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Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Programs and Policies 2023–2024

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Sterling Law Building, 203.432.1696 http://law.yale.edu/phd M.A., Ph.D.

Dean Heather Gerken

Director of Graduate Studies Robert Post

Fields of Study

The Ph.D. in Law program prepares students who have earned a J.D. from an American Bar Association accredited law school to enter law teaching or other careers that require a scholarly mastery of law. The program is designed to provide a broad foundation in the canonical texts and methods of legal scholarship and to support students in producing original scholarship in the form of a dissertation. The program strongly encourages, but does not require, interdisciplinary approaches to the study of law.

Special Requirements for the Ph.D. Degree

Each student will have a faculty advisory committee, which will help the student select appropriate courses. In their first year, students take a mandatory two-term seminar on the foundations of legal scholarship, legal theory, and methods (or its equivalent) and as many as four additional courses. Students may take other courses in the Law School or in other departments or schools at Yale University. Each student’s advisory committee may waive up to four courses. The foundations seminar may not be waived and must be taken for a grade, not audited.

Each Ph.D. student must take two qualifying examinations. The first, administered before the start of the second term in the program, is a written examination based on materials studied in the first term of the foundations seminar. It will test the student’s breadth of knowledge across the legal canon, including knowledge of canonical texts, methods, and principles. The second is an oral examination administered by the student’s advisory committee at the beginning of the second year and no later than October 15 of that year. The oral examination tests the student’s knowledge of the scholarship, theories, and methodologies relevant to the student’s area of study. Both qualifying examinations are graded on a pass/fail basis. A student who fails a qualifying examination will have one opportunity to retake the examination in the following term.

After completion of the second qualifying examination, the student will assemble a faculty dissertation committee and prepare a dissertation prospectus. Upon approval of the prospectus, usually by the end of the fourth term, the student will devote the remaining time in the program to writing a dissertation, which may take the form of a traditional monograph or three publishable scholarly articles. The final dissertation must be approved by both the student’s dissertation committee and the director of graduate studies (DGS).

Students in the Ph.D. in Law program are also expected to meet additional academic requirements in each year of the program, specified below and outlined in greater detail in the Ph.D. in Law Program Manual available from the Graduate Programs Office at Yale Law School. Students who fail to meet program requirements will not be in good standing and may be withdrawn from the program.

All required written work must be judged satisfactory by the student’s advisory committee, in consultation with the assistant dean for graduate programs and the director of graduate studies (DGS). A satisfactory article or chapter is one that the student’s advisory committee, the assistant dean, and the DGS agree is appropriate and ready for professional presentation at an academic workshop, and one that offers the promise of meeting the standards expected by leading law reviews or academic presses.

First-year requirements include satisfactory performance in course work, including the foundations seminar (or its equivalent); passing the first qualifying examination; and completion of a first dissertation article or chapter. Students also must submit an approved reading list for the second qualifying examination to the assistant dean and the DGS no later than the final day of the spring examination period.

Second-year requirements include submission of the first dissertation article or chapter for publication no later than the first day of classes for the fall term of the second year and successful completion of the second qualifying examination by October 15 of that year. Second-year students shall complete a second satisfactory dissertation article or chapter by December 1 and complete their first required teaching experience by the end of their second year in the program. They shall submit their dissertation prospectus to the assistant dean and the DGS by June 1 of the second year.

In the third year, students are required to complete and submit a draft of their third dissertation article or chapter by August 1, and to workshop their article or chapter at the Law School no later than September 20 in preparation for the academic job market. For those who plan to graduate in May of their third year, a final and complete dissertation must be submitted to the assistant dean, the DGS, dissertation committee members, and the Graduate School registrar no later than March 15. Students must also satisfactorily complete their second teaching experience during their third year in the program. Both teaching experiences will typically be reviewed in person or via recorded media with the assistant dean and/or the committee chair and the DGS.

The program is designed to be completed in three years and two summers, but students who do not expect to complete all program requirements before the conclusion of their third year in the program are invited to petition the Law School’s Ph.D. Policy Committee for permission to enroll for a seventh and eighth semester in the program under Extended Registration or Dissertation Completion Status (DCS). Those enrolled under Extended Registration are full-time students and receive, as before, Yale Basic Health coverage and a Health Award to cover the cost of Yale Health hospitalization/specialty coverage, but they do not receive stipendiary support. Instead, they are eligible to teach in Yale College or, in exceptional circumstances, to assist a Yale Law School faculty member in their teaching to support their living expenses. Teaching opportunities are coordinated by the Graduate School’s Teaching Fellow Program. 

Students on DCS are less than half-time students who retain their Yale NetID in order to access electronic library resources and their Yale e-mail accounts. Students in this category are not eligible for stipendiary support nor a Health Award from the Graduate School or the Law School; they should consult with the Graduate School on other services and resources that may not be available to them as less than half-time students. 

Those on both "Extended Registration" and "Dissertation Completion" status are responsible for paying the Continuous Registration Fee ($790 per term for the 2023–24 academic year). (Note that the Graduate School provides a fellowship to cover the cost of the Continuous Registration Fee for those teaching in Yale College.) 

As part of their training, Ph.D. students must complete two terms of teaching experience. There are a number of ways to fulfill this requirement, depending on the availability of teaching experiences from year to year. They include: (1) serving as a teaching assistant for a Law School course; (2) serving as a student organizer for a Law School reading group; (3) serving as a teaching fellow for a course in Yale College or another school at Yale; (4) co-teaching a Law School course with a faculty member; and (5) in unusual situations, teaching their own course. In all cases, students engaged in teaching will have faculty supervision and feedback from their advisers.

Master’s Degree

M.A. The M.A. degree may be granted to Ph.D. in Law students who are not completing the program, but who successfully complete the two-term foundations seminar and at least two additional courses, pass the two qualifying examinations, and submit an academic paper that is judged to be of publishable quality. Students may substitute a third course for one of the two qualifying examinations. The degree is available retroactively to students who matriculated from September 2013 onward.

Program materials are available upon request to the Graduate Programs Office, Yale Law School, 127 Wall Street, New Haven CT 06511.

For Law School courses, see the Law School bulletin, online at https://bulletin.yale.edu . For courses in other schools at Yale University, please see their respective bulletins or https://courses.yale.edu . Specific course selections will be approved by the student’s advisory committee and by the DGS.

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At Yale Law School, students immerse themselves in big ideas, work closely with leading scholars, and gain incredible hands-on experience serving clients and communities in New Haven, across the country, and around the world. As part of the J.D. degree program at Yale, every student works closely with the faculty to complete two major research papers, and some students go on to publish their work. 

Our world-renowned faculty teach a wide array of courses and there are countless opportunities for independent research, writing, and student-organized seminars. With a variety of clinics and centers that serve as hubs for important research and practice, there is no shortage of ways to engage with the law, explore your interests, and learn the critical skills needed to lead and serve.

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Law School 2023 – 2024

Academic requirements and options, registration.

All J.D., J.S.D., LL.M., and M.S.L. students are required to register at the Law School on August 22 or 23, 2023. Ph.D. students are required to register with the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences on the Graduate School’s schedule.

J.D. students may not register for their penultimate term unless they have completed one of the two writing requirements (see Writing Requirements, below).

For the spring term, all students are expected to register, either in person at the Law School or through an online check-in, on January 16, 2024.

First-term J.D. students will not be allowed to register unless they have provided the registrar with a digital photograph and an official transcript confirming the award of a bachelor’s degree. Incoming first-term students must submit no later than October 15, 2023, a final, official transcript from the institution that awarded their undergraduate degree. Students who fail to do so will be withdrawn from the Law School on that date.

Transfer students must provide the registrar with a digital photograph and official transcripts of a bachelor’s degree and the first year of law school.

A fee of $50 will be charged for late registration. This fee will be waived only with the registrar’s written permission to register late. Written permission must be received prior to the designated registration day.

Classes commence on August 30, 2023, for the fall term and are scheduled to begin on January 16, 2024, for the spring term.

Course Selection

All J.D. students, except first-term students, and all graduate students may sample courses and rearrange course selections for a period of time following registration, as specified by the registrar. After that time period, a student may not add or drop a course unless (a) on application to the instructor, the student can establish good cause for adding or dropping the course; (b) the registrar concurs in the recommendation of the instructor; and (c) the student retains at least 12 units and no more than 16 units for the term, or the associate dean for academic affairs and the registrar approve another number of units. Forms for adding and dropping courses must be signed by the instructors of the respective courses and filed with the Office of the Registrar. A course requiring an examination must be added or dropped by the final day of classes. The specific dates for filing such requests each term are published on the calendar of the Office of the Registrar. A fee of $20, $40, or $80 will be charged for each late course change, depending on the time of the change. A fee of $200 will be charged for any course change that occurs in a term subsequent to the term in which the course was offered.

Limited Enrollment

A faculty member may set a limit on or special qualifications for enrollment in a course, and these will be specified in the course description. If no such limitations have been set, enrollment in a course will be limited only by the availability of classroom space. If enrollment is limited, then students must apply during a special sign-up period that usually occurs in June for fall-term courses and in November for spring-term courses.

A student applying for more than one course in which enrollment is limited must indicate preferences among these courses by designating a first choice, a second choice, and up to three third choices. This ranking may be used by faculty in making selections among students. A student who is accepted in such a limited enrollment course will be enrolled in that course during the first online enrollment period. Students who decline a place in such a limited enrollment course must remove that course from their schedule during the open enrollment period and notify both the professor and the registrar, so that their place in the course may be offered to someone else. Students may list three choices for courses designated as requiring the permission of the instructor; four choices for courses designated as experiential; and four choices for courses that do not require permission or have other restrictions, other than a designated maximum enrollment.

Credit/Fail Units

A faculty member may offer a course or program of individual work on a credit/fail basis if the faculty member believes the work makes it infeasible to give individual grades. A faculty member may offer any course or program of individual work on a credit/fail basis for some or all of the students participating. Similarly, a faculty member may offer the option of taking a designated credit/fail course or clinic on a graded basis for some or all of the students participating. The faculty member should make these determinations at the beginning of the term. If a student is given the option to change the grading basis of a course, clinic, or program of individual work, the student must exercise the option by filing the appropriate form with the Office of the Registrar by the published deadline for the term. After this deadline, the grade mode may not be changed by the student or the faculty member.

Examinations and Papers

Law School examinations are given during a period (normally two weeks) at the end of the term.

The registrar may, for good cause shown, permit students to take an examination at a time different from that indicated on the official examination schedule. Requests for such permission may be made only during the last week of classes, except in case of sudden emergencies, such as illness. The specific dates for filing such requests each term are published on the calendar of the Office of the Registrar.

The registrar may permit extra time on examinations for students in their first year at the Law School if their native language is not English and if the language of instruction at their undergraduate or previous institution was not English. No extra time will be permitted for any student who attended an undergraduate institution where the language of instruction was English.

All papers assigned during the term, and all papers submitted in lieu of examinations in courses where that is authorized, are due, unless otherwise indicated by the instructor, on the final day of the examination period for that term.

For good cause, instructors may authorize extensions of time for the completion of papers. The authorization must be in writing, and extensions will be permitted for no more than sixty days after the close of the term in which the paper is assigned. Extensions of time beyond these limits shall be approved only in cases in which the student obtains, in writing, permission from both the instructor and the registrar. Such permission must include a specific due date and must be filed with the registrar. If the student does not meet regular or extended deadlines for a paper or examination, the instructor may award a grade of Failure for the paper or examination.

Grades for All Degree Students

Honors Performance in the course demonstrates superior mastery of the subject.

Pass Successful performance in the course.

Low Pass Performance in the course is below the level expected for the award of a degree.

Credit The course has been completed satisfactorily; no particular level of performance is specified. All first-term courses and certain advanced courses are offered only on a credit/fail basis.

Failure No credit is given for the course.

There is no required “curve” for grades in Law School classes. Individual class rank is not computed.

An instructor’s evaluation of the quality of a student’s work is final and may not be appealed, except where a student alleges that the grade resulted from discrimination based on race, sex, color, religion, national or ethnic origin, disability, or sexual orientation. Students should raise such allegations with the dean of the Law School.

Calculation of Course Credit Units

A “credit hour” is the amount of work that reasonably approximates:

• not less than one hour of classroom or direct faculty instruction and two hours of out-of-class student work per week for fifteen weeks, or the equivalent amount of work over a different amount of time; or
• at least an equivalent amount of work as required in subparagraph (1) of this definition for other academic activities as established by the institution, including simulation, field placement, clinical co-curricular, and other academic work leading to the award of credit hours.

“One hour” of classroom or direct faculty instruction is fifty minutes. An “hour” for out-of-class student work is sixty minutes.

Teaching block times are designed to calculate the 750 minutes per credit unit for thirteen weeks of instruction plus the calculation of either the equivalent of one additional week for the time of a final examination or, for a seminar where a substantial research paper is required, the additional non-seat supervision time that is needed to complete such course requirement.

Requirements for the Degree of Juris Doctor (J.D.)

To qualify for the J.D. degree, students must at all times meet the conditions for continuation as a degree candidate, complete a total of 83 units of satisfactory work, satisfy the writing requirements and other requirements specified below, spend at least six full terms or the equivalent thereof in residence, and be recommended for the degree by the faculty. No degree will be awarded if incomplete work remains on a student’s record.

Attendance at Yale Law School must be full-time for a period of six terms. Each term, including the final term in residence, a student must enroll for no fewer than 12 and no more than 16 units of credit, unless approval is given by the appropriate dean and the registrar. Such approval is granted only in unusual circumstances. During the terms that students are enrolled and in residence at Yale Law School, they cannot be simultaneously enrolled, either full-time or part-time, in any other school or college either within Yale University or at any other institution.

In accordance with American Bar Association accreditation standards and sound educational policy, the Law School requires regular class attendance for a student to receive credit for a course. Instructors have the discretion to have more specific attendance requirements, which they announce at the beginning of the term.

For additional information about requirements for transfer students, see Transfer Policy/Advanced Standing, in the chapter Admissions, Expenses, and Financial Aid. For additional information about requirements for joint-degree programs, see Joint Degrees, below.

Each student must take courses in Constitutional Law, Contracts, Criminal Law and Administration, and Procedure. In one of these subjects, the student is assigned to a small group. This seminar-style course, with about sixteen students, integrates elementary training in legal research and writing with regular course work. All first-term courses are graded on a credit/fail basis.

Curriculum after the First Term

To graduate, students must, after the first term, satisfactorily complete at least 67 units of credit. As a condition for graduation, a student must successfully complete a course of study of not fewer than 83 credit hours. At least 64 of these credit hours shall be in courses that require attendance in regularly scheduled classroom sessions or direct faculty instruction.* A maximum of 10 of the 83 units required for graduation may be for supervised research and reading. Students are free to select their own curriculum, but each student must complete (1) Torts and Regulation, (2) a course of at least 2 units substantially devoted to issues of legal ethics or professional responsibility, (3) one or more experiential courses totaling at least 6 credit hours (see below), and (4) the writing requirements described below. Students should consult the YLS:Courses site to ascertain which courses meet the legal ethics/professional responsibility and experiential credit requirements. Students who plan to sit for the New York Bar should consult the YLS:Courses site also to ensure that they enroll in a professional responsibility course that satisfies the New York State Bar requirements.

To graduate, students matriculating in fall 2023 or later must also complete at least two educational experiences devoted to concerns about bias, cross-cultural competency, and racism. The first such experience will be provided during Orientation. The requirement of a second such educational occasion can be met by attending a designated Law School program on these issues or by enrolling in a clinic or field placement that the faculty member indicates will provide such an educational experience. In any case, for students engaged in clinics or field placements, the second educational occasion concerning bias, cross-cultural competency, and racism must take place before, concurrently with, or as part of their enrollment in their first clinic or field placement.

To be designated as a course that meets the experiential requirement, the course must be a simulation course, law clinic, or field placement, be primarily experiential in nature, and must: (1) integrate doctrine, theory, skills, and legal ethics, and engage students in performance of one or more of the professional skills identified in Standard 302; (2) develop the concepts underlying the professional skills being taught; (3) provide multiple opportunities for performance; and (4) provide opportunities for self-evaluation. To receive experiential credit for clinical fieldwork, students must take the corresponding seminar in the same term the fieldwork is performed.

A student may not use a course to satisfy more than one of the following requirements: Professional Responsibility, Supervised Analytic Writing, Substantial Paper, 6 experiential credit hours.

*In calculating the 64 credit hours of regularly scheduled classroom sessions or direct faculty instruction for the purpose of ABA Standard 311(b), the credit hours may include: (1) credit hours earned by attendance in regularly scheduled classroom sessions or direct faculty instruction; (2) credit hours earned by participation in a simulation course or law clinic in compliance with ABA Standard 304; (3) credit hours earned through distance education in compliance with ABA Standard 306; and (4) credit hours earned by participation in law-related studies or activities in a country outside the United States in compliance with ABA Standard 307.

In calculating the 64 credit hours of regularly scheduled classroom sessions or direct faculty instruction for the purpose of ABA Standard 311(b), the credit hours shall not include any other course work, including, but not limited to: (1) credit hours earned through field placements and other study outside of the classroom in compliance with ABA Standard 305; (2) credit hours earned in another department, school, or college of the university with which the law school is affiliated, or at another institution of higher learning; (3) credit hours earned for participation in co-curricular activities such as law review, moot court, and trial competition; and (4) credit hours earned by participation in studies or activities in a country outside the United States in compliance with ABA Standard 307 for studies or activities that are not law-related.

Conditions for Continuing as a J.D. Candidate

A J.D. student who receives a Failure in any course or individual work may, with permission of the instructor, repeat the same for credit and must repeat and pass the same if it is a required course.

Students must maintain Satisfactory Academic Progress (SAP) in both quantitative (pace) and qualitative terms. SAP will be assessed at the end of each academic year for J.D. students.

Quantitative (pace) measures Each student in the J.D. program must complete a minimum of 83 credit hours over the course of six terms in residence (or the equivalent). To maintain full-time status in good standing, each student must be enrolled in the four required courses in the first term (16 credit hours) and in 12 to 16 credit hours in each subsequent term, generally averaging 13 or 14 credit hours per term over the five terms after the first term in residence. Enrollment beyond six terms, or at less than full time, is approved by the dean only in extraordinary circumstances. The maximum time frame for a student to complete J.D. requirements is eighty-four months from the date the student matriculated in law school, including terms on leave. Students who have not completed their degree requirements will be withdrawn from the Law School eighty-four months from the date of matriculation, or twenty-four months after their sixth term, whichever occurs first.

Each student in the J.D. program must complete 75 percent of the credit hours attempted by the end of the first year of study and 75 percent of the credit hours attempted by the end of the second year of study. One of the two writing requirements, the Substantial Paper or the Supervised Analytic Writing Paper, must be completed and certified before students may register for their penultimate term in the J.D. program.

Qualitative measures Students will be disqualified as J.D. candidates and will not be allowed to continue in the Law School if they receive (1) two Failures in any one term; (2) a total of three Failures; (3) Low Pass or Failure in four or more courses by the end of the third term; (4) Low Pass or Failure in five or more courses by the end of the fourth term; (5) Low Pass or Failure in six or more courses by the end of the fifth term; or (6) Low Pass or Failure in a total of seven or more courses. A student who has been disqualified as a J.D. candidate for not maintaining satisfactory grades will not be readmitted without a vote of the Faculty in Executive Session.

At the end of students’ first and second terms, an assistant or associate dean will consult with students if they appear to be doing marginal work. The dean will discuss with these students the advisability of continuing in the Law School.

At the end of each academic year, the registrar will send a degree-progress report to all continuing J.D. candidates, including notification of graduation requirements completed, in progress, or not yet begun. The appropriate dean will consult with any student who appears not to be making satisfactory academic progress. The dean and the student will prepare an academic plan and formal schedule for the completion of in-progress work. For complete details on the Satisfactory Academic Progress policy for J.D. candidates, see https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Public_Affairs/SAP_Policy_Final.pdf .

Limitations on Credit/Fail Units

After the first term, a student must satisfactorily complete at least 51 units of graded work. At least 9 graded units must be taken in the second term of law school. No more than a total of 5 units of ungraded credit in student-directed programs may be counted toward the degree.

Credit/fail work will not be accepted toward fulfillment of the Supervised Analytic Writing requirement. The Substantial Paper requirement may be satisfied by a paper written for a Supervised Research program on a credit/fail basis, or a course offered on a credit/fail basis. For Substantial Papers that are written as Supervised Research, the election of graded or credit/fail must be made at the beginning of the project.

Writing Requirements

For graduation, each student must complete 3 units of Supervised Analytic Writing and prepare a Substantial Paper of at least 2 units. Prior to beginning work on a Supervised Analytic Writing paper or Substantial Paper, a student should secure the approval of the supervising faculty member. At least one of these writing requirements must be satisfied before a student can register for the penultimate term at the Law School. Specifically, the Law School requires that the supervisor of one of those writing projects must certify the student’s successful completion of the project before the student can register for the penultimate term (see Registration, above); the faculty certification must include a final grade for the paper. For most J.D. students, the penultimate term is the fifth term; however, for joint-degree students, the penultimate term is the fourth term. For students who will enter their penultimate term in the fall, the deadline for final certification is August 1; for those whose penultimate term is the spring, the deadline is the last day of the fall-term examination period.

A Supervised Analytic Writing paper for 3 units involves work that is closely supervised by a professor and is designed to increase the student’s proficiency in legal research, analytic reasoning, and writing in a single field of concentration; the paper may not be purely descriptive in character. Supervised Analytic Writing papers may not be submitted on a credit/fail basis and must be certified with a final grade of Pass or higher. Students are strongly encouraged to begin their Supervised Analytic Writing paper no later than the beginning of their penultimate term. Many faculty members require a two-term commitment for Supervised Analytic Writing papers and will not supervise students beginning papers in their last term.

A Substantial Paper for 2 units of credit, although not necessarily meeting the criteria for a Supervised Analytic Writing paper, must be a significant written project. Supervisors may accept Substantial Papers written for a Supervised Research program or course offered on either a graded or credit/fail basis. For Substantial Papers that are written as Supervised Research, the election of graded or credit/fail must be made at the beginning of the project. If a Substantial Paper is certified on a graded basis, the final grade must be Pass or higher.

Supervised Analytic Writing papers or Substantial Papers may be prepared in connection with (1) seminars or courses, (2) research and writing under faculty supervision (see below), or (3) the Intensive Semester Research Program (see below). Work done in courses outside the Law School will not be accepted in satisfaction of the writing requirements.

Only instructors with particular appointments at Yale Law School are eligible to serve as supervisors for Supervised Analytic Writing papers or Substantial Papers. For a complete list of which faculty and visitors may supervise Supervised Analytic Writing papers and Substantial Papers, please consult the Office of the Registrar’s website.

Options within the Course of Study for the Degree of Juris Doctor (J.D.)

Research and writing opportunities.

Students have numerous opportunities to engage in research and writing under faculty supervision. These include writing in connection with seminar courses, writing in a clinical program, and individual research and writing under faculty supervision. The faculty encourages students to publish their written work in law journals and other periodicals and to make this work available to other scholars. Prizes are awarded for outstanding scholarly writing (see Prizes, in the chapter Alumni and Endowment Funds).

Clinical Programs

Yale Law School offers nearly thirty live-client clinics, providing students the opportunity to integrate legal practice, theory, and doctrine in a variety of practice areas. Students, supervised by faculty members and practicing attorneys, interview clients, write briefs, prepare witnesses, try cases, negotiate settlements, draft contracts, participate in commercial transactions, write legislation and regulatory proposals, and argue appeals in state and federal courts, including the U.S. Court of Appeals and the Connecticut Supreme Court. Students are eligible to participate in live-client clinics and appear in court beginning in the spring term of their first year. Nearly ninety percent of all students take at least one clinic, and many students participate in two or more.

A number of Yale’s live-client clinics operate within a single law firm, the Jerome N. Frank Legal Services Organization (LSO). These clinics include: (1) Criminal Justice Advocacy Clinic, representing individuals and organizations affected by the criminal legal system; (2) Samuel Jacobs Criminal Justice Clinic, representing criminal defendants in state and federal proceedings; (3) Housing Clinic, representing clients in mortgage foreclosures, landlord-tenant, and fair housing cases; (4) Ludwig Center for Community and Economic Development, providing legal services and other professional consultation services to community groups involved in affordable housing, banking, and economic development efforts; (5) Mental Health Justice Clinic, representing individuals in the criminal legal system, the civil detention system, or other civil rights areas and community groups engaged in local or state-level advocacy; (6) Peter Gruber Challenging Mass Incarceration Clinic, representing clients in federal sentencing proceedings and Connecticut state post-conviction cases; (7) Veterans Legal Services Clinic, representing Connecticut veterans and their organizations in disability benefits, discharge upgrade, and civil rights matters, as well as legislative and regulatory advocacy projects; and (8) Worker and Immigrant Rights Advocacy Clinic, representing immigrants and low-wage workers and their organizations in labor, immigration, civil rights, and other areas.

All LSO clinics involve close collaboration among new students, experienced students, and supervising clinical faculty. LSO also devotes special attention to issues of professional responsibility and client-centered lawyering. Cases brought by LSO and its legislative, regulatory, and transactional efforts have helped make new law protecting the rights of clients in the various projects and have secured concrete benefits for individuals, families, and communities around the state, region, and country.

In addition to the LSO clinics, Yale Law School offers other clinics, projects, and experiential learning opportunities. These include (1) Appellate Litigation Project, representing pro se clients before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second and Third Circuits; (2) Entrepreneurship and Innovation Clinic, providing legal counsel to for-profit and nonprofit entrepreneurs; (3) Goldman Sonnenfeldt Environmental Protection Clinic: Policy and Advocacy, addressing environmental law and policy problems for client organizations; (4) Financial Markets and Corporate Law Clinic, formulating policy statements on proposed regulation; (5) Free Exercise Clinic, an opportunity for students to defend the free exercise of politically vulnerable religious minorities; (6) Global Public Health and Justice Practicum, working on issues at the intersection of public health, rights, and justice; (7) International Refugee Assistance Project, providing legal representation to refugees; (8) Legal Assistance: Beshar/Lehner Gender Violence Clinic, representing survivors of domestic violence in both civil and criminal matters; (9) Legal Assistance: Immigrant Rights Clinic, representing immigrants and their organizations in Connecticut before administrative agencies and in the legislature; (10) Legal Assistance: Reentry Clinic, providing civil representation to people with criminal convictions to help them reenter society; (11) Lowenstein International Human Rights Clinic, providing practical experience in human rights work; (12) Media Freedom and Information Access Clinic, focusing on issues of government transparency and freedom of expression; (13) Policing, Law, and Policy Clinic, focused on translating cutting-edge empirical research on policing reform into real-world policies; (14) Prosecution Externship, assisting state and federal prosecutors before and after trial; (15) Reproductive Rights and Justice Project, representing reproductive health care providers and/or patients in cases being handled by attorneys at national organizations; (16) San Francisco Affirmative Litigation Project, researching and litigating public interest lawsuits with lawyers in the Office of the San Francisco City Attorney; (17) Strategic Advocacy Clinic, providing a real-world laboratory for students to tackle pressing issues related to criminal justice and inequality; and (18) Supreme Court Advocacy Clinic, representing clients pro bono before the U.S. Supreme Court.

The Law School also offers simulation courses in trial practice, civil litigation, and appellate advocacy, as well as a number of business practice courses in areas as diverse as private capital markets, corporate crisis management, negotiating and drafting M&A agreements, and international arbitration.

Student-Directed Forensic, Experiential, and Editorial Programs

In the second term, students may begin participating in programs managed primarily by students under the general supervision of a faculty adviser. These programs are described in the chapter Student Organizations and Journals.

Because the study of law during the first term of law school is demanding and requires nearly total concentration, first-term students are strongly discouraged from working on law journals or participating in any activities other than their regular course work. In any case, they may not undertake more than a total of twenty hours of pro bono work through law school projects and journal work, and no more than six of those twenty hours may be dedicated to journal work.

Reading Groups and Supervised Reading and Research Programs

After the first term and with the approval of the supervising faculty member, students may undertake reading or research programs for credit. There are two types of programs: (1) supervised reading or research with a faculty member, and (2) faculty-sponsored reading groups. No more than 10 units of credit for such reading or research programs may be counted toward the 83 units required for graduation. No more than 4 of these 10 units may be for participation in reading groups.

In the case of supervised reading or research, the program must be arranged with the faculty member and filed with the Office of the Registrar within the first two weeks of the term. In any term, a student may take at most 6 units of supervised research and supervised reading, no more than 3 of which may be for supervised reading. The registrar’s permission is required for a student to take more than 3 units of supervised research and supervised reading with a single supervisor in a term.

In the case of an approved reading group, each participating student may receive no more than 1 unit of credit, which must be ungraded. To obtain approval for a reading group, the student(s) organizing the group must submit a written proposal to the registrar. The proposal must (1) describe the law-related topic to be examined, (2) provide a complete reading syllabus, and (3) be reviewed and approved by the sponsoring faculty member. To receive credit, students must attend at least 750 minutes of group meetings. As noted above, no more than 4 units of credit for reading groups may be counted toward the 83 units required for graduation. For reading group policies and forms, please see the Office of the Registrar webpage. Deadlines for submitting faculty-reviewed and approved proposals to the registrar are published in that office’s calendar.

Intensive Semester Research Program

The Intensive Semester Research Program provides an opportunity for students in their fourth or fifth term to immerse themselves intensively in a major research project leading to a significant academic product, either at or away from the Law School. Approval of a proposal for an Intensive Semester is restricted to special situations where devotion of one-sixth of a student’s law school career to a single intensive research project has clear academic justification. The Intensive Semester Research Program is not designed to provide an externship experience, law school credit for public service, or opportunities to live away from New Haven for pressing personal reasons.

Under the program, students may devote an entire term to supervised and specialized research overseen by both a member of the Yale Law School faculty and, if away from the Law School, an on-site supervisor. A research project pursued away from the Law School may be located at an archival site or at a site for fieldwork where necessary to achieve the student’s research goals. Whenever an Intensive Semester is to be pursued at a location away from the Law School, the on-site supervisor who has agreed to supplement the faculty member in overseeing the student’s work will be expected, at the conclusion of the Intensive Semester, to submit a report to the faculty supervisor describing and assessing the student’s research or fieldwork. Evaluation of the student’s written product will remain the responsibility of the supervising faculty member.

To apply for the program a student must submit a comprehensive written research proposal to the registrar. The proposal should describe in detail (1) the student’s qualifications to undertake the proposed research; (2) the nature and significance of the research to be undertaken; (3) the expected product of the research; (4) the special circumstances that make an Intensive Semester, rather than a conventional semester spent at the Law School, more effective for attaining the student’s educational goals; and (5) the necessary relationship between any fieldwork and the research and writing component. The proposal must be accompanied by the written approval of the faculty member agreeing to supervise it and a statement by the faculty supervisor indicating why in the supervisor’s judgment the proposal should be approved. Each proposal will be reviewed by the Faculty Committee on Special Courses of Study for compliance with these requirements.

An Intensive Semester can be taken for up to 12 units of credit. The number of units to be graded will be determined by the faculty supervisor, but (1) work performed by the student for credit but not under direct faculty supervision may receive no more than 9 ungraded credits, and (2) at least 3 graded credits must be for the faculty-supervised research paper. The faculty-supervised written work may, with the approval of the instructor, be designated in the application as being undertaken in satisfaction of the Supervised Analytic Writing requirement or the Substantial Paper requirement.

Proposals for Intensive Semesters are reviewed twice during the academic year, once in the fall term and again in the spring term. The specific deadlines for submitting Intensive Semester Research Program proposals can be found on the Important Dates calendar published by the Office of the Registrar. An Intensive Semester Research Program application will be accepted by the registrar only if the student has completed all work in previously taken courses. A student whose application has been approved by the Intensive Semester Research Program Committee may register for the Intensive Semester Research Program only if all prior course work is complete. Students may not take an Intensive Semester during their final term nor take more than one Intensive Semester while at the Law School. Students who undertake an Intensive Semester away from the Law School will be expected to complete the balance of their legal education in residence at the Law School.

Full tuition is charged during the Intensive Semester regardless of where the project is pursued. Financial aid from the Law School will be awarded under the same circumstances and in the same manner as to students in residence. A student may have financial aid budgets adjusted to reflect the extra, nonreimbursed costs, if any, of living and working away from New Haven, but the Law School will not necessarily adjust financial aid for all such extra costs, especially in connection with foreign placements.

A student may not receive compensation from any source for work related to the Intensive Semester Research Program. The student may, however, be permitted to accept reimbursement, from the agency or organization at which the student is located for fieldwork purposes, to cover the extra costs referred to above, if those financial arrangements are disclosed in detail in the application for the Intensive Semester Research Program and approved in advance by the director of financial aid.

Courses Outside the Law School

After the first term, students may take for Law School credit a limited number of courses in the Graduate School, other professional schools, or the undergraduate college of Yale University. Such courses must be relevant to the student’s program of study in the Law School or planned legal career. To obtain permission to take such a course, a student must provide a written statement explaining how the course relates to the student’s legal studies or future law practice and must have (1) the recommendation of a Law School faculty member, (2) permission from the instructor of the course, and (3) permission of the registrar. The registrar determines the appropriate number of units of credit to be awarded for the course. Only one outside course per term is ordinarily allowed, and at most 12 units of credit for such courses may be counted toward the 83 units required for the degree. Of the 12 possible units of outside credit, no more than 6 units of study in a foreign language may be counted toward the J.D. Students may not undertake supervised independent study or enroll in an outside practicum with non-Law School faculty. An outside course may be elected on a credit/fail basis only if the other school or department permits that option for that course. The requirements of the other school or department must, of course, be satisfied. Other schools’ bulletins are available online at https:// bulletin .yale.edu .

Note to students planning to sit the bar examination in New York State: Although courses outside the Law School may be counted toward the graduation requirements, to a maximum of 12 units, such units may not be part of the 64 classroom hours required for certification to sit the New York Bar.

Joint Degrees

In cooperation with other schools of Yale University, the Law School offers programs leading to a master’s degree and a J.D. or to a doctorate and a J.D. These programs are intended for those who wish to acquire specialized skills or some body of knowledge related to law. All proposals must be submitted to and approved by the faculty Committee on Special Courses of Study. Except in unusual circumstances, joint-degree status will not be formally approved until the student has satisfactorily completed the first term at the Law School.

While joint degrees have been most common with the Graduate School and the School of Management, students have also arranged joint-degree programs with the Divinity School, the Jackson School of Global Affairs, and the Schools of the Environment, Medicine, and Public Health. A joint-degree program is also offered in conjunction with the School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University and the Harvard Kennedy School. On a case-by-case basis, the Law School has permitted students to pursue joint degrees with relevant programs in other universities as well.

During terms that joint-degree students are enrolled and in residence at Yale Law School, they cannot be simultaneously enrolled, either full-time or part-time, in any other school or college either within Yale University or at any other institution. Joint-degree students must satisfy one of the two writing requirements before they can register for their penultimate term at the Law School (see Writing Requirements, above). Joint-degree students who receive 12 units of joint-degree credit may not count other outside courses toward the J.D. For more information on joint-degree requirements, consult the Office of the Registrar’s website.

Master of Arts

Some Graduate School departments and programs offer one-year master’s degrees for Yale Law School students, e.g., Economics, and others offer two-year programs. Students should consult the director of graduate studies in the relevant department for information about the program.

Application for a master’s degree program can be made at the same time as application to the Law School or during the student’s first or second year at the Law School. Detailed instructions about applications should be obtained from the Graduate School Office of Admissions.

Master of Business Administration

The School of Management offers a master of business administration (M.B.A.), which is normally completed in two years. The J.D.-M.B.A. is directed toward students interested in business law-related practice as well as in careers as entrepreneurs and managers in business and nonprofit organizations. A J.D.-M.B.A. joint-degree program, in which the J.D. and M.B.A. degrees are earned in four years, is offered. Students may apply to both the Law School and the School of Management simultaneously, or they may apply during their first year at the School of Management or their first or second year at the Law School.

Master of Public Administration and Master of Public Policy

The Harvard Kennedy School of Government (HKS), the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), and the Yale Jackson School of Global Affairs each offer a master of public policy (M.P.P.), which is normally completed in two years. HKS and SPIA also offer a master of public administration, which is normally completed in two years. The J.D.-M.P.P. is directed toward students interested in public policy analysis and law-related practice as well as careers in government and policymaking. The J.D.-M.P.A. is focused on applying quantitative and qualitative methods to a holistic development of public policy. The J.D.-M.P.P. joint-degree program and the J.D.-M.P.A. joint-degree program, in which the J.D. and M.P.P. or M.P.A. degrees are earned in four years, are offered. Students may apply to both the Law School and HKS, SPIA, or Jackson School simultaneously, or they may apply during their first year at HKS, SPIA, or Jackson, or during their first or second year at the Law School.

It is possible to combine study for the J.D. and Ph.D. degrees. The total time in residence and the details of each program of study must be taken up with the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the director of graduate studies in the relevant department, and the Law School. Students interested in such a program must be admitted to the two schools separately. They may apply to both simultaneously or, having been admitted to the Law School or the Graduate School, may apply for admission to the other program. Ordinarily, the Law School encourages a joint-degree candidate to complete the J.D. within four years. The deadline for application to Ph.D. programs varies. Please check the Graduate School website ( https://gsas.yale.edu ) for application information for the specific program of interest. Applicants who are potentially interested in a joint J.D.-Ph.D. program may direct any questions to the Admissions Office.

J.D./Ph.D. in Finance

This joint-degree program with the School of Management is intended for students wishing to pursue a career in business law teaching. The program provides prospective legal scholars with the analytical tools that are necessary for engaging in research in business law-related areas. Applicants to the program must be enrolled in the Law School. Law students must meet the admission requirements of the School of Management’s Ph.D. program. The expectation is that law students will apply for admission to the School of Management graduate program in their first year of law school, although they may also choose to apply in their second year. A mathematical background, including undergraduate courses in multivariable calculus, linear algebra, real analysis, and statistics/econometrics, is typically required for admission. Law students interested in applying to the program should contact the director of the Yale Law School Center for the Study of Corporate Law, Professor Roberta Romano. More detailed information about program requirements is available at https://ccl.yale.edu/jd-phd-finance .

Leaves of Absence and Readmission, Extending Time for Completion of Degree, and Credit for Work Done at Another Law School

Leaves of absence and readmission.

A leave of absence may be taken only with the permission of the dean or the dean’s delegate. A leave may be arranged under terms the dean deems appropriate, provided that a definite time is fixed for the student’s return to the Law School and that the following limitations shall apply. A student who has completed at least one term and who has been on leave of absence, other than a medical leave of absence as set forth below, for no more than two academic years shall be readmitted unless the dean recommends otherwise to the Faculty in Executive Session, as the dean may in extraordinary cases. A student who has not completed the first term will ordinarily not be granted a leave of absence except on serious medical or personal grounds. When a leave has been granted on such grounds, the dean may authorize readmission within a period of two academic years and, in the case of medical leave, as set forth in the medical leave of absence policies below. Readmission following leaves of more than two academic years may be granted in accordance with and upon completion of the terms of a plan approved by the dean prior to the student taking the leave. Such extended leaves may be arranged for personal or academic reasons.

Readmission after a leave of more than two academic years may be conditional upon less than full credit being allowed for prior work completed. In such cases, with the consent of the dean, the student will not be excluded from taking courses for which prior credit had been earned. The original credit for such courses will be canceled. Tuition will be charged in accordance with the rates prevailing at the time of readmission.

Readmission in any circumstances other than those described may be sought by petition to the Student Petitions Committee.

Students on leave of absence will be charged a special roster fee of $175 per term to be maintained on the school records during periods of nonattendance.

Medical Leave of Absence

A student who must interrupt study because of illness or injury may be granted a medical leave of absence with the approval of the dean or the dean’s delegate, on the written recommendation of a physician on the staff of Yale Health.

The Law School reserves the right to place a student on a mandatory medical leave of absence when, on recommendation of the director of Yale Health or the chief of the Mental Health and Counseling department, the dean of the School determines that, because of a medical condition, the student is a danger to self or others, the student has seriously disrupted others in the student’s residential or academic communities, or the student has refused to cooperate with efforts deemed necessary by Yale Health and the dean to make such determinations. Each case will be assessed individually based on all relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the level of risk presented and the availability of reasonable modifications. Reasonable modifications do not include fundamental alterations to the student’s academic, residential, or other relevant communities or programs; in addition, reasonable modifications do not include those that unduly burden University resources.

An appeal of such a leave must be made in writing to the dean of the Law School no later than seven days from the effective date of the leave.

An incident that gives rise to voluntary or mandatory leave of absence may also result in subsequent disciplinary action.

Before a student on medical leave may register for a subsequent term at the Law School, the student must secure written permission to return from a physician at Yale Health and must comply with the requirements for readmission set forth by the dean. The general policies governing all leaves of absence, described above, shall apply to medical leaves.

Leave of Absence for Parental Responsibilities

A student who is making satisfactory progress toward degree requirements and wishes or needs to interrupt study temporarily for reasons of pregnancy or childrearing may be granted a leave of absence for parental responsibilities. Any student planning to have or care for a child is encouraged to meet with the dean or the dean’s delegate to discuss leaves and other short-term arrangements. The general policies governing all leaves are described above. The general policies governing health coverage for leaves of absence are described in the chapter Yale University Resources and Services, under Health Services.

U.S. Military Leave Readmissions Policy

Students who wish or need to interrupt their studies to perform U.S. military service are subject to a separate U.S. military leave readmissions policy. In the event a student withdraws or takes a leave of absence from Yale Law School to serve in the U.S. military, the student will be entitled to guaranteed readmission under the following conditions:

• The student must have served in the U.S. Armed Forces for a period of more than thirty consecutive days;
• The student must give advance written or oral notice of such service to the dean or the dean’s delegate. In providing the advance notice the student does not need to indicate an intent to return. This advance notice need not come directly from the student, but rather, can be made by an appropriate officer of the U.S. Armed Forces or official of the U.S. Department of Defense. Notice is not required if precluded by military necessity. In all cases, this notice requirement can be fulfilled at the time the student seeks readmission, by submitting an attestation that the student performed the service.
• The student must not be away from the School to perform U.S. military service for a period exceeding five years (this includes all previous absences to perform U.S. military service but does not include any initial period of obligated service). If a student’s time away from the School to perform U.S. military service exceeds five years because the student is unable to obtain release orders through no fault of the student or the student was ordered to or retained on active duty, the student should contact the dean or the dean’s delegate to determine if the student remains eligible for guaranteed readmission.
• The student must notify the School within three years of the end of U.S. military service of the intention to return. However, a student who is hospitalized or recovering from an illness or injury incurred in or aggravated during the U.S. military service has up until two years after recovering from the illness or injury to notify the School of the intent to return.
• The student cannot have received a dishonorable or bad conduct discharge or have been sentenced in a court-martial.

A student who meets all of these conditions will be readmitted for the next term, unless the student requests a later date of readmission. A student who fails to meet one of these requirements may still be readmitted under the general readmission policy but is not guaranteed readmission.

Upon returning to the School, the student will resume education without repeating completed course work for courses interrupted by U.S. military service. The student will have the same enrolled status last held and with the same academic standing. For the first academic year in which the student returns, the student will be charged the tuition and fees that would have been assessed for the academic year in which the student left the institution. Yale may charge up to the amount of tuition and fees other students are assessed, however, if veteran’s education benefits will cover the difference between the amounts currently charged other students and the amount charged for the academic year in which the student left.

In the case of a student who is not prepared to resume studies with the same academic status at the same point at which the student left or who will not be able to complete the program of study, the School will undertake reasonable efforts to help the student become prepared. If after reasonable efforts, the School determines that the student remains unprepared or will be unable to complete the program, or after the School determines that there are no reasonable efforts it can take, the School may deny the student readmission.

Extending Time for Completion of Degree

Yale Law School requires students to complete their work for the J.D. degree in six terms in residence or the equivalent thereof. The Law School recognizes, however, that some students have special needs—arising because of serious illness, severe economic constraints, or extraordinary familial obligations—to extend their period of study. In such circumstances, students may petition to reduce their course load for a number of terms. Such petitions are subject to the following conditions:

• All students must complete the required work of the first term on a full-load basis.
• Upon satisfactory completion of the first term, a student may petition to reduce the work of any one term from the normal minimum of 12 units to fewer units. But in no event may a student enroll, even on a reduced-load basis, for fewer than 8 units per term. Ordinarily permission shall be granted only in cases of serious illness, severe economic need, or extraordinary familial obligation.
• Students who receive permission to pursue some of their work on a reduced-load basis must complete all required units of satisfactory work in no more than eight terms of residence.
• Upon acceptance by the Law School and before submitting a deposit, students may request that the dean rule on whether their particular situation justifies a reduced-load curriculum, as described above, after the first term. Such a ruling would be conditional on the continuation, after the first term, of the situation that made reduced-load law study appropriate.

Credit for Work Done at Another Law School

A student wishing to obtain credit toward the J.D. degree for work done at another law school must petition the dean for permission. The dean shall ordinarily grant such permission only in cases of significant personal hardship. To grant such permission, the dean must find that the proposed program of study is acceptable and that it will count for no more than 24 units of credit toward meeting Yale Law School’s degree requirements. Such credit will be given only for work completed in residence at the other law school, with a weighted average determined in advance by the dean, that would be at least the equivalent of a Pass at Yale Law School. Students denied permission by the dean may appeal to the Student Petitions Committee. No more than one year of residence and the associated units of credit will be granted for work taken at another school. Work done at another law school will not be accepted in satisfaction of the writing requirements.

Bar Requirements

Admission to practice law depends not only upon adequate academic performance in law school and successful completion of the bar examination, but also upon satisfaction of the requirements of the particular jurisdiction as to subject matter and proof of good character. These requirements differ from state to state, and students should inform themselves of the requirements of the jurisdictions in which they are interested. Because some states have early registration requirements, students should check state rules as soon as possible.

Requirements for Graduate Degrees

The degree of doctor of philosophy in law (ph.d.).

In conjunction with the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Yale University, the Law School offers a Ph.D. in Law program, the first of its kind in the United States. This program prepares students who have earned a J.D. at an American Bar Association–accredited law school to embark upon a career in the legal academy or other careers that require a scholarly mastery of law. The program gives students a broad foundation in the canonical texts and methods of legal scholarship and supports students in producing original scholarship in the form of a dissertation. The program strongly encourages, but does not require, interdisciplinary approaches to the study of law. Full details on this program are available in the Bulletin of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, available online at https://bulletin.yale.edu .

The Degree of Doctor of the Science of Law (J.S.D.)

The Doctor of the Science of Law (J.S.D.) program is designed for graduates of the LL.M. program at Yale Law School who intend to teach law. To qualify for the J.S.D. degree, an admitted candidate must submit a dissertation that makes a substantial contribution to legal scholarship.

J.S.D. candidates write their dissertation under the supervision of a committee comprised of a faculty supervisor, who must be a tenured Yale Law School faculty member, and at least two additional readers. When a faculty supervisor is no longer willing or able to serve in that capacity, candidates will have up to two terms to arrange for a substitute faculty supervisor before being withdrawn from the program.

J.S.D. candidates demonstrating satisfactory academic progress may petition for an extension of candidacy past the fifth year with support of their faculty supervisor.

A leave of absence for medical, family, personal or mandatory national or military service reasons may be granted by the assistant dean or director of graduate programs with the permission of the faculty supervisor. Leaves are limited to two years (four terms). Students requiring a longer leave will need to apply for readmission.

After a dissertation has been approved by the candidate’s dissertation committee and the faculty of Yale Law School, the director of graduate programs shall submit a copy (either printed or as a PDF) to the Law Library to be available as a permanent part of the Law Library collection. For up to six months following faculty approval of the degree, the degree candidate may submit a revised version (correcting typographical errors, revising footnotes, or making other changes approved by the candidate’s committee). Classified or restricted research is not accepted as part of the dissertation.

If the dissertation or any portion of it is thereafter published, the published version shall state that it has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate law degree at Yale Law School. Candidates may petition the Law School’s Graduate Policy Committee to limit electronic and public access to their dissertations, but permission will be approved only for compelling reasons. Under normal circumstances, all dissertations must be available for inspection by any member of the Yale University faculty or administration.

Satisfactory Academic Progress (SAP) will be assessed at the end of each academic year for J.S.D. candidates. Quantitative (pace) measures: J.S.D. candidates must spend at least two terms in residence at Yale Law School. This requirement may be satisfied by residence as an LL.M. candidate. The J.S.D. dissertation must be completed and approved by the student’s dissertation committee by May 1 of the fifth year after J.S.D. admission. Qualitative measures: J.S.D. candidates must demonstrate satisfactory progress toward completion of the dissertation in the annual Dissertation Progress Report (DPR). Candidates shall submit a detailed report of their research, writing, and professional activities at the end of each academic year. This report must be certified by the candidate’s faculty supervisor, who must confirm that the candidate is making adequate progress each academic year. Candidates who fail to file their annual DPR, or whose academic progress has been deemed unsatisfactory by their faculty supervisor, will be withdrawn from the program.

Admission to the J.S.D. program does not carry with it a commitment of financial support. Financial aid is awarded based on demonstrated financial need only, and the extent and conditions of any support will be individually arranged. Need-based support will be provided to all eligible students for a maximum period of two academic years (four terms) in residence. A need-based, summer stipend for up to three summers may be provided to support full-time work on the dissertation in New Haven. More than two academic years in residence may be allowed if candidates have funding for tuition, living expenses, etc.; are making good progress on their dissertations; and have approval from their dissertation supervisors. Students who have completed two years in residence may apply for an additional nine months of need-based financial aid, which will be awarded annually on a competitive basis.

For information on admission procedures for the J.S.D. program, please see the chapter Admissions, Expenses, and Financial Aid.

The Degree of Master of Laws (LL.M.)

Each year, the Law School admits a limited number of graduate students to pursue studies in law beyond the first professional degree. Admission is generally open only to those committed to a career in teaching law.

Graduate students are admitted for one year of study leading to the degree of Master of Laws (LL.M.). Each LL.M. student is invited to utilize the resources of the Law School to create a program of study that will best prepare that individual for a career in research and teaching. Beyond meeting credit requirements for the degree, no uniform course of study is prescribed for LL.M. students. An LL.M. student’s program of study consists of a minimum of 24 units of credit (at least 12 units per term, unless approval is granted by the assistant dean or director of graduate programs), which must include at least 18 units of regular course offerings (in the Law School or in other schools at the University). With approval of the instructor and a Law School faculty member, up to 6 units of credit toward the LL.M. degree may be earned in courses in other schools in the University. Up to 6 units of research supervised by a Law School faculty member may be counted toward the LL.M. degree. Participation in reading groups and supervised reading may not exceed 3 units and does not count toward the required 18 units of regular course offerings but may count toward the required 24 units. During the program, a minimum of 18 units (or 16 units if a student takes a first-term ungraded course) must be taken for a grade. If a student is given the option to change the grading basis of a course, clinic, or program of individual work to credit/fail, the student must exercise the option within the first two weeks of the term by filing the appropriate form with the Office of the Registrar by the published deadline for the term. After this deadline, the grade mode may not be changed by the student or the faculty member.

Satisfactory Academic Progress (SAP) will be assessed each term for LL.M. students. Quantitative (pace) measures: Each student in the LL.M. program must complete a minimum of 24 credit hours over the course of two terms in residence. To maintain full-time status in good standing, each student must be enrolled in 12 to 16 credit hours each term, unless the assistant dean or director of graduate programs has approved an exception. LL.M. students are expected to complete all degree requirements by the end of the spring term of the academic year during which they matriculate. Each student must complete 100 percent of all credit hours attempted by the end of the second term unless, in extraordinary circumstances, an extension has been approved by the Graduate Policy Committee. In the event of such an extension, all LL.M. work must be completed successfully by December 1 of the calendar year in which the student was to have graduated. Students who have not successfully completed the LL.M. requirements by this time will be withdrawn. To maintain SAP, each student in the LL.M. program must complete 75 percent of the credit hours attempted by the end of the first term of study and 100 percent of all credit hours attempted by the end of the second term. Qualitative measures: Students will be disqualified as LL.M. candidates and will not be allowed to continue in the program if they receive one Failure or more than one Low Pass during the two academic terms. A student who has been disqualified as an LL.M. candidate for failure to maintain satisfactory grades will not be readmitted without a favorable vote of the Faculty in Executive Session.

Admission does not carry with it a commitment of financial support. Financial aid is awarded based on demonstrated financial need only, and the extent and conditions of any support will be individually arranged.

For information on admission procedures for the LL.M., please see the chapter Admissions, Expenses, and Financial Aid.

The Degree of Master of Studies in Law (M.S.L.)

The Law School established the Master of Studies in Law (M.S.L.) degree program for a small number of non-lawyers who seek to obtain a basic familiarity with legal thought and to explore the relation of law to their intellectual and professional development. It is a one-year terminal program designed for those who do not desire a professional law degree, but who are interested in a rigorous curriculum and a formal program of study. Students in the M.S.L. program are ordinarily experienced scholars with doctorates who have research or teaching objectives in mind, or mid-career journalists seeking an intensive immersion in legal thinking so that they are better able to inform their audiences upon their return to journalism. Those who have completed a professional law degree are not eligible for the program. Participants in the M.S.L. program are not eligible for subsequent admission to the J.D. program at Yale Law School.

Candidates for the M.S.L. degree are required to complete at least three of the first-term courses (12 units), plus an additional 15 units, for a total of at least 27 units. There are four first-term courses (Constitutional Law, Contracts, Criminal Law and Administration, and Procedure; see First Term, in the chapter Academic Requirements and Options). The M.S.L. student may substitute an elective for one of the first-term courses. The second term is entirely elective and affords opportunities for independent research and clinical experience in addition to regular courses and seminars. With approval of the instructor and a Law School faculty member, up to 6 units of credit toward the M.S.L. degree may be earned in courses in other schools at the University. Up to 6 units of credit toward the M.S.L. degree may be earned from research supervised by a Law School faculty member; participation in reading groups and supervised reading may not exceed 2 units.

A minimum of 12 units of the 27 required units must be graded units. If a student is given the option to change the grading basis of a course, clinic, or program of individual work to credit/fail, the student must exercise the option within the first two weeks of the term by filing the appropriate form with the Office of the Registrar by the published deadline for the term. After this deadline, the grade mode may not be changed by the student or the faculty member.

Satisfactory Academic Progress (SAP) will be assessed each term for M.S.L. students. Quantitative (pace) measures: Each student in the M.S.L. program must complete a minimum of 27 credit hours over the course of two terms in residence. Each student must successfully complete at least three of the first-term courses (Constitutional Law, Contracts, Criminal Law and Administration, and Procedure) during the fall term. Each student must be enrolled in at least 12 credit hours each term. M.S.L. students are expected to complete all degree requirements by the end of the spring term of the academic year during which they matriculate. Each student must complete 100 percent of all credit hours attempted by the end of the second term unless, in extraordinary circumstances, an extension has been approved by the Graduate Policy Committee. In the event of such an extension, all M.S.L. work must be completed successfully by December 1 of the calendar year in which the student was to have graduated. Students who have not successfully completed the M.S.L. requirements by this time will be withdrawn. To maintain SAP, each student in the M.S.L. program must complete 75 percent of the credit hours attempted by the end of the first term of study and 100 percent of all credit hours attempted by the end of the second term. Qualitative measures: Students will be disqualified as M.S.L. candidates and will not be allowed to continue in the program if they receive one Failure or more than one Low Pass during the two academic terms. A student who has been disqualified as an M.S.L. candidate for failure to maintain satisfactory grades will not be readmitted without a favorable vote of the Faculty in Executive Session.

Admission to candidacy does not carry with it a commitment of financial support. Financial aid is awarded based on demonstrated financial need only, and the extent and conditions of any support will be individually arranged.

For information on admission procedures for the M.S.L. program, please see the chapter Admissions, Expenses, and Financial Aid.

Freedom of Expression

The Yale Law School is committed to the protection of free inquiry and expression in the classroom and throughout the school community. In this, the School reflects the University’s commitment to and policy on freedom of expression as eloquently stated in the Woodward Report (Report of the Committee on Freedom of Expression at Yale, 1974). See https://studentlife.yale.edu/guidance-regarding-free-expression-and- peaceable -assembly-students-yale .

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Yale Law School Center for the Study of Corporate Law

YLS Prof. Richard Brooks at 2009 Weil, Gotshal & Manges Roundtable Audience at 2009 Weil, Gotshal & Manges Roundtable Siri Marshall ‘74, former General Counsel, General Mills, Inc., at 2008 General Counsel Panel Natalya Shnitser '09, Paul Beaton '10, Alex Wu '10, Stephen Gilstrap '11, Benjamin Rogers '09, and Katie O'Banion '11 YLS Prof. Peter Schuck and Ben Heineman ‘71, former General Counsel, General Electric, at 2008 General Counsel Panel

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Jd-phd in finance, program purpose and structure.

This joint degree program with the School of Management is intended for students wishing to pursue a career in business law teaching. The program provides prospective legal scholars with the analytical tools that are necessary for engaging in research in business-law-related areas. Alumni of the program are professors in law schools or have dual appointments in law and business schools. For more information about the rationale for the program, prospective applicants should see “ After the Revolution in Corporate Law .”

Current students in the program are listed on the School of Management Ph.D. candidate website .

Applicants to the program must be enrolled in the Law School. Law students must meet the admission requirements of the School of Management’s Ph.D. program. A mathematical background including undergraduate courses in Multivariable Calculus, Linear Algebra, Real Analysis, and Statistics/Econometrics, is typically required for admission. The expectation is that law students will apply for admission to the Graduate School in their first year at the Law School, but they may also apply in their second year.

Prospective students should contact the YLS Financial Aid Office for the most recent information regarding program support.

Degree Requirements

(1) Course Requirements:

SOM : Eight courses, including the following five required courses:  Economics 500 (General Economic Theory: Microeconomics); Economics 501 (General Economic Theory: Microeconomics, which is the course covering an introduction to game theory); Economics 550 and 551 (Econometrics I and II); MGMT 740 (Financial Economics I); and two additional Ph.D. level finance courses. Upon reaching Ph.D. candidacy, students are required to attend MGMT 781 (Ph.D. Seminar: Accounting/Finance) and MGMT 782 (Ph.D. PreSeminar: Financial Economics).

Law School : 71 credit units, which include the required first term courses taken in one semester (Constitutional Law, Contracts, Criminal Law and Administration, and Civil Procedure); Torts and Regulation; a course satisfying the legal ethics requirement; and 6 credit units satisfying the experiential learning requirement.

(2) Graduate School Grade Requirements:

Finance Ph.D. courses are graded according to a scale of H, HP, P, and Fail. Finance Ph.D. students are required to maintain an HP average to continue in the program past two years. This requirement operates such that a grade of P in one course can be offset by a grade of H in another course. In addition, the Graduate School requires all students to receive two or more grades of H to graduate.

(3) Pre-dissertation Writing Requirements:

Two papers are required: (1) a paper fulfilling the SOM second-year research paper requirement and (2) a paper fulfilling one of the Law School’s writing requirements (substantial or supervised analytic writing).  Students present the second-year paper in ECON 679 (Financial Economics Student Lunch). An accepted SOM second-year research paper may fulfill the student’s remaining Law School paper requirement by registration for independent research credit with the student’s Law School faculty advisor. One of these papers must qualify as the student’s prospectus. 

(4) Qualifying Exam in Finance: 

Qualifying exam in three courses: the section of the qualifying exam pertaining to MGMT 740 and two additional doctoral finance courses. The qualifying exam is taken after the student has completed all of the required graduate finance courses.

(5) Dissertation and Oral Defense.

A typical dissertation contains three essays. They do not need to be that closely related. An acceptable thesis might be titled “Three Essays in Law and Finance.” Prior to final acceptance of the dissertation, students must pass a public defense. Before a public defense can be scheduled, all three members of the committee must agree that the student and the dissertation itself are ready. All members of the faculty are invited to a dissertation defense. After the defense, the faculty in attendance will meet to discuss the dissertation. The faculty may pass or fail the student. In addition they may grant a conditional pass. This is done when the faculty believe there are only some minor problems with the dissertation and delegate the final decision regarding these corrections to the committee. After the faculty pass on the dissertation (or the committee passes on the dissertation in the case of a conditional pass), the dissertation is submitted to the Graduate School. The Graduate School will assign readers who make a final acceptance on the dissertation. The reader assignment is governed by the Graduate School; however, they usually assign the two secondary advisers and one other faculty member.

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Intellectual Property, Technology Transfer, and Patent Law

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Careers in Intellectual Property and Patent Law

Explore the dynamic and evolving world of Intellectual Property, Technology Transfer, and Patent Law. This field offers a unique intersection of law, innovation, and strategy, ideal for STEM PhDs interested in protecting and managing intellectual assets.

Dive into a realm where legal expertise meets technological advancement, and discover a range of career opportunities in patent law, IP management, and technology commercialization. Equip yourself with the knowledge and skills to navigate and influence the future of intellectual property and technology transfer.

For all employer events, visit Yale Career Link

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• Joint Degrees

MBA/JD with Yale Law School

The MBA/JD degree is designed to provide a deep understanding of both law and management for careers in government, law, or the private sector.

In the four-year MBA/JD program, students spend two years at Yale Law School; one year at Yale SOM, during which they take the integrated MBA curriculum; and one year taking electives at both schools and elsewhere at Yale. 

Students must be admitted to the Yale School of Management and Yale Law School independently. Students applying to the MBA/JD program may apply for the both programs simultaneously, apply to Yale Law School during the first year at Yale SOM, or apply to Yale SOM during the first two years at Yale Law School.

Learn more about admission to the Yale School of Management. Learn more about admission to Yale Law School.

Yale staff members call for an end to pro-Palestinian protests continuing on campus

A group of about 60 faculty members at Yale University are calling on the president of the college to take action, amid pro-Palestinian protests on campus.

On Wednesday, those demonstrations entered day six, with students camping out on the lawn at Cross Campus.

Earlier in the week, the Jewish faculty members wrote a strongly-worded letter to Yale President Peter Salovey, expressing their concerns.

“Antisemitism at Yale can no longer be tolerated,” said Dr. Pnina Weiss, a Professor of Pediatrics for the Yale School of Medicine.

“Students have reported to me, they’ve reported to my colleagues that they’re afraid to come to class,” said Evan Morris, PhD, with the Yale School of Medicine.

RELATED: Student-led, pro-Palestinian protests continue on Yale campus

Morris and Pnina were one of dozens of other faculty members that decided on Monday they’d had enough, and needed to speak out. 

“We’re all here together as part of a community to teach and to learn from each other. And we can’t do either of those things if one group is so abusive of others,” Morris said. 

Morris said these problems have persisted for a while, but became worse at the start of the Israel Hamas war. Then, when he learned a Jewish student was allegedly assaulted during Saturday’s protests, he took action. He and the other educators are calling on the president to stop the demonstrations, call out and name acts of hate, and enforce school policies, among many other things.

“If the safety of the community cannot be guaranteed, then demonstrations need to be put on hold,” Dr. Weiss said.

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In a statement to the community on Monday , President Salovey said, “ Members of the Jewish, Muslim, Israeli, Arab, and Palestinian communities reported that the campus environment had become increasingly difficult. We then became aware of police reports identifying harmful acts and threatening language used against individuals at or near the protest sites. Some of the aggressors are believed to be members of the Yale community while others were outsiders. We will not tolerate such behavior nor any open violation of Yale policies that interrupts academic and campus operations. So, we acted consistently with the warnings we had given over several days and escorted the protesters from the plaza.”

At that point, the Yale Police Department arrested 48 students. However, the professors say that doesn’t go far enough.

“I considered it my professional home and it really breaks my heart to see how embroiled in hatred and antisemitism the university had become,” Dr. Weiss said.

RELATED: 48 arrested in pro-Palestinian protest involving hundreds of Yale students: Police

As for the protestors? They said their demonstrations are focused on peace.

“If members of the community are feeling unsafe that obviously is something that needs to be addressed. But also, I would like to point out that this is a wide coalition of folks. We have a lot of Jewish folks here, Jews for Ceasefire, JVP, have all been part of the organizing. Effort,” said Chisato Kimura, one of the organizers of the protest and a Yale Law School student.

“One moment of contrition, of playing nice in the sand box doesn’t wipe our six or seven months of intimidation,” Morris said. 

FOX61 reached out to the university for a new comment in response to the letter from the group, but never heard back. The professors are giving the president until Thursday evening to respond to their calls to action.

Julia LeBlanc is a reporter at FOX61 News. She can be reached at [email protected] Follow her on   Facebook ,  X  and   Instagram .

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One yale student’s love languages: mandarin, greek, and particle physics.

Zemenu presented his research at the American Physical Society division of nuclear physics meeting in New Orleans in 2022. (Credit: Shelly Lesher)

The imperceptible forces that push, pull, and pass through the universe have clearly tugged at Barkotel Zemenu a time or two. Or 10.

Four years ago, Zemenu entered the vortex of Yale undergraduate life with a passion to study history. Perhaps he might teach it someday, he thought. Instead, he emerges this spring as a promising particle physicist who has already contributed to cutting-edge research and interned at an international physics project in Germany and at a premiere astrophysics institute in Israel.

Zemenu has gone from crabbing about the undergraduate foreign language requirement to enthusiastically developing a knowledge of Hebrew, Arabic, Mandarin, and Greek, in addition to English and Amharic, his native language; he’s traveled across the United States to academic conferences, giving high-level physics presentations on neutrinoless beta double decay; he’s even found the time to co-teach a class for middle schoolers on the meaning of life.

Not bad for a guy who spent his first year as a Yalie doing middle-of-the-night Zoom classes from a hotel lobby — where the wifi was stronger than at his parents’ house — in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

“ So many of these things were unexpected, but I’m grateful for all the pivots,” he said, basking in the afternoon sun from a bench outside Pauli Murray College, a frequent stopping place between his physics home base at Wright Lab and his dorm room at Hopper College. “I had not expected college to be a place where I pivoted so much.”

Zemenu picked Yale after participating in Yale Young Global Scholars, a summer program that brings American and international high school students together and introduces them to the Yale campus. But then came Zemenu’s first pivot.

He spent his first year of college living in Ethiopia with his parents, after the COVID-19 pandemic led Yale to make all classes remote as a public safety measure. In those early days, Zemenu would set an alarm for the middle of the night, take a cab to a nearby hotel with a strong wifi connection, and dial into his online classes from the hotel lobby. He became such a frequent visitor that the hotel’s employees would recognize him and leave him alone to work undisturbed.

“ It was just business as usual,” he said. “Now, any time I find myself complaining about the walk up Science Hill, I remind myself what a luxury it is to be here, in person.”

Once Zemenu got to New Haven, the pivots began to pile up. He leaned into physics, particularly the unseen world of dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay — a theoretical nuclear process that, if proven, could shake up the Standard Model of Physics.

He also delved into the writings of revered 20 th century physicist Richard Feynman, and a biography of 19 th century Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Zemenu came to the notion that it would be valuable to have one area of deep expertise that is informed by a broad range of studies. He chose physics as his deep dive.

“ We’ve been lucky to have Barkotel as a member of our research group over the past three years, where he’s been studying detector technologies aimed at figuring out why there is matter, rather than antimatter, in the universe,” said David Moore, an associate professor of physics in Yale’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences. “In addition to his packed academic schedule and leadership activities in the department, Barkotel has been a key contributor to our research.

“ While we are sad to see him go, we are looking forward to seeing his many accomplishments in the future.”

Zemenu spent part of a summer at the Weizmann Institute of Science, near Tel Aviv, where he wrote a 20-page white paper on his research developing a novel program to automate the identification of variable stars from a telescope image. He spent part of another summer in Germany, at the Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, where he studied quantum gravity. He’s also attended science conferences in New Orleans, Honolulu, Washington, D.C., and Minneapolis.

Meanwhile, his list of honors grew along with his frequent flier miles: the Jocelyn Bell Outstanding Leadership Scholarship, the Sigma Pi Sigma Leadership Scholarship, a Rosenfeld Science Scholar award, an American Physical Society Top Presenter award.

“ I remain extremely interested in this idea of dark matter and dark energy,” he said. “We don’t know what the majority of the matter in the universe is actually made of. We’ve quantified it, but we don’t know what it is. That’s a question I’d like to see answered in our lifetime.”

While open to pivoting yet again, Zemenu intends to pursue that question after leaving Yale and entering graduate school at Stanford. He’ll also pursue a more recent passion: accessing the deeper, more meaningful interactions that emerge when you communicate with people in their native language.

Much to his surprise, he discovered at Yale that he has a great facility for reading, writing, and speaking other languages. He’s written poetry in Hebrew, for instance, and shared a laugh with a family member of a friend by explaining, in Chinese, that his preferred level of spice is “scared of not-spicy food.”

“ Speaking to someone in their own language opens a different door to aspects of themselves that you won’t learn about otherwise,” Zemenu said. “That was the part about languages I hadn’t realized. It isn’t purely academic. It’s about relationships.”

That may be his biggest pivot of all, he said.

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James Forbes and Barbara Brown Taylor to speak at Yale ISM hymn festival

Understanding youth nicotine use to prevent initiation and escalation

Creating bird-friendly buildings — on campus and beyond

In current political landscape, ‘the truth still matters,’ says Christie

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Mentorship and Science

Sarah Liechtenstein, PhD, and Sarah Yip, PhD, collaborate often in the Yale Imaging and Psychopharmacology Lab.

The power of mentorship is clear when you first meet Sarah Yip, PhD, and Sarah Lichenstein, PhD, and hear how their complementary interests and collaborative work have grown and thrived.

As a post-doctoral researcher interested in the effects of substance use on brain health, Dr. Lichenstein sought to work in Dr. Yip’s Yale Imaging and Psychopharmacology Lab, established by Yip in 2017.

For more than seven years, they have collaborated first as post-doctoral student and faculty mentor, and now as two faculty members with a shared goal to better understand the sex-specific impact substances have on the way the brain functions. Today, Yip and Lichenstein are each Women’s Health Research at Yale-funded investigators.

Yip, associate professor of psychiatry, uses neuroimaging and advanced computational techniques to identify sex-specific brain-based predictors of treatment outcomes. Lichenstein, assistant professor of psychiatry, currently focuses on understanding the neural basis of mood and substance use disorders, particularly in adolescents and emerging adults.

“Sex differences in the brain during adolescence are particularly relevant for predicting development trajectories that affect the life course,” says Lichenstein. “By determining those differences between female and male adolescents early on, we can identify and track specific aspects of brain functioning that predict later onset disorders. This provides the foundation for how and when to make early therapeutic interventions.”

As Lichenstein reflects on the development of her career in science, she speaks clearly about the value of Yip as her mentor and the many ways in which they continue to collaborate, whether it is in terms of conducting a study together, sponsoring a project, or unlocking additional funding to fuel research on women’s health.

Helpful Definitions

Sex: A biological classification, generally as male or female, according to the reproductive organs and functions that derive from the chromosomal complement, generally XX for female and XY for male.

Gender: Refers to a person's self-representation influenced by social, cultural, and personal experience.

Cannabis: A flowering plant commonly referred to as marijuana.

Cannabinoids: Naturally occurring compounds in the cannabis plant.

Cannabidiol: A cannabis compound, commonly known as CBD.

Connectome: The complete set of functional brain networks for a given individual.

Machine Learning: A data analysis approach in which a predictive model is developed using a training dataset, then the accuracy of the model is tested in a new dataset.

Sex-Specific Modeling: Creating predictive models using data from each sex separately. Model accuracy can be compared to that of models generated using data from both sexes combined.

The Legacy of Mentorship

“Sarah was my first postdoctoral trainee and is now my close collaborator.” says Yip. “You always want a post-doc in your lab to have an easier, more successful time than you did, and that was my focus with Sarah. Now, watching someone I’ve mentored become a mentor themselves has been wonderful to witness. She recently started training and mentoring her first post-doctoral trainee, as well as an undergraduate, so the cycle continues.”

Yip adds, “I think it’s really important to be sure that each person has their own trajectory and space to grow. It’s like we’re on the same highway, driving in the same direction. Sometimes we’re together in the carpool lane, and other times, we’re driving in our own dedicated lanes, where we’re each focused on our independent but related research, waving to each other as we go by.”

Shared Interest In Studying Sex and Gender Differences

In the Yale Imaging and Psychopharmacology Lab, understanding sex and gender differences in the development of disorders is always at the forefront.

A Look at Dr. Lichenstein’s Research

Never before has a researcher examined the way cannabidiol, more commonly known as CBD and found in a wide array of over-the counter remedies, affects brain function in women.

“We’ve been aware for a long time that a major gap in the research literature is understanding the brain responses to cannabis, cannabinoids, and CBD. The pilot funding from Women’s Health Research at Yale provided the opportunity to conduct the first-ever study on CBD’s impact on women’s brain function. In turn, our hope is to pursue larger funding awards for more comprehensive studies examining sex differences with CBD use,” said Lichenstein.

The vast majority of CBD products are not FDA approved and can be purchased without a prescription. Despite the shallow body of research on their use, they are commonly used and primarily by women, often to deal with feelings of anxiety. Since anxiety disorders are twice as prevalent among women and the CBD market continues to expand, Lichenstein is exploring the neural (brain) response to CBD in female study participants.

Lichenstein and her team recruited healthy females to test reactions to either CBD or placebo when participating in a virtual anxiety-inducing game and an emotional response task. By examining how women’s brains respond to these tasks, researchers can measure the neural responses that underlie the experience of anxiety.

Data collection is complete and preliminary results indicate reduced simultaneous action in patterns of brain activity among subcortical regions of the brain in women following CBD versus placebo administration. This includes regions strongly related to emotional processing and anxiety and suggest that CBD may reduce anxiety by reducing connectivity among these regions.

This is the first evidence to suggest a neural mechanism of CBD’s effects in women. It also provides the foundation for external grants to support research on larger samples of women as well as men to confirm findings and propel the work on sex differences in CBD use and its therapeutic potential in treating anxiety.

Dr. Yip’s Examination of Sex Differences

Yip’s focus is on sex differences in the brain that are related to opioid use disorder (OUD) as well as to pain. A major aspect of her innovative work is the examination of the interface of opioid use and chronic pain.

“There are sex differences in the clinical profile of chronic pain,” says Yip. “There are also sex differences with opioid use disorder. My team is interested in understanding the sex-specific relationship of pain and opioid use so that we can develop effective treatments for both conditions.”

Her most recent Women’s Health Research at Yale-funded project aims to explore the interactions among sex, pain, and brain network dynamics in women and men entering medication-assisted treatment for OUD. She uses neuroimaging and advanced computational techniques to identify brain-based predictors of treatment outcomes and focuses on the brain’s complete set of responses rather than one brain network at a time. This approach to what is happening across brain networks is referred to as studying the “connectome.”

“The funding from Women’s Health Research at Yale was fundamental and enabled us to do a first-of-its kind neuroimaging examination of both women and men with and without chronic pain in treatment for opioid use disorder,” said Yip.

“One big part of our work is collecting sufficient data to do what we call sex-specific modeling,” she continued. “We’re building what is called a ‘machine learning model’ to predict clinical outcomes using neuroimaging data. We do this for females and males combined, and we create separate models for females and males, which enables us to test for sex differences in the brain that relate to treatment outcomes.”

The Golden Thread of Mentorship

Essential to successful research is the capacity for us to teach the next generation as well as learn from one another. The golden thread in this story points to others, which as Yip and other faculty note, includes Carolyn Mazure, PhD, as a driving force in their own careers.

Women’s Health Research at Yale’s associate director for medical education in women’s health and assistant professor of medicine (hematology) Kelsey Martin, MD, reflects, “Dr. Mazure is such an inspiring individual and I feel so lucky to have been able to connect with her on a variety of levels and initiatives. I’ve learned so much from her. The hope is to take those pearls of wisdom and guidance to pass along to the next generation who we’re lucky enough to mentor, including incredible students like Aeka, Emily, Kayla, Mahnoor, and Stephanie.”

Mazure, the Norma Weinberg Spungen and Joan Lebson Bilden Professor in Women’s Health Research, is steadfast in her commitment to mentorship. “Mentorship ensures that the next generation can build on what we know and respond to the questions that remain unanswered. It’s a privilege to mentor those who follow us, and it’s exciting and joyful to see them succeed,” says Mazure, Director of Women’s Health Research at Yale.

“Having Dr. Martin as a mentor has been so important. I think medicine can often make you feel like a small fish in a really big sea. There’s this false notion that medicine should be mysterious and intimidating, and I don’t think that’s how it should be,” says Guru. “Dr. Martin has helped make medicine more accessible to me as she’s guided me through conducting research and effectively making change. I’m really grateful to have this opportunity and experience.”

From Yip to Lichenstein, Lichenstein to Anghad, Mazure to Martin, Martin to Guru, the legacy of mentorship is strong.

Here’s to a lot of waving on the women's health research highway.

Mentoring the Next Generation

For the past decade, Women’s Health Research at Yale’s year-long Undergraduate Fellowship teaches Yale students the history of women’s health research as a backdrop for understanding the need to study the disorders women experience. Fellows are matched with Yale faculty mentors who are experts in their fields and dedicated to exploring the health of women and the influence of sex and gender on health.

This year’s Fellows include Emily Anghad ’25, Aeka Guru ’25, Stephanie Montealegre ’25, Mahnoor Sarfraz ’24, and Kayla Yup ’25.

Mentorship is designed to enrich students’ current studies while complementing their career direction. Students learn to investigate new and timely health and clinical care questions all while gaining exposure to the most contemporary approaches in the science of women’s health. Lichenstein, Yip, Martin, and Mazure are among current Fellowship mentors.

Featured in this article

• Sarah Lichenstein Assistant Professor of Psychiatry
• Kelsey Martin, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine (Hematology); Associate Director for Medical Education in Women's Health, Women's Health Research at Yale
• Carolyn M. Mazure, PhD Norma Weinberg Spungen and Joan Lebson Bildner Professor in Women's Health Research and Professor of Psychiatry and of Psychology
• Sarah Yip, PhD Associate Professor of Psychiatry

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Elektrostal' , Moscow/Russia  

Zatishye‘Electric Steel’ from elektricheskiy and stal′ . A steel works was built here in the early years after the ...

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40 Facts About Elektrostal

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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