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ANU Postgraduate research

Research is at the core of everything we do. It informs the content of our degrees, influences public policy and solves some of our region’s greatest challenges.

ANU postgraduate research

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Scholarships & Fees

How to apply

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Studying an advanced, research-focused Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) or Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degree at The Australian National University (ANU) is an opportunity to make a substantial and original contribution to your discipline or area of professional practice.

We’ll automatically consider you for a scholarship when we receive your application.

Research areas

Our research priorities reflect the challenges facing the world today.

ANU researchers are currently exploring a range of disciplines and study areas .

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Before you apply

Find a potential supervisor and explore our colleges’ research opportunities. Some colleges have different application requirements – so make sure you’re aware of and follow these before you apply.

1. Find a supervisor

Discover potential supervisors. Explore their research and published works and find their contact details.

Search supervisors

2. ANU college research opportunities

Our colleges can provide you with information about research areas, supervisors and groups, as well as who to contact.

NOTE: More than one college can offer supervision in a particular study area.

ANU College of Arts & Social Sciences
ANU College of Asia & the Pacific
ANU College of Business & Economics
ANU College of Engineering, Computing & Cybernetics
ANU College of Health & Medicine
ANU College of Law
ANU College of Science

3. Explore college application requirements

If you have found a supervisor you would like to work with and the college that offers this supervision, you will need to find out if there are any pre-application steps that your college would like you to take.

Most colleges would like you to find and secure the support of a potential supervisor before you complete your application. For example, the ANU College of Business & Economics has different arrangements for setting up supervision, so please check in with them before applying.

Some colleges will ask you to send a short description of your proposed area of research as an expression of interest and a summary of your academic qualifications, including grades, to them first.

Visit the ANU college research pages for pre-application advice (see the links under 'ANU colleges’ content above).

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Applying to ANU

You can apply at any time of the year – but if you would like to be considered for a scholarship, you will need to send your application within the scholarship’s application deadline.

Scholarship applicants

Your referees should send their reports before your scholarship’s deadline. Give them as much time as possible by completing your ANU application 2–3 weeks earlier than the scholarship’s deadline. We’ll contact your referees when we get your application.

Application requirements

Your application to study at ANU must meet the following requirements.

1. Minimum admission requirements

Explore our minimum admission requirements.

Requirements for admission to a Doctor of Philosophy degree

An Australian bachelor’s degree with at least second-class honours (Upper first-class honours may be required by some programs) or the international equivalent, or
Another degree with a significant research/thesis component, or
A combination of qualifications, research publications and/or professional experience related to your field of study

Requirements for admission to a Master of Philosophy degree

An Australian bachelor’s degree or higher, with an overall grade of distinction or higher, or the international equivalent, or
Another equivalent degree, or
A combination of qualifications, research publications and/or professional experience that are related to your field of study

2. English language requirements

You must meet our English language requirements to be eligible for admission to ANU. While you can apply without having met them, you will need to show that you do when you get a study offer from us.

Unsure whether you can meet the English language requirements? Contact your research school or the Graduate Research Office before you send your application.

Learn more about ANU English language requirements

3. Research proposal

Your draft research proposal only needs to be short. Check in with your potential supervisor to clarify their expectations for this proposal before you send it in with your application.

Your proposal should present your idea or question in your discipline area clearly. Consider it a statement about the basis of the research you’d like to do.

Your research proposal should:

establish the relevance of your idea
show gaps in your field – and how your research would address these
include how you would go about your research project – your approach, methodologies and resources.

You will be able to change the proposal once you have enrolled in your program.

Learn about research proposals

4. Referees

Referee reports are mandatory when applying for admission to a HDR Program. At least 2 referees reports are required to commence assessment of the application. Academic referees, who are able to comment on the applicant’s ability to undertake the program, are preferred, however, professional references can also be used. The University may request additional referee reports during the assessment of the application.

Ensure their contact details are correct; we will email them a report to complete from within the application portal as soon as we have received your application.

If your referee is unable to access our system-generated referee report, they can contact the Admissions team and ask for another version of the form.

Your referees must send their completed reports confidentially and directly to the University rather than to you.

Reference documents:

Research Application Referee Report (DOCX, 82.99 KB)

5. Supporting documentation

Upload clear, colour copies of your academic transcripts and graduation certificates with your application. You do not need to certify these documents, but they must be original copies. We will verify their authenticity.

If your academic documents were originally given to you in a language other than English, we will need official copies of the document in that language and original translations for verification purposes.

6. Incomplete qualifications

You can apply to ANU before you complete your current degree if you are in your final year. Advise the Graduate Research office your expected completion date via your application and supply a copy of the qualification when we make you an offer.

For more information, refer to ‘Supporting documentation’.

If you have the approval of a college and a potential supervisor, you can apply for admission to ANU. Without this endorsement, though, we might not be able to assess your application.

Choose the program you want to study from the Program & Courses catalogue

On the program’s page, click 'apply’ to open the application portal

Complete your application

Receiving an offer from ANU

After we assess your application, we will contact you via email about the outcome within 6–8 weeks (about 2 months). This could take longer if we're also considering you for a scholarship.

If you do not hear from ANU within two months, contact your research school or email the Graduate Research Office.

Contact Graduate Research Office

AsPr Yixiao Zhou

Associate Professor , Crawford School of Public Policy

Research activity per year

Personal profile

Yixiao Zhou is Associate Professor in Economics at the Arndt-Corden Department of Economics and Director of China Economy Program, Crawford School of Public Policy. Yixiao’s research work focuses on three areas: global macroeconomics, the role of technology and innovation in economic growth, and the Chinese economy. Topics that she has research on include: forecasting international macroeconomic developments and policies in global trade, global competition and technology innovation, and global migration; forecasting economic growth in China and its relationships with the world; and understanding drivers of inclusive growth and development and identifying policies that enhance them.

She serves as President of the Chinese Economics Society of Australia (CESA) , a member of the Economics Society of Australia ACT Branch (ESA ACT), the Western Economic Association International (WEAI), Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society (AARES), and the Chinese Economist Society (CES).

Yixiao earned her PhD in Economics from ANU, and her Bachelor of Economics and Bachelor of Science from Peking University. She is passionate about teaching and mentoring students for advanced, cutting-edge and innovative research with policy impact.

Research interests

Yixiao is passionate about understanding drivers of inclusive growth and development and identifying policies that enhance them, forecasting international macroeconomic developments and policies, forecasting economic growth in China and its relationships with the world, and various topics on global economic growth and competition such as global trade, global competition and technology innovation, and global migration.

ORCID Publications Record

Googel Scholar Citations

Researchgate

Researcher's projects

The rise of Chinese corporations and global competition policies: http://ciw.anu.edu.au/research/grants/rise-chinese-corporations-and-global-competition-policies
Automation and Income Inequality: Macroeconomic Policy Implications: https://www.grants.gov.au/?event=public.GA.show&GAUUID=7DB030D2-FF5B-609E-5CF4CEC9F623E347
ASEAN +6 COVID-19 Policy Response Observatory : https://researchprofiles.anu.edu.au/en/projects/asean-6-covid-19-policy-response-observatory

Past student projects

PhD supervisor (Chair, 2022-ongoing): Abyaya Neopane, Crawford School of Public Policy
PhD supervisor (Chair, 2022-ongoing): Rentao Rao, Crawford School of Public Policy
PhD supervisor (Chair, 2020-ongoing): Bashar Fakhruzzaman, Crawford School of Public Policy
PhD supervisor (Panel, 2021-ongoing): Tunye Qiu, Crawford School of Public Policy
PhD supervisor (Panel, 2021-ongoing): Riandy Laksono, Crawford School of Public Policy
PhD supervisor (Panel, 2021-ongoing): Ngoc Minh Le, Crawford School of Public Policy
PhD supervisor (Panel, 2019-ongoing): Sudyumna Dahal, Crawford School of Public Policy
PhD supervisor (Panel, 2019-ongoing): Sulistiyo Ardiyono, Crawford School of Public Policy
PhD supervisor (Panel, 2019-ongoing): Joel Bowman, Crawford School of Public Policy
PhD supervisor (Panel, 2020-ongoing): Tanvir Bashar, Crawford School of Public Policy
Master student thesis (Chair, 2021): Nushrat Jahan, Crawford School of Public Policy
Master student thesis (Panel, 2021), Taylor Ey, Crawford School of Public Policy
Master student thesis (Panel, 2021), Evelyn Chen, Crawford School of Public Policy

Qualifications

2021-now, Deputy Director of the China Economy Program , Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra.

2022-now, President, Chinese Economics Society of Australia (CESA) .

2020-now, Co-convenor, Arndt-Corden Department of Economics Weekly Seminar Series , Crawford School of Public Policy.

2019-now, Member of Research Committee, Crawford School of Public Policy.

2022-now, Representative for Early Career Researchers from Crawford School, College of Asia and Pacific Research Committee.

Education/Academic qualification

Economics, PhD, The Australian National University

Award Date: 15 Dec 2014

Economics, Bachelor, Peking University

Award Date: 1 Jul 2009

Physics, Bachelor, Peking University

Expertise Areas

International Economics and International Finance
Economics of innovation
Industry Economics and Industrial Organisation
Macroeconomics (incl. Monetary and Fiscal Theory)
Econometrics
Economic Development and Growth

Fingerprint

1 Similar Profiles
China Business & Economics 100%
Economic Growth Business & Economics 42%
Automation Business & Economics 40%
Institutional Quality Business & Economics 39%
R&D Investment Business & Economics 36%
Income Business & Economics 34%
Labor Contract Law Business & Economics 30%
United States of America Business & Economics 29%

Network (past 5 years)

Dive into details.

Select a country/territory to view shared publications and projects

Projects per year

The Impact of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on China-Australia Bilateral Trade

Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia

14/02/23 → 31/03/24

Project : Research

Bilateral Trade 100%
Economics 46%
Trade Creation 41%
Trade Diversion 40%

ASEAN 6 COVID-19 Policy Response Observatory

Dressel, B. , Bali, A. S., Henschke, A. , Nguyen, H. & Zhou, Y.

Commonwealth Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia - ASEAN Council

10/06/21 → 30/06/23

Research output

Research output per year

International Differences in Profitability

Research output : Contribution to journal › Article

Covid-19 and digital inclusion: Impact on employment

Guest editors' words, the effect of china's overseas engineering projects on national image: empirical analysis based on global survey data, automation and inequality with taxes and transfers.

Automation 100%
automation 89%
credit system 63%
Earned Income Tax Credit 63%

Directories

College of Business & Economics

Last updated: 9.20am, Tuesday 3 March 2020

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Arndt-Corden Department of Economics

Arndt-Corden

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Related Sites

Crawford School of Public Policy
Australia-Japan Research Centre
Australia South Asia Research Centre
Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies
Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis
China Economy Program
Development Policy Centre
East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
Indonesia Project
Poverty and Inequality Research Centre
Tax and Transfer Policy Institute

Dr Julie Smith

Areas of expertise

Health And Community Services 111708
Public Policy 160510
Public Nutrition Intervention 111104
Health Promotion 111712
Health Economics 140208
Community Child Health 111704
Public Economics Taxation And Revenue 140215

Research interests

Main research interests: feminist economics, labor economics, health economics, maternal and child health and public health, public finance and public policy including;

National accounting treatment of non-market economic production
Economic valuation of breastfeeding and human milk
Markets, exchange and trading of mothers milk, and regulation of markets and marketing of food for infants and young children
Gender budgeting, Health care financing, Federalism and health policy, Cost benefit and cost effectiveness analysis,
Economics of work and breastfeeding, Maternal time use especially time use of new mothers, Breastfeeding friendly environments (hospitals, workplaces and childcare)
Australian tax policy history, Fiscal federalism and horizontal equalisation, Taxation of families and children, Gambling taxation, Taxation of charities, Tax expenditures (superannuation, health insurance etc)
Smoking cessation and tobacco control, including of tobacco marketing

Professional memberships

International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (IARIW)
International Society for Research in Human Milk and Lactation (ISRHML)
International Association of Feminist Economics (IAFFE)
Public Health Association of Australia (PHAA)
Australian Health Economics Society (AHES)
Lactation Consultants Association of Australia and New Zealand (LCANZ)
Economic Society of Australia (ESA)

BEc(Hons)/BA (Asian Studies), PhD (Economics)

T: +61 4 1609 9630 E: [email protected]

Dr Smith is an Honorary Associate Professor and awarded ARC Future Fellow at the Research School of Population Health, ANU. She is also an Fellow at the Crawford School of Public Policy's Tax and Transfer Policy Institute.

Her PhD was awarded by the ANU in 2002, supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award. She won an ARC Postdoctoral Fellowship in 2004. From 2004 to 2014, Dr Smith held research appointments at the Australian Centre for Economic Research on Health (ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment). In 2015 she was appointed as Associate Professor at the Menzies Centre for Health Policy in the College of Asia and Pacific, School of Regulation and Global Governance.

Her research has focussed on the economics of breastfeeding and regulation of markets in mothers' milk, and gender analysis of Australia's taxation and fiscal policies. She has published over 60 research articles in health, nutrition and economics journals, as well as two books (Taxing Popularity and Gambling Taxation in Australia ) and several book chapters.

Dr Smith was lead CI on ARC funded research projects on the economics of breastfeeding and markets in mothers milk, surveying maternal time use and breastfeeding support in workplaces and childcare. She has been a chief investigator on an NHMRC smoking cessation RCT.

Dr Smith has been an expert advisor on economic aspects of breastfeeding to the WHO and the US Department of Health and Human Services, and led a consultancy for WHO on marketing of commercial complementary foods for infants and young children. She also led the evidence check commissioned by the Australian Department of Health for the 2019 Australian National Breastfeeding Strategy.

Her invited expertise has contributed to several public inquiries including on breastfeeding, paid maternity leave, gambling taxation, land tenures, taxation policy and tax expenditures reporting.

She served as an honorary tax policy advisor to ACOSS since 1999, as honorary national treasurer of the ABA from 2002-2007, and as an advisor to IBFAN and WABA. She is an editorial board member of the International Breastfeeding Journal and served on the ILCA Research Committee.

She held appointments at the ANU Research School of Social Sciences and Centre for International and Public Law from 1992.

She was previously a senior economist in the Australian and New Zealand treasuries, Commonwealth Departments of Finance, Environment, and Prime Minister and Cabinet, and in the Parliamentary Library Research Service.

Researcher's projects

ARC Future Fellowship (FT140101260)

Research to enhance measurement, understanding, and policy regulatory approaches to emerging markets and trade in mothers' milk, 2015-

http://regnet.anu.edu.au/research/research-projects/details/6285/arc-future-fellowship-research-enhance-measurement

ARC Linkage Project (LP0990975)

Working while breastfeeding: best practice strategies for workplaces and childcare centres , 2009-2012 (completed).

ARC Discovery Project and Australian Postdoctoral Fellowship (DP0451117)

http://regnet.anu.edu.au/research/research-projects/details/6264/economics-work-and-breastfeeding

The economics of mothers’ milk and the market for infant food, 2004-07 (completed).

http://regnet.anu.edu.au/research/research-projects/details/6275/time-use-survey-new-mothers-tusnm

NHMRC Projects (568617)

Investigator (CIE) on Quit in General Practice: A cluster randomized trial of enhanced in-practice support for smoking cessation , 2008-11.

Other research funding

APIP Research Development Grants

Human rights, gender budgeting and the World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative (WBTi), 2017-18.
Gender responsive budgeting and breastfeeding , 2016-17.

http://regnet.anu.edu.au/research/research-projects/details/7545/breastfeeding-policies-and-budgets

ANU Gender Institute

Breastfeeding support on campus within a human rights framework: How does the ANU stack up nationally?, 2014-15 .
Research workshop and New Zealand collaboration on breastfeeding friendly workplaces and childcare , 2012-13.

ANU Linkage Pilot Project Fund

Working while breastfeeding: best practice strategies for workplaces and childcare centres, 2007 (completed).

Australian Tax Research Foundation,

Taxing Popularity revision, 2003-04.

Rotary Family Health Research Fund

Attributable hospital system costs of premature weaning , with Prof. D. Ellwood & Dr J. Thompson, Canberra Hospital), 1999.

The Australia Institute

GST and charities , 1999.

Australian Tax Research Foundation Fellowship

Gambling taxation in Australia , 1997-98.

Available student projects

For students interested in doing research on economic aspects of breastfeeding and markets in mothers milk, such as projects in the areas of breastfeeding, work and childcare, the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, or economic valuation of breastfeeding, I can offer supervision and access to the following datasets and opportunities for innovative feminist economic research:

Maternal time use survey data 2005-06
Marketing of infant foods data from the 1950s
Breastfeeding and work survey data from 2011-12
Breastfeeding and childcare survey data 2011-12
Measuring breastmilk and breastfeeding in a country's Gross Domestic Product

Current student projects

Research Supervisor, Future Research Talent (FRT) Scholar, ANU College of Health and Medicine , "Measuring the Economic Value of Breastfeeding and Breastmilk in Indonesia", 2023.

Research Advisor, Phd Scholar, ANU College of Health and Medicine , "Assessment of baby food marketing and implementation of the Control of Marketing Promotion of Infant and Young Child Food Act B.E. 2560 in Thailand", 2018-.

Research Advisor, Phd Scholar , ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment/College of Asia and Pacific, “Food security and markets for infant milk”, 2014-.

Past student projects

Research Advisor (ANU College of Health and Medicine), PhD: "An examination of factors that challenge and facilitate implementation of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative in Australia and Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding in Indonesia: a convergent parallel mixed-methods study of two hospitals", Andini Pramono, awarded 2023.

Research Advisor (University of Essex), Master of Public Health: “Industry Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes during the COVID 19 Pandemic”, Alessandro Iellamo, awarded 2022.

Research Advisor (QUT Faculty of Health), PhD: "Exploring barriers and enablers in early childhood settings to meet Australian Infant Feeding Guidelines supported by the National Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Guidelines", Julianne McGuire, awarded 2020.

Research Advisor (ANU College of Business and Economics), PhD: “A living wage; the evolution and future of the Australian minimum wage, child endowment, and tax treatment of families ”, Robert Bray, awarded 2018.

Research Advisor (University of Queensland School of Public Health), Master of Public Health, 'Perspectives and Experiences of Key Stakeholders in Infant Feeding on the Australian National Breastfeeding Strategy 2010-2015', Naomi Hull, awarded 2016.

Research Supervisor (ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment), ANU Medical School; “Pharmacists knowledge of breastfeeding support and management”, Morgan Ryan, awarded 2013-14.

Research Supervisor (ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment), ANU Vice Chancellors Course 'Unravelling Complexity', Emma Day, Bryce Deller, Lauren Hassall, Jessica Avalon; “Fathers and Breastfeeding”), awarded 2012.

Research Supervisor (ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment), ANU Summer Scholar, Miranda Blake; “Australian infant food marketing strategies undermine effective regulation of breastmilk substitutes; analysis of trends in print advertising in Australia, 1950-2010”), December 2011 - January 2012.

Research Supervisor (ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment), ANU Summer Scholar, Rachel Dennis, “Maternal time use towards enhancing mother and child health – the effect of paid leave access), December 2010 - January 2011.

Joint Research Project Supervisor (ANU College of Economics and Business), PhD Scholar Ning Ding, Case Studies in Econometrics Project EMET8002, “Breastfeeding Decisions and Time Use: Evidence from Australia”, 2009.

Research Supervisor (College of Medicine, Biology and Environment), ANU Summer Scholar, Nancy Cinnadao, 'Australian infant food marketing', December 2005 - January 2006.

Publications

Smith, J, Iellamo, A, Nguyen, T et al. 2023, 'The volume and monetary value of human milk produced by the world's breastfeeding mothers: Results from a new tool', Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 11.
Baker, P, Smith, J, Garde, A et al. 2023, 'The political economy of infant and young child feeding: confronting corporate power, overcoming structural barriers, and accelerating progress', Lancet, The (UK edition), vol. 401, no. 10375, pp. 503-524.
Gribble, K, Smith, J, Gammeltoft, T et al. 2023, 'Breastfeeding and infant care as 'sexed' care work: reconsideration of the three Rs to enable women's rights, economic empowerment, nutrition and health', Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 11.
Smith, J, Borg, B, Iellamo, A et al. 2023, 'Innovative financing for a gender-equitable first-food system to mitigate greenhouse gas impacts of commercial milk formula: investing in breastfeeding as a carbon offset', Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, vol. 7.
Smith, J, Lande, B, Johansson, L et al. 2022, 'The contribution of breastfeeding to a healthy, secure and sustainable food system for infants and young children: monitoring mothers' milk production in the food surveillance system of Norway', Public Health Nutrition, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 2693-2701.
Cetthakrikul, N, Kelly, M, Baker, P et al. 2022, 'Effect of baby food marketing exposure on infant and young child feeding regimes in Bangkok, Thailand', International Breastfeeding Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1-15.
Cetthakrikul, N, Kelly, M, Banwell, C , Baker, P, Smith JP. 2022, 'Regulation of baby food marketing in Thailand: a NetCode analysis', Public Health Nutrition, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 2680-2692.
Pramono, A, Smith, J, Bourke, S et al. 2022, '"We All Believe in Breastfeeding": Australian Midwives' Experience of Implementing the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative', Journal of Human Lactation, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 780-791.
Pramono, A, Smith, J, Bourke, S et al. 2022, 'How midwives and nurses experience implementing ten steps to successful breastfeeding: a qualitative case study in an Indonesian maternity care facility', International Breastfeeding Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1-11.
Stone, C & Smith, JP 2022, 'The visibility of breastfeeding as a sexual and reproductive health right: a review of the relevant literature', International Breastfeeding Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1-15.
Baker, P, Russ, K, Kang, M et al. 2021, 'Globalization, first-foods systems transformations and corporate power: a synthesis of literature and data on the market and political practices of the transnational baby food industry', Globalization and Health, vol. 17, no. 1.
Baker, P., Santos, T., Neves, P. A., Machado, P., Smith, J., Piwoz, E., Barros, A. J. D., Victora, C. G., & McCoy, D. (2021, Apr). First-food systems transformations and the ultra-processing of infant and young child diets: The determinants, dynamics and consequences of the global rise in commercial milk formula consumption. Matern Child Nutr, 17(2), e13097. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13097
Smith, J & Forrester, R 2021, 'Association between breastfeeding and new mothers' sleep: a unique Australian time use study', International Breastfeeding Journal, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-13.
Pramono, A, Smith, J, Desborough, J et al. 2021, 'Social value of maintaining baby-friendly hospital initiative accreditation in Australia: case study', International Journal for Equity in Health, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-12.
Dadhich, J, Smith, J, Iellamo, A et al. 2021, 'Climate Change and Infant Nutrition: Estimates of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Milk Formula Sold in Selected Asia Pacific Countries', Journal of Human Lactation, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 314-322.
Pramono, A, Desborough, J, Smith, J et al. 2021, 'The social value of implementing the ten steps to successful breastfeeding in an Indonesian hospital: A case study', Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 429-458.
Cetthakrikul, N, Baker, P, Banwell, C, Kelly, M, Smith, JP. 2021, 'Corporate political activity of baby food companies in Thailand', International Breastfeeding Journal, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-13.
Jenkins, F & Smith, J 2021, 'Work-from-home during COVID-19: Accounting for the care economy to build back better', The Economic and Labour Relations Review, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 22-38.
Smith, J & Iellamo, A 2020, 'Wet nursing and donor human milk sharing in emergencies and disasters: A review', Breastfeeding Review, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 7-23.
McGuire, J, Irvine , S, Smith, J et al. 2020, 'Creating supportive environments for responsive infant feeding in Australian early childhood education and care', Breastfeeding Review, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 47-64.
Israel-Ballard, K, Cohen, J, Mansen, K et al. 2019, 'Call to action for equitable access to human milk for vulnerable infants', The Lancet Global Health, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. e1484-e1486.
Holla-Bhar, R, Iellamo , A, Gupta, A et al. 2019, 'Letter to the Editor on the Article by Caroll GJ, Buccini GS, and Pï¿½rez-Escamilla R Titled "Perspective: What Will it Cost to Scale-Up Breastfeeding Programs? A Comparison of Current Global Costing Methodologies"', Advances in Nutrition, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 727-727.
Smith, J 2019, 'A commentary on the carbon footprint of milk formula: harms to planetary health and policy implications', International Breastfeeding Journal, vol. 14, no. 49, pp. 1-7.
Smith, J 2019, 'Counting the cost of not breastfeeding is now easier, but women's unpaid health care work remains invisible', Health Policy and Planning, Volume 34, Issue 6, July 2019, Pages 479–481, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz064
Pramono, A, Desborough, J & Smith, J 2019, 'The Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding Policy Review', Breastfeeding Review, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 15-28.
McGuire, J, Irvine, S, Smith, J et al 2019, 'Australian early childhood educators and infant feeding: a qualitative analysis using social cognitive theory [IN PRESS]', Early Child Development and Care, vol. Online, pp. 1-16.
Eden, K, Carroll, K, Williamson Smith, R et al. 2019, 'Designated private breastfeeding spaces in the university sector: An audit of one Australian university', Breastfeeding Review, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 43-52.
Smith JP, Cattaneo A, Iellamo A, Javanparast S, Atchan M, Hartmann B, et al. Review of effective strategies to promote breastfeeding: an Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Australian Department of Health. Canberra, Australia: Australian Department of Health, ; 2018.
Smith, J 2018, 'Australia's national breastfeeding strategy: What's happening and will it work?', Breastfeeding Review, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 7-14.
Hull, N, Smith, J, Peterson, M et al. 2018, 'Putting Australia to the test ï¿½ The World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative', Breastfeeding Review, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 7-15.
Smith, J, Iellamo, A & Baker, P 2018, Child health is on the line as Codex deliberates food standards, Croakey, p. 1.
Smith, J, Costa, M & Stewart, M 2017, Report: Gender responsive budgeting and breastfeeding policies: insights from the Asia-Pacific region.
Smith, J 2017, 'Markets in mother's milk: Virtue or vice, promise, or problem?', in Mathilde Cohen and Yoriko Otomo (ed.), Making Milk: The past, present and future of our primary food , Bloomsbury, United Kindgdom, pp. 117-137.
Forgues, C, Mazanov, J & Smith, J 2017, 'The paradox of human milk doping for anti-doping', Performance Enhancement and Health, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 158-165.
Smith, J 2017, 'Paying for care in Australia's wage earners' welfare state': The case of child endowment', in Miranda Stewart (ed.), Tax, Social Policy and Gender: Rethinking Equality and Efficiency, ANU E Press, Canberra, pp. 161-205.
Smith, J and Folbre N., 2018, 'New ways to measure economic activity: Breastfeeding as an economic indicator', ANU Online, pp. 3pp.
Smith, J & Forrester, R 2017, 'Maternal Time Use and Nurturing: Analysis of the Association Between Breastfeeding Practice and Time Spent Interacting with Baby', Breastfeeding Medicine, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 269-278.
Smith, J, Javanparast, S & Craig, L 2017, 'Bringing babies and breasts into workplaces: Support for breastfeeding mothers in workplaces and childcare services at the Australian National University', Breastfeeding Review, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 45-57pp.
Hull, N, Schubert, L & Smith, J 2017, 'Perspectives of key stakeholders and experts in infant feeding on the implementation of the Australian National Breastfeeding Strategy 2010-2015', Breastfeeding Review, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 25-34.
Ryan, M & Smith, J 2016, 'Breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes and training amongst Australian community pharmacists', Breastfeeding Review, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 35-43.
Baker, P, Smith, J, Salmon, L et al 2016, 'Global trends and patterns of commercial milk-based formula sales: is an unprecedented infant and young child feeding transition underway?', Public Health Nutrition, vol. 19, no. 14, pp. 2540-2550pp.
Salmon, L, Smith, J & Baker, P 2015, Driving demand for baby milk - the Australian Competition and Consumers Commission's gift to industry marketing?, pp. 1-5pp.
Halcomb, E, Furler, J, Hermiz, O et al 2015, 'Process evaluation of a practice nurse-led smoking cessation trial in Australian general practice: views of general practitioners and practice nurses', Family Practice, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 468-473.
Smith, J 2015, 'Australian state income taxation: a historical perspective', Australian Tax Forum, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 679-712.
SMITH, J. P., SARGENT, G. M., MEHTA, K., JAMES, J., BERRY, N., KOH, C., SALMON, L. & BLAKE, M. 2015. A rapid evidence assessment: Does marketing of commercially available complementary foods affect infant and young child feeding? . Geneva, Switzerland: Commissioned by the World Health Organization, . https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/CF_anu_effects_marketingcommercial.pdf?ua=1
Dadhich, J, Smith, J, Iellamo, A et al 2015, Report on Carbon Footprints Due to Milk Formula: A study from selected countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
Zwar, N, Richmond, R, Halcomb, E et al 2015, 'Quit in general practice: a cluster randomized trial of enhanced in-practice support for smoking cessation', Family Practice, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 173-180.
Holla-Bhar, R, Iellamo, A, Gupta, A et al 2015, 'Investing in breastfeeding: the world breastfeeding costing initiative', International Breastfeeding Journal, vol. 10, no. 8, p. 12.
Smith, J 2015, 'Markets, breastfeeding and trade in mothers' milk', International Breastfeeding Journal, vol. 10, no. 9, p. 7.
Smith, J, Galtry, J & Salmon, L 2014, 'Confronting the formula feeding epidemic in a new era of trade and investment liberalisation', Journal of Australian Political Economy, vol. 73, no. 73, pp. 132-171.
Smith, J. P. 2014. Making mothers’ milk count. In: Bjornholt M, McKay A. (eds.) Counting on Marilyn Waring: New Advances of Feminist Economics. Bradford, Ontario: Demeter Press. p. 344.
Smith, J & Blake, M 2013, 'Infant food marketing strategies undermine effective regulation of breast-milk substitutes: trends in print advertising in Australia, 1950-2010', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 337-344.
Smith, J & Forrester, R 2013, 'Who Pays for the Health Benefits of Exclusive Breastfeeding? An Analysis of Maternal Time Costs', Journal of Human Lactation, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 547-555.
Smith, J 2013, '"Lost Milk?" Counting the Economic Value of Breast Milk in Gross Domestic Product', Journal of Human Lactation, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 537-546.
Smith, J, McIntyre, E, Craig, L et al 2013, 'Workplace support, breast feeding and health', Family Matters, vol. 93, no. 93, pp. 58-73.
Smith, J, Javanparast, S, McIntyre, E et al 2013, 'Discrimination Against Breastfeeding Mothers in Childcare', Australian Journal of Labour Economics, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 65-90.
Smith, J 2012, Including household production in the system of National Accounts (SNA) - exploring the implications of breastfeeding and human milk provision.
Smith, J & Harvey, P 2011, 'Chronic disease and infant nutrition: is it significant to public health?', Public Health Nutrition, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 279-289.
Smith, J & Ellwood, M 2011, 'Feeding Patterns and Emotional Care in Breastfed Infants', Social Indicators Research, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 227-231.
Zwar, N, Richmond, R, Halcomb, E et al 2010, 'Quit in general practice: a cluster randomised trial of enhanced in-practice support for smoking cessation', BMC Family Practice Journal, vol. 11, p. 8.
Baxter, J, Cooklin, A & Smith, J 2009, 'Which mothers wean their babies prematurely from full breastfeeding? An Australian cohort study', Acta Paediatrica, vol. 98, no. 8, pp. 1274-77.
Smith, J, Dunstone, M & Elliott-Rudder, M 2009, 'Health Professional Knowledge of Breastfeeding: Are the Health Risks of Infant Formula Feeding Accurately Conveyed by the Titles and Abstracts of Journal Articles?', Journal of Human Lactation, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 350-358.
Smith, J 2007, 'Time use among new mothers, the economic value of unpaid work and gender aspects of superannuation tax concessions', Australian Journal of Labour Economics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 99-114.
Smith, J 2007, 'The contribution of infant food marketing to the obesogenic environment in Australia', Breastfeeding Review, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 23.
Smith, J 2007, 'The Marketed environment: formula for fatness', in Jane Dixon and Dorothy.H Broom (ed.), The seven deadly sins of obesity: how the modern world is making us fat , UNSW Press, Sydney, pp. 101-125.
Smith, J & Ingham, L 2005, 'Mothers milk and measures of economic output', Feminist Economics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 41-62.
Smith, J 2004, 'Tax Advance or Retreat? Where to from Here with a New Tax System', Australian Options, vol. Spring 2004, no. 38, pp. 115-8.
Smith, J 2004, 'The Syntax of Sin Taxes', in Julie P. Smith (ed.), Taxing Popularity: The Story of Taxation in Australia (2nd ed) , Australian Tax Research Foundation, Canberra, pp. 126-146.
Smith, J 2004, 'Mothers Milk and Markets', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 19, no. 45, pp. 369-379.
Smith, J 2004, 'Momentous or Momentary Tax Reform', in Julie P. Smith (ed.), Taxing Popularity: The Story of Taxation in Australia (2nd ed) , Australian Tax Research Foundation, Canberra, pp. 147-191.
Smith, J 2003, Tax expenditures: the $30 billion twilight zone of government spending, Department of the Parliamentary Library.
Smith, J 2002, 'Mother's Milk, Money and Markets', in Bryan Furnass (ed.), Good Grub: Food for healthy people and a healthy planet , Nature and Society Forum Inc., Canberra, pp. 101-6.
Smith, J, Thompson, J & Ellwood, D 2002, 'Hospital system costs of artificial infant feeding: estimates for the Australian Capital Territory', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 543-551.
Smith, J 2002, 'Redistribution and federal finance', Economic History Review, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 284-311.
Smith, J & Ingham, L 2001, 'Breast Feeding and the Measurement of Economic Progress', Journal of Australian Political Economy, vol. 47, pp. 51-72.
Smith, J 2001, 'Progessivity of the Commonwealth Personal Income Tax, 1917-1997', The Australian Economic Review, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 263-278.
Smith, J 2001, 'Tax Expenditures and Public Health Financing in Australia', The Economic and Labour Relations Review, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 239-62.
Smith, J 2000, 'Gambling Taxation: Public Equity in the Gambling Business', The Australian Economic Review, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 120-244.
Smith, J 2000, 'Tax Expenditures and Public Health Financing in Australia', Australia Institute Discussion Paper Number 33, September 2000.
Smith, J 1999, 'Human Milk Supply in Australia', Food Policy, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 71-91.
Smith, J 1999, 'Progressing Tax Reform', in Michael Carman and Ian Rogers (ed.), Out of the rut: making labor a genuine alternative , Allen & Unwin, Australia, pp. 95-130.

Projects and Grants

Grants information is drawn from ARIES. To add or update Projects or Grants information please contact your College Research Office.

Mothers milk for a Greener planet: Development of a global tool to estimate the greenhouse gas and water impacts of commercial milk formula (Primary Investigator)
The lost mothers milk tool (Primary Investigator)
Review of effective strategies to promote breastfeeding (Primary Investigator)
Research to enhance measurement, understanding, and policy regulatory approaches to emerging markets and trade in mothers' milk - Transferred from CAP to RSPH (Primary Investigator)
To review the evidence assessing the impacts of marketing on the attitudes and behaviors of caregivers of young children. (Primary Investigator)
Working while breastfeeding: Best practice strategies for workplaces and childcare centres (Primary Investigator)
Quit in general practice: a cluster randomised trial of enhanced in-practice support for smoking cessation (Secondary Investigator)

Related websites

GOOGLE SCHOLAR

RESEARCHGATE

SCHOOL OF REGULATION AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: TIME USE SURVEY OF AUSTRALIAN MOTHERS

SCHOOL OF REGULATION AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE: WORK AND BREASTFEEDING

RESEARCH TO ENHANCE MEASUREMENT, UNDERSTANDING, AND POLICY REGULATORY APPROACHES TO EMERGING MARKETS AND TRADE IN MOTHERS' MILK

BLOGS AND ONLINE PUBLICATIONS

Separating mothers with covid 19 from their newborns does more harm than good

Andini Pramono , PhD Candidate in Health Services Research and Policy Department, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University ;

Hannah Dahlen , Professor of Midwifery, Associate Dean Research and HDR, Midwifery Discipline Leader, Western Sydney University ;

Jane Desborough , Registered Nurse, Registered Midwife, MPH, PhD, and

Julie P. Smith , Honorary Associate Professor, Australian National University

In several countries pregnant women confirmed or suspected to have COVID-19 are being required to have caesarean sections or be separated from their newborn babies to restrict COVID-19 transmission.

Such measures may help health services better manage COVID-19 caseloads, but what are the consequences, and how do these practices compare with evidence-based global recommendations for maternity care during the pandemic?

Read more: https://theconversation.com/separating-mothers-with-covid-19-from-their-newborns-does-more-harm-than-good-141291

Investing in breastmilk

In order to support breastfeeding women, governments must invest in the practice.

Julie Smith 11 Oct 2019

In early August 2019, Australian health ministers quietly released a National Breastfeeding Strategy (ANBS). Its bold vision is a society which ‘values’ breastfeeding and doubles its breastfeeding rates. Yet more breastfeeding does not come free. Are governments ‘willing to pay’?

Read more : http://blogs.biomedcentral.com/on-health/2019/10/11/investing-in-breastmilk/

We don’t know if breastfeeding is rising or falling in Australia. That’s bad for everyone

June 15, 2020 12.42pm AEST

Lisa Amir , Professor in Breastfeeding Research, La Trobe University

Julie P. Smith , Honorary Associate Professor, Australian National University

As the COVID-19 pandemic has taught us all too well, good health policy depends on prior planning, decisive action, and a willingness to spend money.

But there’s another area where Australia’s willingness to plan and spend has fallen far short: monitoring breastfeeding rates.

A newly released international report reveals that 41% of babies worldwide are exclusively breastfed for their first six months – well short of the World Health Assembly’s target of 50% by 2025. Australian data are missing from the latest report because the infant feeding data have not been collected.

Breastfeeding is important, just like immunisation. It protects children against illness and disease, such as gastroenteritis and later life diabetes . Women who breastfeed are less likely to suffer breast cancer in later life . Investing in breastfeeding will save the health system money in years to come.

Read more https://theconversation.com/we-dont-know-if-breastfeeding-is-rising-or-falling-in-australia-thats-bad-for-everyone-140549?fbclid=IwAR3LdUy5YctoqIGHkHOP6uFy-Z9Ri6tTNU8pR_EkUv2oK5EU1PbroBfVos0

About that spare room: employers requisitioned our homes and our time

June 11, 2020 3.08pm AEST

Ju lie P. Smith , Honorary Associate Professor, Australian National University

Fiona Jenkins , Associate Professor, Australian National University

Working from home during COVID-19 appeared to cost us little.

Yet employers effectively requisitioned part of those homes.

While necessary, it was far from costless to us, and our generosity shouldn’t be taken for granted.

Read more https://theconversation.com/about-that-spare-room-employers-requisitioned-our-homes-and-our-time-139854

Women are not babysitters for the economy

COVID-19: There are lively discussions going on about the gendered impacts of coronavirus and how so much policy tends to be male-centric. It might not be intentional, but the problem with unconscious bias is it doesn’t see what it doesn’t want to know.

The current crisis has brought to the forefront the size and importance of the unpaid labour market to the economy, for example. But Julie Smith argues that the current gender-blind approach to economic management is “like driving a car with the windows all frosted up apart from a small clear space in the windscreen”. It is, she points out, a “disastrously narrow view of where we are going”.

There has been spirited debate about what the government should be doing, and how quickly it should be doing it, in response to the unprecedented health and economic crisis from COVID 19 .

At the centre of debate is closure of schools and childcare as we are urged – or required – to work at home. Meanwhile female dominated professions at the forefront of the crisis – health care workers, teachers, and childcare providers - are struggling with the dilemmas of their now hazardous work environments. As a frustrated West Australian teacher recently wrote in a local news outlet : “I usually love teaching, but right now I hate the fact that I am a teacher”.

Teachers are not babysitters for the economy. Keep schools open and [we] are exposed to high-risk behaviours by a beautiful bunch of guileless innocents.

“We are not babysitters for the economy.

Read more http://www.broadagenda.com.au/home/women-are-not-babysitters-for-the-economy

Child health is on the line as Codex deliberates food standards

Editor: Marie McInerney

Author: Julie P Smith, Alex Iellamo & Phillip Baker

December 14, 2018

Introduction by Croakey: An investigation published last week by the British Medical Journal has found that infant formula manufacturers have been funding the development of guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cows’ milk allergy as well as providing research and consultancy funds to those who wrote them.

That comes, it reports, amid a six-fold increase in sales of infant formula prescribed for babies with cows’ milk protein allergy in the United Kingdom from 2006 to 2016, despite no evidence of a concurrent increase in the prevalence of infants with the allergy.

In this timely Croakey #LongRead below, Dr Julie Smith, Alex Iellamo, and Dr Phillip Baker report on how upcoming deliberations by the international Codex Alimentarius (Codex) Commission will shape global and national regulation and marketing of commercial baby food products for decades to come. They detail the massive market inroads that industry has made in recent decades with commercial milk formulas, and the concurrent risks to breastfeeding rates and baby health, and warn that Australia’s position is at risk of too much industry influence, again.

They conclude:

"It is time for the World Health Organisation and the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation as co-convenors of Codex to admit and confront the deep conflicts of interest which undermine its formulation of global guidance on food regulation for infants and young children.”

Read more https://www.croakey.org/child-health-is-on-the-line-as-codex-deliberates-food-standards/

Never mind the Trump Administration, Australia’s record on breastfeeding doesn’t rate so highly

Editor: Melissa Sweet

Authors: Jen Hocking, Julie Smith, Naomi Hull, and Mary Petersonon: July 11, 2018

Introduction by Croakey: On 25 May, Lucy Sullivan, executive director of the US-based 1,000 Days organisation, sent out a Twitter thread , warning that a battle over breastfeeding was brewing at the World Health Assembly in Geneva.

She tweeted that the Trump Administration reportedly was using bullying tactics to stop a resolution promoting breastfeeding, including allegedly threatening trade, and that this was having “a chilling effect”.

In the end, the resolution was presented (by Russia, rather than Ecuador as was originally planned) and supported, albeit with some changes, and Sullivan tweeted that:

As with other health policy battles, it comes down to public health vs. private profit.

What is at stake: breastfeeding saves women and children’s lives. It also is bad for the multibillion dollar global infant formula (and dairy) business.”

Fast forward to 8 July, and a New York Times article – covering much the same ground as Sullivan’s tweets – generated international condemnation of the Trump Administration’s actions, including from the American Public Health Association (see a selection of tweets at the end of the article below). Trump himself disputed the story, tweeting that the NYT article was “fake news”.

While Australian health organisations and experts have been among those condemning the US actions, the article below reminds Croakey readers that constant vigilance is required to protect breastfeeding from the influence of corporate forces.

Indeed, a new report card on Australia’s breastfeeding support and policy gives us a “mediocre” rating, report Jen Hocking, a midwifery lecturer and PhD candidate, Associate Professor Julie Smith, an ARC Future Fellow, Naomi Hull, a Lactation Consultant and National Coordinator of the World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative (WBTi), and Mary Peterson, a communications specialist who is also a qualified breastfeeding counsellor.

Read more https://www.croakey.org/never-mind-the-trump-administration-australias-record-on-breastfeeding-doesnt-rate-so-highly/

Driving demand for baby milk – the Australian Competition and Consumers Commission’s gift to industry marketing?

Editor: Jennifer Doggett

Author: Libby Salmon, Julie Smith and Phillip Baker on: November 09, 2015

Whether it’s not eating enough or eating the wrong sorts of foods, every parent can relate to feeling anxious about their children’s nutritional status at some stage of their lives, particularly during the early childhood years. This anxiety can be exploited in the promotional material from companies which produce baby formula and ‘toddler milks’ which often implies that their products provide a nutritional advantage over natural foods.

It looks like this advertising has been successful as sales of ‘toddler milks’ are soaring. This is despite the fact that health experts continually promote a clear message that breastfeeding, with the addition of normal family foods as appropriate, is the best diet for babies and toddlers, and a warning from the World Health Organisation that toddler formulas can be harmful and risk over-nutrition.

While there is clearly a necessity for formulas to be available for parents who are not able or do not want to breastfeed their babies, it is also important that the public health implications of unnecessary formula use are taken into account when regulating the level and content of advertising for these products.

In the following piece, Libby Salmon, Julie Smith and Phillip Baker, describe the current self-regulatory system for formula advertising and how the industry has resisted global moves to strengthen advertising restrictions. They call on people concerned about this issue to express their views to the ACCC which is currently considering exempting Australian advertisers from additional restrictions for the next ten years.

Read more https://www.croakey.org/driving-demand-for-baby-milk-the-australian-competition-and-consumers-commissions-gift-to-industry-marketing/

China’s ‘white gold’ infant formula rush comes at a public health cost

Editor: Fron Jackson-Webb on: November 24, 2014

Karleen Gribble and Julie Smith write: Alongside this week’s announcement of a free trade deal between China and Australia came reports of Gina Rinehart’s investment in a Queensland dairy operation to supply infant formula to China. Australia’s richest woman built her fortune on iron ore, but Rinehart’s A$500 million investment makes her a major player in Australian milk formula exports.

Infant formula sales in China have increased more than ten-fold over the last decade and will double again in the next […] three years, according to Euromonitor. As foreign-produced infant formula can sell for close to A$100 a tin, investors have been scrambling to get a share of the predicted “white gold rush”.

But why the boom?

Read more https://www.croakey.org/chinas-white-gold-infant-formula-rush-comes-at-a-public-health-cost/

Marketing of milks for infants and young children: Effective regulation is urgent

Editor: Michelle Hughes on: September 17, 2013

Libby Salmon BVSc, MVCS, Visiting Fellow, ACERH ANU,

Julie Smith, PhD. B. Econs (Hons)/B.A

Joy Heads OAM, Midwife, MHPEd, IBCLC®, FILCA

Australia may be at the forefront of tobacco control worldwide, but has dropped the ball in relation to global efforts to protect breastfeeding from company marketing.

This is the implication of a recently released paper in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health which examined the effectiveness of voluntary regulation by the infant food industry. The ANU study analysed print advertising of breast milk substitutes in both the Australian Women’s Weekly and the Medical Journal of Australia from 1950 to 2012. It identified an urgent need for comprehensive regulation to protect optimal infant and young child feeding in Australia and in the Asia Pacific region.

Current regulatory arrangements centre on the 1992 Marketing In Australia of Infant Formula: Manufacturers and Importers Agreement (MAIF Agreement), an industry agreement negotiated between infant formula companies in response to Australia’s signing of the World Health Organisation (WHO) International Code on the Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in 1981 ( The WHO Code ). Under the Agreement , the companies appoint a representative to a taxpayer-funded panel which monitors industry compliance and also ‘advises the Australian government on the Agreement’. The panel has limited the Agreement to “formula for infants up to 12 months”, and therefore excluded the so-called follow-on formulas including toddler milks which came on the market soon after the MAIF Agreement was signed.

The researchers concluded that “Companies have adopted strategies to minimise the effects of the Code on sales and profits in Australia, including increasing toddler formula …and brand promotion…to the public.”

According to the ANU study this situation is in direct contravention of the 2007 ‘Best Start’ federal Parliamentary Inquiry, which recommended implementing the full WHO Code and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly (WHA) resolutions, including by legislation and mandatory enforcement.

The results beg the questions:

Is toddler milk covered by the International Code?

Is toddler milk a necessary food for toddlers?

Has the government been adequately advised on its implementation of the Best Start recommendation?

Read more https://www.croakey.org/marketing-of-milks-for-infants-and-young-children-effective-regulation-is-urgent/

Green Bites podcast - Ireland's White Gold Boom

Ellie O'Byrne

30 JULY 2020

Ireland produces somewhere in the region of 13% of the world’s infant formula, and recent research has revealed that for every kilo of formula produced, the true carbon cost is anywhere between four and 11 kilos of greenhouses gases. Alongside Australian expert in the economics of infant feeding Dr Julie Smith, who published a paper last year showing that infant formula production produces 4kg of greenhouse gases for every kg of dry formula made , Green Bites takes a deep dive into the environmental and ethical impacts of Ireland’s €1.3 billion White Gold Boom.

Listen to the podcast episode here on the Green Bites website, featuring commentary by Dr Julie Smith

Without better regulation, the global market for breast milk will exploit mothers

Julie P. Smith, Fellow, Australian National University

July 10, 2017

Markets in mothers’ milk could be a good or a bad thing for women and their children, depending on how governments respond. Making breast milk more easily available may help more mothers breastfeed, and improve the economics of the situation for women.

With maternal breastfeeding now promoted as a choice rather than a biological imperative, it is hypocritical and duplicitous for governments to authorise companies to sell breast milk without strengthening the rights of women to breastfeed, sell or share their own milk.

Read more https://theconversation.com/without-better-regulation-the-global-market-for-breast-milk-will-exploit-mothers-79846

Breastfeeding isn’t free. What if that work was included in the GDP?

‘What we measure reflects what we value and shapes what we do’

Stephanie Murray

July 6 2020

Of the nearly four million babies born in the United States every year, 4 out of 5 are breastfed at some point. Almost half consume nothing but breast milk for three months. One-quarter consume nothing but breast milk for six months. Breast milk is a vital part of the nation’s infant food supply — and it isn’t free. Six months of exclusive breastfeeding, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics, will cost a mother an average of 17 to 20 hours a week, plenty of discomfort, and a lot of sleep. Yet unlike formula, breast milk production is not included in gross domestic product, our primary measure of “the economy.” According to economists Nancy Folbre and Julie P. Smith, it’s not a trivial omission. The exclusion of breastfeeding from GDP is part of a broader problem with international systems for measuring economic activity. These largely ignore the contributions of unpaid work historically undertaken by women. This erasure has real consequences, they say.

Read more https://www.thelily.com/breastfeeding-isnt-free-what-if-that-work-was-included-in-the-gdp/

The National Breastfeeding Strategy is a start, but if we really valued breast milk we’d put it in the GDP

August 5 2019

Julie P Smith, Honorary Associate Professor, Australian National University

Australia’s new National Breastfeeding Strategy sets ambitious goals. By 2022 it wants 40% of Australian babies to exclusively breastfeed until they are six months old. At present it’s 25%. By 2025 it wants 50%.

Beyond that it wants non-exclusive breastfeeding up until at least 12 months of age, and beyond that for as long as both mother and child want.It notes that what’s important is the first 1000 days (from conception to the end of the child’s second year).It quotes with approval a finding that human breast milk is not only a perfectly adapted nutritional supply for the infant, but probably the most specific personalised medicine that he or she is likely to receive, given at a time when gene expression is being fine-tuned for lifeThe goals are welcome. But one of the reasons we need them is because we don’t properly value what is just about our most valuable nutritional resource. Statistically, breast milk is almost invisible.

Read more https://theconversation.com/the-national-breastfeeding-strategy-is-a-start-but-if-we-really-valued-breast-milk-wed-put-it-in-the-gdp-121302

Breastfeeding training – why health professionals aren’t getting enough

Author: Janelle Maree, Naomi Hull, Jen Hocking and Julie Smith

April 06, 2019

“Going to have a baby? You might reasonably expect breastfeeding support from health professionals who have received adequate pre-service education, but is that the case?

The Greens have made a $10 million election promise for better maternity care and breastfeeding support, but how qualified are the health professionals who provide these important services?

In the post below, Janelle Maree, Naomi Hull, Jen Hocking and Julie Smith report new research helping explain why Australian women are disappointed about help with newborn care and breastfeeding.

Read more: https://www.croakey.org/breastfeeding-training-why-health-professionals-arent-getting-enough/

Insist, Resist, Enlist, Persist: Dr Julie Smith reflects on a lifetime of research impact

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Applying indigenous wisdom to sustainable tourism

Roshis Krishna Shrestha recently completed his PhD within the ANU College of Business and Economics’ (CBE’s) Research School of Management. Shortly after graduating, Roshis started his new role as a Research Assistant Professor at Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU).

In this interview, Roshis provides insights into his dissertation, talks about his new role, and reflects on the ups and downs he encountered while completing his PhD.

Q. Congratulations on completing your PhD! Can you give us an overview of the focus of your research, and some of the conclusions you drew from it?

My dissertation is entitled An Indigenous wisdom framework to sustainable collaborative Indigenous tourism development: The case of Nepal’s Newars and, as its name would suggest, draws on the traditional knowledge of Indigenous Newars to empower sustainable and collaborative tourism development. The thesis takes insights from the traditional and contemporary practices of Guthi, a socio-cultural cooperative unique to the Indigenous Newars of Nepal with a history spanning over 1700 years. The Guthi system, which continues to thrive in many Newari communities, empowers its members to collectively organise events of cultural, social, economic, and religious significance. The Indigenous Wisdom framework, inspired by Newars’ relational norms, values, and traditional knowledge systems, seeks cultural empowerment by preserving heritage, enhancing social cohesion, and promoting ecological sustainability. This framework presents a collaborative approach that deeply respects and embraces Indigenous perspectives and knowledge, fostering equitable and sustainable tourism development.

Q. One of the papers from your PhD recently won the 2023 Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management’s (JHTM) Best PhD Award. What are the key practical contributions of this paper and how does it inform your future research directions?

The paper, separate from my thesis and titled 'A place where I belong' - The ambiguous role of the outsider-within dichotomy among Indigenous Gurung women tourism entrepreneurs in Nepal , offers valuable insights into the empowerment of Indigenous female Gurung tourism entrepreneurs, highlighting the crucial role of grassroots associations. By comparing the grassroots associations that performed really well and associations that were barely afloat, this research provided insights into how effective grassroots associations gave Indigenous women entrepreneurs who feel ‘outsider-within’, a safe space to empower their creative potential. Local government bodies or destination-management organisations can adopt the proposed strategy to empower the Indigenous women entrepreneurs in the peripheral region of developing countries, such as Nepal. This study fuelled my interest in grassroots mobilisation and performative justice in marginalised contexts.

Q. When did your interest in Sustainable Collaborative Indigenous Tourism Development begin to grow?

Before embarking on my academic journey, I gained over five years of managerial experience in various sectors in Nepal, including automotive and consumer-durables industries. As an Indigenous Newar from Nepal, I have a longstanding connection with Guthi. From a young age, we are introduced to cultural practices such as the Machhindranath Jatra, a renowned cultural festival that has persevered for over 1700 years. Observing how deeply Guthi is ingrained in our community has always piqued my curiosity. I’ve found myself continually intrigued by the significance and enduring nature of this social cooperative among Indigenous Newars. My curiosity took an academic shape when I was reading some of the existing scholarly works on Guthi, and then I realised that this was not how I saw Guthi, and this was not what it meant to me. This discrepancy sparked my desire to delve deeper into this area and provide a more authentic representation of Guthi, one that resonates with the lived experiences of Indigenous Newars like myself.

Q. You have accepted a new appointment as Research Assistant Professor at HKPU. How do you feel about starting in this role, and what do you hope to achieve?

I am thrilled to start my new role. HKPU’s School of Hospitality and Tourism Management is home to 75 distinguished faculty members that I look forward to learning from and collaborating with. My research interests extend to sustainable tourism, culture and heritage tourism, and rural tourism, as applied to my native country of Nepal, and informed by ethnographic methods and grounded theory. My goal is to develop holistically as an academic, excelling in securing research grants, producing high-quality research, and delivering impactful teaching. I am eager to foster collaborations within and beyond the university, and believe that these partnerships can drive innovative research to address pressing challenges in our field. This opportunity to contribute to and grow in this vibrant academic environment is truly exciting.

Q. What were some of challenges you faced during your PhD, and how did you overcome them? What was a highlight?

The biggest challenges I faced during my PhD were flow-on effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, travel restrictions delayed my fieldwork by over six months and meant I had to develop virtual relationships with community elders and key informants prior to going out into the field. Also, being in isolation within a few weeks of arriving in the country all by myself tested my motivation and productivity. To cope with this, I took regular breaks, started meditation, and started exercising. Also, my supervisor, Dr L’Espoir Decosta, provided invaluable support and motivation during this difficult time.

Q. What will you miss the most about life at ANU?

At ANU, I met some amazing people who enriched my life and helped me focus on what really matters. In addition to these wonderful people, I will miss the beautiful campus, especially morning coffees at Atticus with friends and the tranquil walks across the campus during the late afternoon or evening. The serene parks of Canberra, which provided a peaceful escape, will always hold a special place in my heart. Lastly, the philosophical discussions I had with my supervisor were invaluable and will be deeply missed. These experiences have left an indelible mark on my professional journey.

The College is always keen to explore research collaborations with the public and private sector and to reconnect with alumni . Please get in touch if you would like to know more about partnering with us.

Programs and Courses

Graduate Diploma of Economics

A single one year graduate award offered by the ANU College of Business and Economics

Length 1 year full-time
Minimum 48 Units
Academic plan DECON
Post Nominal
CRICOS code 082263J
Economics and Econometrics
Dr Cagri Kumru
Admission & Fees
First Year Advice
Introduction

Career Options

Learning outcomes, inherent requirements, further information.

Additional Information

Admission Requirements

Credit granted, scholarships.

Indicative Fees

Program Requirements

Study options.

The Graduate Diploma in Economics requires the completion of 48 units, which must consist of:

48 units from completion of the following compulsory courses:

ECON7073 Microeconomic Analysis

ECON7074 Macroeconomic Analysis

STAT7055 Introductory Statistics for Business and Finance

EMET7001 Mathematical Techniques for Economic Analysis

ECON8025 Advanced Microeconomic Analysis

ECON8026 Advanced Macroeconomic Analysis

EMET8005 Econometric Methods and Modelling

ECON8013 Optimisation for Economics and Financial Economics

Applicants must present one of the following:

A Bachelor degree or international equivalent with a minimum GPA of 4.0/7.0
At least 10 years of work experience in an ANZSCO Skill Level 1 role

The GPA for a Bachelor program will be calculated from (i) a completed Bachelor degree using all grades and/or (ii) a completed Bachelor degree using all grades other than those from the last semester (or equivalent study period) of the Bachelor degree. The higher of the two calculations will be used as the basis for admission.

Ranking and English language proficiency: At a minimum, all applicants must meet program-specific academic/non-academic requirements, and English language requirements. Admission to most ANU programs is on a competitive basis. Therefore, meeting all admission requirements does not automatically guarantee entry. In line with the University's admissions policy and strategic plan, an assessment for admission may include competitively ranking applicants on the basis of specific academic achievement, English language proficiency and diversity factors. Applicants will first be ranked on a GPA ('GPA1') that is calculated using all but the last semester (or equivalent) of the Bachelor degree used for admission purposes. If required, ranking may further be confirmed on the basis of:

a GPA ('GPA2') calculated on the penultimate and antepenultimate semesters (or equivalent) of the Bachelor degree used for admission purposes; and/or
demonstrating higher-level English language proficiency

Prior to enrolment in this ANU program, all students who gain entry will have their Bachelor degree reassessed, to confirm minimum requirements were met.

Further information: English language admission requirements and post-admission support

Diversity factors: As Australia’s national university, ANU is global representative of Australian research and education. ANU endeavours to recruit and maintain a diverse and deliberate student cohort representative not only of Australia, but the world. In order to achieve these outcomes, competitive ranking of applicants may be adjusted to ensure access to ANU is a reality for brilliant students from countries across the globe.

Assessment of qualifications: Unless otherwise indicated, ANU will accept all Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) qualifications or international equivalents that meet or exceed the published admission requirements of our programs, provided all other admission requirements are also met.

Where an applicant has more than one completed tertiary qualification, ANU will base assessment on the qualification that best meets the admission requirements for the program. Find out more about the Australian Qualifications Framework: www.aqf.edu.au .

Unless otherwise indicated, where an applicant has more than one completed tertiary qualification, ANU will calculate the GPA for each qualification separately. ANU will base assessment on the best GPA of all completed tertiary qualifications of the same level or higher.

ANU uses a 7-point Grade Point Average (GPA) scale. All qualifications submitted for admission at ANU will be converted to this common scale, which will determine if an applicant meets our published admission requirements. Find out more about how a 7-point GPA is calculated for Australian universities: www.uac.edu.au/future-applicants/admission-criteria/tertiary-qualifications .

Indicative fees

For more information see: http://www.anu.edu.au/students/program-administration/costs-fees

For further information on International Tuition Fees see: https://www.anu.edu.au/students/program-administration/fees-payments/international-tuition-fees

Fee Information

All students are required to pay the Services and amenities fee (SA Fee)

The annual indicative fee provides an estimate of the program tuition fees for international students and domestic students (where applicable). The annual indicative fee for a program is based on the standard full-time enrolment load of 48 units per year (unless the program duration is less than 48 units). Fees for courses vary by discipline meaning that the fees for a program can vary depending on the courses selected. Course fees are reviewed on an annual basis and typically will increase from year to year. The tuition fees payable are dependent on the year of commencement and the courses selected and are subject to increase during the period of study.

For further information on Fees and Payment please see: https://www.anu.edu.au/students/program-administration/fees-payments

ANU offers a wide range of scholarships to students to assist with the cost of their studies.

Eligibility to apply for ANU scholarships varies depending on the specifics of the scholarship and can be categorised by the type of student you are. Specific scholarship application process information is included in the relevant scholarship listing.

For further information see the Scholarships website.

The Graduate Diploma in Economics provides a program of study for those wanting a basic understanding of modern economic analysis. It is available to graduates in any discipline who have some background in economics and quantitative methods. The Graduate Diploma in Economics will be attractive to those whose present or intended career requires a basic ability in economic analysis. It is also a foundation for further study at a more advanced level.

ANU ranks among the world's very finest universities. Our nearly 100,000 alumni include political, business, government, and academic leaders around the world.

We have graduated remarkable people from every part of our continent, our region and all walks of life.

Analyse economic problems using formal methods;

Interpret diagrammatic and mathematical representations of economic concepts;

Use introductory mathematical economic analysis at the graduate level and provide economic intuition for the results;

Deploy basic estimation techniques expected of students in postgraduate study and policy related empirical work;

Analyse the economic effects of policy changes, which is valuable for students wanting to work as professional economists or proceed to postgraduate study;

Information on inherent requirements is currently not available for this program

To progress to the Master of Economics, students are required to complete an average of 70% in the following 4 courses:

ECON8025 , ECON8026 , ECON8013 and EMET8005 .

To progress to the Master of Applied Economics, students are required to complete an average of 65% in the following 4 courses:

It is highly recommended that students take Maths summer course offered by the Research School of Economics upon completion of EMET7001 . Further information about this course is available here: https://www.rse.anu.edu.au/students/students/maths-summer-course/

About this degree

Enrolment status, academic advice.

Back to the Graduate Diploma of Economics page

First Semester courses

While it is possible for domestic students to enrol in fewer courses per semester, ie. undertake part-time study, it will take you longer to complete your program. International students must undertake full-time study.

You must complete the foundation level courses ( ECON7073 , ECON7074 , EMET7001 and STAT7055 ) before progressing to the higher level courses ( ECON8025 , ECON8026 , ECON8013 and EMET8005 ).

Please refer to the CBE Fast Track page: https://www.cbe.anu.edu.au/fasttrack

Responsible Officer: Registrar, Student Administration / Page Contact: Website Administrator / Frequently Asked Questions

Contact ANU
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+61 2 6125 5111 The Australian National University, Canberra CRICOS Provider : 00120C ABN : 52 234 063 906

Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs
Crawford School of Public Policy
School of Culture, History and Language
School of Regulation and Global Governance
Regional Institutes
News and events

Remembering Naing Ko Ko

Fri, 19 Apr 2024

ANU RegNet alumnus, dedicated scholar and human rights advocate Naing Ko Ko passed away on 11 April 2024. We pay tribute to his courageous spirit and tireless struggle for the people of Myanmar.

Naing Ko Ko was a Burmese (and Mon) scholar, human rights advocate and advisor to Myanmar’s former National League for Democracy (NLD)-led civilian government. He was an alumnus of The Australian National University (ANU) School of Regulation and Governance (RegNet) (PhD, 2023).

Naing Ko Ko’s life of purpose was cut short by the 2021 military coup in Myanmar, after being exiled for a second time from his homeland. As a member of the ’88 generation – the first wave of students protesting decades of authoritarian military rule – he was arrested in 1992 for distributing political pamphlets and organising high school students. He was imprisoned, tortured and held in solitary confinement at the infamous Insein Prison in Yangon. He recalled:

I was kept [in solitary] for six months for illegally learning English... Using plastic as paper and a stick as a pencil I learned to write, which was illegal. When I was in prison, no political prisoners were allowed to read and write. However, I was determined to study English and decided to study overseas after being released from prison. I requested my parents to bribe the prison wardens in order to get a basic English-Burmese dictionary, a grammar book and magazine like Time . Most of my days in prison were spent studying at night and sleeping during the day to keep it secret.

After his release, Naing Ko Ko fled across the Thai Myanmar border in 1998. A scholarship from Prospect Burma (funded by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s Nobel Peace Prize) allowed him to undertake a BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Rangsit University in Thailand (2006). He was accepted as a refugee by New Zealand and completed his MA in Politics at the University of Auckland (2009), receiving the Human Rights Defender Award from Amnesty International (New Zealand) in 2010. He often spoke with gratitude about the support that he received from New Zealand.

He came to Australia to undertake a Master of International Studies as a Rotary Peace Fellow at the University of Queensland, graduating in 2013. He was introduced to ANU by Janelle Saffin MP, a lawyer and long-time supporter of democratic reform in Myanmar. He began his PhD at RegNet in 2014, working with Professor Veronica Taylor, Professor Peter Larmour (and later Associate Professor Grant Walton) and Professor Sean Turnell (Macquarie University).

As a student and scholar, Naing Ko Ko was a prolific writer of op-ed and scholarly articles (e.g., Ko Ko, N (2018) ‘Politics of human rights in Myanmar’, in F de Varennes & C Gardiner (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Human Rights in Asia , 89-100) . He was also an energetic networker linking Burmese activists and supporters in New Zealand, Australia and the United States. He first returned to Myanmar in 2013 to support Professor John Braithwaite’s ‘Peacebuilding Compared’ project (Ko Ko, N & Braithwaite, J (2020) Baptist policing in Burma: Swarming, vigilantism or community self-help? , Policing and Society , 30:6, 688-703).

He then undertook challenging fieldwork in Myanmar to write his PhD thesis, How Can Myanmar Effectively Regulate Corruption in its Banking and Public Finance Sectors? . Characteristically, it combined his perennial hope with clear-eyed realism, reflecting his ambition for change in his country, which was sharpened by anger towards the military and their cronies who seemed determined to thwart it. One of his examiners wrote:

The analysis of cronyism is detailed and richly contextual, and the concept of “constitutional corruption” provides an answer to Theodore Lowi’s classic question, “What is this case a case of?” The candidate’s regulatory and legal recommendations are sensible… although the prospect of major application of his agenda is sadly remote. A final strong point worth noting is the candidate’s emphasis on deficits of trust, both as a long- running problem in Myanmar and as an integral part of our understanding of corruption problems and possible remedies.

Naing Ko Ko was tremendously proud of being an ANU ‘RegNetter’. He worked to propagate the ideas of responsible and responsive government that he was exposed to in Australia and New Zealand. He had an immensely wide-ranging intellectual curiosity.

When the NLD won a landslide victory in the 2015 general election in Myanmar, Naing Ko Ko returned to Myanmar to support Aung San Suu Kyi. He would later be disappointed by her efforts to placate the generals. He provided professional development for Members of Parliament and senior leaders of the NLD and advised on policy reform for anti-corruption, economic and financial policy, state transition and governance issues. He held part-time teaching positions at a number of major universities in Myanmar and was widely expected to move into a regulatory role for the new government following completion of his PhD studies.

Those plans evaporated when the Myanmar military seized power in February 2021. Naing Ko Ko’s colleagues and friends were arrested and tortured, including one of his supervisors, Professor Sean Turnell. He evaded arrest and changed his name to remain in hiding and support the post-coup resistance. With him was his wife May Thant Zin, a bioengineer and policy advisor, who had interrupted her PhD studies to accompany him to Myanmar. Their son Alexander (Alex) was born while they were in hiding. Tragically, this also meant that Naing Ko Ko would suffer undiagnosed and untreated cancer.

Naing Ko Ko and his family escaped into Thailand, returning to New Zealand in 2023 with the help and support of friends in human rights organisations, the Australian and New Zealand governments, the New Zealand labour movement and the ANU. Sean Turnell was released in November 2022.

Naing Ko Ko and his family moved from Wellington to Auckland later in 2023 to be closer to a larger Burmese diaspora community. By this stage, his cancer was well advanced. He battled it with great determination and without a trace of self-pity. He completed his PhD thesis in time to graduate in person in December 2023. He was very proud to have his family present for the ANU graduation and a celebration with the PhD cohort at RegNet. Although he held multiple degrees, this was his first and only opportunity to walk the stage at a university graduation. It was a fitting public celebration of great intellectual courage and practical commitment to the values of democracy, accountability and equity.

Naing Ko Ko is survived by his wife May Thant Zin and son Alex, and by siblings in Myanmar and the United States.

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COMMENTS

PhD in Economics
The PhD program in Economics is offered by the Research School of Economics (RSE), and caters to candidates of the highest academic ambition. RSE offers a diverse and stimulating intellectual environment, attracting candidates as well as faculty from all over the world. The School values open academic discourse, encourages collaboration, and is ...
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PhD scholars play an essential role in the intellectual life of the School. Within Crawford School students typically choose to work within one of the following research programs: economics; environmental studies and resource management; public policy or political science; and international relations. Please note at present, Crawford School and ...
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Scholarships. ANU and CBE offer a range of scholarships to domestic and international higher degree by research (HDR) candidates, some of which are listed below. If you're interested in applying for a scholarship, you should express your interest when applying for entry to the relevant program. To be considered for a scholarship, we must ...
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Applying indigenous wisdom to sustainable tourism
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Remembering Naing Ko Ko
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