master thesis process mapping

Process Mapping as a Tool for Integrating Human Factors into Work System Design

• Master of Science
• Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Granting Institution

Lac thesis type, thesis advisor, usage metrics.

• Human factor engineering, n.e.c.

• Guide: Process Mapping

Daniel Croft

Daniel Croft is an experienced continuous improvement manager with a Lean Six Sigma Black Belt and a Bachelor's degree in Business Management. With more than ten years of experience applying his skills across various industries, Daniel specializes in optimizing processes and improving efficiency. His approach combines practical experience with a deep understanding of business fundamentals to drive meaningful change.

• Last Updated: October 20, 2023
• Learn Lean Sigma

Process Mapping, a key lean tool in continuous improvement. Regardless of the industry you’re in having a clear understanding of your processes is important for efficiency and effectiveness. Process Mapping is a visualization of your operations, allowing you to see how tasks flow, who is responsible for what, and where bottlenecks or inefficiencies may exist.

Through simple symbols and lines, this tool highlights the sequence of actions from start to finish, making it easier for teams to communicate and collaborate.

Table of Contents

What is process mapping, a visual guide to your operations.

At its core, Process Mapping is like a visual guide for your business processes. It visually represents each step, action, or operation involved in a process from start to finish. Utilizing various symbols, shapes, and arrows, it paints a clear picture of how tasks flow through the system. This visualization makes it easier to understand complex workflows, especially for those who are not directly involved in the process.

Detailed sub process map

Key Elements of Process Mapping

Activities : These are the tasks or operations that are part of the process. An activity could be as simple as ‘Approve Request’ or as complex as ‘Conduct Quality Assurance Testing’.

Inputs/Outputs : Every activity in a process typically has something that triggers it (input) and produces a result (output). For instance, an input could be a customer order, and the output could be the shipped product.

Decision Points : These are the junctures where a decision needs to be made, often represented by diamond shapes in the map. For example, a decision point might be “Is the inventory sufficient?”

Roles : This specifies who is responsible for each activity. Assigning roles removes ambiguity and ensures accountability.

Why is Process Mapping Important?

More than just a diagram.

While it may seem like an exercise in drawing, Process Mapping has profound implications for your operations. Here’s why:

• Identifies Bottlenecks : A well-designed process map can immediately show you where your process slows down. Maybe there’s a step that takes disproportionately long or a decision point where things often get stuck. Identifying these bottlenecks is the first step in solving them.

Improves Communication : A process map serves as a single point of truth. It provides a universal language that helps in reducing misunderstandings and streamlining communications among team members.

Enhances Efficiency : By visualizing the entire process, you can easily spot redundancies or unnecessary steps that can be removed or simplified, making the whole system more efficient.

Facilitates Training : For new hires or team members unfamiliar with the process, a process map can serve as an excellent training tool. It provides an at-a-glance understanding that might otherwise take weeks to grasp.

By integrating Process Mapping into your continuous improvement strategies, you’re well on your way to a more efficient, communicative, and streamlined operation.

Types of Process Maps

Process Mapping isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach. There are various types of maps that serve different needs, depending on the complexity of the process, the level of detail required, and the audience for the map. Here’s a deep dive into four common types:

1. Flowcharts

What are they.

Flowcharts are the most basic form of process maps. They are excellent for mapping out simple processes or tasks that don’t require much detail. They typically use basic shapes like ovals for start/end, rectangles for processes, and diamonds for decision points.

When to Use

• When the process is straightforward and involves few steps.
• When a quick, easy-to-understand representation is sufficient.

2. SIPOC Maps (Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, Customers)

SIPOC Maps take a high-level view of a process and focus on identifying the Suppliers, Inputs, Processes, Outputs, and Customers. This type of map is particularly useful for understanding the broader ecosystem of a process.

• When you need to understand how a process interacts with external factors.
• During the initial stages of process improvement for scope definition.

3. Value Stream Maps

Value Stream Maps are commonly used in Lean methodologies. They not only map the process but also add data about time, cost, and resources to help identify value-added and non-value-added activities.

• When you’re applying Lean methodologies .
• When you want to understand and reduce waste in the process.

Value Stream Map (VSM)

4. Cross-Functional Flowcharts (Swimlane Diagrams)

Cross-Functional Flowcharts, also known as Swimlane Diagrams , show how a process moves between different teams or departments. Each ‘lane’ in the chart represents a different department or role.

• When the process involves multiple departments or teams.
• When you need to clarify roles and responsibilities across departments.

Swimlane / Cross functional process map

Steps to Create a Process Map

Creating a process map may seem like a daunting task, but breaking it down into structured steps can make it manageable and effective. Below is an in-depth guide on how to go about each stage of creating a process map.

1. Define Objectives

Before you even pick up a pen, you need to know what you aim to achieve with the process map. Are you trying to streamline operations, train new employees, or identify bottlenecks? Your objectives will guide the type of process map you choose and the level of detail it will require.

Key Points to Consider

• What problem are you trying to solve?
• Who is the target audience for the map?

2. Identify Stakeholders

Identifying stakeholders means listing all the parties who are involved in the process or will be affected by changes to it. This can include team members, managers, suppliers, and even customers.

• Who performs tasks in this process?
• Who oversees or manages this process?
• Who are the end-users or beneficiaries?

3. Gather Data

You need concrete information to build your map. This involves gathering data on activities, roles, and the sequence of steps. You may use interviews, observations, or review existing documentation to collect this data.

• What are the specific tasks or activities?
• What inputs and outputs are associated with each activity?
• Are there decision points? If so, what are the criteria?

4. Draft the Map

With all the preliminary work done, it’s time to put pen to paper—or cursor to screen. You can use specialized software or simply draw it out manually. Place the activities, decision points, and roles in their respective places and connect them with arrows to indicate flow.

• Use standard symbols for ease of understanding.
• Make sure the flow is logical and clear.

Once the initial draft is ready, share it with the identified stakeholders for review. They can provide insights you might have missed, suggest changes, or confirm that the map is accurate.

• Is the map easy to understand?
• Does it accurately represent the process?

Based on the feedback, make revisions as necessary. This might involve adding missing steps, clarifying roles, or even redefining the objectives if new insights have come to light.

• Are all stakeholder concerns addressed?
• Does the map align with the original objectives?

7. Finalize and Implement

Once the map has been reviewed and revised, it’s time to finalize it. The finished process map can then be used for training, documentation, and as a basis for continuous improvement efforts.

• Make the final version accessible to all relevant parties.
• Use it as a tool for training and operational excellence.

In summary, Process Mapping serves as a navigational tool for your business operations, offering a visual guide to understand, analyze, and improve complex processes. By breaking down the steps, identifying roles, and spotlighting decision points, this technique elevates your continuous improvement initiatives from a guessing game to a data-driven strategy.

Whether you opt for a basic Flowchart for simpler tasks or a more intricate Value Stream Map to scrutinize every detail, the importance of selecting the right type of process map cannot be overstated. The structured approach to creating a process map, which includes defining objectives, involving stakeholders, and iterative refinement, ensures that the final product is both accurate and actionable. As you embark on your journey toward operational excellence, keep this guide handy as a comprehensive resource for unlocking the immense potential of Process Mapping.

• Damelio, R., 2011.  The basics of process mapping . CRC press.
• Hunt, V.D., 1996.  Process mapping: how to reengineer your business processes . John Wiley & Sons.

Q: What software tools can I use for Process Mapping?

A : There are numerous software tools available for Process Mapping, ranging from specialized software like Visio and Lucidchart to general-purpose tools like PowerPoint and Google Slides. Your choice of tool may depend on the complexity of the process and the features you require, such as collaboration or data integration.

Q: How often should I update my Process Map?

A : The frequency of updates to your Process Map depends on how often the process itself changes. For dynamic processes that are subject to frequent alterations, quarterly reviews may be beneficial. For more stable processes, an annual review could suffice. Always update the map after any significant change to the process.

Q: Can I create a Process Map if I'm not an expert in the process?

A : While expertise in the process can be beneficial, it’s not strictly necessary. The key is to involve stakeholders who are experts or directly involved in the process. Their input can provide the detailed information needed to create an accurate map.

Q: What should I do if stakeholders disagree on the Process Map?

A : Disagreements among stakeholders can occur, especially for complex processes. In such cases, it may be helpful to return to the data gathering stage to collect more information, or even observe the process in action to resolve discrepancies. Consensus is crucial for the map to be effective.

Q: How detailed should my Process Map be?

A : The level of detail in your Process Map should align with its objectives. For a high-level overview, a less detailed map may suffice. However, if the goal is to identify bottlenecks or areas for improvement, a more detailed map that includes time, cost, and resource information could be more beneficial.

Daniel Croft is a seasoned continuous improvement manager with a Black Belt in Lean Six Sigma. With over 10 years of real-world application experience across diverse sectors, Daniel has a passion for optimizing processes and fostering a culture of efficiency. He's not just a practitioner but also an avid learner, constantly seeking to expand his knowledge. Outside of his professional life, Daniel has a keen Investing, statistics and knowledge-sharing, which led him to create the website learnleansigma.com, a platform dedicated to Lean Six Sigma and process improvement insights.

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Guide for Thesis Research

• Introduction to the Thesis Process
• Project Planning
• Literature Review
• Theoretical Frameworks
• Research Methodology
• GC Honors Program Theses
• Thesis Submission Instructions This link opens in a new window
• Accessing Guilford Theses from 1898 to 2020 This link opens in a new window

Web Resources

• Developing a Thesis - Harvard College Writing Center
• How to Write Your Thesis - Columbia University
• Navigating the Dissertation - University of Southern California

Mapping Out Your Thesis Project

Good project planning will help you make the most out of your thesis experience. Here are some pointers:

• What are the specific requirements for theses in your department?
• What type of sources will you need?
• How much information will you need?
• What kind of data will you need to collect?
• Start your thesis project with enough time.
• Establish a working schedule.
• Establish benchmarks.
• ​Anticipate difficulties in the research process.
• Give yourself leeway to refine or alter your topic as needed.
• Be willing to try different strategies as you conduct your research.
• Databases you have consulted
• Search queries you have used
• Relevant sources you have located
• Have you found sufficient quality information?
• Have you answered your research questions?
• Can you develop and support a coherent argument with the sources that you have?
• Do you have enough to fulfill your thesis requirements?
• Give yourself time to analyze your sources. Consider how they tie together and help support the points you wish to make.
• Give yourself time to craft your written product. Make sure it effectively communicates the research you have done and the ideas you wish to express.
• Show drafts of your written product to others. Ask for their honest feedback, and take it into account.
• Be very clear about what you wish to say and how you will support it.
• Anticipate possible questions you might get.
• Rehearse as much as possible.
• Enjoy the experience!  
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• Next: Literature Review >>
• Last Updated: Jan 23, 2024 4:31 PM
• URL: https://library.guilford.edu/thesis-guide

How to Write a Master's Thesis: A Guide to Planning Your Thesis, Pursuing It, and Avoiding Pitfalls

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Part 1: Initial Considerations

Who needs to write a master’s thesis.

Thesis writing is one of the more daunting challenges of higher education. That being said, not all master's students have to write a thesis. For example, fields that place a stronger emphasis on applied knowledge, such as nursing, business, and education, tend to have projects and exams to test students on the skills and abilities associated with those fields. Conversely, in disciplines that require in-depth research or highly polished creative abilities, students are usually expected to prove their understanding and independence with a thesis.

What's Your Goal?

Do you want to write a thesis? The process is a long one, often spanning years. It's best to know exactly what you want before you begin. Many people are motivated by career goals. For example, hiring managers may see a master's degree as proof that the candidate is an expert within their field and can lead, motivate, and demonstrate initiative for themselves and others. Others dream of earning their doctorate, and they see a master's degree as a stepping stone toward their Ph.D .

No matter what your desired goal is, you should have one before you start your thesis. With your goal in mind, your work will have a purpose, which will allow you to measure your progress more easily.

Major Types of Theses

Once you've carefully researched or even enrolled in a master's program—a feat that involves its own planning and resources —you should know if you are expected to produce a quantitative (which occurs in many math and science programs), qualitative (which occurs in many humanities programs), or creative (which occurs in many creative writing, music, or fine arts programs) thesis.

Time and Energy Considerations

Advanced degrees are notoriously time and energy consuming. If you have a job, thesis writing will become your second job. If you have a family, they will need to know that your thesis will take a great deal of your attention, energy, and focus.

Your studies should not consume you, but they also should not take a back seat to everything else. You will be expected to attend classes, conduct research, source relevant literature, and schedule meetings with various people as you pursue your master's, so it's important to let those you care about know what's going on.

As a general note, most master's programs expect students to finish within a two-year period but are willing to grant extra time if requested, especially if that time is needed to deal with unexpected life events (more on those later).

Part 2: Form an Initial Thesis Question, and Find a Supervisor

When to begin forming your initial thesis question.

Some fields, such as history, may require you to have already formed your thesis question and to have used it to create a statement of intent (outlining the nature of your research) prior to applying to a master’s program. Others may require this information only after you've been accepted. Most of the time, you will be expected to come up with your topic yourself. However, in some disciplines, your supervisor may assign a general research topic to you.

Overall, requirements vary immensely from program to program, so it's best to confirm the exact requirements of your specific program.

What to Say to Your Supervisor

You will have a supervisor during your master's studies. Have you identified who that person will be? If yes, have you introduced yourself via email or phone and obtained information on the processes and procedures that are in place for your master's program? Once you've established contact, request an in-person meeting with him or her, and take a page of questions along with you. Your questions might include:

• Is there a research subject you can recommend in my field?
• I would like to pursue [target research subject] for my thesis. Can you help me narrow my focus?
• Can you give me an example of a properly formatted thesis proposal for my program?

Don't Be Afraid to Ask for Help (to a Degree)

Procedures and expectations vary from program to program, and your supervisor is there to help remove doubt and provide encouragement so you can follow the right path when you embark on writing your thesis. Since your supervisor has almost certainly worked with other graduate students (and was one at some point), take advantage of their experience, and ask questions to put your mind at ease about how to write a master’s thesis.

That being said, do not rely too heavily on your supervisor. As a graduate student, you are also expected to be able to work independently. Proving your independent initiative and capacity is part of what will earn you your master's degree.

Part 3: Revise Your Thesis

Read everything you can get your hands on.

Whether you have a question or need to create one, your next step is simple and applies to all kinds of theses: read.

Seek Out Knowledge or Research Gaps

Read everything you can that relates to the question or the field you are studying. The only way you will be able to determine where you can go is to see where everyone else has been. After you have read some published material, you will start to spot gaps in current research or notice things that could be developed further with an alternative approach. Things that are known but not understood or understood but not explained clearly or consistently are great potential thesis subjects. Addressing something already known from a new perspective or with a different style could also be a potentially valuable project. Whichever way you choose to do it, keep in mind that your project should make a valuable contribution to your field.

Talk with Experts in Your Field (and Don't Be Afraid to Revise Your Thesis)

To help narrow down your thesis topic, talk to your supervisor. Your supervisor will have an idea of what is current in your field and what can be left alone because others are already working on it. Additionally, the school you are attending will have programs and faculty with particular areas of interest within your chosen field.

On a similar note, don't be surprised if your thesis question changes as you study. Other students and researchers are out there, and as they publish, what you are working on can change. You might also discover that your question is too vague, not substantial enough, or even no longer relevant. Do not lose heart! Take what you know and adjust the question to address these concerns as they arise. The freedom to adapt is part of the power you hold as a graduate student.

Part 4: Select a Proposal Committee

What proposal committees are and why they're useful.

When you have a solid question or set of questions, draft a proposal.

You'll need an original stance and a clear justification for asking, and answering, your thesis question. To ensure this, a committee will review your thesis proposal. Thankfully, that committee will consist of people assigned by your supervisor or department head or handpicked by you. These people will be experts who understand your field of study and will do everything in their power to ensure that you are pursuing something worthwhile. And yes, it is okay to put your supervisor on your committee. Some programs even require that your supervisor be on your committee.

Just remember that the committee will expect you to schedule meetings with them, present your proposal, respond to any questions they might have for you, and ultimately present your findings and thesis when all the work is done. Choose those who are willing to support you, give constructive feedback, and help address issues with your proposal. And don't forget to give your proposal a good, thorough edit and proofread before you present it.

How to Prepare for Committee Meetings

Be ready for committee meetings with synopses of your material for committee members, answers for expected questions, and a calm attitude. To prepare for those meetings, sit in on proposal and thesis defenses so you can watch how other graduate students handle them and see what your committee might ask of you. You can even hold rehearsals with friends and fellow students acting as your committee to help you build confidence for your presentation.

Part 5: Write Your Thesis

What to do once your proposal is approved.

After you have written your thesis proposal and received feedback from your committee, the fun part starts: doing the work. This is where you will take your proposal and carry it out. If you drafted a qualitative or quantitative proposal, your experimentation or will begin here. If you wrote a creative proposal, you will now start working on your material. Your proposal should be strong enough to give you direction when you perform your experiments, conduct interviews, or craft your work. Take note that you will have to check in with your supervisor from time to time to give progress updates.

Thesis Writing: It's Important to Pace Yourself and Take Breaks

Do not expect the work to go quickly. You will need to pace yourself and make sure you record your progress meticulously. You can always discard information you don't need, but you cannot go back and grab a crucial fact that you can't quite remember. When in doubt, write it down. When drawing from a source, always create a citation for the information to save your future self time and stress. In the same sense, you may also find journaling to be a helpful process.

Additionally, take breaks and allow yourself to step away from your thesis, even if you're having fun (and especially if you're not). Ideally, your proposal should have milestones in it— points where you can stop and assess what you've already completed and what's left to do. When you reach a milestone, celebrate. Take a day off and relax. Better yet, give yourself a week's vacation! The rest will help you regain your focus and ensure that you function at your best.

How to Become More Comfortable with Presenting Your Work

Once you start reaching your milestones, you should be able to start sharing what you have. Just about everyone in a graduate program has experience giving a presentation at the front of the class, attending a seminar, or watching an interview. If you haven't (or even if you have), look for conferences and clubs that will give you the opportunity to learn about presenting your work and become comfortable with the idea of public speaking. The more you practice talking about what you are studying, the more comfortable you'll be with the information, which will make your committee defenses and other official meetings easier.

Published authors can be called upon to present at conferences, and if your thesis is strong, you may receive an email or a phone call asking if you would share your findings onstage.

Presenting at conferences is also a great way to boost your CV and network within your field. Make presenting part of your education, and it will become something you look forward to instead of fear.

What to Do If Your Relationship with Your Supervisor Sours

A small aside: If it isn't already obvious, you will be communicating extensively with others as you pursue your thesis. That also means that others will need to communicate with you, and if you've been noticing things getting quiet, you will need to be the one to speak up. Your supervisor should speak to you at least once a term and preferably once a week in the more active parts of your research and writing. If you give written work to your supervisor, you should have feedback within three weeks.

If your supervisor does not provide feedback, frequently misses appointments, or is consistently discouraging of your work, contact your graduate program advisor and ask for a new supervisor. The relationship with your supervisor is crucial to your success, especially if she or he is on your committee, and while your supervisor does not have to be friendly, there should at least be professional respect between you.

What to Do If a Crisis Strikes

If something happens in your life that disrupts everything (e.g., emotional strain, the birth of a child, or the death of a family member), ask for help. You are a human being, and personal lives can and do change without warning. Do not wait until you are falling apart before asking for help, either. Learn what resources exist for crises before you have one, so you can head off trauma before it hits. That being said, if you get blindsided, don't refuse help. Seek it out, and take the time you need to recover. Your degree is supposed to help you become a stronger and smarter person, not break you.

Part 6: Polish and Defend Your Master's Thesis

How to write a master’s thesis: the final stages.

After your work is done and everything is written down, you will have to give your thesis a good, thorough polishing. This is where you will have to organize the information, draft it into a paper format with an abstract, and abbreviate things to help meet your word-count limit. This is also where your final editing and proofreading passes will occur, after which you will face your final hurdle: presenting your thesis defense to your committee. If they approve your thesis, then congratulations! You are now a master of your chosen field.

Conclusion and Parting Thoughts

Remember that you do not (and should not) have to learn how to write a master’s thesis on your own. Thesis writing is collaborative, as is practically any kind of research.

While you will be expected to develop your thesis using your own initiative, pursue it with your own ambition, and complete it with your own abilities, you will also be expected to use all available resources to do so. The purpose of a master's thesis is to help you develop your own independent abilities, ensuring that you can drive your own career forward without constantly looking to others to provide direction. Leaders get master's degrees. That's why many business professionals in leadership roles have graduate degree initials after their last names. If you already have the skills necessary to motivate yourself, lead others, and drive change, you may only need your master's as an acknowledgement of your abilities. If you do not, but you apply yourself carefully and thoroughly to the pursuit of your thesis, you should come away from your studies with those skills in place.

A final thought regarding collaboration: all theses have a section for acknowledgements. Be sure to say thank you to those who helped you become a master. One day, someone might be doing the same for you.

Image source: Falkenpost/Pixabay.com 

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Thesis and Dissertation: Getting Started

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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The resources in this section are designed to provide guidance for the first steps of the thesis or dissertation writing process. They offer tools to support the planning and managing of your project, including writing out your weekly schedule, outlining your goals, and organzing the various working elements of your project.

Weekly Goals Sheet (a.k.a. Life Map) [Word Doc]

This editable handout provides a place for you to fill in available time blocks on a weekly chart that will help you visualize the amount of time you have available to write. By using this chart, you will be able to work your writing goals into your schedule and put these goals into perspective with your day-to-day plans and responsibilities each week. This handout also contains a formula to help you determine the minimum number of pages you would need to write per day in order to complete your writing on time.

Setting a Production Schedule (Word Doc)

This editable handout can help you make sense of the various steps involved in the production of your thesis or dissertation and determine how long each step might take. A large part of this process involves (1) seeking out the most accurate and up-to-date information regarding specific document formatting requirements, (2) understanding research protocol limitations, (3) making note of deadlines, and (4) understanding your personal writing habits.

Creating a Roadmap (PDF)

Part of organizing your writing involves having a clear sense of how the different working parts relate to one another. Creating a roadmap for your dissertation early on can help you determine what the final document will include and how all the pieces are connected. This resource offers guidance on several approaches to creating a roadmap, including creating lists, maps, nut-shells, visuals, and different methods for outlining. It is important to remember that you can create more than one roadmap (or more than one type of roadmap) depending on how the different approaches discussed here meet your needs.

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• Project planning |
• Guide to process mapping: Definition, h ...

Guide to process mapping: Definition, how-to, and tips

Do you ever come up with a great idea, but you’re not sure where to begin? To see your ideas come to fruition, you first need to organize them and come up with a plan. 

Process mapping can be an advantage when you’re doing team brainstorms, making decisions, or planning projects. Process maps also come in handy for process documentation , new hire training, and process improvement .

To make project planning and communication more efficient for your team, find out how process mapping works (with examples), the benefits of process mapping, and how to create a process map.   

What is process mapping?

Process mapping is a technique used to visually map out workflows and processes. It involves creating a process map, also referred to as a flowchart, process flowchart, or workflow diagram . 

The purpose of process mapping is to communicate how a process works in a concise and straightforward way. It allows any team member to be able to easily understand how to complete a given process without lengthy verbal explanations. By mapping out a process from start to finish, you can have a better understanding of how the entire process works and identify inefficiencies or make improvements.

You can use process mapping to visualize any type of process, but it’s common to use them for process analysis, training, integration, or process improvement. They’re useful when you need to communicate a complex process, address a recurring problem within a given process, or coordinate the responsibilities of multiple team members.

How to create a process map

Creating a process map is simple and can be done on paper or using workflow management software and templates. The steps below explain how to create a process map from scratch. 

Step 1: Identify a problem or process to map

First, determine the process you’d like to map out. Is there an inefficient process that needs improvement? A new process you’d like to concisely communicate to your team? A complex process that employees often have questions about? Identify what you want to map and name it. 

Step 2: List the activities involved

Document all the tasks required to complete the process. At this stage, the order doesn’t matter. Make a list of all the activities involved, as well as who is responsible for each. 

It’s a good idea to collaborate with teammates and other stakeholders who will participate in the process so you can accurately account for all of the steps required and determine what level of detail is needed. Also, make sure you establish where the process begins and ends so you know which tasks should be included to produce the desired result.

Step 3: Write out the sequence of steps

Now that you’ve compiled a list of all the activities, the next step is to arrange these activities in the proper sequence, until the full process is represented from beginning to end. This is a good place to check if there are any gaps you may have missed in the previous step.

Step 4: Draw a flowchart using process mapping symbols

Select the appropriate process mapping format and draw out the process, representing the steps with process mapping symbols. There are around 30 standard symbols you can use to represent different elements of a process, but we’ll cover the most common ones in more detail later on in this article.

Step 5: Finalize and share the process map

Once you’ve finished drawing your process map, review it with other stakeholders involved in the process to make sure everyone understands it and agrees with how the process is mapped. Make sure no steps have been left out and there are no redundancies or ambiguities. 

Step 6: Analyze the map to find areas of improvement

After you establish that the process map accurately describes the process workflow, your completed process map now serves as a tool you can analyze to discover ways of improving the process. 

With the help of feedback from your team, identify where there are bottlenecks and inefficiencies in the process. What steps can be eliminated? Which tasks can be completed more efficiently? Once you’ve identified these areas of improvement, take action to fix them and rework the process map to reflect the improvements. 

Why use a process map?

Process mapping allows you to solidify ideas and streamline processes by visually communicating the steps needed to execute an idea. 

Here are some ways that process mapping can be useful for you and your team:

Identify inefficiencies : Helps you identify bottlenecks, gaps, and other issues in a process flow .

Simplify ideas: Breaks down complex ideas into smaller steps.

Increase comprehension: Promotes thorough understanding of a process.

Plan for contingencies : Allows for contingencies and provides problem-solving guidance.

Delegate responsibilities: Coordinates responsibilities between various individuals or entities. 

Create documentation: Provides documentation of the process.

Communicate clearly: Simplifies communication through a user-friendly, visual format. 

Make decisions faster: Enables faster decision making due to faster communication.

Assist employees: Improves employee performance and job satisfaction.

Meet standards: Helps businesses comply with ISO 9000 and ISO 9001 standards.

Types of process maps

Process maps come in all shapes and sizes. They all serve the same purpose, but certain types of process maps may be better suited for particular projects. Here are some of the most common types of process maps. 

The simplest form of a process map is a basic flowchart. The basic flowchart uses process mapping symbols to illustrate the inputs and outputs of a process and the steps included in completing the process. 

Basic flowcharts can be used to plan new projects, improve communication between team members, model and document processes, solve problems in a current process, and analyze and manage workflows. 

Best for: Showing how a process is done from start to finish, typically in sequential order.

High-level process map

A high-level process map, also known as a top-down map or value chain map, provides a high-level overview of a process. Steps are limited to the essentials of the process and the map includes minimal detail. 

High-level process maps can be used to define business processes and identify the key steps involved. These process maps are also useful for discussing processes with superiors or third parties who don’t need to know the specifics of the operation. 

Best for: Communicating the essential steps of a process.

Detailed process map

In contrast with the high-level process map, a detailed process map provides all the details of each step and includes subprocesses. It documents decision points and the inputs and outputs of each step. This process map provides the most thorough understanding of the mapped process and is most effective in pinpointing areas of inefficiency due to its high level of detail. 

Best for: Providing a comprehensive understanding of a process, including all details and contingencies.

Swimlane map

A swimlane map, also known as a cross-functional or deployment flowchart, delegates process activities into “swimlanes” to designate who is responsible for each task. The map is divided into channels for each stakeholder in the process and lists each activity in the channel of the appropriate stakeholder. This type of process map highlights the different roles involved in the process and the interaction between stakeholders. 

Swimlane maps are ideal for training employees on their roles in a process and increasing accountability. They are also useful for identifying inefficiencies in the process such as delays, redundancies, and potential process failure. 

Best for: Clarifying the roles of multiple stakeholders in a process.

Value stream map

A value stream map is a lean management tool that visualizes the process of bringing a product or service to the customer. Value stream maps tend to be complex and use a unique system of symbols to illustrate the flow of information and materials necessary to the process. 

By documenting data such as cycle time and the number of people involved in each step, value stream mapping is useful for identifying areas where waste can be reduced and revealing opportunities for focusing future projects. 

Best for: Describing the process of bringing a product to a customer and documenting quantitative data about the process.

SIPOC diagram

The acronym SIPOC stands for Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, Customers. A SIPOC diagram is not so much a process map as a chart identifying the key elements of the process, which may be created as a precursory step to crafting a detailed process map. 

As the acronym suggests, the SIPOC chart should feature five columns which include the basic steps in the process, the outputs of the process, the customers, the inputs of the process, and the suppliers of each input. In addition to preparing for a more detailed process map, a SIPOC diagram is also useful for defining the scope of complex processes. 

Best for: Identifying the key elements and stakeholders in a process.

Process mapping symbols

Process mapping uses symbols from the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to represent key elements on a process map, such as steps, decision points, inputs and outputs, and participating team members. 

Here are the most common process mapping symbols and their usage:

Terminator: Ovals denote the beginning and end of the process.

Process step: A rectangle represents an activity or task in the process.

Flow: Arrows connect steps in the process and show directional flow.

Decision: A diamond illustrates a point where a decision needs to be made, usually with “yes” or “no” options branching from this point.

Delay: A D-shaped symbol indicates a delay in the process.

Document: A rectangle with a wavy bottom line represents a document or information that people can read. Multiple documents are indicated by a symbol resembling multiple stacked wavy rectangles.

Data: A parallelogram represents data that is an input or output of a process step.

Manual input: A rectangle with a slanted top line indicates a step in which data must be manually entered.

Subprocess: A rectangle with double vertical lines indicates a subprocess which is predefined elsewhere. 

There are a number of other symbols you can also incorporate into your process map, but these common symbols will be the most helpful, especially as you get started. 

Process mapping example

You can create a process map for any type of process, but you may still be wondering how to apply this tool to your team. 

To help you get a better idea of what a process map might look like, here is an example:

Process mapping techniques

You can customize process maps to match your needs and preferences, but there are also general tips to keep in mind when process mapping to maximize effectiveness. Here are a few process mapping best practices to apply as you get started:

Planning your process map: 

Establish the boundaries of the process so that only necessary information is included.

Set clear objectives for the process.

Only map processes that have a defined, objective output.

Drafting your process map:

Work backward from output to input.

Keep subprocesses simple.

Include all necessary details, no more and no less.

Use standardized notation so everyone is on the same page.

Reviewing your process map: 

Get feedback from everyone involved in the process.

Detail alternative routes to meeting a preferred condition where applicable.

Map the process in its current state, not necessarily a perfect or idealized state, and make improvements from there. 

Apply these tips in each stage of your process mapping so you can produce the most effective process maps.

Steer projects in the right direction with a process map

Process mapping is an effective tool for documenting and improving your processes. Combine the information above with these seven simple steps to creating a workflow . Using the right tools, you can begin mapping and managing processes to achieve clear communication and improved efficiency.

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Flood risk analysis using gis-based analytical hierarchy process: a case study of Bitlis Province

• Original Article
• Open access
• Published: 15 April 2022
• Volume 12 , article number  122 , ( 2022 )

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• Mehmet Cihan Aydin   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5477-1033 1 &
• Elif Sevgi Birincioğlu 2  

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Floods are the most common natural disasters on earth. Population growth with global warming and climate changes increases the impact of floods on people every year. Combating natural disasters such as floods is possible with effective disaster management. An effective disaster management can only be possible with a comprehensive risk analysis. Flood risks depend on many factors such as precipitation, flow, earth slope, soil structure, and population density. A holistic flood risk analysis considering all these factors will provide a more effective disaster management. This study focuses on an assessment of flood hazard analysis in Bitlis province of Turkey using analytical hierarchy method which is a multi-parameter modeling technique. Flood hazard zones were mapped according to the weight of the selected factor by using geographic information system. It is concluded that while especially the south-western regions are exposed to high flood risk due to high stream density and precipitation, the high slope and rugged nature of this region restrict the risk mainly to the vicinity of low elevation streams and high population regions.

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Introduction

Although it is not possible to completely prevent natural disasters, the damage caused by these disasters can be minimized with structural and non-structural measures. Floods are one of the most common natural disasters in the world that cause major economic, social and infrastructure damage as well as significant loss of life. For this reason, it is important to determine the flood risks especially in the settlements in order to prevent possible damages. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), which has become popular in the spatial evaluation of multi-parameter problems in recent years, is an effective method in the spatial assessment of flood risks together with geographic information systems (GIS). AHP is a highly cultivated method in multivariate problems in terms of determining the effect of the variables on the event in proportion to their weights. Many researchers have used the AHP supported by some additional techniques such as GIS and artificial intelligent (AI) to analyze the flood risk assessment for their region. Seejata et al. ( 2018 ) used the GIS-supported analytical hierarchy method to evaluate flood hazard areas in Sukhothai province, Thailand. They weighed six relevant physical factors namely rainfall amount, slope, elevation, river density, land use and soil permeability for the estimation of flood risk zones. Chakraborty and Mukhopadhyay ( 2019 ) obtained flood risk maps based on flood hazard index and flood susceptibility index of a flood-threatened region using AHP. Dandapat and Panda ( 2017 ), considering Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal as study area, used AHP aided GIS to evaluate the vulnerability and risk assessment of flood. To describe the flood risk zones, they prepared a composite vulnerability index accomplished with physical and social vulnerability index along with a coping capacity index. Ekmekcioglu et al. ( 2021 ) proposed a new AHP technique that consists of thirteen flood vulnerability and hazard criteria to generate Istanbul’s district-based flood risk map. They used a fuzzy AHP to obtain the weights of criteria. Their findings showed that high-risk districts were mainly at the center and highly populated areas of Istanbul. The accuracy of their model was validated by observations of the significant flood events in the last decades, and it was proposed that the method could be used advantageously to obtain a quick and regional flood risk assessment. Ghosh and Kar ( 2018 ) attempted to assess risk due to flooding using AHP incorporating flood hazard elements and vulnerability indicators in GIS environment. They used morphological and hydrometeorological parameters to prepare a flood hazard map while demographic, socio-economic and infrastructural parameters to produce  the vulnerability map. Sinha et al. ( 2008 ) performed a flood risk analysis in the Kosi river basin integrating the hydrological analysis with a GIS-based flood risk mapping in parts of the basin. They used geomorphological, land cover, topographic and social parameters to define a flood risk index through HYP. In addition to these studies, several researchers have performed to integrate the GIS tools with the AHP to determine flood risk maps (Wang et al. 2011 ; Aher et al. 2013 ; Stefanidis and Stathis 2013 ; Papaioannou et al. 2015 ; Dahri and Abida 2017 ; Hammami et al. 2019 ; Meshram et al. 2019 ; Souissi et al. 2019 ; Sepehri et al. 2020 ).

These above studies showed that especially GIS-based AHP is a powerful tool for analyzing flood risk of a particular region and creating flood risk maps. Floods are the second among all disasters in terms of loss of life and property and the first among meteorological disasters in Turkey (SYGM 2020a , b ). In this study, flood analysis of Bitlis province in eastern Turkey, which is exposed to significant floods with its rugged structure and excessive precipitation, was carried out with GIS-based AHP. The outputs obtained from this method will contribute significantly to the pre-disaster flood control studies.

The province of Bitlis, chosen as the study area, is located in a mountainous and rugged region at 1500–1800 m elevations in eastern Turkey. The climate of this region shows a micro-climatic behavior due to the transition of different climatic zones and the Van Lake located in the east. With these features, the region is the settlement that receives the most snowfall in Turkey. Significant flooding events may occur as a result of snow melting caused by the increase in hot temperatures, especially with the falling precipitation. As seen on the map in Fig.  1 , Bitlis is the fourth among the flood events that occurred in Turkey between 1950 and 2019 with 247 flood records. Bitlis city center, which has a historical and distorted structure, has been exposed to significant floods in the past due to the stream passing through it (Aydin and Isik 2015 ; Aydin and Yaylak 2016 ). The largest known flood disaster in Bitlis was reported on May 2, 1995. The rainfall, which lasted for about 36 h, caused a perfect flood in the Bitlis stream passing through the city center, resulting in significant damage in the city (Arınç 1996 ). In the city center of Bitlis, flood disasters were also experienced in 2017 and 2018, caused by heavy rainfall. In addition, the floods that occurred in Hizan district in 2006 and Tatvan district in 2006, 2012 and 2020 are some examples of important flood events in this area. It is reported that more than 4000 people would be affected by the flood in the most unfavorable scenario of the 500-year recurrent possible flood flows within the borders of Bitlis province. Possible losses in the region for 500-year period floods are given in Table 1 (SYGM 2020a , b ).

The number of flood events in Turkey between 1950 and 2019 (AFAD, 2019 )

Methodology

Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is an effective method in multiple decision-making processes using in many fields such as finance, business, education, politics and engineering. Among the multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM), the most commonly used method is the AHP, which was developed by Saaty ( 1980 ) with inspiration from Myers and Alpert ( 1968 ). The AHP has been reconstructed by many researchers because of its several advantages in making critical decisions (Yang et al. 2013 ; Budayan 2019 ; Darko et al. 2019 ; Gurgun and Koc 2020 ). The AHP is a flexible mathematical model considering the priorities of the individual or group and evaluates both quantitative and qualitative criteria in decision-making problems (Dagdeviren et al. 2004 ). The method consists of decision stages in which the values are assigned and alternative values are determined according to the criteria chosen to manage the decision-making process. The first stage in AHP is to define the hierarchical structure and the comparison matrix. Then, the comparison matrix is converted to a priorities vector, and the compliance rate is estimated by means of random index value (Can 2019 ). Figure  2 shows the schema of three-level hierarchical structure for a MCDM problem presented by Wang et al. ( 2008 ). The top level indicates the decision goal, a lower level represents the criteria, and the low level represents the low alternatives, if any. There are decision options at the bottom level. For consistency of pairwise comparison, the number of criteria and each criterion should be defined correctly. The criteria should be classified according to their common characteristics. AHP can be applied with many criteria. The importance levels of the criteria are determined by comparing the two criteria in AHP after the hierarchical structure is established. While making a pairwise comparison between the decision criteria, the most appropriate decision is scored between 1 and 9, as in Table 2 , in consultation with the decision-makers as well (Wang et al. 2008 ). Thus, the pairwise comparison matrix for the certain assessment criteria is defined as in Eq. (1) (Timur 2011 ). The relationship between the pairwise comparison values of two reciprocal criteria is expressed as a 21  = 1/a 12 .

A three-level hierarchy for a MCDM problem (Wang et al. 2008 )

To obtain the normalized matrix, first, the elements of each column in the comparison matrix are summed and then, each element of the comparison matrix is divided by the column sum. The weight vector is determined by calculating the average of each row of the normalized matrix. The priorities matrix is also determined by multiplying the comparison matrix and the weight vector as follows:

The maximum eigenvalue ( λ max ) is computed with the following.

In these equations, n is criteria number, A is the pairwise comparison matrix, and W is the weight vector. This method for determining the weight vector of a pairwise comparison matrix is called the principal right eigenvector method (EM) (Saaty 1980 ). Because the decision-maker may not provide perfectly consistent pairwise comparisons, it is recommended that pairwise comparison matrix A should have an acceptable consistency that can be checked by the following consistency ratio (CR) (Wang et al. 2008 ):

where the CI is the consistency index, and RI is the random inconsistency index that is taken from Table 3 depending on n number.

If CR is below 0.10, the comparison matrix is considered to have acceptable consistency; otherwise, the decision-making process is repeated until consistency is achieved. CR = 0.00 means the CR value is the best value for consistency (Saaty 1990 ; Subramanian and Ramanathan 2012 ).

Flood risk analysis

The hazard and vulnerability criteria should be evaluated together when assessing risk scores. This approach, which is frequently used in risk assessment, was expressed by many researchers as follows (Wisner et al. 2004 ; Masood and Takeuchi 2012 ; Dandapat and Panda 2017 Chakraborty and Mukhopadhyay 2019 ):

Flood risk can be considered as a combination of both the hazard and the vulnerability factors as detailed. While the hazard factors directly affect the severity of the disaster, such as precipitation, river distance, geological structure, slope and aspect, the vulnerability factors reflect the sensitivity of the affected area such as population, soil and land use. For the risk to occur in an area, these two factors must be together, otherwise there is no risk. The flowchart of the method of the GIS-based AHP used in this study is detailed in Fig.  3 . Here, a GIS interface was used to create and combine hazard and vulnerability maps. The final risk score was determined based on weights ( w i ) and overall criteria ( c i ) which was obtained from AHP analysis as follows (Hajkowicz and Collins 2007 ; Ekmekcioglu et al. 2021 ):

Hierarchical framework of the flood risk assessment

The criteria affecting the selection decision should be determined correctly to implement the spatial analysis process. Precipitation, distance to river, slope, geological structure, elevation, aspect, population, soil and land use were considered as flood risk decision criteria. The data of these criteria were obtained from the open access sources of the relevant institutions (HGM 2021 ; USGS 2021 ; Geofabrik 2021 ; TAD 2021 ; Copernicus 2021 ; MTA 2021 ; TUIK 2021 ; MGM 2021 ; Climate-Data 2021 ).

The pairwise comparison matrix in Table 4 was formed by scoring each criterion according to the scales (1–9) in Table 2 based on the expert's opinion. The normalization matrix in Table 5 was calculated by dividing each score in Table 4 by the sum of its relevant column. The weights vector of the criteria was obtained by averaging each row of the normalized vector given in the last column of Table 5 . After computing the priorities matrix using Eq. (2), the maximum eigenvalue ( λ max ) was calculated as 9.538 by Eq. (3). According to Table 3 , Eqs. (4) and (5), RI, CI and CR values were estimated as 1.45(for 9 criteria), 0.067 and 0.05 respectively. Since the consistency ratio, CR = 5%, is less than 10%, the comparison matrix is considered to be consistent. As a result, the weights were determined as the precipitation of 22%, the distance to stream of 34%, the slope of 13%, the land use of 11%, the soil 6%, the geological structure of 6%, the elevation of 3%, the aspect of 3% and the population 2% based on the AHP.

• Spatial analysis

After the layers representing each criterion and their weights were determined by AHP, a common projection was created using ArcGIS. For this, first, the projection system of all criteria has been checked and if there is any difference, it has been converted into a common projection system via Arctoolbox–Projections and Transformations–Raster Protect in ArcGIS. Then, raster data were reclassified by means of Arctoolbox–3D Analyst Tools–aster–Reclass. After the classification process, the data were converted into vector data via Conversion Tools–From Raster–Raster to Polygon. Finally, vector data were integrated via Data Management Tools–Generalization–Dissolve. Data Management Tools–Fields–Add Field tool was used to enter the scoring values into the attribute table of each criterion.

The raster maps of the study area prepared for each criterion are presented in Fig.  4 . The amount of precipitation given in Fig.  4 a is the most effective criteria on the flood hazard. These values are taken from the annual precipitation averages of the study area. As the other two criteria influencing flood hazard, the distance to stream and the slope are given in Fig.  4 b and c. As the areas close to the stream will be the most affected by floods, the closing to streams increases the flood risk scores. On the other hand, since the slope will increase the flow velocity and the floodwater will be carried to lower elevations quickly, the places with low slopes have higher risk scores than those of high slopes. As can be seen, there is an inverse relationship between these two criteria. In other words, while the slopes are high in the southern regions where the river density is high, the slopes are low in the northern regions where the rivers are less. Which of these two criteria has more weight on the flood is determined by the pairwise comparison matrix given in Table 4 . Another parameter effective on the flood is the runoff coefficient. Since the amount of runoff from precipitation is higher in the region with high runoff coefficient, the risk score is higher as seen in Fig.  4 d. Here, the runoff coefficients were obtained according to the land use data based on USDA ( 1986 ). In Fig.  4 e and f, the soil and geological structure of the study area were scored. Considering the effect of these criteria on permeability and flow, scoring was done by taking expert opinion. In the elevation data in Fig.  3 g, high regions were scored as low risk, while low elevation was scored with the higher risk, because the low regions have higher flood potential. In the aspect scoring in Fig.  4 h, the northern faces, where snow accumulations are more common, and the southern faces, where snowmelt will be high, have high-risk scores, while the highest risk points are given to flat areas. The population density is given in Fig.  4 i where provincial and district centers with dense populations have higher risk scores.

Raster maps of the criteria

The final map in Fig.  5 was obtained by using the GIS technique by applying the weights obtained from the AHP to the scoring given with these maps. This map represents the flood risk map of the study area. According to this risk map, regions close to the stream bed and areas with high population density are highest flood risk areas, as expected. On the other hand, it is seen that relatively flat lands close to the stream beds are moderate risky, while the high areas far from the main streams are low risk. The high precipitation together with the stream density is the main reason for the high risk at low elevations in the northwest region. Population densities in city centers such as Bitlis, Tatvan, Ahlat, Adilcevaz and Güroymak, which are close to the stream beds, are another important factor that increases the flood risk level. The average risk in the southern regions is due to low land slope and moderate precipitation. The risk map also coincides with the flood events of the settlements in the study area given in Table 1 .

Flood risk map

The flood risk map in Fig.  5 also marked the actual floods events in the past presented by Ekinci et al ( 2020 ). Accordingly, 43 of the 46 flood events in the past overlap with the high-risk areas on the map. In other words, the correspondence rate of past floods with the map is 93%. This ratio shows that the flood risk map obtained from the study is of high accuracy.

Locally, the following settlements are determined as the highest flood risk; in the center of Bitlis, around Bitlis Stream, Kokarsu, Geçitbaşı, Dereağzı, Kavakdibi, Yolcular, Doğruyol, Ilıcak, Aşağı Yolak, Çeltikli, Yarönü and around Kocaçay passing through Çobansuyu, around Boğazönü's Yuvacık Stream and Gümüşkanat Stream in Mutki, Newborn, Çitliyol, Beşevler, Bozburun, Yalıntaş, Göztepe Village, surroundings of Gümüşkanat stream in Özenli, in areas close to the stream bed of Gayda Village in Hizan, in Değirmenköy around Iron marshes in Güroymak, Yeniköprü stream surrounding areas in Ahlat and in the Nazik village, which is close to Lake Nazik.

Floods are one of the most common natural disasters on earth, resulting in loss of life and property. Especially in places with high precipitation regime and stream density, flood risks are also high with population density. As with other disaster risks, determining the flood risks of a region is important for effective disaster management. In this study, the flood risk assessment of the study area in the east of Turkey and within the borders of the province of Bitlis, which has a microclimatic behavior, was carried out with AHP supported by GIS. As a result of the study, it has been observed that especially the south-western regions are exposed to high flood risk where the stream density and precipitation are high. However, the high slope and rugged nature of this region restrict the risk mainly to the vicinity of low elevation streams. On the other hand, due to the average precipitation and relatively lower slope, the flood risk in the northern regions is at a moderate level and spreads over a wider area. Urban centers with the high population density, which have the greatest vulnerability on risk, are seen as the highest risk areas. Moreover, high-elevation regions with low stream density were obtained as low flood risk regions. It was observed that the obtained risk zones coincide with the places where flood events occurred before.

With the effect of population and global warming, the risks posed by floods are increasing day by day. Predicting flood events with such techniques would make significant contributions to pre-disaster planning in order to prevent loss of life and property. The study showed that GIS-based AHP is a very successful approach in modeling multi-parameter decision-making problems.

Data availability

Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This study has been derived from a part of Sevgi Birincioğlu’s ( 2021 ) master thesis.

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Aydin, M.C., Sevgi Birincioğlu, E. Flood risk analysis using gis-based analytical hierarchy process: a case study of Bitlis Province. Appl Water Sci 12 , 122 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01655-x

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Psychology Masters Thesis Process

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The Masters Thesis

The thesis is normally the culmination of a candidate's research; submission of the thesis represents the completion of the final requirement for the degree being sought.

Since the thesis is normally the culmination of the student's work on a particular degree, the writing typically begins when all coursework has been completed. In consultation with the primary supervisor, the student decides on a general topic and undertakes appropriate research. When a draft of reasonable completeness has been finished and approved by the primary supervisor, the thesis is submitted for examination.

For a higher degree, the examination will usually include an oral defense. A thesis defense, also known as "defending one's thesis," oral defense, viva voce, and various other names, is a type of final examination for a master's candidate. The purpose of the thesis defense is to test the candidate's knowledge of his or her subject area and thinking in related areas and to test the candidate's knowledge of and ability to explain his or her theses.

The examining committee consists of professors from the university, including the candidate's primary supervisor and members of his or her advisory committee, as well as professors from other departments and, sometimes, an external examiner. Each committee member will have been given a copy of the thesis prior to the defense and will come prepared to ask questions about the thesis itself and the subject matter.

Copyright (c) 2006 Sam Houston State University. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify the section The Thesis Process under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License , Version 1.2 or any later versions published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

Direction on thesis preparation, submission of final copies, and deadlines can be found through the following sites:

• Office of Graduate Studies: An on-line Thesis Route Sheet
• College of Humanities and Social Sciences: Thesis Deadlines and Checklist

Masters Thesis Process

• NOTE regarding Deadlines : Students are responsible for continually checking and complying with deadlines for the thesis process, which are posted online for CHSS , the Graduate School Website , and the SHSU Academic Calendar .
• First, identify a Thesis Chair who has Graduate Faculty status and agrees to supervise your thesis research.
• Determine a topic and discuss possible thesis committee members with Thesis Chair
• Submit the CHSS  Appointment of Thesis Committee Form  to your program’s Graduate Coordinator/Advisor for processing
• Email the Thesis and Dissertation  Initiation Sheet to the Graduate School [email protected] 
• After submitting the above forms, students should provide their Thesis Chair with a proposed timeline for completing their thesis, which should contain the official deadlines noted above, and schedule a meeting with their Thesis Chair to discuss their proposed timeline.
• You are required to enroll in a minimum of 6 hours of thesis (PSYC 6098 and PSYC 6099) and may need to re-enroll in PSYC 6099 until the thesis is completed (continuous enrollment required). Prior to enrolling in these courses, you must complete and submit a  Change of Major Form to your Graduate Program Coordinator/Advisor in order to switch from the non-thesis to the thesis concentration for your degree.  This form must be processed before these thesis courses will be eligible for financial aid.
• A prospectus is an extended abstract of the proposed thesis that consists of a two-page summary of the literature review, rationale, methods, and proposed data analysis.
• A full proposal document generally consists of the first three chapters of the thesis, including the introduction, literature review, and method with proposed data analysis. Consult with your Thesis Chair and the Program Handbook for further guidance.
• Use the most current version of the APA style manual
• Exchange multiple drafts of your prospectus/proposal with your Chair, who will inform you when it’s time to schedule the proposal meeting with your thesis committee
• Submit the prospectus/proposal to the thesis committee a minimum of one week prior to the scheduled date of the proposal meeting.
• Discuss with Thesis Chair the expectations regarding this meeting, which can range from 60-90 minutes. A common approach is for the student to present their proposal in PowerPoint format anywhere from 15-30 minutes, followed by questions from the committee.
• Upon committee approval, you must complete and obtain signatures on the  CHSS Thesis/Dissertation Prospectus Form and email it along with the prospectus or proposal to the Program’s Graduate Coordinator/Advisor.
• If you are collecting data from human subjects for your project, in consultation with your Thesis Chair, complete and submit the  SHSU IRB Application to obtain approval prior to data collection. 
• If you are using animals in your research, in consultation with your Thesis Chair, complete and submit the  SHSU IACUC Application to obtain approval prior to beginning your project. 
• Collect data
• Clean data and run analyses
• Write the remaining chapters of your thesis (i.e., updated Method section, Results section, and Discussion section) – continue exchanging drafts with your Chair.
• Submit a draft of your thesis to the Committee two weeks prior to your defense meeting
• A public defense announcement should be completed two weeks prior to the defense. Email the form to [email protected] . If applicable, please attach your college/department (internal) defense announcement for verification purposes. MA students will post the announcement on the psychmasters listserv.
• Typically, a 20-30 minute presentation, followed by questions and discussion
• Make necessary revisions and return the revised thesis to your Chair
• Complete and obtain signatures from Chair and committee members on the CHSS  Thesis Defense Form and email it along with a copy of your final thesis document to the program’s Graduate Coordinator/Advisor.
• Complete and submit the Graduate School’s  Thesis Route Sheet . This is the only acceptable form for Graduate School. After completing all shaded areas (some have a drop-down, while others require typing), submit the form for approval.
• Address issues in consultation with Thesis Chair; when ready, schedule a retake of the oral examination
• If fail twice, the student must petition the Dean of CHSS to request permission to defend a third time; 
• If not granted permission, the student is dismissed from the program
• Embargo Requests: Graduate students seeking a one-year, two-year, or permanent embargo must submit an  Embargo Request Form by the deadline. Students must be approved for an embargo by the Dean of The Graduate School. Email the form to [email protected] . Note to Faculty and Graduate Students: Faculty can submit an embargo request form on behalf of a student by filling out the applicable fields on the form. Please be aware that failure to submit an embargo request by the deadline is ultimately the graduate student’s responsibility. An Embargo allows a thesis/dissertation to be withheld from being published digitally via SHSU’s institutional repository either temporarily or permanently providing students an opportunity to have their research published in an academic journal, as a novel or to acquire a patent. Students must submit all requirements listed in this section regardless of an embargo approval.
• Final Draft Review: The final draft review should be submitted to the Thesis/Dissertation Specialist at  [email protected] after revising all format issues included in the 1st review checklist as well as all approved edits by committee members. The document should be completed in its entirety and submitted to the Thesis/Dissertation Specialist at  [email protected] after revising all format issues included in the  draft review checklist as well as all approved edits by committee members. Final drafts should be submitted after successfully defending your thesis/dissertation. Make all necessary changes to your document before submitting it for final review. THIS IS THE FINAL SUBMISSION OF YOUR DOCUMENT. THOROUGHLY PROOFREAD YOUR FINAL DRAFT FOR GRAMMER AND FORMATTING ISSUES. Once your final draft has been approved, it cannot be changed.
• Vireo and Embargo Submission: The Thesis/Dissertation Specialist will email a final pdf version of your approved thesis/dissertation document to submit through  Vireo (No additional edits can be made to your approved document). Follow the instructions, fill in all sections correctly and upload the approved pdf file. If a graduate student was granted a one-year or two-year embargo, fill in all sections that apply. Graduate students who have been approved for a permanent embargo do not submit their final document through Vireo; students should follow the  Permanent Embargo Instructions to submit their document to the Newton Gresham Library. Note: It is important that embargo requests and Vireo submissions be completed in a timely manner. Failure to do so will delay final route sheet approvals which need to be confirmed by the Registrar for commencement purposes.

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