over critical thinking and practical skills. This limits students’ creativity and problem-solving abilities.
Overemphasis on Exams: The Indian education system is notorious for its heavy reliance on high-stakes exams, which can lead to immense stress and a narrow focus on exam-oriented education.
Lack of Vocational Education: While there has been progress in recent years, vocational education remains underdeveloped in India. This limits opportunities for skill development and employment.
Gender Disparities: Gender inequality still exists, with fewer girls having access to education, especially in rural areas.

Prospects for Reform:

RTE Act: The Right to Education (RTE) Act of 2009 is a significant step towards universalizing education by ensuring free and compulsory education for all children aged 6 to 14.
Emphasis on Skill Development: There is a growing recognition of the importance of skill-based education to prepare students for the job market. Initiatives like Skill India aim to address this need.
Digitalization: The use of technology in education, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, has gained momentum, making education more accessible and interactive.
International Collaboration: Collaboration with foreign universities and institutions is on the rise, leading to the establishment of international campuses in India, which can enhance the quality of education.

Conclusion:

The Indian education system has a rich history but faces numerous challenges. However, ongoing reforms and initiatives offer hope for a brighter future. A shift towards a more holistic, skill-based and inclusive approach can help prepare the youth of India for the complex challenges of the 21st century and beyond, ensuring that education remains a tool for personal and national development.

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The Indian education system is a complex and multifaceted structure that has evolved over centuries. It is a critical component of the nation’s growth and development, playing a pivotal role in shaping the lives and aspirations of millions of young Indians. This short essay explores the Indian education system, highlighting its strengths, challenges and potential for transformation.

Historical Roots

The roots of the Indian education system can be traced back to ancient times, with institutions like Nalanda and Takshashila renowned for their pursuit of knowledge. The traditional Gurukul system, where students lived with teachers, was a hallmark of early Indian education. However, over time, the education system underwent significant changes, especially during British colonial rule, leading to the present structure.

Diversity and Inclusivity : One of the system’s strengths is its inclusivity, catering to a diverse population with various languages, cultures and backgrounds. India offers a wide range of educational boards and mediums, allowing students to choose a system that suits them best.
Strong Foundation in Science and Technology: The country has produced numerous skilled professionals who have excelled in fields such as engineering, medicine and information technology. Indian institutes like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) are globally recognized for their excellence.
Competitive Examinations: India’s rigorous competitive examination system prepares students for challenges in various fields. Exams like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) and the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) exam are examples of such assessments.
Inequality : The education system grapples with stark inequalities, both in access and quality. Disparities in infrastructure, teacher quality and educational resources persist, creating a divide between urban and rural areas.
Rote Learning : The emphasis on rote learning, where students memorize information without understanding its practical application, has been criticized for stifling creativity and critical thinking.
Pressure and Stress: The intense competition for limited seats in prestigious institutions places immense pressure on students, often resulting in stress and mental health issues.
Outdated Curriculum: The curriculum often lacks relevance to real-world challenges, leading to a gap between classroom education and practical skills needed for employment.

Opportunities for Reform

Curriculum Overhaul : Updating the curriculum to incorporate practical skills, vocational training and a broader understanding of subjects can make education more relevant and engaging.
Digitalization : Leveraging technology for education delivery can help bridge the urban-rural divide and improve access to quality education.
Teacher Training: Investing in teacher training and professional development can enhance the quality of instruction and foster a more interactive learning environment.
Emphasis on Holistic Development : Encouraging extracurricular activities, sports and arts alongside academics can promote holistic development and reduce the stress on students.

The Indian education system has come a long way, reflecting both its strengths and challenges. While it has produced outstanding professionals, it also faces the task of addressing inequalities and adapting to the changing needs of a globalized world. Through reforms, inclusivity and a focus on holistic development, India can continue to harness the potential of its vast youth population and build a brighter future for generations to come.

The Indian education system is a vast and intricate structure that has evolved over centuries. It comprises various stages, from primary to higher education, and plays a pivotal role in shaping the country’s future. However, it faces both challenges and opportunities in its quest for excellence.

One of the most significant challenges facing the Indian education system is accessibility. While strides have been made to increase enrolment, especially at the primary level, there is still a wide gap in access to quality education, particularly in rural areas. Infrastructure deficits, inadequate teacher training, and socio-economic disparities are obstacles that hinder many children from receiving a good education.

Another pressing issue is the rote-learning culture prevalent in the system. Traditional assessment methods often prioritize memorization over critical thinking and problem-solving skills. This can stifle creativity and hinder students from developing a deeper understanding of subjects.

However, there are opportunities for improvement. The digital revolution has the potential to bridge educational gaps. Online learning platforms and educational apps can provide access to quality resources, even in remote areas. Additionally, the National Education Policy 2020 aims to transform the system by focusing on holistic learning, vocational skills, and flexibility in curriculum choices.

Moreover, India’s diverse population is a unique asset. It fosters a rich cultural exchange and can be leveraged to create a more inclusive and globalized education system that prepares students for a competitive world.

In conclusion, the Indian education system faces challenges related to accessibility and outdated teaching methods. However, it also possesses significant opportunities for improvement through digital integration, policy reforms, and embracing diversity. Addressing these challenges while capitalizing on these opportunities is essential for shaping a brighter future for India’s students.

The education system in India is a complex and diverse landscape that reflects the country’s vast cultural and socioeconomic diversity. While it has made significant progress over the years, it still faces numerous challenges.

One of the key strengths of the Indian education system is its emphasis on academic excellence. India is home to some prestigious institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), which are renowned globally. Additionally, the country has a rich tradition of producing skilled professionals in fields such as medicine, engineering, and IT.

However, there are significant issues that need to be addressed. The system often places excessive pressure on students to excel in rote memorization rather than promoting critical thinking and creativity. The quality of education varies widely between urban and rural areas, with rural regions often lacking access to quality schools and teachers. Furthermore, socio-economic disparities persist, limiting educational opportunities for many.

In recent years, there has been a push for educational reform, with initiatives aimed at improving infrastructure, curriculum and teacher training. Additionally, the promotion of digital learning and vocational education is gaining momentum.

In conclusion, while the Indian education system has notable strengths, it also faces substantial challenges related to quality, accessibility and equity. Continued efforts to reform and modernize the system are essential to ensure that all children in India have access to a high-quality education.

The education system in India is a complex and multifaceted structure that plays a pivotal role in shaping the nation’s future. While it has made significant progress in recent years, challenges persist.

India’s education system consists of several stages, starting with primary education, followed by secondary and higher education. The government has implemented various schemes to promote enrollment and quality in primary schools, but issues like infrastructure gaps and teacher shortages persist, particularly in rural areas.

Secondary education faces issues of standardized curricula and a heavy emphasis on rote learning, which can hinder critical thinking and creativity. The higher education system, on the other hand, boasts prestigious institutions like the IITs and IIMs, but access and quality vary greatly across the country.

To address these challenges, India must focus on improving infrastructure, teacher training and curriculum development. Additionally, promoting a more holistic and skill-oriented approach to education can better prepare students for the demands of the modern world. Overall, the evolution of India’s education system is critical for the nation’s socio-economic development and global competitiveness.

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Education Essay

Essay on Education

Nelson Mandela rightly said, “Education is the most important weapon to change the world.” Education plays an important role in the development of an individual and making him a knowledgeable citizen. It is the education that makes an individual self-reliant, helps to suppress the social evils and contribute towards the development of the society and nation as a whole.

Education helps in unravelling the mystery of nature. It enables us to understand and improve the working of our society. It creates conditions for a better life. Education brings out the capabilities to fight injustice happening in society. Every individual has the right to education.

Introduction

Education is a significant tool that provides knowledge, skill, technique, information and enables people to know their rights and duties towards their family, society and the nation. You can expand your vision and outlook to see the world around us. It changes our perception of life. Education builds up the ability to explore new things to enhance your creativity. Your creativity is a tool to develop the nation.

Importance of Education

People still don't realise what role education and being educated plays in our lives and society. So, before making people aware of education and working for their access, it is very important to understand the need and importance of education. Education includes traditional learning methods that include theories and modern methods that include practical implementation of the subjects.

In schools, education is categorised into four stages, and each stage is important for each student:

Primary

Secondary

Senior secondary

Education can be classified into Various Forms:

Formal education: teaches us the academic part of any course or class, skills, or theory.

Non Formal education: We learn from our community, culture, nation-based programs, and the society that we live in

Informal education: We learn from our life lessons, experiences, other people, their experiences, nature, surroundings, etc.

Education empowers everyone. It is an important aspect that shapes the modern and industrialised world. People need education to be able to cope up with the advancements in this competitive world. Following are some areas where education is needed:

Removing Poverty: Education helps in eradicating poverty from our society. An educated person can secure a good job and take care of all the basic needs and requirements of his family.

Safety and Security against Crime: A well-educated person cannot be easily duped or become a victim of any crime. They can develop the ability to stand against injustice.

Increases Productivity: Educated people are more productive. With the help of knowledge and skills, they can explore new ideas.

Confidence: A good education doesn’t mean to go to schools and colleges only. Education helps to become self-dependent and build great confidence within them so that they are able to accomplish difficult tasks.

Improved Standard of Life: On getting an education, quality of life gets improved. Education helps you to secure good jobs by which you can fulfil your dreams of buying a house or car or other luxury things.

Women Empowerment: Education helps in empowering women. Women can voice out themselves in the society against the injustice done to them. They can be self-reliant and need not be dependent on anyone. Women empowerment will bring a lot of development in society as well as in the nation.

Upliftment of the Economically Weaker Section: Education is the most significant ingredient to change the world. Illiterate people suffer the hardships of discrimination, untouchability and injustice prevailing in the society. With the advancement of education, the weaker section can improve their quality of life.

Communication: Communication is related to education. Good education helps to communicate better with others. It also improves our skills such as speech, body language, etc.

Development of a nation: The countries that focus on educating their citizens and have a higher education level are considered more developed nations in every aspect of their lives.

Individual growth: An educated individual always stands out in a crowd of uneducated people. They will be able to make better life decisions because with education comes knowledge. When an individual knows something, they will be able to understand things in a better manner.

Independent: Education acts as a catalyst for a human being to be independent. If an individual is educated enough, they can manage their own life without being dependent on anybody.

Success: Education helps in framing our mindset in a positive direction, and with this mindset, people can make their lives better. With education comes a degree, and with a degree comes a lot of opportunities. You just have to make a better choice for yourself, and everything will fall in place.

Talking particularly about India, education is a constitutional right of every citizen irrespective of caste, creed, race, religion, gender, etc. That’s the status given to education in India because educated people are always treated well and are well respected everywhere in the world.

Role of Education in Society

Education is the social institution through which the society provides its members with knowledge, facts, job skills and values. One of the most important roles of education is that it improves personal lives and helps society to run smoothly. As mentioned above, poverty can be eradicated and every individual can contribute towards the development of the country.

Education Creates a Better Society: An educated person is more likely to develop better moral and ethical values as compared to an uneducated person. Education brings equal opportunity for everyone and educated people will be able to create a better society.

Education is the Backbone of Society: Education is an integral part of human society. Lack of education gives birth to numerous social problems like poor health, conflicts, and poor living standards. Education helps people overcome all problems by finding better solutions.

Education Encourages Innovation and Creativity: Education leads to innovation. Innovation and creativity can only occur when skilled people know how to advance with different technologies. Educated people always can solve problems with the help of better techniques.

Education Creates a Better Human Being: Education is the most powerful weapon by which the entire perspective of the world can be changed. Through education, a person can develop good moral values. It helps us to become a better person in life.

Understanding the Responsibilities: As a social being, it becomes the responsibility of every individual to give something back to society and make it a better place for our next generation. An educated person is aware of his personal and social responsibilities.

Education helps in shaping the values of an individual. It helps individuals develop their moral values, humbleness, sympathy and empathy towards society, etc.

Students or any individual learn to express their viewpoints by reading, writing, learning. And these qualities or skills are taught with the help of education and nothing else.

Steps Taken to promote Education:

After discussing the importance of education, awareness is the next big step. People, especially those living in remote areas, should be aware and should have access to a better education system. The government has taken several steps for this purpose. It has started various initiatives to make education accessible to all and improve the quality of education for the betterment of every student.

Some of the Prominent Steps:

The formation of the Right to Education Act, 2009 made education a fundamental right for every child belonging to 6-14 years.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

Adult education and national development scheme

Beti bachao, beti padhao

Midday meal scheme and many more.

Various other initiatives that the government has taken are Udaan, Saksham, Pragati, etc., to make education accessible to every part of the county.

Conclusion:

Education is the pathway for a nation’s progress. Education is the backbone of society. The government should take all measures to provide education to every individual of the country. This will bring equality among people and when people improvise their way of living, they become more responsible towards society.

The literacy rate of more developed nations is also high, and the literacy of every nation depends upon its education system. The government undoubtedly has made laws and formulated schemes, but implementing those schemes is a major task.

The government, along with co-operation with the citizens, should make the society and nation a better place to live in. The growth of every nation depends upon the kind of population it has. A well-educated population will make a well-developed nation.

FAQs on Education Essay

1) Why is education important?

Education is important for the development of an individual. It is the most powerful weapon by which a person can contribute towards the development of the society and nation as a whole.

2) How is education a pathway to success?

Education provides job opportunities and also helps to expand your vision and change your outlook to see the world around us.

3) How can education help the economically backward people?

Uneducated or illiterate people do not have the ability to overcome hardships like discrimination, untouchability, and injustice. When these people get basic education, then they can become self-reliant and stand for their rights. With the advancement of education, they can improve their standard of living and poverty can be eradicated from the face of the Earth.

4) How are women empowered through education?

Education helps in empowering women. Women can voice out themselves in the society against the injustice done to them. They can be self-dependent. Women empowerment will bring a lot of development in society as well as in the nation.

5) What are the roles that education plays?

Education is vital in shaping the world and society. An educated society forms an educated nation. It is essential in creating a positive mindset and positive skills in an individual.

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Guest Essay

The Troubling Trend in Teenage Sex

A pile of bed linens on a night stand next to a bed.

By Peggy Orenstein

Ms. Orenstein is the author of “Boys & Sex: Young Men on Hookups, Love, Porn, Consent and Navigating the New Masculinity” and “Girls & Sex: Navigating the Complicated New Landscape.”

Debby Herbenick is one of the foremost researchers on American sexual behavior. The director of the Center for Sexual Health Promotion at Indiana University and the author of the pointedly titled book “Yes, Your Kid,” she usually shares her data, no matter how explicit, without judgment. So I was surprised by how concerned she seemed when we checked in on Zoom recently: “I haven’t often felt so strongly about getting research out there,” she told me. “But this is lifesaving.”

For the past four years, Dr. Herbenick has been tracking the rapid rise of “rough sex” among college students, particularly sexual strangulation, or what is colloquially referred to as choking. Nearly two-thirds of women in her most recent campus-representative survey of 5,000 students at an anonymized “major Midwestern university” said a partner had choked them during sex (one-third in their most recent encounter). The rate of those women who said they were between the ages 12 and 17 the first time that happened had shot up to 40 percent from one in four.

As someone who’s been writing for well over a decade about young people’s attitudes and early experience with sex in all its forms, I’d also begun clocking this phenomenon. I was initially startled in early 2020 when, during a post-talk Q. and A. at an independent high school, a 16-year-old girl asked, “How come boys all want to choke you?” In a different class, a 15-year-old boy wanted to know, “Why do girls all want to be choked?” They do? Not long after, a college sophomore (and longtime interview subject) contacted me after her roommate came home in tears because a hookup partner, without warning, had put both hands on her throat and squeezed.

I started to ask more, and the stories piled up. Another sophomore confided that she enjoyed being choked by her boyfriend, though it was important for a partner to be “properly educated” — pressing on the sides of the neck, for example, rather than the trachea. (Note: There is no safe way to strangle someone.) A male freshman said “girls expected” to be choked and, even though he didn’t want to do it, refusing would make him seem like a “simp.” And a senior in high school was angry that her friends called her “vanilla” when she complained that her boyfriend had choked her.

Sexual strangulation, nearly always of women in heterosexual pornography, has long been a staple on free sites, those default sources of sex ed for teens . As with anything else, repeat exposure can render the once appalling appealing. It’s not uncommon for behaviors to be normalized in porn, move within a few years to mainstream media, then, in what may become a feedback loop, be adopted in the bedroom or the dorm room.

Choking, Dr. Herbenick said, seems to have made that first leap in a 2008 episode of Showtime’s “Californication,” where it was still depicted as outré, then accelerated after the success of “Fifty Shades of Grey.” By 2019, when a high school girl was choked in the pilot of HBO’s “Euphoria,” it was standard fare. A young woman was choked in the opener of “The Idol” (again on HBO and also, like “Euphoria,” created by Sam Levinson; what’s with him ?). Ali Wong plays the proclivity for laughs in a Netflix special, and it’s a punchline in Tina Fey’s new “Mean Girls.” The chorus of Jack Harlow’s “Lovin On Me,” which topped Billboard’s Hot 100 chart for six nonconsecutive weeks this winter and has been viewed over 99 million times on YouTube, starts with, “I’m vanilla, baby, I’ll choke you, but I ain’t no killer, baby.” How-to articles abound on the internet, and social media algorithms feed young people (but typically not their unsuspecting parents) hundreds of #chokemedaddy memes along with memes that mock — even celebrate — the potential for hurting or killing female partners.

I’m not here to kink-shame (or anything-shame). And, anyway, many experienced BDSM practitioners discourage choking, believing it to be too dangerous. There are still relatively few studies on the subject, and most have been done by Dr. Herbenick and her colleagues. Reports among adolescents are now trickling out from the United Kingdom , Australia , Iceland , New Zealand and Italy .

Twenty years ago, sexual asphyxiation appears to have been unusual among any demographic, let alone young people who were new to sex and iffy at communication. That’s changed radically in a short time, with health consequences that parents, educators, medical professionals, sexual consent advocates and teens themselves urgently need to understand.

Sexual trends can spread quickly on campus and, to an extent, in every direction. But, at least among straight kids, I’ve sometimes noticed a pattern: Those that involve basic physical gratification — like receiving oral sex in hookups — tend to favor men. Those that might entail pain or submission, like choking, are generally more for women.

So, while undergrads of all genders and sexualities in Dr. Herbenick’s surveys report both choking and being choked, straight and bisexual young women are far more likely to have been the subjects of the behavior; the gap widens with greater occurrences. (In a separate study , Dr. Herbenick and her colleagues found the behavior repeated across the United States, particularly for adults under 40, and not just among college students.) Alcohol may well be involved, and while the act is often engaged in with a steady partner, a quarter of young women said partners they’d had sex with on the day they’d met also choked them.

Either way, most say that their partners never or only sometimes asked before grabbing their necks. For many, there had been moments when they couldn’t breathe or speak, compromising the ability to withdraw consent, if they’d given it. No wonder that, in a separate study by Dr. Herbenick, choking was among the most frequently listed sex acts young women said had scared them, reporting that it sometimes made them worry whether they’d survive.

Among girls and women I’ve spoken with, many did not want or like to be sexually strangled, though in an otherwise desired encounter they didn’t name it as assault . Still, a sizable number were enthusiastic; they requested it. It is exciting to feel so vulnerable, a college junior explained. The power dynamic turns her on; oxygen deprivation to the brain can trigger euphoria.

That same young woman, incidentally, had never climaxed with a partner: While the prevalence of choking has skyrocketed, rates of orgasm among young women have not increased, nor has the “orgasm gap” disappeared among heterosexual couples. “It indicates they’re not doing other things to enhance female arousal or pleasure,” Dr. Herbenick said.

When, for instance, she asked one male student who said he choked his partner whether he’d ever tried using a vibrator instead, he recoiled. “Why would I do that?” he asked.

Perhaps, she responded, because it would be more likely to produce orgasm without risking, you know, death.

In my interviews, college students have seen male orgasm as a given; women’s is nice if it happens, but certainly not expected or necessarily prioritized (by either partner). It makes sense, then, that fulfillment would be less the motivator for choking than appearing adventurous or kinky. Such performances don’t always feel good.

“Personally, my hypothesis is that this is one of the reasons young people are delaying or having less sex,” Dr. Herbenick said. “Because it’s uncomfortable and weird and scary. At times some of them literally think someone is assaulting them but they don’t know. Those are the only sexual experiences for some people. And it’s not just once they’ve gotten naked. They’ll say things like, ‘I’ve only tried to make out with someone once because he started choking and hitting me.’”

Keisuke Kawata, a neuroscientist at Indiana University’s School of Public Health, was one of the first researchers to sound the alarm on how the cumulative, seemingly inconsequential, sub-concussive hits football players sustain (as opposed to the occasional hard blow) were key to triggering C.T.E., the degenerative brain disease. He’s a good judge of serious threats to the brain. In response to Dr. Herbenick’s work, he’s turning his attention to sexual strangulation. “I see a similarity” to C.T.E., he told me, “though the mechanism of injury is very different.” In this case, it is oxygen-blocking pressure to the throat, frequently in light, repeated bursts of a few seconds each.

Strangulation — sexual or otherwise — often leaves few visible marks and can be easily overlooked as a cause of death. Those whose experiences are nonlethal rarely seek medical attention, because any injuries seem minor: Young women Dr. Herbenick studied mostly reported lightheadedness, headaches, neck pain, temporary loss of coordination and ear ringing. The symptoms resolve, and all seems well. But, as with those N.F.L. players, the true effects are silent, potentially not showing up for days, weeks, even years.

According to the American Academy of Neurology, restricting blood flow to the brain, even briefly, can cause permanent injury, including stroke and cognitive impairment. In M.R.I.s conducted by Dr. Kawata and his colleagues (including Dr. Herbenick, who is a co-author of his papers on strangulation), undergraduate women who have been repeatedly choked show a reduction in cortical folding in the brain compared with a never-choked control group. They also showed widespread cortical thickening, an inflammation response that is associated with elevated risk of later-onset mental illness. In completing simple memory tasks, their brains had to work far harder than the control group, recruiting from more regions to achieve the same level of accuracy.

The hemispheres in the choked group’s brains, too, were badly skewed, with the right side hyperactive and the left underperforming. A similar imbalance is associated with mood disorders — and indeed in Dr. Herbenick’s surveys girls and women who had been choked were more likely than others (or choked men) to have experienced overwhelming anxiety, as well as sadness and loneliness, with the effect more pronounced as the incidence rose: Women who had experienced more than five instances of choking were two and a half times as likely as those who had never been choked to say they had been so depressed within the previous 30 days they couldn’t function. Whether girls and women with mental health challenges are more likely to seek out (or be subjected to) choking, choking causes mood disorders, or some combination of the two is still unclear. But hypoxia, or oxygen deprivation — judging by what research has shown about other types of traumatic brain injury — could be a contributing factor. Given the soaring rates of depression and anxiety among young women, that warrants concern.

Now consider that every year Dr. Herbenick has done her survey, the number of females reporting extreme effects from strangulation (neck swelling, loss of consciousness, losing control of urinary function) has crept up. Among those who’ve been choked, the rate of becoming what students call “cloudy” — close to passing out, but not crossing the line — is now one in five, a huge proportion. All of this indicates partners are pressing on necks longer and harder.

The physical, cognitive and psychological impacts of sexual choking are disturbing. So is the idea that at a time when women’s social, economic, educational and political power are in ascent (even if some of those rights may be in jeopardy), when #MeToo has made progress against harassment and assault, there has been the popularization of a sex act that can damage our brains, impair intellectual functioning, undermine mental health, even kill us. Nonfatal strangulation, one of the most significant indicators that a man will murder his female partner (strangulation is also one of the most common methods used for doing so), has somehow been eroticized and made consensual, at least consensual enough. Yet, the outcomes are largely the same: Women’s brains and bodies don’t distinguish whether they are being harmed out of hate or out of love.

By now I’m guessing that parents are curled under their chairs in a fetal position. Or perhaps thinking, “No, not my kid!” (see: title of Dr. Herbenick’s book above, which, by the way, contains an entire chapter on how to talk to your teen about “rough sex”).

I get it. It’s scary stuff. Dr. Herbenick is worried; I am, too. And we are hardly some anti-sex, wait-till-marriage crusaders. But I don’t think our only option is to wring our hands over what young people are doing.

Parents should take a beat and consider how they might give their children relevant information in a way that they can hear it. Maybe reiterate that they want them to have a pleasurable sex life — you have already said that, right? — and also want them to be safe. Tell them that misinformation about certain practices, including choking, is rampant, that in reality it has grave health consequences. Plus, whether or not a partner initially requested it, if things go wrong, you’re generally criminally on the hook.

Dr. Herbenick suggests reminding them that there are other, lower-risk ways to be exploratory or adventurous if that is what they are after, but it would be wisest to delay any “rough sex” until they are older and more skilled at communicating. She offers language when negotiating with a new partner, such as, “By the way, I’m not comfortable with” — choking, or other escalating behaviors such as name-calling, spitting and genital slapping — “so please don’t do it/don’t ask me to do it to you.” They could also add what they are into and want to do together.

I’d like to point high school health teachers to evidence-based porn literacy curricula, but I realize that incorporating such lessons into their classrooms could cost them their jobs. Shafia Zaloom, a lecturer at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, recommends, if that’s the case, grounding discussions in mainstream and social media. There are plenty of opportunities. “You can use it to deconstruct gender norms, power dynamics in relationships, ‘performative’ trends that don’t represent most people’s healthy behaviors,” she said, “especially depictions of people putting pressure on someone’s neck or chest.”

I also know that pediatricians, like other adults, struggle when talking to adolescents about sex (the typical conversation, if it happens, lasts 40 seconds). Then again, they already caution younger children to use a helmet when they ride a bike (because heads and necks are delicate!); they can mention that teens might hear about things people do in sexual situations, including choking, then explain the impact on brain health and why such behavior is best avoided. They should emphasize that if, for any reason — a fall, a sports mishap or anything else — a young person develops symptoms of head trauma, they should come in immediately, no judgment, for help in healing.

The role and responsibility of the entertainment industry is a tangled knot: Media reflects behavior but also drives it, either expanding possibilities or increasing risks. There is precedent for accountability. The European Union now requires age verification on the world’s largest porn sites (in ways that preserve user privacy, whatever that means on the internet); that discussion, unsurprisingly, had been politicized here. Social media platforms have already been pushed to ban content promoting eating disorders, self-harm and suicide — they should likewise be pressured to ban content promoting choking. Traditional formats can stop glamorizing strangulation, making light of it, spreading false information, using it to signal female characters’ complexity or sexual awakening. Young people’s sexual scripts are shaped by what they watch, scroll by and listen to — unprecedentedly so. They deserve, and desperately need, models of interactions that are respectful, communicative, mutual and, at the very least, safe.

Peggy Orenstein is the author of “Boys & Sex: Young Men on Hookups, Love, Porn, Consent and Navigating the New Masculinity” and “Girls & Sex: Navigating the Complicated New Landscape.”

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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An earlier version of this article misstated the network on which “Californication” first appeared. It is Showtime, not HBO. The article also misspelled a book and film title. It is “Fifty Shades of Grey,” not “Fifty Shades of Gray.”

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News and Events > News > U.S. and Indian Naval War Colleges to Co-Host Regional Alumni Symposium

U.S. and Indian Naval War Colleges to Co-Host Regional Alumni Symposium

Indo-American Naval War College Conference banner image

Newport, RI – The U.S. Naval War College (NWC) and Indian Naval War College will hold the Indo-American Naval War College Conference in Goa, India, April 16-18.

The conference is part of NWC’s regional alumni symposium (RAS) series and marks the 21st RAS since the program’s inception.

Participation in the Indo-American Naval War College Conference is open to select international alumni and invited guests and will feature keynote speeches by prominent military and political leaders and academics. Attendees will also view presentations given by NWC alumni, U.S. and Indian Navy scholars and practitioners, and other subject matter experts from around the Indo-Pacific region.

NWC’s regional alumni symposia are designed to promote professional military education as a lifelong pursuit. They also serve to foster professional interaction among rising military leaders and allow graduates to take advantage of and nurture the relations formed during their time at NWC.

NWC delivers excellence in education, research, and outreach, informing today’s decision-makers and educating tomorrow’s leaders. The college provides educational experiences and learning opportunities that develop students’ ability to anticipate and prepare strategically for the future, strengthen the foundations of peace, and create a decisive warfighting advantage.

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Essay on Indian Education System for Students
In this Essay on Indian Education System will discuss about Pros and Cons of it. The Indian education system is quite an old education system that still exists. It has produced so many genius minds that are making India proud all over the world. ... Q.2 How can we improve the Indian education system? A.2 The colleges and schools must hire well ...
Education System In India Essay in English
100 Words Essay On Education System In India. India's education system is ideal for providing its students with a solid academic foundation. It emphasises lifelong learning and encourages its students to pursue higher education. It also develops the students' language skills by allowing them to study in both English and Indian languages.
Education in India
Literacy rate in India as per Census 2011: 74%. Literacy rate: Male: 82.1%; Female: 65.5%. Kerala tops the rankings, followed by Delhi, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu. Bihar is the lowest among states, followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, etc., however, they are improving their position.
PDF Higher Education in India: Challenges and Opportunities
The growth of universities and Colleges in India from 1970 to 2012 Chart 1.1 Chart 1.2 Source: Higher Education in India: Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) and beyond FICCI Higher Education Summit 2012 Challenges in Higher Education in India It is our 69 th year of independence still our education system has not been developed fully. We are not ...
Essay on Education System in India in 100, 200 Words I Leverage Edu
Essay on Education System in India in 100 words. The education system in India comprises four levels: pre-primary, primary, secondary and senior secondary system; all these levels are well-structured and developed to systemically introduce students to the subject matter, develop their language and cognitive skills and prepare them for higher ...
PDF Essay No. 10. September 08, 2021 TRANSFORMING HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA
6 National Education Policy - 2020 : Transforming Higher Education in India Transforming Higher Education in India : Challenges and Opportunities 7 changing the mindset of faculty, particularly that of the seniors, is a big challenge. It requires a cultural shift in the entire higher education ecosystem over the next 15-20 years. Challenge 04
Higher Education in India
The college density (number of colleges per lakh eligible population) varies from 7 in Bihar to 59 in Telangana as compared to All India average of 28. Most of premier universities and colleges are centred in a metropolitan and urban city, thereby leading to the regional disparity in access to higher education.
Indian Education Essay for Students in English
Essay on Indian Education. Education plays an important role in the development of an individual and makes him a knowledgeable citizen. It is the Education that makes an individual self-reliant, helps to suppress social evils, and contributes towards the development of the society and nation as a whole. Education helps in unraveling the mystery ...
Essay on Education in India
The Current Scenario. Today, India's education system is one of the largest in the world, with over 250 million students enrolled across various levels. It is characterized by a broad structure, encompassing primary, secondary, and higher education. The Right to Education Act, 2009, made education a fundamental right for children aged 6-14 ...
Essay on Education System in India
Students are often asked to write an essay on Education System in India in their schools and colleges. And if you're also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic. ... 500 Words Essay on Education System in India Introduction. India, with its rich and diverse culture, has a long-standing ...
Essay on Indian Education System
Education is like a key that opens doors to a world of knowledge, opportunities, and growth. In India, a vast and diverse country, the education system plays a crucial role in shaping the future of millions of students. In this essay, I will argue that the Indian education system has its strengths and challenges, and it is continually evolving ...
Essay on Education System in India
Essay on Indian Education System. Indian Education System Essay is mainly divided into four stages. Lower primary. Upper primary. High school and. Higher secondary. The age group of lower primary school is 6 years to 10 years, for upper primary, it is 11 and 12 years. Children start their high school usually at the age of 13 ends at 15 or 16.
Education System in India Essay
The education system in India is one of the oldest and most diverse in the world. With a history that dates back to ancient times, the Indian education system has undergone significant changes and developments over the years. However, despite its long history, the education system in India still faces several challenges that need to be addressed.
Education in India
Education in India is primarily managed by the state-run public education system, which falls under the command of the government at three levels: central, state and local.Under various articles of the Indian Constitution and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, free and compulsory education is provided as a fundamental right to children aged 6 to 14.
Essay on Higher Education in India for School and College Students
10 Lines Essay on Higher Education in India (100-120 Words) 1) Higher education is considered the last stage of academic learning. 2) Higher studies are done after the successful completion of secondary education. 3) Colleges and universities are responsible for providing higher education.
A Review on Indian Education System with Issues and Challenges
Indian higher education: The contemporary issues Basavarajappa UK, International Journal of Academic Research and Development ISSN: 2455-4197, Impact Factor: RJIF 5.22 www.academicsjournal.com ...
Essay on The Indian Education System: Challenges and Opportunities
Essay on The Indian Education System: The Indian education system is one of the oldest in the world, with a rich history dating back to ancient times. It has. ... Quality Disparities: While India has prestigious institutions, a majority of schools and colleges, especially in rural areas, lack basic infrastructure and quality teachers. This ...
Essay on Education: Samples in 100, 250 and 500 Words
Essay on Education - 500 Words. Education speeds up effective learning and instils values, information, skills, and beliefs. A person's life becomes better and more serene as a result of education. The teaching of writing and reading is the first stage in education. People become conscious and literate through education.
The Education System in India Free Essay Example
Essay Sample: Introduction Education is not only vital for India's competitiveness and economic growth, but also for social stability. Education is said to be excellent ... Categories: College Education system in India Education System Today Higher Education India University. Download paper. Download. Essay, Pages 9 (2250 words) Views.
Education Essay for Students in English
Education plays an important role in the development of an individual and making him a knowledgeable citizen. It is the education that makes an individual self-reliant, helps to suppress the social evils and contribute towards the development of the society and nation as a whole. Education helps in unravelling the mystery of nature.
Education in India: A Detailed Analysis
The male literacy rate is 82.14% while the female literacy rate is 65.46%. The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) for higher education in India is 26.30%. The GER is the percentage of people aged 18-23 who are enrolled in higher education institutions. In India, there are more than 700 universities and 37000 colleges.
Essay on Co-Education: Samples in 100, 150, 200 Words
Essay on Co-Education in 200 Words. Co-education, the practice of educating male and female students together in the same institution, has been a topic of debate for decades. It has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, which vary depending on cultural, social, and regional contexts. One of the primary benefits of co-education is that it ...
Not Necessarily But A Higher Education By Kumar Summary
Not Necessarily, But a Higher Education Is" by Sandhya Kumar is an article about the downfall of the college education system with the recent high schoolers. This article was published on September 18, 2023, at Winthrop House in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In recent years, students have lost interest in receiving a four-year college degree.
India's Unusual Jobs Math: More Education Equals a Higher Chance of
India's Unusual Jobs Math: More Education Equals a Higher Chance of Unemployment A protest in parliament has cast a spotlight on young people with college degrees who are struggling to find careers.
Opinion
The Troubling Trend in Teenage Sex. Ms. Orenstein is the author of "Boys & Sex: Young Men on Hookups, Love, Porn, Consent and Navigating the New Masculinity" and "Girls & Sex: Navigating the ...
Teachers are using AI to grade essays. Students are using AI to write
Meanwhile, while fewer faculty members used AI, the percentage grew to 22% of faculty members in the fall of 2023, up from 9% in spring 2023. Teachers are turning to AI tools and platforms ...
Lok Sabha Elections 2024 in Tamil Nadu: Schools and colleges to remain
The Election Commission of India announced the schedule for the 2024 Lok Sabha Elections, with voting in 7 phases from April 19 to June 1. Tamil Nadu elections will commence on April 19, with ...
Lok Sabha Elections 2024 in Rajasthan: Schools and colleges will remain
The Election Commission of India announced the seven-phase Lok Sabha Elections 2024 schedule on March 16. Polling commences on April 19 and concludes on June 1, with vote counting on June 4 ...
Essay on Indian Culture in 500 Words
Paragraph on Indian Culture. Indian culture is one of the oldest, most diverse, and richest cultures in the world because of several factors. Our welcoming attitude towards everyone is encouraged all over the world. There is diversity in every aspect of our culture, from religious practices to festivals, foods, and traditional art forms.
News
Newport, RI - The U.S. Naval War College (NWC) and Indian Naval War College will hold the Indo-American Naval War College Conference in Goa, India, April 16-18. The conference is part of NWC's regional alumni symposium (RAS) series and marks the 21st RAS since the program's inception. Participation in the Indo-American Naval War College ...

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Education System In India Essay

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