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Magar Caste in Nepal: Culture, History & Traditions

Ethnicities in Nepal , Nepali Culture / January 21, 2022 by fulltimeexplorer / 4 Comments

I’ve had the absolute pleasure of experiencing Magar culture at its finest. On a trip into the Jajarkot District of Nepal, which is rarely visited by tourists, I got to witness several incredible traditions and festival dances. The Magar people are warm, inviting and eager to share their culture with others. Recently, I did the Poon Hill Trek and was once again reminded of how wonderful the Magar caste in Nepal is. Here’s what I’ve learned…

Who are Magar people and where did they originate?

According to People of Nepal , the Magars have Mongoloid features and have always been in close contact with the Indo-Aryan speaking people. They are similar in ethnicity to the Khas and Thakuris and most of their settlements are in the western and far western regions of Nepal including the Himalaya mountains.

Where do they live in Nepal?

While Magar people live all over Nepal these days, they still have a major presence in the mid and western regions of Nepal including the Annapurna region and Jajarkot District down towards Palpa and the Terai including Lumbini (Buddha’s birthplace).

What is the Magar caste famous for?

Pun is a surname of the Magar caste, so most foreigners visiting Nepal may know the Magar caste for developing the Poon Hill Trek which is one of the most trekked routes in all of Nepal. Those doing the trek will likely be staying in a teahouse owned by Magars. Magars are also well known for fighting as Gorkhas in the British Military. They are known for being strong and hardworking and helped the first king of Nepal unite the country.

What religions are they?

Magars were originally Bon which means that they worshipped nature. These days, Magars are more likely to be Hindu while some (those living in the mountains) may be Buddhist. Many Magars have a Brahmin priest and practice similar traditions as the Chhetries whom are part of the Hindu caste system.

What language do they speak?

Magars have their own language (Magar) which is a Tibeto-Burman type of language. Many Magars can also speak Tibetan and almost all Magars speak Nepali as a first or second language. Today, many can also speak excellent English. It’s not uncommon to find people in Nepal who speak three to four languages.

What festivals are unique to Magar culture?

The Maghe Sankranti festival is unique to the Tharu and Magar people. This is considered the end of the winter solstice. On this day, Magars celebrate by taking a ritual bath (usually in a holy river). They also eat yams on this day.

What Magar food should everyone try?

Magars are fond of boiled yams (especially during festival season), curd (yogurt) and dhido. Dhido is an interesting substitute for rice. It’s made by boiling water and adding flour to it slowly. It ends up being a kind of wet dough which is eaten with the typical sides of dal bhat like lentil soup, curries, and spicy pickles.

Are there stereotypes about Magar people?

Magars are considered to be brave and hard-working people. They’re also considered honest and friendly. I can say from experience that Magars are some of the friendliest people I’ve ever met. One of the best moments I’ve ever had traveling was celebrating with the Magar community in Jajarkot. You can read about it in my blog post titled A Hundred Warm Welcomes in Kaina Bazaar .

What are Magar songs like?

The best way to experience Magar music is to hear it…

What does a Magar cultural dance look like?

While this dance may look simple, I can assure you there is more foot work going on than it appears. I was asked to join in this circular dance and everyone had a good laugh as I fumbled through the steps. It’s also worth noting that the women had ankle bracelets that jingled, and they twisted their feet just perfectly to have it make the sound on each step.

Famous and noteworthy Magars

Nirmal Puja (Nims dai) is currently the most popular Magar worldwide. He holds several Guinness World Records for mountaineering including the fastest time to summit the 14 highest peaks in the world and the first winter ascent of K2. He’s more recently known for the Netflix documentary 14 Peaks.

Major Tek Bahadur Pun is another famous Magar. He helped develop the Poon Hill Trek. You can see a memorial gate for him as you enter Ghorepani and a view tower at the top of the hill which was built in his name. Locals of the village call Tek Bahadur Pun a “visionary” for knowing the potential the area had for tourism. We spoke to the owner of the hotel we stayed in, and he had a lot of respect for the Major and what he has done for the area.

What is the best way to experience Magar culture as a tourist?

Experiencing Magar culture as a tourist is easy as they are happy to share their culture with others. One way is to do the Poon Hill Trek . Villages like Ghorepani are predominantly Magar, so it would be easy to choose a teahouse where you can experience the culture. The Khopra Danda Trek is another great option as it runs through the village of Paudwar. In Paudwar , you can visit the Magar Museum, stay with a Magar family in a local teahouse, and learn about the history of the village.

If you’re into off-the-beaten-path adventures, you can get in touch with FarXplorer which runs trips into the Jajarkot District. That’s how I experienced Magar culture the first time and it’s as authentic as you can get.

You might also like…

Michelle della giovanna.

Writer at Full Time Explorer

I’m just your average New Yorker who quit her job in the fashion industry to explore the world. Come find out what it’s like to trade in five-inch heels for squat toilets.

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Reader Interactions

October 29, 2022 at 9:42 am

I work on a hydropower dam project near Damauli in Nepal. Today I was invited to dance by an organized group of Magar women in traditional garb celebrating the end of Diwali Festival of Lights.

October 29, 2022 at 10:14 am

Wow what an awesome experience! My inclusion in a Magar dance made all the woman giggle as I was not very good at doing the steps ? It looks simple from a distance but is actually pretty difficult haha.

March 22, 2024 at 6:36 pm

Are Pahare Pun and Sut Pahare Pun considered the same within the Magar ethnic group of Nepal? Additionally, is intermarriage between individuals from Pahare Pun and Sut Pahare Pun communities culturally accepted?

April 12, 2024 at 3:55 am

Hello, Unfortunately, I can’t be much help in answering this. Perhaps someone reading this post who sees the comment will be able to answer your question. Best, Michelle

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• The Western Magar of Nepal

Magar , indigenous ethnic group of Nepal , living mainly on the western and southern flanks of the country’s north-central Dhaulagiri mountain massif. They also live in small but significant numbers in northern India , especially in the state of Sikkim . The Magar speak a language of the Tibeto-Burman family. The northernmost Magar are essentially Buddhists , while those farther south have come under strong Hindu influence. Most of them draw their subsistence from agriculture. Others are pastoralists, craftsmen, or day labourers. Along with the Gurung , Rai , and other Nepalese ethnic groups, they have won fame as the Gurkha soldiers of the British and Indian armies, and many have continued to pursue military careers. In Nepal the Magar numbered about 1.6 million in the early 21st century, constituting one of the country’s largest minority groups.

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Music, Dance, and Festivals: A Look into the Vibrant Culture of the Magar People

The Magar community is an important and vibrant part of Nepalese society, with a rich cultural heritage and contributions to the country's history and traditions

The Magar community is one of the largest ethnic groups in Nepal, with a population of approximately 1.5 million people. They are predominantly found in the western part of the country, including the districts of Baglung, Myagdi, Parbat, Syangja, and Tanahun.

The Magar community has a rich cultural heritage , with their own unique language, customs, and traditions. They have a long history of bravery and are renowned for their martial arts skills. In fact, the Nepalese army is known to have many Magar soldiers, who are highly respected for their courage and fighting abilities.

The Magar people are also known for their love of music and dance. They have their own traditional musical instruments, including the "madal" and "dhime", which are often used in their cultural festivals and celebrations. The Magar dance, known as "Ghatu", is a popular form of folk dance and is performed by both men and women.

In terms of religion , the majority of the Magar people follow Hinduism, but there is also a significant number of Magars who follow Buddhism. They have their own unique religious practices, which are a blend of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs.

The Magar community is also known for their traditional handicrafts , including weaving, pottery, and woodcarving. Their handwoven textiles, in particular, are highly sought after for their intricate designs and high quality.

Despite their rich cultural heritage and contributions to Nepalese society, the Magar community has faced challenges in terms of economic development and political representation. Many Magars live in remote mountainous areas, where access to education and healthcare is limited. In addition, there has been a lack of political representation for the Magar community, with many feeling marginalized and underrepresented in the government.

Efforts have been made to address these challenges and promote the development of the Magar community. Organizations such as the Magar Association Nepal have been established to promote the Magar language, culture, and traditions. In addition, the government has implemented policies aimed at improving access to education and healthcare in rural areas, which will benefit the Magar community.

In conclusion, the Magar community is an important and vibrant part of Nepalese society, with a rich cultural heritage and contributions to the country's history and traditions. Despite facing challenges in terms of economic development and political representation, efforts are being made to promote the development and well-being of the Magar community.

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The culture of the Magar community

• Basanta Bhujel

Apart from the Kathmandu Valley, no history has been written so far regarding the civilization of other regions of Nepal. In terms of history, Palpa (Tansen) was the second city in Nepal after the capital Kathmandu Valley until the end of the Rana rule. Palpa was the most popular place in terms of human habitation. Just as the Kathmandu Valley is associated with the Newar civilization, so is the Palpa with the Magar civilization.

Because it is the Newari civilization that made the capital Kathmandu Valley flourish, just as it is the Magar civilization that made Palpa flourish. But the state has not shown much interest in researching the history of the Magar civilization. There are special reasons why the state is not interested in the history of the Magar civilization. The main reason is – ‘The ruling Magars were transformed into Thakuri by the Aryans who came from outside. Those who became Thakuri from Magar were under the illusion that they belonged to the so-called upper caste. When the real history of the crocodile came out, the rulers concluded that the Raitis could not be kept under the illusion that they were the upper caste.

Historian Bal Krishna Pokhrel and anthropologist Dor Bahadur Bista have largely brought out this reality. The Magars ruled over a large area of the Gandaki region for about a thousand years, based on the lower reaches of the Gandaki region. Now the Sens have found themselves in the status of Thakuri. Similarly, the Shah dynasty kings who had the last unification of Nepal and left after the Jana Andolan 2062-2063 were also Magars. In the Magar language, Khincha means the eldest and Mincha means the youngest. Kulmandan Shah was the son of Mincha Khan. Alam Devi of Syangja is a witness to understand this reality. Alamdevi is the total temple of Shah Banshi kings. Where there are still Magar priests, pigs are sacrificed.

It is not a new thing to stumble upon a crocodile while searching for the petals of the thakuris. Similarly, historian Bal Krishna Pokhrel has presented evidence in his book titled History of the Khasjati that some of the present-day Brahmins will also fall into the Magar caste. In particular, he has presented the genealogy as an example of Pokhrel and Koirala’s ancestral crocodile. But even though the physical constitution and culture of the Magar and Thakuri are similar, the physical constitution of the Magar and the Brahmins is very different, and the culture is not very similar. Therefore, in the opinion of this columnist, everyone living in Nepal may be called Nepali, just as everyone living in the Magarat region may be called a Magar.

According to the 2068 census, the Magar population is just over 8 percent, or about 2.5 million. This is a very large population. In other words, after Chhetri and Brahmin, the largest population in Nepal is Magar. But unlike other tribes, the Magar community is not densely populated in certain areas. First of all, the Magar community reached as far as the expansion of the Sen kingdom. Due to their active participation in the unification of Nepal, the Magar community spread to all parts of unified Nepal. Therefore, not only in 77 districts of the country but also in India, Bhutan, Burma and other countries, the population of crocodiles is significant. In the process of administratively dividing Nepal geographically, the densely populated area of the Magar community was divided into several districts.

The densely populated areas of the Magar community are Kaligandaki, Badhigarh, and Sani Bheri and the confluence of the Rapti river. But this area was divided into 10 districts including Tanahu, Nawalparasi, Palpa, Syangja, Gulmi, Baglung, Myagdi, Rukum, Rolpa, and Dolpa. Eighty percent of the country’s 2.5 million crocodiles live in these 10 districts. Except for one or two of these ten districts, the population of the Magar community in other districts is not more than 50 percent. Due to which the Magar community is not able to have political representation in proportion to the population.

Apart from Kaligandaki, Badigad, and Sani Bheri and the Rapti river basin, the language and culture of the Magar community living in other places have almost deteriorated. They have become immersed in the language and culture of the Chhetri Brahmins. The ethnic existence of the Magars living in other places except for the tributaries of Kaligandaki, Badigad, and Sani Bheri rivers is in crisis due to their similarity with the Chhetri and Brahmins. As far as the catchment areas of Kaligandaki, Badigad, and Sani Bheri rivers are concerned, they are the backbone of the Magar caste and language and culture. But the Magar community in the region also has three distinct languages and cultures. The language, religion, and culture of the Magar community living in Dolpa are similar to that of Tibet. The language, religion, and culture of the Magars living in the Sani Bheri and Rapti Praswan areas directly south of Dolpa are original. The language of the Magar community living in the Kaligandaki and Badigad areas,

When focusing on the Palpa

Magar civilization, it is important to keep the Palpa district at the center. The famous Italian scholar and historian Prof. Joseph Tucci says. According to him, the word ‘Valva’ in the Magar language has become Palpa. It means skill, art, and Kaligarh. Similarly, in the Magar language, Valpa means strong fort. ‘Palpa from Walpa’ may have been made. Similarly, Tansen, the headquarters of Palpa, is also a word in the Magar language. In the Magar language, ‘tangsing’, ‘tang’ means ‘loom’ and ‘horn’ means ‘wood’ (tree).

In the Magar language, a type of pine species is called ‘Tangsing’. There was a looming tree around Tangsing and the custom of making looms and weaving (cloth) was made during the Magarat period. That is why its name is derived from Tangsing in the Magar language and became Tansen through Tansin. Domestic tensions still exist here. In the Magar language, some say that tan means big and horn means settlement. Some say that Tansen is named after him. According to the census of 2068 BS, the population of the district is 261,180. Of which 52 percent are Magars. But the Magar-speaking population is only 33 percent. The Magars of West Palpa use the Nepali language, but in some villages of East Palpa, even those who do not know the Magar language find it difficult to find a place to live.

The Shaktipiths of the Gandaki Praswan area seem to be inspired by Magar culture. Which the Khas Aryans have adopted. Based on Magarati or Magarat religion philosophy or doctrine, the Magarat state had established Magar Shakti Peeths, Kots, and Dewals in different places and arranged for Magar priests. The Magar priests developed their tantra mantras. There are still Magar priests of Maski Rana, Saru, Thapa, Aslami, Pulami Thar in those Shakti Peeths and devotees of all castes like Brahmins, Chhetri Newars are still receiving Tika Prasad from the hands of Magar priests.

Alamdevi, Manakamana, Gorkha Durbar, Kaski Kot, Budasubba Dharan, Lamjungkot, Musikot, Bhirkot, etc. There are twenty-five places with Shakti Peeths, Kots, or Dewals based on the natural religion philosophy of the Magars since ancient times. Devotees of all castes and ethnicities have had a deep faith in Magar priests and their mantras since ancient times. This order is still the same today. This is a precedent for the Magar community reaching the pinnacle of civilization in ancient times. There have been many invasions, encroachments, repressions, but the religion and culture of the indigenous Magar tribes have not been completely eradicated by any system of government or state power. Could not be eliminated

Culture Diversity

Magar is the third largest ethnic group in Nepal in terms of the ethnic population. In addition to the seventy-seven districts of Nepal, the Magars, who have spread across the border to Dehradun, Darjeeling, Sikkim, and Bhutan, are culturally endowed with internal diversity.

Scholars have mentioned that the Nagavanshi people hunted and raised animals around the reservoir when the Kathmandu Valley was inundated. The mention of the Magar people as Nagavanshi by scholars including Keshav Man Shakya (2011: 9-10) shows that the Magar people are associated with the development of civilization in the Kathmandu Valley.

Historians have mentioned that there were 220 Magar kingdoms in Gandaki Prashravankshetra and later it was limited to 12 Magar kingdoms. Anthropologist Dorbahadur Visit (2001), historian Suryamani Adhikari (2061), Eden Vensitart (1906), b. H. Scholars, including Hudson (1874), have argued that the kings of the twenty-fourth kingdom were transformed into crocodiles. Therefore, it is understood that the Magarat civilization was flourishing in the Rapti-Gandaki catchment area till the middle of Nepali history.

In Magar society, the rites from birth to death are determined by who or how to perform the rites based on the relationship formed by the marriage system. The traditional mamacheli marriage system establishes a three-house sign network (Cheliveti, Maiti, and Bhai Khalak group) of a permanent nature. The Cheliveti (nephew) group within their network has played the role of a traditional puritan in performing life cycle rituals. In this way, the Cheliveti or nephew group regulates the life cycle system, while the three-dimensional relationship cycle based on mamacheli marriage promotes the structural function of the society as a whole. The original culture of Magarat is represented by cults based on animism or nature-worshipping ancestry, jhankriism, and cheliveti.

The original culture of Magarat seems to be continuing in the Rapti catchment area i.e. Rukum, Rolpa, Pyuthan as well as in the western Waglung and Myagdi areas. Therefore, geographically, Rapteli Magar culture can be defined as ‘original culture’ or ‘culture center’.

The Magar community of Dolpa, which borders Tibet to the north, is influenced by the Tibetan Lamaism sect of Buddhism. James F. According to Fischer (1987), the Dolpali Magars influenced Tibetan culture through a barter trade with the vote. Before the Chinese took control of Tibet in 1950-51, the Dolpali Magars used to come to Tibet for traditional barter trade. Therefore, the traditional culture of the Magarat civilization and the Tibetan Buddhist culture merged in the Dolpali Magar society.

Geographically, Hindu culture seems to have influenced the Magar society east of Waglung. According to the 2058 census, 74.6 percent of the Magars practice Hinduism. However, the Magars of this region have brought Hindu culture and Magarat culture into practice. According to Hindu tradition, they perform the ritual of purification on the eleventh day of birth and death on the thirteenth day, but according to the Magarat culture, they maintain the Cheliveti tradition in rituals.

In this cultural group, the traditions of animism or nature worship, patriarchal worship, jhankriism, and sacrifice worship are also continuing. Famous national and international shrines Manakamana, Alam Devi, Budhasubba, Chhabdivarahi, Gorakhkali, Hanumandhoka Dasai Ghar, Kaskikot, Lamjungkot, Salyakot, Baldhengadhi, Varse-Arkulkot, Rautamai, Satyavati, Rainadevi etc. are also the main priests of Gandakeli Magar cultural group. Starting from the Tantric patriarchal tradition, pigs are also sacrificed in these temples. Therefore, the Gandakeli Magar culture has important foundations of a mixed and coordinated Nepali national culture.

There are three cultural subgroups (Rapteli, Dolpali, and Gandakeli) in the Magar caste. The totality of the Rapteli Magar culture, which represents the original philosophy of the Magar civilization, the Dolpali Magar culture, which represents the Buddhist Mahayana sect, and the Gandakeli Magar culture, which represents the mixed beliefs of Hindu and Magarat civilization, is the basis of the present Magar culture.

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• अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय बजारमा फेरि महँगियो कच्चा तेलको मूल्य

रिपोर्ट नेपाल

• परराष्ट्रमन्त्री राणाको निमन्त्रणमा ओमानी विदेशमन्त्री आज नेपाल आउँदै

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• भुटानलाई हराउँदै नेपाल फाइनलमा
• एमालेको सचिवालय बैठक बिहीबार
• इजरायलमा संकटकाल घोषणा
• राष्ट्रिय परिचयपत्र लागू नगर्न सर्वोच्चको अन्तरिम आदेश
• माओवादी मधेस संसदीय दल नेता साहलाई दुई महिनाभित्र राजीनामा दिन प्रचण्डको निर्देशन
• गम्भीर घाइते १२ जनालाई उपचारका लागि हेलिकोप्टरबाट काठमाडौं पठाइयो
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Unveiling the Rich Tapestry of the Magar Caste: A Journey Through History, Culture, and Identity Professional

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Unveiling the Rich Tapestry of the Magar Caste: A Journey Through History, Culture, and Identity

Introduction Nepal, nestled in the Himalayas, is a country renowned for its stunning landscapes and diverse cultural heritage. Among the mosaic of ethnic groups that call this nation home, the Magar caste holds a unique and compelling place. With a history that spans centuries and a culture rich in tradition, the Magars have played a significant role in shaping the social, cultural, and historical landscape of Nepal. In this exploration, we delve deep into the heart of the Magar community, unraveling their history, culture, and the challenges they face in the modern world.

Historical Origins The Magar people, also known as 'Mangar,' are one of the indigenous ethnic groups of Nepal. Their history can be traced back to ancient times, with references to their presence in Nepalese history dating as far back as the Licchavi period (c. 400-750 AD). This enduring presence highlights their deep-rooted connection to the land and their contributions to the country's historical development. One theory suggests that the name 'Magar' is derived from 'Magaras,' which means 'warrior' in Sanskrit, emphasizing their historical martial prowess. Over the centuries, the Magars have inhabited various regions of Nepal, with significant populations in the western and central regions of the country. Their adaptability and resilience allowed them to thrive in diverse geographical conditions, from the rugged hills to the fertile plains.

Cultural Riches of the Magars The Magar culture is a treasure trove of traditions, customs, and artistic expressions that reflect their unique identity. Here are some key aspects of Magar culture:

Language: The Magar people have their own language, known as 'Kham,' which belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family. Despite the dominance of Nepali as the national language, efforts are being made to preserve and promote the Magar language to ensure its survival.

Religion and Spirituality: The majority of Magars adhere to a combination of indigenous animistic beliefs and Hinduism. Nature plays a significant role in their spiritual practices, and they have their own rituals, festivals, and shamans who connect with the spirit world.

Traditional Attire: The traditional dress of Magar men includes a 'Gunyu Cholo' or 'Daura Suruwal,' which is a knee-length shirt and trousers combination. Women wear a 'Gunyu Cholo' or 'Gunyu Bhale,' a colorful outfit with intricate designs. These attires are not only symbols of their cultural identity but also reflect the geography and climate of their regions. Agriculture: Agriculture is a primary occupation for many Magar families. They cultivate crops such as rice, maize, millet, and vegetables in the fertile valleys and terraced fields of the hilly regions. Social Structure: The Magar community traditionally had its own unique social hierarchy, with clear distinctions among different clans and lineages. However, over time, this hierarchy has become less rigid, especially in urban areas, as modernization and education have brought about social change.

Challenges Faced by the Magar Community While the Magar community boasts a rich cultural heritage, they also face a set of challenges that impact their socio-economic development. These challenges include:

Healthcare Access: Access to healthcare services is another pressing issue, especially in remote Magar communities. Limited healthcare infrastructure and awareness of healthcare practices can lead to preventable health problems.

Cultural Erosion: The influx of modernization and urbanization is gradually eroding some aspects of Magar culture. Younger generations are increasingly exposed to Western influences, which can lead to a decline in the practice of traditional customs and rituals

Land Rights: Land ownership and access to natural resources remain contentious issues for the Magar community. Land disputes, landlessness, and unequal land distribution are recurring problems that need addressing.

Progress and Resilience Despite these challenges, the Magar community is not standing still. Efforts are being made by various individuals and organizations to empower the Magar people and preserve their unique heritage. Some of these initiatives include: Education Initiatives: NGOs and government programs are working to improve access to education in Magar-majority areas. Scholarships, literacy programs, and the establishment of schools are helping to bridge the educational gap. Economic Empowerment: Microfinance initiatives and vocational training programs are being introduced to enhance the economic prospects of Magar communities. These initiatives aim to improve income generation and reduce economic disparities. Cultural Preservation: Cultural organizations and community leaders are actively involved in preserving and promoting Magar culture. Festivals, cultural exhibitions, and language classes are being organized to ensure the transmission of cultural knowledge to younger generations. Healthcare Access: Efforts are being made to improve healthcare infrastructure in Magar-majority areas, with a focus on preventive healthcare and awareness campaigns. Land Reforms: Advocacy for land rights and land redistribution is ongoing, with the aim of addressing the issue of landlessness and ensuring equitable access to natural resources.

Conclusion The Magar caste, with its deep-rooted history and vibrant culture, is an integral part of Nepal's diverse social fabric. Their journey through time has been marked by resilience and adaptability, enabling them to thrive in challenging environments. While they face contemporary challenges such as limited educational opportunities and economic marginalization, the Magar community is actively working to overcome these obstacles and preserve their unique cultural heritage.

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Bheja –Social Cluster of the Magars

Social cluster, based on tribal affinity or kinship or, occasionally, on geographical contiguity, ensures the continued observance of social and religious customs and ceremonies within the community. Through the passage of countless centuries, the Himalayan tribes have weathered the ages, weaving intricate social clusters that exist in harmony with the tapestry of their cultural traditions. These clusters, like the Bheja system of the Magars, have played a significant role in the preservation of the tangible and intangible aspects of Magar culture. Bheja, a communal congregational group, holds the responsibility of overseeing various functions within the tribe. Despite being of independently Magar origin, it assumes the religious operations of the Guthi of the Newars, the economic functions of Dhikuri of the Thakalis, and the Kipat communal land tenure system of the Kiratis. The origin of the word Bheja comes from ‘bhai’ and ‘jaa’, meaning ‘brother’ and ‘descendant’ in the Magar language, and is a significant facet of traditional Magar culture.

Much like the norm within traditional scenarios, social clusters inherently involve a temporary relinquishment of personal rights to the collective, standing in stark contrast to the established norms of ordinary times. This encompasses economic behaviors, ritualistic choices, communal resource sharing, and even the inversion of societal roles. Such social clusters are vital in rural areas in keeping with social, economic, and cultural traditions. In the case of Bheja, while it is considered neither voluntary nor forced, it exists as a reminder of the connection between indigenous peoples to their lands and the traditions attached to it. It is a part of the customs of communal bonding that have existed for hundreds of years, preceding the creation of proper tribal groups, taking advantage of different climates, and harvesting periods, and allowing communities to perform cultural rites and participate in social interactions with other groups. A single community cluster can contain multiple Bhejas, and each Bheja may span across multiple clusters. The size of a Bheja can vary depending on the size of the cluster and any geographical or other differences. Every household within the cluster is expected to be a member of the Bheja, without any specific criteria.

Originally, Bheja was a camp or settlement of related families under a headman/chief and functioned in the past as a social and political unit. A strong sense of family that functions horizontally as well as vertically is a characteristic of the Magar community. Today, an elderly and respected male member of the community serves as the chief or Mukhiya. In its most general sense, Bheja consists of all those relatively stable features of a social system, which an acting unit would be prudent to take into account if it wishes to make rational decisions regarding the community as a single entity.  Even though the Mukhiya assumes the role of chairing meetings and holds a vital position in decision-making, their authority does not vary significantly from that of other members. It is expected that a Mukhiya chair all meetings, contribute suggestions, and occasionally delegate specific tasks to fellow members. However, he does not enjoy exceptional privileges.

Certain Bhejas have the power to include individuals who are not Magars within the same or neighbouring cluster. However, their participation within the Bheja is considerably restricted compared to that of the Magars. Consequently, invited members are unable to hold positions such as Mukhiya or Wappa/Bhusal (ritual priest of officiant). While social stratification typically implies the establishment of hierarchical positions within a society, distinguishing between superior and inferior ranks, the Magar culture places greater emphasis on Magar kinship while also embracing inclusivity within a contemporary multicultural context.

Bheja as a religious gathering

Bheja also arranges group worship ceremonies to venerate indigenous gods and ancestral spirits, encompassing an annual schedule of five distinct worship rituals.

During the final month of each year, a special event known as Susupak Bheja takes place, resembling a collective gathering for the entire community. Every household considers this occasion highly significant. It is during this period that new rules and regulations are formulated, modified, or reviewed. Within the economic framework of the community, decisions are reached concerning wages, the prices of essential goods like vegetables and meat, as well as other fundamental necessities. Vital matters are deliberated upon and settled for the upcoming year, including the potential selection of a new Mukhiya if needed. As a result, this event is referred to as “ riti-thiti basalne Bheja ,” signifying the establishment of norms. In certain regions, it is also known as Chandi Bheja. This particular period serves as an extensive discussion platform for village responsibilities, aspirations, and guidelines. A central focus of this event involves discarding obsolete customs and traditions in favor of embracing new ones. Nwagi Bheja is observed prior to the commencement of the sowing season. During this period, the deities believed to influence a prosperous harvest are venerated. Collective worship ceremonies take place, and the community comes together to seek a favorable season, free from adversities and unforeseen natural events. Mangsire Bheja takes place in the month of Mangsir (November-December). This ritualistic observance, known as Bheja worship, is a way of honoring Thekani Mai, a revered female deity. The local community believes that Thekani Mai safeguards the villagers from illnesses. Similarly, Jethebheja involves the reverence of Firante Mai, a peripatetic divine feminine spirit. This ceremony occurs in the month of Jestha (May-June). On the other hand, Chaitebheja is a ritual performed to avert natural disasters connected to the earth, specifically focusing on soil-related calamities.

Social Functions of Bheja

Bheja consists of a wide variety of family groups, village houses, and institutional organizations that reflect community life. All decisions related to the benefit of a social group regarding religious activities, social, and agricultural celebrations are taken at the Bheja meetings.

Interestingly, these ceremonies do not necessitate designated temples or specific shrines for deities. The location for the rituals is determined by the Bheja itself. Typically, they choose hilltops in proximity to forests where activities such as timber cutting and livestock grazing are prohibited. This practice stems from the belief that naturally sacred and undisturbed places should be chosen. Consequently, the areas surrounding these sites retain their lush greenery. This aspect of their belief system has taken on a somewhat “conservationist hue,” representing a form of ecological adaptation. As part of appeasing the spirits, offerings of pigs, male buffaloes, goats, and jungle fowls are considered essential and are sacrificed during these ceremonies.

Agriculture and Bheja

Another culturally noteworthy practice within the Magar community involves a specific day when individuals abstain from engaging in activities beyond their homes. The exact date of this day varies across locations and groups, contingent on the guidance of Bheja. In the past, this day carried restrictions on the entry of outsiders into the village and the departure of villagers from it. Those who transgressed this custom would be subject to penalties. During this day, the Mukhiya offers a prayer to Bhume (the earth) through a ceremony known as Main Dhare .

While agriculture constitutes the primary occupation of the Magar people, Bheja encourages the practice of Parima , a system based on the reciprocal exchange of labor. Additionally, temporary labor collectives known as Bhaijeri come into play at times. Bheja oversees these transient labor groups, and instead of wages, they receive recompense in the form of two meals and beverages.

Bheja holds a crucial role in determining the schedule of fieldwork, guaranteeing that all households have the opportunity to efficiently accomplish their tasks in accordance with their requirements. Although Bheja’s initial purpose did not pertain to agricultural labor, it has now acquired the authority to establish and even modify labor wages. This strategy mitigates labor shortages among the Magars, especially during the most demanding phases of the farming seasons.

Across the various tribes inhabiting the Himalayan region, the social structure exhibits diversity influenced by group dynamics, objectives, and geographical placement. Tribal communities encompass a broad spectrum of family units, rural arrangements, and institutional structures that manifest in the fabric of community life. Consequently, the notion of social clusters, such as Bheja, serves as an analytical construct that amalgamates diverse forms of individual and collective conduct. Its purpose lies in uniting either an individual with a group or linking various members within a group. While contemporary society champions personal independence, within a clan system, greater emphasis is placed on shared accountability. Traditional teachings emphasize the pursuit of coexisting harmoniously with oneself, one’s family, the broader community, and even the natural world. Thus, within the framework of the Magar Bheja system, individuals are tasked with perpetuating these cultural teachings through their way of life.

Pradeep Rai

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Magar Diwas: A Celebration of Culture, Heritage, and Unity in Nepal

Magar Diwas , also known as Magar Ekta Diwas (Magar Unity Day), is an annual celebration held on the 15th of Falgun month in the Nepali calendar , typically falling in late February or early March. It is a day deeply ingrained in the hearts and minds of the Magar community . The Magar community, one of the oldest tribal communities in Nepal, has settlements scattered around the western Himalayan region of Nepal stretching from the Kali Gandaki river settlement.

History: why Magar Diwas is Celebrated?

More than just a celebration, Magar Diwas carries historical significance. It was in 1983, on this very day, that the Nepal Magar Association (NMA) was formed. This marked a turning point for the Magar people, symbolizing their collective voice and yearning for recognition and rights. Initially known as Magar Ekta Diwas (Magar Unity Day) , the day has evolved into a week-long extravaganza, brimming with cultural events, traditional displays, and a spirit of unity.

Magar Diwas 2024/2080

National Magar Day in 2024 will be celebrated on Falgun 15 as per the Nepali calendar. This corresponds to the 27th of February in the Gregorian calendar . As we approach the 42nd Magar Diwas this year, it’s a time of great excitement and anticipation. This significant milestone is a testament to the enduring strength and unity of the Magar community in Nepal.

A Vibrant Tapestry of Celebrations

Imagine streets bursting with vibrant colors as people proudly don their traditional attires. The infectious energy of the Sorathi and Dohori dances fills the air, accompanied by the melodious tunes of folk songs. Traditional instruments like the Madal and Bansuri weave a unique soundscape, transporting everyone to the heart of Magar culture.

The aroma of Bara , a savory fermented dish, and the warmth of Chyang , a millet-based alcoholic beverage, invite everyone to a culinary journey. Traditional archery competitions, known as Tir , showcase the community’s historical prowess and athleticism. Meanwhile, seminars and conferences become platforms for addressing pertinent issues faced by the Magar community, driving advocacy and progress.

Magar Diwas is more than just entertainment; it’s a powerful tool for:

• Raising Awareness: It shines a light on the unique culture, traditions, and immense contributions of the Magar people to Nepal’s social fabric.
• Advocacy for Rights: The platform is used to address issues like land rights, political representation, and educational opportunities, ensuring equal participation in society.
• Promoting Unity: The celebration strengthens the social bond within the Magar community, fostering collective action and empowering them to achieve shared goals.
• Celebrating Diversity: Magar Diwas embraces the plurality of perspectives and experiences within the community, promoting inclusivity and respect.

Beyond the Festive Spirit

The impact of Magar Diwas extends far beyond the week-long festivities. It serves as a constant reminder of the community’s rich heritage, a source of pride, and a catalyst for shaping their future. By engaging with cultural programs, documentaries, and initiatives by Magar organizations, one can gain a deeper understanding of this vibrant community and the significance of this important day.

Magar Diwas is a testament to the resilience and cultural richness of the Magar people. It’s a celebration of identity, a call for unity, and a vibrant thread woven into the tapestry of Nepal’s cultural landscape.

1. What is Magar Diwas and when is it celebrated?

Magar Diwas, also known as Magar Ekta Diwas (Magar Unity Day), is celebrated annually on the 15th of Falgun month in the Nepali calendar, which typically falls in late February or early March.

2. What is the significance of Magar Diwas?

-It commemorates the founding of the Nepal Magar Association (NMA) in 1983, symbolizing the community’s desire for recognition and rights. -It celebrates the rich cultural heritage and traditions of the Magar people through music, dance, food, and sports. -It serves as a platform for raising awareness about issues faced by the community and advocating for their rights. -It strengthens the social bond and unity within the Magar community.

3. How is Magar Diwas celebrated?

=Vibrant parades with traditional attires, energetic dances, and folk music fill the streets. -Traditional dishes like Bara and Chyang are shared, offering a taste of Magar cuisine. -Traditional archery competitions (Tir) showcase the community’s historical prowess. -Seminars and conferences address pertinent issues faced by the Magar community. -Elders share stories and knowledge with younger generations, ensuring cultural continuity.

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Dance | Folk | Magar community

Art & Culture

Maruni — an ethnic dance tale

Know about nepal's one of the popular folk dances.

Maruni is one of the oldest and most popular folk dances of the Magar community of Nepal performed in vibrant attires with rich ornaments. Nepali diaspora populations in Bhutan, Myanmar, and India (Darjeeling, Assam, and Sikkim) also practice the dance. 

The origin of Maruni choreography is linked with the army of King Balihang Rana Magar in the 14 th century.

The dance covers a wide range of themes — from Hindu mythology (lives of deities such as Shiva , Krishna , etc.) to the daily lives of people.

Later, young boys costumed as girls would perform the dance accompanied by a ‘ Mridanga ’ ( maadal player) and a ‘ Dhatuwaray ’ (prankster).

The dance then extended to Dashain and Tihar festivals performed during Deusi and Bhailo and to celebrate ‘victory of good over evil’ accompanied by the traditional Nau-mati Baja (nine instruments orchestra) — where dancers would do rhythmic movements while holding lit diyas in copper thaalis on their palms.

At the present time, Gurung, Kirat, and Khas populations also tap their feet to the Maruni dance on occasions such as Teej and Mangsir Purnima .

Women’s dance attire constitutes Pati jama, Chaubandi cholo dropping furka on both sides of Patuka , and different gold jewelleries. 

The ornaments worn by women include  Potey (glass bead necklace), Tilhari (gold pendant with multiple beads), Kantha (round-shaped gold beads paired with red flat pads), Sheerbandi (head jewellery made of gold that hangs a bit from the forehead and is attached to the hair), Chyapte suun (flat gold earring), and Phuli (gold nose stud).

There are different variants of the Maruni dance — Maruni , Thale Maruni , and Sorathi .

Maruni consists of one woman and one maadal player.

In Thale Maruni, there are two women dancers, one maadal player, and one Dhatuwaray .

In Sorathi , there are 16 women and one man, who are considered the queens and the king respectively.

Compiled from various sources by Rebika Kunwar

Rebika Kunwar is an Art & Culture intern at the_farsight.

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