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The Enlightenment.

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LOCKE VS HOBBES – ON THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT Thomas Hobbes 1588 – 1678 England John Locke England.

The Enlightenment What do you think the word Enlightenment means? Look at the root of the word: Enlightenment What does it mean to shed light on an idea?

Ch 11 Enlightenment Ideas and Reforms. Two Views on Government 1) Hobbes- Conflict is a part of human nature War of everyone v. everyone without government.

The Enlightenment “Dare to Know”

Thomas Hobbes British ( ) Leviathan (1654)

The Enlightenment. 2 Questions: 1) Is man good or is man evil? Explain, give examples  Do not say both 2) Attempt to explain this quote “Man is born.

 Enlightenment ideas helped spur the American colonies to create a new nation.  Enlightenment Period of time in Europe where philosophers looked to logic.

The Enlightenment in Europe

! What you should know !  1.) What two things are now used to explain the world?  2.) Did the philosophes favor an Absolute Monarchy?  3.) Montesquieu.

What is the Purpose of Government?. Do Now! Get into groups of no more than 4 and no less than 3 students. –As a group, complete the following. Suppose.

Leaders of the Age of Reason Mr. Ornstein Willow Canyon High School.

Enlightenment or the Age of Reason  A new intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought, and the power of the individual to solve problems.

Hobbes vs Locke. Thomas Hobbes ( ) Wrote Leviathan Didn’t believe in Revolutions Believed in Absolute Monarchy Life in the state of nature would.

The Enlightenment The Age Of THINKING!. WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

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The Enlightenment “Dare to Know” What is the Enlightenment? Where is it from? Europe Europe Scientific Revolution- Descartes and Newton Scientific.

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Aim: How did Thomas Hobbes and John Locke represent opposing views of human nature? Do Now: Do you believe that people are naturally good or naturally.

Philosophes. Thomas Hobbes Believed humans were selfish and greedy and needed government to impose order Believed humans were selfish and greedy and needed.

WHY GOVERNMENT?. THOMAS HOBBS Thomas Hobbes was an English scholar and philosopher. He was born in 1588 and later became a tutor to a very wealthy family.

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The Scientific Revolution

Chapter 8 Section 1

World History 1

Objectives & Essential Question(s)

• Know that Enlightenment thinkers believed all institutions should follow natural laws to produce the ideal society.
• Know how the ideas of the Enlightenment influenced European architecture, art, music, and literature.

Essential questions:

Why do new ideas often spark change?

How do new ways of thinking affect the way people respond to their surroundings?

Philosopher : A person who seeks wisdom or enlightenment; a scholar or thinker.

Rationalism: a system of thought expounded by Rene Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.

It Matters Because...

“Of all the changes that swept Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the most widely influential was the Scientific Revolution. This revolution often is associated with the various scientific and technological changes made during this time. However, the Scientific Revolution was also about changes in the way Europeans looked at themselves and their world.”

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

• “Scientists” during the Middle Ages didn’t make own observations and instead relied on knowledge from ancient experts.
• During Renaissance, knowledge of Latin/Greek helped uncover new texts by other important experts.
• New ways of thinking needed to solve technical problems.
• New inventions like the telescope, microscope made new discoveries possible. Printing press allowed that knowledge to spread.
• Study of mathematics was essential for everyday applications and many believed were the key to unlocking the secrets of nature.

Major Scientific Breakthroughs

• The Ptolemaic System 12. Rene Descartes
• Nicolaus Copernicus 13. Francis Bacon
• Johannes Kepler
• Galileo Galilei

Isaac Newton

• Andreas Vesalius
• William Harvey
• Blaise Pascal
• Robert Boyle
• Margaret Cavendish
• Maria Winkelmann

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The Ideas of the Enlightenment

Chapter 8 Section 2

Essential question:

What new ideas did Enlightenment thinkers promote?

Ideas of the Philosophes

• Intellectuals wanted to use reason (meaning the scientific process) to explore all life.
• Hoped to improve society with their ideas.
• Ideas eventually led to reform and revolution.
• Influenced by ideas of John Locke and Isaac Newton.
• In Essay Concerning Human Understanding , argued that all humans were like a “blank slate” at birth and were molded by their experiences and the surrounding world.
• Believed that if environments were changed and people were exposed to right influences, all of society would be better.
• Believed physical world and everything in it was a “world machine” that operated according to laws that could be discovered through systematic investigation.
• Others applied idea of finding natural laws that governed other areas of society and using them to improve it.

The Role of Philosophy

• Intellectuals of the Enlightenment were known as philosophes meaning “philosophers.”
• Many not actual philosophers, but people from nobility and middle class who wanted changes.
• Leaders of the Enlightenment were French.
• Ideas influenced other Western societies.
• Wanted to apply reason and logic to all areas of life--including religion and politics.
• Three individuals dominated the landscape: Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot.

Charles-Louis de Secondat (baron de Montesquieu)

• Tried to find natural laws that governed social and political relationship of human beings.
• Stated idea that English government was made up of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
• This separation of powers meant that each branch kept any of the others from becoming too powerful.

Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)

• Most famous figure of the Enlightenment.
• Challenged actions of the church.
• Believed in religious tolerance.
• Deism --idea that a mechanic (God) created the universe and then set it to run on its own according to laws of nature.

Denis Diderot

• Studied at university of Paris and then chose to become a writer.
• Edited the 28 volume Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Trades .
• Hoped to “change general way of thinking.”
• Articles attacked religious intolerance and called for reforms in society.

New Social Sciences

• Believed natural laws could apply to all areas of human life including politics and economics.
• Physiocrats (a French group) believed that if individuals were free to pursue their own economic self-interest, all society would benefit. The state should not interfere by making regulations.
• Laissez-faire --to let people do what they want.
• Wrote Wealth of Nations , about the role of the government in laissez-faire economies. Government had three roles:
• Protect society from foreign invasions (military)
• Defend citizens from injustice (police)
• Maintain public works like roads and canals that would help trade, but were too costly for a single individual to maintain.

The Spread of Ideas

• By the 1760’s a new generation of philosphes began exploring ideas about liberty and the condition of women.

The Social Contract

• Jean-Jacque Rousseau--most famous philosophe from later Enlightenment.
• Wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Ineqeuality of Mankind where he argued that people adopted laws and government to preserve their private property. As a result, people were enslaved by the government and needed to gain freedom.
• The Social Contract presented the idea that all of society agrees to be governed by general will. People who wanted to pursue self-interest had to be forced to follow general will which is what is best for society.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Women’s Rights

• Accepted attitude that the nature of women made them inferior to men.
• Female intellectuals began writing about rights of women.
• Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women and identified problems with views of enlightenment thinkers.
• Same people who argued that women must obey men said that government based on arbitrary power (monarchy) was wrong. Power of men over women should be equally wrong.
• Enlightenment teachings based on idea that all human beings could reason. Since women are beings...they can reason too and are therefore equal to men and should have equal rights in society.

Mary Wollstonecraft

The Growth of Reading

• Ideas of the Enlightenment spread due to the increase in publishing and the number of people who could read.
• Books were written to appeal to the middle class, women, and urban artisans.
• Fiction novels that presented social themes as part of the story became popular.
• First newspaper was printed in London in 1702. Newspapers were popular because they were cheap.
• Coffeehouses became a popular place to meet and exchange ideas.
• Elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class became popular places to exchange ideas.
• Writers, artists, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people all met to have discussions about new ideas.
• Women who hosted salons could help sway opinions and spread ideas.

A Reading of Moliere --1728

Religion and the Enlightenment

• Although many questioned the teachings of the church, most were still Christians.
• Many sought a deeper religious experience.
• John Wesley, English Anglican minister (Protestant), founded Methodism which encouraged people to perform good works. Helped get slavery abolished in England in the early 1800’s.

Enlightenment and the Arts

• Balthasar Neumann--architect
• Designed Church of the Fourteen Saints and the Residence

Church of the Fourteen Saints

The Residence

• New style of art and architecture that used delicate designs colored in gold and graceful curves.
• Less religious.
• Tended to show pursuits of pleasure, happiness, and love.
• Antoine Watteau--artist
• Franz Joseph Haydn--Hungarian composer who wrote music for wealthy patrons. Travelled to England and was inspired by creating music for the public. Led to creating two great works The Creation and The Seasons .
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart--child prodigy who grew up to become a famous composer. Works include: The Marriage of Figaro , The Magic Flute , and Don Giovanni .

Haydn and Mozart

Enlightened Absolutism and the Balance of Power

Chapter 8 Section 3

Enlightenment and Absolutism

• Ideas of the Enlightenment influenced how monarchs ruled and meant that they had to maintain those ideals.
• Natural rights
• Nurture the arts, sciences, and education.
• Must obey and enforce the laws fairly for all subjects.
• Enlightened Absolutism --A system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers.

Frederick William I/Frederick William II (The Great)

• Maintained highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers.
• Doubled size of military to make it the fourth largest in Europe.
• Members of nobility served as officers in the military and believed in values of duty, obedience, and sacrifice.
• Frederick II (The Great) highly educated.
• Continued increasing size of military and recruited nobility into civil service.
• Abolished use of torture (except in murder or treason cases)
• Granted limited freedom of speech and press
• Greater religious toleration
• Kept serfdom and rigid social structure in place.

Frederick William I

Frederick William II (Frederick the Great)

Empress Maria Theresa of Austria/Joseph II

• Austrian empire difficult to rule because of the size, different nationalities, language, and cultures that were part of it.
• Empress Maria Theresa (1740--came to throne) worked to centralize and strengthen the empire. Didn’t fully support idea of philosophes, but worked to improve conditions for serfs.
• Joseph II (son):
• Abolished serfdom
• Eliminated the death penalty
• Established principle of equality for all before the law
• Enacted religious reforms including religious toleration
• Reforms mostly failed and successors undid most of them.

Empress Maria Theresa

Catherine II (The Great)

• Peter III (her husband) murdered by nobles. She succeeded him as ruler in Russia. She was German, not Russian.
• Ruled from 1762 to 1796.
• Worked to make a new law code that would recognize equality for all people in the eyes of the law.
• Reforms favored the nobility and peasants revolted. Serfdom strengthened as a result.
• Expanded Russian territory into area of Poland and Turkey.

Catherine the Great

Did these rulers truly follow Enlightenment ideals?

• In short...not really.
• Typically undertook reforms to benefit themselves and not their subjects.
• Used reforms to gain tax income, expand territories, and gain power.
• Philosophes viewed war as wasteful...but all rulers used the military and war as a way to maintain power.
• Still believed in maintaining a “balance of power” in Europe between all major powers. This led to two major wars in the 18th century.

The Seven Years’ War (1740-1748)

• War broke out when Charles VI of Austria died and left no clear heir. His daughter Maria Theresa was going to succeed him.
• Frederick II took advantage of confusion to invade a territory belonging to Austria.
• France allied with Prussia and Great Britain allied with Austria.
• War took place in many places:
• Europe: Prussia seized Silesia. France occupied part of Austria.
• Asia: France took Madras (Chennai) in India from British.
• North America: Captured French fortress of Louisbourg at mouth of St. Lawrence River.
• 1748--War ended...ish when a treaty was signed and all territories (but Silesia!) were returned to their owners. Austria and Prussia still fought.

The American Revolution

Chapter 8 Section 4

Britain and the American Revolution

• The United Kingdom of Great Britain formed in 1707. Included England and Scotland.
• 1688--Bill of Rights affirmed Parliament’s right to make laws. Monarch and Parliament shared power. Monarch chose ministers who ran Parliament.
• 1714--new dynasty rose to power after Stuart line ended. Crown offered to relatives who were from Germany. George I (and #2) didn’t speak English and allowed ministers to deal with Parliament.
• Growing trade and industry led to expansion of middle class and desire for territorial expansion. 1757--Britain acquired Canada and India.
• Also controlled thirteen colonies on east coast of U.S. Colonies were well populated and prosperous.

Map of the thirteen original colonies

• In theory the colonies were run by different parts of the British government.
• In reality, the colonies each had their own legislatures that often acted independently.
• Many people did not want the British to run affairs in the colonies.

The American Revolution Begins

• British wanted to get more money from the colonies to use to pay for costs from the Seven Years’ War and to pay for a colonial army.
• 1765--pass Stamp Act which required a tax to be paid on printed materials (legal documents, newspapers). Opposition widespread and often violent. British continued to try to raise taxes.
• 1774--Colonies organized First Continental Congress and urge colonists to take up arms and form militias.
• Fighting broke out in Lexington and Concord in 1775 and the Second Continental Congress met and formed the Continental Army.
• July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence was approved and the American Revolution officially began.

British Defeat

• Many foreign countries entered the war to seek revenge for earlier conflicts.
• French soldiers and officers served alongside Washington’s troops and France supplied arms and money to rebels.
• Spain and The Netherlands (Dutch) also entered the war to fight the British.
• British surrendered in 1781.
• 1783--Treaty of Paris recognized independence of American colonies.
• Granted Americans control of western territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi.

The Birth of a New Nation

• Early plans for new government kept central government weak (Articles of Confederation) and did not give it power to deal with problems.
• The Constitution created a federal system where power was shared between the national government and state governments.
• Following Montesquieu’s ideas, the government was split into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch could “check” the powers of the other branches.
• President headed the executive branch.
• Legislative branch had two houses--Senate and the House of Representatives.
• Supreme court and other courts formed judicial branch.

The Bill of Rights

• States approved 10 of 12 proposed amendments to the Constitution ath were known as the Bill of Rights.
• Bill of Rights guaranteed these rights:
• Freedom of religion, speech, the press, petition, and assembly
• Right to bear arms
• Protections against unreasonable searches and arrests
• Trial by jury, due process of law, and protection of property rights
• Inspired by rights created by John Locke.
• Many saw American Revolution as confirmation of Enlightenment ideals.

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Jul 31, 2014

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT. Essential Question : What were the key ideas of the Enlightenment?. From 1650 to 1800, European philosophers began rethinking old ideas about government, religion, and economics. This led to an era known as the Enlightenment (also called the Age of Reason ).

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Essential Question: What were the key ideas of the Enlightenment?

From 1650 to 1800, European philosophers began rethinking old ideas about government, religion, and economics This led to an era known as the Enlightenment (also called the Age of Reason)

The Enlightenment The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were called philosophes; they shared some basic beliefs: Everything could be explained by observing universal truths known as natural laws New truths could be discovered by using logic and reason A belief in progress, that the world can be improved, and that life should be enjoyed People are born with natural rights (personal freedoms that protect liberty)

WHY DID THE ENLIGHTENMENT BEGIN? • During the Renaissance, people began to question medieval ideas, emphasize individual potential (humanism), and encourage education • During the Age of Exploration, the discovery of new lands and trade routes led Europeans to search for other “new” things • During the Protestant Reformation, people began to question Church teachings, freely explore new ideas, and tolerate other religions • During the Age of Absolute Monarchs, powerful kings spent money lavishly, fought expensive wars, and ruled without regard to their nation’s people

During the Scientific Revolution, scholars applied logic, perfected the scientific method, and made new discoveries that shattered old ideas… • …this gave Enlightenment philosophes a model to follow to make new theories about society

THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR’S INFLUENCE ON THE ENLIGHTENMENT • When Queen Elizabeth died, she had no heir to take her place, which ended the Tudor Dynasty; the new Stuart Dynasty under King James I began • Unlike Elizabeth, James refused to work cooperatively with Parliament; this began a period of disagreements between the English king and Parliament • Parliament and the king had major disputes over money, authority, and religion in England

THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR’S INFLUENCE ON THE ENLIGHTENMENT • James’ son, Charles, became king; he was even more unwilling to work with Parliament, refusing to even meet with them and considering himself an absolute monarch with divine right to rule • Tensions grew between those loyal to the king (“Royalists”) and those loyal to Parliament until civil war broke out • When the English Civil War was over, King Charles I was beheaded and England was ruled by a military dictatorship for several years

The most important Enlightenment ideas were those that challenged the rule by absolute monarchs and presented new theories about government

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment One of the first political thinkers of the Enlightenment was Thomas Hobbes Hobbes was bothered by the English Civil War and the chaos that plagued England after the beheading of King Charles I Hobbes believed that humans are naturally cruel, selfish, and hungry for power; Hobbes argued that people need to be protected from themselves What kind of government do you think Hobbes supported: monarchy or democracy?

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment Hobbes supported rule by absolute monarchs; he used scientific reasoning to argue that only kings with absolute power could maintain order in society Hobbes believed in an idea called the Social Contract: people give up power and rights to a king who provides law and order

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment English philosophe John Locke disagreed with the ideas of Thomas Hobbes He was influenced by the Glorious Revolution in England when the Bill of Rights was created to protect citizens’ rights Locke believed that people are born with natural rights, including life, liberty, and property; Locke argued that kings could be overthrown if they violated peoples’ rights What kind of monarchy do you think Locke supported: absolute or limited?

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment Locke supported limited or constitutional monarchies • The English Bill of Rights (1689) • The king cannot tax or overturn Parliament’s laws • Protected freedom of speech • The army cannot be used as a police force • No excessive bail Locke believed that government’s power came from the consent of the governed (approval of the people) and that kings should protect the rights of the people

Hobbes People are naturally selfish and act out of self-interest Without government control, society would be chaotic People are like children and need a strong “father” to keep them in line Locke People are reasonable and able to make decisions Freedom and liberty are more important than order and safety People should be able to overthrow kings who abuse power Quick Writing Prompt: Whose ideas are right: Hobbes’ or Locke’s?

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment The French philosophe Francois-Marie Arouet (who went by the name “Voltaire”)was one of the most famous writers of the Enlightenment Voltaire argued for certain rights: freedom of speech and religion; he criticized intolerance, prejudice, and oppression Voltaire was jailed twice in France for criticizing the government, but his letters to European monarchs helped introduce new reforms and freedoms

Voltaire once said:“I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Quick Writing Prompt: Do you agree with Voltaire? When, if ever, should freedom of speech be restricted? Consider schools, TV, radio, wartime, etc.

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment Baron de Montesquieu agreed with John Locke that government should protect individual liberties and that too much power led to tyranny Montesquieu believed in separation of powers: dividing power among three branches of government

Montesquieu’s model of government also included a system of checks and balances in which each branch of government could limit the power of the other branches

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment The Swiss philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed in individual freedom Rousseau believed that people are naturally good, but power corrupts them; free people form a social contract and government based on the common good Rousseau argued for a direct democracy that is guided by the general will of the majority of citizens What kind of government do you think Rousseau supported?

Montesquieu Take power from one king and divide it among 3 branches of government that each can limit other branches’ powers. Rousseau Let the people make all decisions directly to ensure that what the majority wants, the majority gets Quick Writing Prompt: Which form of government is better: Separation of powers or direct democracy?

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment Italian philosophe Cesare Beccaria criticized abuses in the justice system

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment Beccaria was upset with the use of torture, corrupt judges, secret (as opposed to public) trials, and severe punishments for crimes

Political Ideas of the Enlightenment Beccaria argued that people accused of crimes should be given a fair and speedy public trial and that capital punishment and torture should be abolished (done away with)

Is capital punishment (execution) an acceptable form of punishment for crimes? Quick Writing Prompt: Do you agree with Beccaria?

CLOSURE ACTIVITY Name the correct Enlightenment philosophe Examine words from famous documents and match the idea behind each document to the correct Enlightenment thinker

John Locke “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” —Declaration of Independence, 1776

Cesare Beccaria “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed.” —U. S. Bill of Rights

Voltaire “The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may thus speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.” —Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789

Montesquieu “All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. The judicial Power shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may ordain and establish.” —U.S. Constitution

Jean-Jacques Rousseau In 2003, the communities of Freetown and Lakeville, Massachusetts held their annual town meetings and voted on the budget for the school district. Freetown voters approved a budget that reduced their contribution by $100,000 from what the School Committee asked for.

Voltaire “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” —U.S. Bill of Rights, 1791

Cesare Beccaria “As all persons are held innocent until they have been declared guilty, if arrest is considered essential, all harshness not necessary for the securing of the person shall be severely repressed by law.” —Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789

John Locke “Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed...whenever any Form of Government becomes destructiveof these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government.” —Declaration of Independence, 1776

Montesquieu “Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall…proceed to reconsider it.” —U.S. Constitution

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The Enlightenment. What is Enlightenment?. Science Philosophy Arts Engineering Morals Culture Medicine Music Hygiene Exploration. Why have humans been ignorant and crude for millennia?. Answer : . Because that’s human nature and we deserve it. Human history: Cyclical versus Decline.

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The Enlightenment. The Role of Satire. A Brief Intro to the Enlightenment. As Immanuel Kant said “Do we live in an Enlightened Age? NO! We live in an age of enlightenment

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The Enlightenment. Causes of Revolution. What are the main ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers? How do they challenge the powers of Absolute Monarchs?  . Objectives. John Locke. Voltaire. Thomas Hobbes. So… What are the main ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers?

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The Enlightenment. 18 th Century. Initial Response. List the rights you value. If these rights were taken away, what means would you go to get them back?. Basics of the Enlightenment. Occurred during the 18 th century Took place before the American and French revolutions

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The Enlightenment. The Age of Reason. Enlightenment. Reaches peak in mid-1700s sparked by Scientific Revolution apply reason and scientific method to areas outside science (politics, religion, economics, etc.). Views on Government. Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan

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The Enlightenment. The Enlightenment. Economic Theories Against : Merchantilism ( Ancien Régim ) A nation benefits by accumulating monetary reserves, especially of  finished goods , gold and silver. The Enlightenment. Economic Theories Defend 2 different economic theories :

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The Enlightenment. Ch. 10 . The Scientific Revolution. 10.1. Causes of Scientific Revolution. Renaissance New language skills allowed people to learn from new ideas New technology and mathematics New scientific instruments allowed for advancements and new discoveries

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT. The Age of Reason. “I think, therefore I am”. - Descartes. What is the Enlightenment?. An 18 th Century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply principles of reason and scientific method to all aspect of society.

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The Enlightenment. 1. Most were diests 2. Created a secular code of ethics 3. Liked history 4. Critical spirit of analysis 5. Recognized a difference between absolutism and despotism 6. Criticized unjustified privilege. Vocab. Cosmopolitan State of nature Social Contract

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The Enlightenment. Improving society through reason and science. English Thinkers. John Locke. He wrote Two Treatises of Government in which he supported the Glorious Revolution, criticized absolutism. He believed humans were born with natural rights of equality and freedom.

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The Enlightenment. The Enlightenment. Age of Reason. The Neo-Classical Period. Emphasis on the power of the mind. Turn to Roman past for models. Change in the traditional social order: New commerce generated new wealth, new social class, new claims on social power.

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The Enlightenment. The Thinkers. Aka: Age of Reason. Men and Women apply theories discovered during the Scientific Revolution upon the aspects of human society: Government, religion, economics, and education. ‘Man can know everything’…. Important Trends of the Enlightenment.

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The Enlightenment. “Age of Reason”. Key Vocabulary. Enlightenment : a period during the 1600s and 1700s in which educated Europeans changed their outlook on life by seeing reason as the key to human progress. Age of Reason : another name for the Enlightenment

413 views • 35 slides

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