what makes a true hero essay

Greater Good Science Center • Magazine • In Action • In Education

What Makes a Hero?

This month, Greater Good features videos of a presentation by Philip Zimbardo, the world-renowned psychologist perhaps best known for his infamous Stanford Prison Experiment. In his talk, Zimbardo discusses the psychology of evil and of heroism, exploring why good people sometimes turn bad and how we can encourage more people to perform heroic acts. In this excerpt from his talk, he zeroes in on his research and educational program designed to foster the “heroic imagination.”

More on Heroism

Watch the video of Philip Zimbardo's Greater Good talk on heroism.

Read his essay on " The Banality of Heroism ," which further explores the conditions that can promote heroism vs. evil.

Read this Greater Good essay on the "psychology of the bystander."

Learn more about Zimbardo's Heroic Imagination Project.

What makes us good? What makes us evil?

Research has uncovered many answers to the second question: Evil can be fostered by dehumanization, diffusion of responsibility, obedience to authority, unjust systems, group pressure, moral disengagement, and anonymity, to name a few.

But when we ask why people become heroic, research doesn’t yet have an answer. It could be that heroes have more compassion or empathy; maybe there’s a hero gene; maybe it’s because of their levels of oxytocin—research by neuroeconomist Paul Zak has shown that this “love hormone” in the brain increases the likelihood you’ll demonstrate altruism. We don’t know for sure.

I believe that heroism is different than altruism and compassion. For the last five years, my colleagues and I have been exploring the nature and roots of heroism, studying exemplary cases of heroism and surveying thousands of people about their choices to act (or not act) heroically. In that time, we’ve come to define heroism as an activity with several parts.

First, it’s performed in service to others in need—whether that’s a person, group, or community—or in defense of certain ideals. Second, it’s engaged in voluntarily, even in military contexts, as heroism remains an act that goes beyond something required by military duty. Third, a heroic act is one performed with recognition of possible risks and costs, be they to one’s physical health or personal reputation, in which the actor is willing to accept anticipated sacrifice. Finally, it is performed without external gain anticipated at the time of the act.

Simply put, then, the key to heroism is a concern for other people in need—a concern to defend a moral cause, knowing there is a personal risk, done without expectation of reward.

By that definition, then, altruism is heroism light—it doesn’t always involve a serious risk. Compassion is a virtue that may lead to heroism, but we don’t know that it does. We’re just now starting to scientifically distinguish heroism from these other concepts and zero in on what makes a hero.

My work on heroism follows 35 years of research in which I studied the psychology of evil, including my work on the infamous Stanford Prison Experiment . The two lines of research aren’t as different as they might seem; they’re actually two sides of the same coin.

A key insight from research on heroism so far is that the very same situations that inflame the hostile imagination in some people, making them villains, can also instill the heroic imagination in other people, prompting them to perform heroic deeds.

Take the Holocaust. Christians who helped Jews were in the same situation as other civilians who helped imprison or kill Jews, or ignored their suffering. The situation provided the impetus to act heroically or malevolently. Why did some people choose one path or the other?

Another key insight from my research has been that there’s no clear line between good and evil. Instead, the line is permeable; people can cross back and forth between it.

This is an idea wonderfully represented in an illusion by M. C. Escher, at left. When you squint and focus on the white as the figures and the black as the background, you see a world full of angels and tutus dancing around happily. But now focus on the black as the figures and the white as the background: Now it’s a world full of demons.

What Escher’s telling us is that the world is filled with angels and devils, goodness and badness, and these dark and light aspects of human nature are our basic yin and yang. That is, we all are born with the capacity to be anything. Because of our incredible brains, anything that is imaginable becomes possible, anything that becomes possible can get transformed into action, for better or for worse. 

Some people argue humans are born good or born bad; I think that’s nonsense. We are all born with this tremendous capacity to be anything, and we get shaped by our circumstances—by the family or the culture or the time period in which we happen to grow up, which are accidents of birth; whether we grow up in a war zone versus peace; if we grow up in poverty rather than prosperity.

George Bernard Shaw captured this point in the preface to his great play “Major Barbara”: “Every reasonable man and woman is a potential scoundrel and a potential good citizen. What a man is depends upon his character what’s inside. What he does and what we think of what he does depends on upon his circumstances.”

So each of us may possess the capacity to do terrible things. But we also posses an inner hero; if stirred to action, that inner hero is capable of performing tremendous goodness for others.

Another conclusion from my research is that few people do evil and fewer act heroically. Between these extremes in the bell curve of humanity are the masses—the general population who do nothing, who I call the “reluctant heroes”—those who refuse the call to action and, by doing nothing, often implicitly support the perpetrators of evil.

So on this bell curve of humanity, villains and heroes are the outliers. The reluctant heroes are the rest. What we need to discover is how to give a call to service to this general population. How do we make them aware of the evil that exists? How do we prevent them from getting seduced to the dark side?

We don’t yet have a recipe for creating heroes, but we have some clues, based on the stories of some inspiring heroes.

I love the story of a wonderful nine-year-old Chinese boy, who I call a dutiful hero. In 2008, there was a massive earthquake in China’s Szechuan province. The ceiling fell down on a school, killing almost all the kids in it. This kid escaped, and as he was running away he noticed two other kids struggling to get out. He ran back and saved them. He was later asked, “Why did you do that?” He replied, “I was the hall monitor! It was my duty, it was my job to look after my classmates!”

This perfectly illustrates what I call the “heroic imagination,” a focus on one’s duty to help and protect others. For him, it was cultivated by being assigned this role of hall monitor.

Another story: Irena Sendler was a Polish hero, a Catholic woman who saved at least 2,500 Jewish kids who were holed up in the Warsaw ghetto that the Nazis had erected. She was able to convince the parents of these kids to allow her to smuggle them out of the ghetto to safety. To do this, she organized a network.

That is a key principle of heroism: Heroes are most effective not alone but in a network. It’s through forming a network that people have the resources to bring their heroic impulses to life.

What these stories suggest is that every one of us can be a hero. Through my work on heroism, I’ve become even more convinced that acts of heroism don’t just arrive from truly exceptional people but from people placed in the right circumstance, given the necessary tools to transform compassion into heroic action.

Building on these insights, I have helped to start a program designed to learn more of heroism and to create the heroes of tomorrow.

The Heroic Imagination Project (HIP) is amplifying the voice of the world’s quiet heroes, using research and education networks to promote a heroic imagination in everyone, and then empower ordinary people of all ages and nations to engage in extraordinary acts of heroism. We want to democratize the notion of heroism, to emphasize that most heroes are ordinary people; it’s the act that’s extraordinary.

There are already a lot of great heroes projects out there, such as the Giraffe Heroes Project . The HIP is unique in that it’s the only one encouraging research into heroism, because there’s very little.

Here are a few key insights from research we’ve done surveying 4,000 Americans from across the country. Each of these statements is valid after controlling for all demographic variables, such as education and socioeconomic status.

Heroes surround us. One in five—20 percent—qualify as heroes, based on the definition of heroism I provide above. Seventy-two percent report helping another person in a dangerous emergency. Sixteen percent report whistle blowing on an injustice. Six percent report sacrificing for a non-relative or stranger. Fifteen percent report defying an unjust authority. And not one of these people has been formally recognized as a hero.

Opportunity matters. Most acts of heroism occur in urban areas, where there are more people and more people in need. You’re not going to be a hero if you live in the suburbs. No shit happens in the suburbs!

Education matters. The more educated you are, the more likely you are to be a hero, I think because you are more aware of situations.

Volunteering matters. One third of all the sample who were heroes also had volunteered significantly, up to 59 hours a week.

Gender matters. Males reported performing acts of heroism more than females. I think this is because women tend not to regard a lot of their heroic actions as heroic. It’s just what they think they’re supposed to do for their family or a friend.

Race matters. Blacks were eight times more likely than whites to qualify as heroes. We think that’s in part due to the rate of opportunity. (In our next survey, we’re going to track responses by area code to see if in fact these heroes are coming from inner cities.

Personal history matters. Having survived a disaster or personal trauma makes you three times more likely to be a hero and a volunteer.

Based on these insights into heroism, we’ve put together a toolkit for potential heroes, especially young heroes in training, who already have opportunities to act heroically when they’re kids, such as by opposing bullying.

A first step is to take the “hero pledge,” a public declaration on our website that says you’re willing to be a hero in waiting. It’s a pledge “to act when confronted with a situation where I feel something is wrong,” “to develop my heroic abilities,” and “to believe in the heroic capacities within myself and others, so I can build and refine them.”

You can also take our four-week “Hero Challenge” mini-course online to help you develop your heroic muscles. The challenge may not require you to do anything heroic, but it’s training you to be heroic. And we offer more rigorous, research-based education and training programs for middle and high schools, corporations, and the millitary that make people aware of the social factors that produce passivity, inspire them to take positive civic action, and encourage the skills needed to consistently translate heroic impulses into action.

We’re also in the process of creating an Encyclopedia of Heroes, a collection of hero stories from all over the world. Not just all the classic ones and fictional ones, but ones that people from around the world are going to send in, so they can nominate ordinary heroes with a picture and a story. It will be searchable, so you can find heroes by age, gender, city and country. These are the unsung, quiet heroes—they do their own thing, put themselves in danger, defend a moral cause, help someone in need. And we want to highlight them. We want them to be inspirational to other people just like them.

Essentially, we’re trying to build the social habits of heroes, to build a focus on the other, shifting away from the “me” and toward the “we.” As the poet John Donne wrote: “No man [or woman] is an island entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main; … any man’s death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind. And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.”

So every person is part of humanity. Each person’s pulse is part of humanity’s heartbeat. Heroes circulate the life force of goodness in our veins. And what the world needs now is more heroes—you. It’s time to take action against evil.

About the Author

Philip Zimbardo

Philip Zimbardo, Ph.D. , is a professor emeritus of psychology at Stanford University, a professor at Palo Alto University, a two-time past president of the Western Psychological Association, and a past president of the American Psychological Association. He is also the author of the best-selling book The Lucifer Effect and the president of the Heroic Imagination Project .

You May Also Enjoy

We Are All Bystanders

Banality of Evil: The Flip-Side

The Roots of Moral Courage

Courage Under Fire

The Banality of Heroism

How to Raise a Hero

Very nice information. In this world this is the very difficult question that what makes people good or evil. This post has helped a lot to understand the difference. Actually in my point of it depends upon the individual that what he/she thinks. If he/she thinks negative all the time them they became evil and thinking vice versa makes them good.

Andrew | 2:31 am, January 19, 2011 | Link

I really like reading this article because there are many individuals in the world that are heroes but are not recognized.  Heroes that have help humanity progress and prosper have fought with the greatest weapons which are love, respect, sincerity, and peace.  The governments that have had the greatest fear of seeing people free have always use war for colonization, genocide, and false treaties.  However, love is much stronger than war, and thanks to the modern forms of communication and exchange of information, more people are united for peace and do not support or participate in colonization or human genocide.  Since the start of humanity most people have use peace to progress, few have participated in war and few are participating. May peace prevail on earth!

Victor | 7:48 pm, January 29, 2011 | Link

A son raising up against an evil father. A brother standing up to a bully attacking his sibling. A stranger rallying to the side of a woman being assaulted in the street.

My sons are my strength. My reason to help others, that they may find the help they need in their lives.

pops | 9:39 am, February 3, 2011 | Link

Of course religion and eduction has a big impact on a child. But once a child is trying to live a good life (earning good karma or call it whatever you want) good things will happen to that child and he or she will recognize this.

So I think you can definitely change from evil to good.. maybe you _can be changed_ from good to evil.

Massud Hosseini | 7:28 am, September 17, 2011 | Link

Actually in my point of it depends upon the individual that what he/she thinks

asalah | 9:41 pm, September 24, 2011 | Link

“Research has uncovered many answers to the second question: Evil can be fostered by dehumanization, diffusion of responsibility, obedience to authority, unjust systems, group pressure, moral disengagement, and anonymity, to name a few.”  <—What I find amazing about this statement is that anything is being branded “evil” at all.  Well, maybe not.  Relativism seems to be something that’s employed when convenient, disregarded when it’s not.

Kukri | 6:58 pm, November 6, 2011 | Link

This is a very comprehensive discussion on heroism. Victor makes a great point in his comment about how most heroes go unnoticed by the vast majority of people. I think that lack of notoriety is part of what it means to be a hero: doing that which is unexpected without the need for a pat on the back. quotes for facebook status

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When a sniper’s bullet hits one soldier and misses the person next to him, that alone does not make the wounded soldier more heroic.

brokesteves | 6:10 am, April 24, 2012 | Link

Psychologily

10 Qualities of a Hero: What Makes a True Hero According to Psychology

When we think of heroes, we often picture someone brave, selfless, and inspiring. Heroes come in many forms, from everyday people who perform extraordinary acts of kindness to larger-than-life figures who save the world from destruction. But what exactly makes a hero? What qualities do they possess that set them apart from the rest of us?

According to research, heroes share several key characteristics. They are brave, determined, and have a strong sense of conviction. They are also honest and empathetic and have an excellent capacity for nurturing and protecting others. Heroes often put themselves in harm’s way to help others, and they inspire those around them to be their best selves.

One of the most essential qualities of a hero is their moral integrity . Heroes stand up for what is right, even when difficult or unpopular. They do not compromise their values or beliefs, and they are willing to make sacrifices for the greater good. Whether they are fighting for social justice, rescuing people from danger, or simply being a positive role model, heroes have a profound impact on the world around them.

Qualities of a Hero: Innate Goodness

As we explore the qualities of a hero, one trait that stands out is their innate goodness. Heroes possess a natural sense of compassion and integrity that sets them apart from others. Let’s take a closer look at these two sub-traits.

Compassion is the ability to feel empathetic towards others and to take action to alleviate their suffering. Heroes possess an innate sense of compassion that drives them to help others in need. They can put themselves in other people’s shoes and understand their pain and struggles. This sense of compassion motivates heroes to act selflessly and put others’ needs before their own.

Integrity is another sub-trait that is closely tied to innate goodness. Heroes possess a strong sense of integrity that guides their actions and decisions. They have a deep-rooted sense of what is right and wrong, and they never compromise their values or beliefs. This unwavering commitment to integrity makes heroes stand out from the crowd. They are willing to make difficult choices and take risks to uphold their principles.

Heroes possess an innate goodness characterized by compassion and integrity. These traits make them stand out from others and inspire us to be better people. By cultivating these qualities within ourselves, we can all strive to be heroes in our own right.

Qualities of a Hero: Courage and Bravery

Courage and bravery are two of the most important qualities of a hero. These qualities are essential in facing difficult situations and overcoming obstacles. In this section, we will discuss the sub-sections of fearlessness and risk-taking.

Fearlessness

Fearlessness is the ability to face danger or difficulty without fear. It is an essential quality of a hero, allowing them to act bravely in the face of adversity. Fearlessness is not the absence of fear but rather the ability to confront and overcome it.

There are many examples of fearlessness in history. For instance, Martin Luther King Jr. was fearless in pursuing civil rights despite facing violence and oppression. Malala Yousafzai was fearless in her fight for education for girls in Pakistan, even after being shot by the Taliban.

Risk Taking

Risk-taking is another essential quality of a hero. It is the willingness to take on challenges and face uncertainty. Heroes often take risks to achieve their goals, even when the odds are against them.

Risk-taking can be seen in many areas of life, from business to sports to personal relationships. For example, Elon Musk took a massive risk in starting SpaceX, a company that aims to colonize Mars. Serena Williams takes risks on the tennis court, going for difficult shots even when it might be safer to play it safe.

Courage and bravery are essential qualities of a hero. Fearlessness and risk-taking are two sub-sections that make up these qualities. Heroes throughout history have demonstrated these qualities in their pursuit of justice, freedom, and other noble causes.

Qualities of a Hero: Selflessness

As we explore the qualities of a hero, we cannot overlook the importance of selflessness. Heroes are often motivated by a desire to help others, even if it means sacrificing their well-being. Selflessness is a trait that is often associated with heroes.

Altruism is defined as the selfless concern for the welfare of others. Heroes often display this trait by putting the needs of others before their own. They are willing to go out of their way to help someone in need, even if it means putting themselves in danger. Altruism is a critical component of selflessness and a quality we should all strive to possess.

Another aspect of selflessness is sacrifice. Heroes often sacrifice their comfort and well-being for the greater good. This could mean giving up their time, money, or safety to help others. Sacrifice is not an easy thing to do, but heroes are willing to make tough choices and put themselves in harm’s way for the benefit of others.

Selflessness is an essential trait of a hero. Altruism and sacrifice are two key components of selflessness that heroes often display. We should all strive to possess these qualities and be willing to put the needs of others before our own.

Qualities of a Hero: Perseverance

Perseverance is a crucial quality of a hero. It means to continue striving towards a goal despite obstacles and setbacks. Heroes are known for their resilience and determination, two key sub-qualities of perseverance.

Resilience is the ability to bounce back from adversity. Heroes often face complex challenges, but their resilience allows them to overcome them. Resilient people are not easily discouraged by failure or setbacks. Instead, they use these experiences as opportunities to learn and grow.

Determination

Determination is the quality of being firmly committed to a goal. Heroes are known for their unwavering determination to achieve their objectives. Determined people are willing to put in the hard work and effort required to succeed. Obstacles or setbacks take time to deter them.

Perseverance is not just about overcoming obstacles but also about maintaining a positive attitude and mindset. Heroes are known for their ability to stay focused and motivated, even in the face of adversity. They understand that setbacks are a natural part of the journey towards success.

Perseverance is an essential quality of a hero. Resilience and determination are two key sub-qualities contributing to a hero’s ability to overcome obstacles and achieve their goals. By cultivating these qualities, we can all become heroes in our own lives.

Qualities of a Hero: Leadership

Leadership is a crucial quality of a hero. Heroic leaders inspire and direct their followers towards a common goal. They possess the ability to motivate others and lead them through challenging situations. In this section, we will discuss the qualities that make a heroic leader.

Inspiration

Heroic leaders inspire their followers to achieve greatness. They possess a clear vision and communicate it effectively to their team. They lead by example and are willing to take risks themselves. They are passionate about their goals and inspire others to share their vision.

One example of an inspiring leader is Nelson Mandela. He fought against apartheid and was imprisoned for 27 years. Despite the hardships he faced, he remained committed to his cause and inspired millions of people around the world. His leadership and determination led to the end of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic South Africa.

Heroic leaders provide direction to their followers. They have a clear plan and communicate it effectively to their team. They ensure that everyone understands their role and responsibilities. They monitor progress and make adjustments as necessary to keep their team on track.

An example of a leader who provided direction is Steve Jobs. He was the co-founder of Apple and was known for his attention to detail. He had a clear vision for the company and communicated it effectively to his team. He turned Apple into one of the most successful companies in the world.

Heroic leaders possess the qualities of inspiration and direction. They inspire their followers to achieve greatness and provide direction to help them reach their goals. They are passionate about their vision and are willing to take risks to achieve it.

Qualities of a Hero: Wisdom

Wisdom is an essential quality of a hero. It is characterized by the ability to make sound judgments and decisions based on knowledge and experience. In this section, we will discuss the two sub-sections of wisdom: judgment and knowledge.

Judgment is the ability to make good decisions based on careful consideration of all available information. It involves weighing the pros and cons of a situation and making a decision that is in the best interest of all parties involved. A hero with good judgment can think critically and objectively, even in high-pressure situations.

One example of a hero with excellent judgment is Nelson Mandela. During his time as the President of South Africa, he made the difficult decision to forgive his oppressors and work towards reconciliation, rather than seeking revenge. This decision helped to heal the wounds of apartheid and set South Africa on a path toward a brighter future.

Knowledge is the foundation of wisdom. It is the accumulation of information and experience that allows a hero to make informed decisions. A hero with extensive knowledge is better equipped to solve problems and make a positive impact on the world.

One example of a hero with vast knowledge is Marie Curie. She was a physicist and chemist who made groundbreaking discoveries in radioactivity. Her work led to the developing of new medical treatments and technologies that have saved countless lives.

Wisdom is a crucial quality of a hero. It is the combination of good judgment and extensive knowledge that allows a hero to make a positive impact on the world. By striving to develop our wisdom, we can all become heroes in our own right.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are some common characteristics of heroic figures.

Heroic figures often possess qualities such as courage, selflessness, and a strong sense of purpose. They are willing to put themselves in harm’s way to help others or achieve a greater good. They also tend to have a strong moral compass and a willingness to stand up for what they believe in, even in the face of adversity.

What are some qualities that make someone a hero?

Some qualities that make someone a hero include bravery, empathy, selflessness, and a willingness to take action. Heroes are often motivated by a desire to make a positive impact on the world and help others, even if it means putting themselves at risk. They also tend to possess a strong sense of integrity and a commitment to doing what is right.

What are some heroic traits that are valued in society?

Society values heroic traits such as courage, selflessness, and a willingness to help others. These traits are seen as admirable and worthy of respect. Other traits that are valued in heroes include perseverance, determination, and a strong sense of purpose.

What distinguishes a hero from an ordinary person?

What distinguishes a hero from an ordinary person is their willingness to take action and put themselves at risk in order to help others or achieve a greater good. Heroes often possess qualities such as courage, selflessness, and a strong sense of purpose that set them apart from others.

What are some examples of people who are considered heroes?

Examples of people who are considered heroes include firefighters, police officers, medical professionals, and members of the military. Other examples include activists, volunteers, and everyday people who have performed acts of kindness or bravery in the face of danger or adversity.

What are some ways in which people can develop heroic qualities?

People can develop heroic qualities by cultivating traits such as courage, empathy, and selflessness. This can be done through practice and by intentionally seeking out opportunities to help others or make a positive impact on the world. Additionally, seeking out role models and learning from their actions can also help to develop heroic qualities.

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What Makes a Person Heroic?

Characteristics of a hero.

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Shereen Lehman, MS, is a healthcare journalist and fact checker. She has co-authored two books for the popular Dummies Series (as Shereen Jegtvig).

• Definitions
• Characteristics

What makes a person heroic? Is there a hero gene, naturally giving someone the characteristics of a hero? According to one study, the answer might rest in the type of heroism we are addressing.

In a paper published in 2010, researchers reported that people who engaged in one-time acts of bravery (like rushing into a burning building or rescuing someone from the path of an oncoming train) are not necessarily that much different from control groups of non-heroes.

By contrast, people who engage in lifelong heroism (such as professional nurses who regularly comfort the sick and dying) do share a number of important personality traits such as empathy , nurturance, and a need to live by a moral code.

Definitions of Heroism

The scientific study of heroism is a relatively recent topic of interest within the field of psychology.

Researchers have offered different definitions of exactly what makes a hero, but most suggest that heroism involves prosocial, altruistic actions that involve an element of personal risk or sacrifice. 

Researchers Franco, Blau, and Zimbardo suggest that heroism involves more than just this, however. In their definition, a heroic person is someone who:

• Acts voluntarily for the service of others who are in need, whether it is for an individual, a group, or a community
• Performs actions without any expectation of reward or external gain
• Recognizes and accepts the potential risk or sacrifice made by taking heroic actions

Researchers also do not necessarily agree about the central characteristics that make up heroism. One study published in 2015 in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology suggested that heroes have 12 central traits, which are:

• Determination
• Inspirational
• Moral integrity
• Self-sacrifice
• Selflessness

The psychology of heroism might not be well understood, but many experts do believe that it is possible for people to learn to be heroes . The following are just a few of the major characteristics that researchers have ascribed to heroes.

Concern for the Well-Being of Others

According to researchers, empathy, and compassion for others are key variables that contribute to heroic behavior.   People who rush in to help others in the face of danger and adversity do so because they genuinely care about the safety and well-being of other people.

One study published in 2009 found that people who have heroic tendencies also have a much higher degree of empathy.  

People who engage in acts of heroism have concern and care for the people around them and they are able to feel what those in need of help are feeling.

Understanding Other Perspectives

Researchers suggest that heroes aren't just compassionate and caring; they have a knack for being able to see things from the perspective of others.   They can "walk a mile in another man's shoes," so to speak.

When they encounter a situation where an individual is in need, they are immediately able to see themselves in that same situation and see what needs to be done to help.

Heroes Have Useful Skills and Strengths

Clearly, having the training or physical ability to deal with a crisis can also play a major role in whether or not people become heroes.

In situations where would-be rescuers lack the know-how or sheer physical strength to make a difference, people are less likely to help or are more likely to find less direct ways to take action. And in many cases, this approach is probably best; after all, people senselessly rushing into a dangerous situation can pose even more difficulties for rescue workers.

People who are trained and capable, such as those with first aid training and experience, are more ready and able to step up when their skills are needed.

Heroes Have a Strong Moral Compass

According to heroism researchers Zimbardo and Franco, heroes have two essential qualities that set them apart from non-heroes: they live by their values and they are willing to endure personal risk to protect those values.  

Their values and personal beliefs give them the courage and resolve to endure risk and even danger in order to adhere to those principles.

Heroes Are Competent and Confident

It takes both skill and self-confidence to rush into where others fear to tread. Researchers suggest that people who perform heroic acts tend to feel confident in themselves and their abilities.

When faced with a crisis , they have an intrinsic belief that they are capable of handling the challenge and achieving success no matter what the odds are. Part of this confidence might stem from above-average coping skills and abilities to manage stress.

Heroes Aren't Afraid to Face Fear

A person who rushes into a burning building to save another person is not just extraordinarily brave; he or she also possesses an ability to overcome fear. Researchers suggest that heroic individuals are positive thinkers by nature, which contributes to their ability to look past the immediate danger of a situation and see a more optimistic outcome.  

In many cases, these individuals may also have a higher tolerance for risk. Plenty of caring and kind people might shrink back in the face of danger. Those who do leap into action are typically more likely to take greater risks in multiple aspects of their lives.

Heroes keep working on their goals, even after multiple setbacks. Persistence is another quality commonly shared by heroes.

In one 2010 study, researchers found that people identified as heroes were more likely to put a positive spin on negative events.  

When faced with a potentially life-threatening illness, people with heroic tendencies might focus on the good that might come from the situation such as a renewed appreciation for life or an increased closeness with loved ones.  

"The decision to act heroically is a choice that many of us will be called upon to make at some point in time. By conceiving of heroism as a universal attribute of human nature, not as a rare feature of the few 'heroic elect,' heroism becomes something that seems in the range of possibilities for every person, perhaps inspiring more of us to answer that call," write heroism researchers, Zeno Franco, and Philip Zimbardo .  

A Word From Verywell

Researchers have found that in a lot of ways, heroes are not all that different from most people. However, there are a number of skills you can build that can boost your hero characteristics.

Building empathy, becoming competent and skilled, and being persistent in the face of obstacles are all abilities you can work on over time. By doing so, you can improve your ability to help others and come through in times of need.

Walker LJ, Frimer JA, Dunlop WL. Varieties of moral personality: beyond the banality of heroism .  J Pers . 2010;78(3):907‐942. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00637.x

Franco ZE, Blau K, Zimbardo PG. Heroism: A Conceptual Analysis and Differentiation between Heroic Action and Altruism .  Review of General Psychology . 2011;15(2):99-113. doi:10.1037/a0022672.

Kinsella EL, Ritchie TD, Igou ER. Zeroing in on heroes: a prototype analysis of hero features . J Pers Soc Psychol. 2015;108(1):114-27. doi:10.1037/a0038463

Staats S, Wallace H, Anderson T, Gresley J, Hupp JM, Weiss E. The hero concept: self, family, and friends who are brave, honest, and hopeful . Psychol Rep. 2009;104(3):820-32. doi:10.2466/PR0.104.3.820-832

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Essays About Heroes: 5 Examples And Topic Ideas

Here, we’ll look at examples of essays about heroes and questions that can be used as topics for essays about an imagined or real hero.

A few different images likely come to mind when you hear the word hero. You may imagine Superman flying above the world with his superpower of flight. You may imagine a personal hero, a real person who has made a significant impact on your life for the better. You might think of a true hero as someone who has shown heroic qualities in the public eye, working to help ordinary people through difficult situations.

When writing an essay about your life hero, it’s important to consider the qualities of that person that make them stand out to you. Whether you choose to write an essay about how your mom got you through tough times and became your role model or about a political figure who made a difference in the lives of people in history, it’s key to not just focus on the person’s actions—you’ll also want to focus on the qualities that allowed them to act heroically.

Here, we’ll explore examples of hero essays and potential topics to consider when writing about a hero.

For help with your essays, check out our round-up of the best essay checkers

Examples Of Essays About Heroes

• 1. These Are The Heroes Of The Coronavirus Pandemic By Ruth Marcus
• 2. Why Teachers Are My Heroes By Joshua Muskin
• 3. Martin Luther King Jr.—Civil Rights Activist & Hero By Kathy Weiser-Alexander

4. Steve Prefontaine: The Track Of A Hero By Bill O’Brian

5. forget hamilton, burr is the real hero by carey wallace, topic ideas for essays about heroes, 1. what makes a hero, 2. what are the most important characteristics of heroes in literature, 3. what constitutes a heroic act, 4. is selflessness required for heroism, 1.  these are the heroes of the coronavirus pandemic  by ruth marcus.

“Is this what they signed up for? There is some danger inherent in the ordinary practice of medicine, but not this much. I confess: I do not know that I would do the same in their circumstances; I am not sure I am so generous or so brave. If my child were graduating from medical school, how would I deal with her being sent, inadequately protected, into an emergency room? If my husband were a physician, would I send him off to the hospital — or let him back into the house in the interim?” Ruth Marcus

Healthcare workers have had no choice but to go above and beyond in recent years. In this essay, Marcus discusses the heroism of those in the healthcare field. He delves into the traits (including selflessness and courage) that make doctors, nurses, and other healthcare workers heroes.

2.  Why Teachers Are My Heroes   By Joshua Muskin

“Teachers are my heroes because they accept this responsibility and try extremely hard to do this well even when the conditions in which they work are far from ideal; at least most do. Our jobs as society, education systems, and parents is to do our best to be strong allies to teachers, since their success is essential to ours.” Joshua Muskin

In this essay, Dr. Muskin discusses the many challenges teachers face and what parents, administrators, and education researchers can do to help teachers support students. Muskin explains that most teachers go above and beyond the call of duty to serve their classrooms.

3.  Martin Luther King Jr.—Civil Rights Activist & Hero   By Kathy Weiser-Alexander

“During this nonviolent protest, activists used boycotts, sit-ins, and marches to protest segregation and unfair hiring practices that caught the attention of the entire world. However, his tactics were put to the test when police brutality was used against the marchers, and King was arrested. But, his voice was not silenced, as he wrote his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” to refute his critics.” Kathy Weiser-Alexander

In this essay, Weiser-Alexander details both the traits and the actions of Dr. King before and during the civil rights movement. The author touches on King’s commitment to justice, persistence, and willingness to stand for his beliefs despite difficult circumstances.

“I remember this so vividly because Prefontaine was a hero to me, a hero in a way that no one was before, or really has been since. A British commentator once called him “an athletic Beatle.” If so, his persona was much more Lennon than McCartney. Actually, I thought of him more as Mick Jagger — or ultimately James Dean.” Bill O’Brian

A hero to many in the running world, Prefontaine’s confidence, unique style, and unmatched athletic ability have been heralded for decades. In this essay, O’Brian shares how he, as a distance runner during the era of Pre, related to his struggles and ambition.

“Burr fought against an ugly tide of anti-immigrant sentiment in the young republic, led by Hamilton’s Federalist party, which suggested that anyone without English heritage was a second-class citizen, and even challenged the rights of non-Anglos to hold office. In response, Burr insisted that anyone who contributed to society deserved all the rights of any other citizen, no matter their background.” Carey Wallace

In this essay, Wallace explains why Aaron Burr, the lifelong nemesis of founding father Alexander Hamilton, should be considered a historical hero. This essay exposes someone seen as a villain but much of society with a different take on their history. 

It can be interesting to think about your definition of a hero. When describing what the term hero means to you, you may want to choose a person (or a few people) you look up to as a hero to solidify your point. You might want to include fictional characters (such as those in the Marvel universe) and real-life brave souls, such as police officers and firefighters.

A word of caution: stay away from the cliche opening of describing how the dictionary defines a hero. Instead, lead-in with a personal story about a hero who has affected your life. While talking about a public figure as a hero is acceptable, you may find it easier to write about someone close to you who you feel has displayed heroic qualities. Writing about a family member or friend who has shown up as a heroic main character in your life can be just as exciting as writing about a real or imagined superhero.

From Beowulf to Marvel comics, heroes in literature take on many different traits. When writing an essay on what trait makes a hero come alive in a short story, novel, or comic, choose a few of your favorite heroes and find common themes that they share.

Perhaps your favorite heroes are selfless and are willing to put themselves last in the name of sacrifice for others. Perhaps they’re able to dig deep into the truth, being honest even when it’s hard, for the greater good. There’s no need to list endless heroes to make your point—choosing three or four heroes from literature can be a great way to support your argument about what characteristics define heroism in literature.

When someone is named a hero in real life, we often picture them saving people from a burning building or performing a difficult surgical operation. It can be difficult to pin down exactly what constitutes a heroic act. When writing about what constitutes a heroic act, think about people who go above and beyond, performing feats of courage, honesty, and bravery to support themselves or others. When writing about what constitutes a heroic act, discuss real-life or literary examples of heroes at work.

To many people, being a hero means giving back to others. While giving something away or trading in one’s well-being for others can certainly be seen as a heroic act, many people wonder if selflessness is required for heroism or if a hero can serve the greater good in a way that also supports their happiness. When writing about whether selflessness is required for heroism, choose examples from literature and real-life to support your point.

Tip: If writing an essay sounds like a lot of work, simplify it. Write a simple 5 paragraph essay instead.

If you’re still stuck, check out our available resource of essay writing topics .

Amanda has an M.S.Ed degree from the University of Pennsylvania in School and Mental Health Counseling and is a National Academy of Sports Medicine Certified Personal Trainer. She has experience writing magazine articles, newspaper articles, SEO-friendly web copy, and blog posts.

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Essay on What Makes Someone A Hero

Students are often asked to write an essay on What Makes Someone A Hero in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on What Makes Someone A Hero

Who is a hero.

A hero is someone who does something brave or kind to help others, even when it is dangerous or difficult for them. Heroes come in all shapes and sizes, and they can be found in all walks of life.

Qualities of a Hero

Some common qualities of heroes include courage, kindness, selflessness, and determination. Heroes are often willing to put themselves in danger to help others, and they never give up on those they are trying to help.

Everyday Heroes

Heroes are not just people who save the day in big, dramatic ways. Everyday heroes are people who make a difference in the lives of others through their kindness, compassion, and willingness to help. They are the people who make our communities better places to live.

Heroes come in all shapes and sizes, and they can be found in all walks of life. They are the people who make our world a better place, and they deserve our respect and admiration.

250 Words Essay on What Makes Someone A Hero

What makes someone a hero.

A hero is someone who is admired for their courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. They are people who make a positive impact on the world and inspire others to do the same.

Courage and Selflessness

One of the most important qualities of a hero is courage. Heroes are willing to face danger and adversity in order to help others or to defend what they believe in. They are not afraid to stand up for what they believe is right, even when it is unpopular or difficult. Heroes are also selfless. They put the needs of others before their own and are always willing to help those in need.

Perseverance and Determination

Heroes are also persevering and determined. They do not give up easily, even when faced with setbacks and obstacles. They are always willing to try again and never give up on their goals. Heroes are also determined to make a difference in the world. They are passionate about their beliefs and are willing to work hard to make them a reality.

Kindness and Compassion

Heroes are also kind and compassionate. They care about others and are always willing to help those in need. They are always willing to lend a helping hand and are always there for their friends and family. Heroes are also tolerant and understanding. They are able to see the good in people, even when they are different from themselves.

In conclusion, many different qualities make someone a hero. Some of the most important qualities include courage, selflessness, perseverance, determination, kindness, and compassion. Heroes are people who make a positive impact on the world and inspire others to do the same. They are people who are admired and respected for their bravery, their accomplishments, and their noble qualities.

500 Words Essay on What Makes Someone A Hero

A hero is someone who is admired for their courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. They are often seen as role models and possess characteristics that inspire others. Heroes can be found in all walks of life, from firefighters and police officers to teachers and doctors.

Characteristics of a Hero

There are many qualities that can make someone a hero. Some of the most common include:

• Courage: Heroes are often willing to put their own lives at risk to help others.
• Selflessness: Heroes are not motivated by personal gain. They act out of a desire to help others and make a difference in the world.
• Compassion: Heroes are empathetic and care about the well-being of others. They are willing to go out of their way to help those in need.
• Determination: Heroes are persistent and do not give up. They are willing to face challenges and overcome obstacles in order to achieve their goals.
• Integrity: Heroes are honest and trustworthy. They always do the right thing, even when it is difficult.

Types of Heroes

There are many different types of heroes. Some heroes are famous, while others are known only to their local community. Some heroes are everyday people who perform acts of kindness and bravery. Others are celebrities or public figures who use their platform to make a difference in the world. No matter how big or small, all heroes have one thing in common: they make the world a better place.

The Importance of Heroes

Heroes are important because they inspire us to be better people. They show us what is possible when we put our minds to it and work hard to achieve our goals. Heroes also remind us that there is good in the world and that we can make a difference.

Heroes come in all shapes and sizes and from all walks of life. They are the people who make the world a better place, one act of kindness at a time. We should all strive to be heroes in our own way, and we should never forget the importance of the heroes who came before us.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on What Makes Me Happy
• Essay on What Makes An Ideal Community
• Essay on What Makes A Great College

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Home — Essay Samples — Life — Heroes — What Makes a Hero: Important Traits

What Makes a Hero: Important Traits

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Published: Feb 8, 2022

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The Essence of Heroism: a Definition Explored

This essay about the multifaceted nature of heroism, explores the complexities of defining what it means to be a hero. It highlights that heroes are not solely defined by their actions but also by their motivations and impact. The essay emphasizes that heroism transcends time and culture, manifesting in various forms from ancient myths to modern-day acts of courage and selflessness. It concludes by stressing the importance of recognizing heroism in everyday life and aspiring to embody its virtues, ultimately celebrating the indomitable spirit of human resilience and compassion.

How it works

In the annals of human history and the narratives that shape our cultures, the concept of heroism stands as a timeless beacon, revered and celebrated across epochs and civilizations. Yet, defining what constitutes a hero is a task that eludes simple categorization. It transcends the boundaries of language, culture, and time, embodying a multifaceted essence that is as elusive as it is compelling.

At its core, a hero is an individual who rises above the ordinary to perform extraordinary acts of courage, selflessness, and virtue.

However, this definition merely scratches the surface of the complex tapestry that is heroism. Heroes are not solely defined by their deeds but by the motivations that drive them and the impact they have on the world around them.

One of the defining characteristics of a hero is their unwavering commitment to a cause greater than themselves. Whether it be fighting injustice, defending the weak, or sacrificing personal comfort for the betterment of others, heroes embody a sense of purpose that transcends their individual desires. This sense of duty often compels them to confront adversity head-on, displaying a resilience and fortitude that inspires those around them.

Furthermore, heroes are not confined to the realms of myth and legend; they walk among us in the guise of ordinary individuals thrust into extraordinary circumstances. From the first responders who rush into danger to save lives, to the activists who challenge the status quo in pursuit of social justice, heroism takes on many forms in the modern world. It is not defined by grand gestures alone but by the everyday acts of kindness, compassion, and empathy that shape the fabric of our society.

Moreover, heroism is not static but evolves in response to the challenges and complexities of the world around us. While the archetypal hero of ancient mythology may wield a sword and shield, today’s heroes harness the power of technology, innovation, and social change to make their mark on the world. They embody the spirit of progress and resilience, adapting to new challenges with creativity and determination.

In conclusion, the essence of heroism defies easy definition, encompassing a rich tapestry of virtues, motivations, and actions. From the legendary figures of myth and folklore to the unsung heroes of everyday life, heroes inspire us to aspire to greatness and remind us of the boundless potential of the human spirit. As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, let us strive to cultivate the qualities of heroism within ourselves and recognize the heroes among us who embody the very best of what it means to be human.

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