what is a problem solving job

The 20 best jobs for people who love to solve problems

Some people are natural-born problem solvers. Others develop the skill over time. Either way, there are several jobs that are perfect for this group of people, where day-to-day tasks involve tackling information and problems head-on to devise solutions.

We filtered through data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) , a US Department of Labor database that compiles detailed information on hundreds of jobs, to find 20 that place high importance on "making decisions and solving problems ." We also checked out the average annual salary and  projected percent change in employment from 2014 to 2024  for each job on the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) website .

O*NET judges how important " a nalyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems " is in any job, assigning each a score between one and 100. Positions that involve more problem solving, like  physician assistants and chief executives,  rank higher — while jobs that don't require much problem solving, like tour guide and waiter, rank lower.

Check out the 20 best jobs for problem solvers below:

No. 20. Hospitalist

Average annual salary (2015): $197,700*

Problem-solving importance level:  93

What they do: Provide inpatient care, including medications and treatments in intensive-care units, medical wards, rehabilitation facilities, and nursing homes.

Education requirements:  Bachelor's and master's degrees, followed by a PhD or an MD

Projected growth through 2024:  14%

*BLS includes this occupation under "Physicians and Surgeons, All Other."

No. 19. Administrative law judge, adjudicator, or hearing officer

Average annual salary (2015):  $93,140

What they do:  Conduct hearings to review claims and determine liability for government-related matters and programs. 

Education requirements:  Bachelor's and master's degrees, usually followed by a JD.

Projected growth through 2024: -1%

No. 18. Obstetrician or gynecologist

Average annual salary (2015):  $222,400

What they do:  Provide medical care to women during pregnancy and childbirth. 

Education requirements:  Bachelor's and master's degrees, followed by an MD.

Projected growth through 2024: 14%

No. 17. Education administrator, elementary and secondary school

Average annual salary (2015):  $92,940

What they do:  Typically referred to as elementary- or secondary-school principals whose job is to enforce discipline and attendance policies for students and teachers.

Education requirements:  Bachelor's and master's degrees, sometimes followed by a PhD.

Projected growth through 2024: 6%

No. 16. Midwife

Average annual salary (2015):  $93,610

What they do:  Provide prenatal care to mothers and assist with childbirth and infant care.

Education requirements:  Bachelor's degree, and master's degree as an advanced-practice registered nurse (APRN).

Projected growth through 2024: 31%

No. 15. Actuary

Average annual salary (2015):  $110,560

What they do:  Analyze statistical data regarding mortality, accident, sickness, and disability to predict the probability of future risk and liability.

Education requirements:  Bachelor's degree and must pass a series of certified exams.

Projected growth through 2024: 18%

No. 14. Respiratory therapy technician

Average annual salary (2015):  $49,720

Problem-solving importance level:  94

What they do:  Work with patients in need of respiratory care in emergency rooms, neonatal or pediatric intensive care, or surgical-intensive care.

Education requirements:  Most jobs in this area require vocational-school training.

Projected growth through 2024: 12%

No. 13. Social and community-service manager

Average annual salary (2015):  $69,430

What they do: Plan, direct, coordinate, and oversee social-service or community-outreach programs and organizations. Includes job titles like social worker and adoption-services manager.

Education requirements:  Bachelor's degree, sometimes a master's degree.

Projected growth through 2024: 10%

No. 12. Preventive-medicine physician

Average annual salary (2015):  $197,700*

What they do:  Assist and aid nurses, physicians, or statisticians in the prevention of disease, injury, or death.

Education requirements:  Bachelor's and master's degrees, followed by a PhD or an MD.

*BLS includes this occupation under Physicians and Surgeons, All Other.

No. 11. Physician assistant

Average annual salary (2015):  $99,270

What they do:  Assist physicians by conducting patient physicals, treatment, and counseling.

Education requirements: Bachelor's and master's degrees.

Projected growth through 2024: 30%

No. 10. Chief executive

Average annual salary (2015):  $185,850

Problem solving importance level:  94

What they do:  Provide overall direction and implement policies of a company. Typical job titles include chief executive officer, chief operating officer, and executive vice president.

Education requirements:  Bachelor's and master's degrees.

No. 9. Judge, magistrate judge, or magistrate

Average annual salary (2015):  $116,100

What they do:  Preside over a court of law with the ability to sentence defendants in criminal cases and determine defendant liability in civil cases. May also perform wedding ceremonies.

Education requirements:  Bachelor's and master's degrees, followed by a JD.

No. 8. Ophthalmologist

Problem-solving importance level:  95

What they do:  Conduct eye exams and vision correction, like optometrists, but are also trained to perform eye surgery, including cataracts and glaucoma.

No. 7. Anesthesiologist

Average annual salary (2015):  $250,100

What they do:  Physicians who administer a sedative drug called  anesthesia before surgery, and monitor patients during and after surgery.

Projected growth through 2024: 14%*

*BLS includes this figure under "Physicians and Surgeons, All Other."

No. 6. Air-traffic controller

Average annual salary (2015):  $118,740

Problem-solving importance level:  96

What they do:  Control, authorize, and regulate airplane traffic at and in between airports.

Education requirements:  Bachelor's degree or work experience totaling three years, in addition to exams and a Federal Aviation Administration academy course.

Projected growth through 2024: -9%

No. 5. Nurse anesthetist

Average annual salary (2015):  $160,250

Problem-solving importance level:  97

What they do:  A dminister  anesthesia, monitor patient vital signs, and oversee patient recovery after surgery.

No. 4. Radiologist

Average annual salary (2015):  $197,700*

Problem-solving importance level:  98

What they do:  Examine and interpret the results of a patient x-ray and communicate diagnostic information regarding diseases or disorders to patients and physicians.

*BLS includes this occupation under "Physicians and Surgeons, All Other.

No. 3. Neurologist

Average annual salary (2015):  $197,700*

What they do:  Physicians who diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases and disorders of the brain and central-nervous system.

No. 2. Sports-medicine physician

Average annual salary (2015): $197,700*

What they do: Diagnose, treat, and help prevent sport-related injuries in athletes.

Education requirements: Bachelor's and master's degrees, follow by PhD or an MD.

Projected growth through 2024:  14%*

No. 1. Government-property inspector or investigator

Average annual salary (2015): $55,100*

Problem-solving importance level: 100

What they do:  Inspect government property to ensure that things are in order with contract agreements and government regulations.

Projected growth through 2024:  8%

*BLS includes this occupation under "Construction and Building Inspectors (state government)."

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13 Best Jobs for Problem Solvers (High Paying)

• September 27, 2023

Searching for high-paying jobs that let you flex your problem-solving muscles?

We’ve got a collection of exciting careers that not only pay well but are all about tackling challenges head-on. If you love solving problems and want a hefty paycheck, these jobs are for you.

What Makes a Good Job for Problem Solvers?

We narrowed down jobs that:

• Involve analytical thinking and strategy
• Have a work setting where every day is different
• Require quick decision-making in high-stakes situations
• Let you work on projects from conception to completion
• Give you a say in shaping the outcome

Best Jobs for Problem Solvers

Sure, some of the jobs on this list might ask for a college degree but don’t fret if you’re missing that piece of paper. Many of these jobs offer great pay, even if you’ve gained expertise through experience or certifications.

So, enough chit-chat. Let’s dive right into our top picks for jobs perfect for problem solvers.

1. Air Traffic Controller

Average salary: $67,020

An Air Traffic Controller directs and organizes the flow of aircraft on the ground and in the sky, ensuring safe operations.

Job duties:

• Coordinate aircraft takeoffs and landings
• Monitor and direct flight paths
• Provide real-time updates to pilots
• Handle emergency situations
• Manage air traffic within control zones

Job requirements:

• FAA Air Traffic Pre-Employment Test
• At least 3 years of progressively responsible work experience
• Age under 31 when applying
• U.S. citizenship
• Ability to prioritize tasks rapidly
• Quick decision-making under pressure

2. Sales Engineer

Average salary: $77,247

A Sales Engineer, also known as a Solutions Engineer or Technical Sales Engineer, combines technical knowledge with sales skills to provide advice and support on a range of products.

• Explain complex technical concepts to customers
• Develop and deliver product demonstrations
• Collaborate with sales teams
• Create customized solutions
• Analyze market trends and customer needs
• Bachelor’s degree in engineering or related field
• 2-5 years of experience in a technical role
• Familiarity with CRM software
• Strong negotiation skills
• Ability to explain complex concepts clearly
• Strong presentation skills

3. Ethical Hacker

Average salary: $106,617

An Ethical Hacker, also known as a White Hat Hacker or Penetration Tester, intentionally probes computer systems for security vulnerabilities.

• Identify security flaws in systems
• Conduct penetration tests
• Simulate cyber attacks
• Report findings
• Offer remediation strategies
• Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) or Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP)
• 2+ years experience in cybersecurity
• Familiarity with programming languages like Python or C++
• Strong understanding of networking
• Good report-writing skills

4. Quality Assurance Manager

Average salary: $107,316

A Quality Assurance Manager, sometimes just called a QA Manager, oversees the quality of products or services in a company.

• Inspect products for defects
• Manage QA team
• Enforce quality standards
• Audit processes
• Report to higher-ups
• 3+ years of QA experience
• Strong grasp of QA methodologies
• Ability to manage a team
• Strong attention to detail

5. Business Intelligence Analyst

Average salary: $102,648

A Business Intelligence Analyst, also known as a BI Analyst, translates data into actionable insights for a company.

• Analyze business data
• Create data visualizations
• Forecast trends
• Generate reports
• Recommend strategies
• Proficiency in SQL
• 2+ years in data analysis
• Familiarity with BI tools like Tableau
• Good communication skills

6. Product Manager

Average salary: $165,818

A Product Manager, sometimes abbreviated as PM, drives the strategy, roadmap, and execution of a product.

• Define product goals
• Develop product roadmap
• Prioritize features
• Coordinate with dev teams
• Analyze user feedback
• 2+ years in product management
• Familiarity with Agile methodology
• Strong leadership skills
• Good problem-solving abilities

7. Logistics Coordinator

Average salary: $42,690

A Logistics Coordinator manages the supply chain, from vendor relationships to product delivery.

• Track shipments
• Coordinate deliveries
• Liaise with vendors
• Monitor inventory
• Resolve shipping issues
• Familiarity with logistics software
• Time management skills

8. Acoustic Consultant

Average salary: $120,619

An Acoustic Consultant analyzes sound and vibration to optimize acoustics, often for construction or entertainment settings.

• Measure noise levels
• Analyze data
• Recommend changes
• Develop sound profiles
• Consult with clients
• Bachelor’s degree in Acoustical Engineering or Physics
• Experience with acoustic measurement tools
• Data analysis skills
• Basic understanding of construction or architectural design
• Good listening skills

9. Fraud Investigator

Average salary: $67,347

A Fraud Investigator looks into suspicious activities to identify and prevent fraud; also known as a forensic investigator.

• Collect evidence
• Interview suspects
• Write reports
• Collaborate with law enforcement
• Bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice or related field
• Experience in investigative work
• Basic accounting skills
• Strong communication skills
• Solid attention to detail

10. UX Designer

Average salary: $95,572

A UX Designer focuses on user experience design to make products more user-friendly.

• Sketch wireframes
• Develop prototypes
• Conduct user tests
• Analyze feedback
• Collaborate with developers
• Portfolio showcasing UX design work
• Familiarity with design software like Sketch or Figma
• Understanding of basic HTML and CSS

11. Disaster Recovery Specialist

Average salary: $78,723

A Disaster Recovery Specialist plans and implements strategies for dealing with emergencies and natural disasters, sometimes known as crisis management professionals.

• Assess risks
• Create plans
• Train staff
• Coordinate drills
• Manage emergencies
• Update recovery strategies
• Professional certifications in disaster recovery
• Knowledge of federal and state regulations
• Strong leadership abilities
• Ability to make quick decisions
• Good at multitasking

12. Private Investigator

Average salary: $54,578

A Private Investigator, often called a PI or detective, conducts surveillance and gathers information for clients.

• Conduct surveillance
• Gather evidence
• Interview people
• Verify facts
• Handle confidential data
• State-issued license for private investigation
• Prior experience in a similar role
• Basic tech-savvy skills for data retrieval
• Strong observational abilities
• Good written and verbal communication
• Adaptability to varied work environments

13. Technical Writer

Average salary: $76,519

A Technical Writer translates complex technical language into easily digestible documents, also known as documentation specialists.

• Research topics
• Write manuals
• Edit drafts
• Collaborate with tech teams
• Update existing documents
• Review quality
• Experience with specific industry jargon
• Basic understanding of the technology being documented
• Good research skills
• Ability to work under tight deadlines
• Teamwork and collaboration skills

See, There Are Careers for Problem Solvers!

From Air Traffic Controller to Business Intelligence Analyst, this roster is packed with rewarding opportunities for those who love tackling challenges.

Got a favorite on the list? We’d love to hear your thoughts, so drop a comment.

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32 Jobs For Problem Solvers (Solution Seekers’ Guide)

Are you an expert at solving problems? Love puzzling out complex challenges?

Then, you’re in for a thrill!

Today, we’re exploring a list of ideal jobs for problem solvers.

From operations analysts to data scientists. Each one, is a perfect fit for those who thrive on complexity and challenges.

Imagine spending your days dissecting issues. Day in, day out.

Sounds like a dream, right?

So, get your thinking cap on.

And get ready to discover your dream problem-solving profession!

Software Developer

Average Salary: $70,000 – $120,000 per year

Software Developers design, develop, and maintain software systems and applications to solve real-world problems.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy applying their analytical and technical skills to create innovative solutions.

Job Duties:

• Writing and Testing Code : Develop and test software to meet clients’ or employers’ needs, ensuring functionality and user-friendliness.
• Problem-Solving : Analyze software issues and develop solutions to address these problems.
• Collaboration with Teams : Work closely with other developers, UX designers, business analysts, and stakeholders to create effective software solutions.
• System Maintenance : Regularly update and maintain existing software to improve efficiency, add features, and fix bugs.
• Technology Research : Stay updated with the latest programming languages, frameworks, and technologies to improve development processes.
• Documentation : Create and maintain comprehensive documentation for software design, development, and maintenance.

Requirements:

• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, Software Engineering, or a related field is often required.
• Technical Skills : Proficiency in multiple programming languages, such as Java, Python, C++, or similar, along with experience in software development frameworks and tools.
• Problem-Solving Abilities : Strong analytical skills and the ability to solve complex technical issues.
• Teamwork : Ability to collaborate with team members and contribute to a shared goal effectively.
• Continuous Learning : Willingness to continually learn and adapt to new technologies and methodologies in software development.

Career Path and Growth :

Software Developers have a wide range of opportunities for career advancement.

With experience, they can move into senior developer roles, become software architects, or lead development teams.

They can also specialize in areas such as cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, or data science.

As technology evolves, there will always be new challenges and problems to solve, making software development an evergreen field for problem solvers.

Data Analyst

Average Salary: $60,000 – $85,000 per year

Data Analysts are responsible for interpreting data and turning it into information which can offer ways to improve a business, thus affecting business decisions.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who relish the challenge of deciphering complex data sets and providing actionable insights.

• Collecting Data : Gather information from various sources and systems to compile and analyze.
• Data Cleaning : Ensure the accuracy and integrity of data by cleaning and validating datasets.
• Analysis : Use statistical tools to interpret data sets, paying particular attention to trends and patterns that could be valuable for diagnostic and predictive analytics.
• Reporting : Create reports and dashboards to visualize data and effectively communicate findings to stakeholders.
• Problem Solving : Address business challenges by applying data-driven techniques to find solutions or opportunities.
• Collaboration : Work closely with teams across the organization to identify opportunities for leveraging company data to drive business solutions.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Data Science, Computer Science, Statistics, Mathematics, or a related field is preferable.
• Analytical Skills : Strong analytical abilities with an aptitude for analyzing large datasets and translating data into actionable insights.
• Technical Proficiency : Proficiency with data analysis tools (e.g., SQL, R, Python) and data visualization software (e.g., Tableau, Power BI).
• Attention to Detail : Ability to be meticulous with data and attentive to trends and patterns.
• Communication Skills : Excellent written and verbal communication skills, with the ability to clearly present findings to both technical and non-technical audiences.
• Problem-Solving : A knack for problem-solving and a methodical approach to finding solutions.

This role provides the opportunity to become a key player in an organization by offering insights that can shape strategic decisions.

With experience, Data Analysts can advance to senior analyst roles, specialize in specific industries or data types, or move into data science or data engineering positions.

There’s also the potential to lead teams or departments, guiding data strategies and policies.

Systems Engineer

Average Salary: $70,000 – $110,000 per year

Systems Engineers design, integrate, and manage complex systems over their life cycles.

They ensure that systems function efficiently, meet user needs, and can be maintained within cost and schedule constraints.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy using their technical expertise to overcome complex system challenges.

• System Design : Develop and design systems architecture to ensure functionality, reliability, and scalability.
• Problem Identification and Resolution : Analyze and solve complex issues that arise during the development, implementation, and maintenance of systems.
• Integration : Oversee the integration of hardware, software, and network technologies to create efficient systems.
• Testing and Evaluation : Conduct thorough testing and evaluation to ensure systems meet design specifications and are free of defects.
• Project Management : Collaborate with cross-functional teams to manage projects, timelines, and deliverables effectively.
• Continuous Improvement : Regularly review and update systems to improve performance and address emerging needs.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Systems Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, or a related technical field is required. Advanced degrees are preferred for some positions.
• Technical Skills : Proficient in systems thinking, technical analysis, and familiarity with engineering software and tools.
• Problem-Solving Abilities : Strong analytical and problem-solving skills to tackle complex system issues.
• Communication Skills : Excellent verbal and written communication skills to collaborate with team members and stakeholders.
• Attention to Detail : Meticulous attention to detail to ensure system integrity and reliability.
• Adaptability : Ability to adapt to evolving technological landscapes and project requirements.

Systems Engineers have opportunities to work on a variety of projects across different industries, such as aerospace, defense, healthcare, and technology.

With experience, they can advance to lead systems engineer positions, systems architecture roles, or management positions overseeing engineering teams.

Continuous learning and specialization in emerging technologies can further enhance career prospects, leading to roles in innovation, research and development, or consulting.

Business Analyst

Business Analysts are instrumental in bridging the gap between IT and business needs.

They analyze and model business processes, systems, and stakeholders, with the goal of understanding and documenting business requirements and translating them into functional specifications.

This role is perfect for problem solvers who enjoy dissecting complex business challenges and crafting strategic solutions that align with organizational goals.

• Analyzing Business Processes : Examine current business practices and processes to identify areas for improvement or re-engineering.
• Gathering Requirements : Elicit and document business requirements from stakeholders to understand the needs of the business.
• Developing Solutions : Create viable solutions and work with IT and other departments to implement these solutions effectively.
• Data Analysis : Use data analytics to support decision-making and recommend process improvements.
• Facilitating Communication : Act as a liaison between business stakeholders and technology teams to ensure clear communication and understanding of requirements and functionality.
• Project Management : Oversee projects, ensuring they are delivered on time and within budget, and that the solutions meet business needs.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration, Finance, Computer Science, Information Systems, or a related field is often required.
• Analytical Skills : Strong analytical and critical thinking skills to navigate complex business challenges and data.
• Communication Skills : Excellent verbal and written communication skills, with the ability to articulate technical and business concepts to diverse audiences.
• Problem-Solving : A natural aptitude for problem-solving and the ability to think strategically about business needs and solutions.
• Technical Proficiency : Knowledge of business process modeling, data analysis tools, and understanding of IT infrastructure and software development.
• Adaptability : Ability to adapt to new business challenges, technologies, and environments quickly.

Business Analysts play a crucial role in any organization by ensuring that business objectives are met through the effective use of technology.

Career advancement opportunities include moving into senior business analyst roles, specializing in specific industries or technologies, transitioning into project management, or progressing to strategic roles such as business process manager or IT director.

Operations Research Analyst

Average Salary: $60,000 – $90,000 per year

Operations Research Analysts use advanced mathematical and analytical methods to help organizations solve problems and make better decisions.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy using their analytical skills to improve efficiency and effectiveness within an organization.

• Conducting Data Analysis : Collect and analyze data to evaluate operational issues and propose solutions to complex problems.
• Developing Predictive Models : Utilize mathematical modeling techniques to forecast outcomes and optimize decision-making.
• Simulating Processes : Create simulations to test different strategies and to anticipate the impact of changes in the system.
• Optimizing Resources : Determine the most efficient allocation of resources, such as time, money, and personnel.
• Preparing Reports : Compile findings and recommendations into clear and concise reports for stakeholders.
• Collaborating with Teams : Work with cross-functional teams to implement and monitor improvements.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Operations Research, Mathematics, Statistics, Economics, Engineering, or a related analytical field is highly recommended.
• Mathematical Skills : Strong mathematical and statistical analysis skills are essential for modeling and problem-solving.
• Analytical Thinking : Ability to approach problems logically and to develop innovative solutions.
• Technical Proficiency : Proficiency in computer programming, databases, and statistical analysis software.
• Communication Skills : Excellent written and verbal communication skills to convey complex information to non-technical audiences.

Operations Research Analysts are in high demand across various industries, including logistics, healthcare, manufacturing, and government.

With experience, analysts can progress to senior analyst roles, management positions, or specialize in a particular industry or area of research.

There is also potential for Operations Research Analysts to become independent consultants, offering their expertise on a contract basis.

Mechanical Engineer

Average Salary: $65,000 – $90,000 per year

Mechanical Engineers are responsible for designing, analyzing, and maintaining mechanical systems that can range from small components to large machinery and vehicles.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy applying principles of engineering, physics, and materials science to create solutions that improve the functionality and efficiency of products and processes.

• Designing Mechanical Systems : Create blueprints and schematics for new mechanical devices and systems, using CAD software and engineering principles.
• Prototyping and Testing : Develop prototypes of designs and conduct tests to assess performance, safety, and reliability.
• Improving Existing Systems : Analyze and evaluate mechanical equipment to identify areas for efficiency improvements or cost reductions.
• Collaborating with Cross-Functional Teams : Work with other engineers, designers, and production staff to ensure product and system feasibility.
• Project Management : Oversee projects from conception through to completion, ensuring they meet technical specifications, budgets, and timelines.
• Staying Current with Technology : Continuously update your knowledge about the latest engineering tools, technologies, and industry trends.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering or a related engineering field is required, with a Master’s degree preferred for some positions.
• Technical Skills : Proficiency in CAD software, a solid understanding of core engineering principles, and familiarity with mechanical processes and materials.
• Problem-Solving Aptitude : Exceptional analytical and critical-thinking skills, with the ability to develop innovative solutions to complex engineering challenges.
• Team Collaboration : Ability to work effectively in a team environment, contributing to collaborative problem-solving and project success.
• Attention to Detail : A meticulous approach to design, testing, and troubleshooting to ensure the highest levels of quality and safety.

Mechanical Engineers have a broad range of opportunities for career advancement.

With experience, they can become senior engineers, project managers, or specialists in areas such as robotics, automotive engineering, or aerospace.

Additionally, they may pursue roles in research and development, management, or consultancy to further influence innovation and efficiency in the field.

IT Consultant

IT Consultants are experts in the field of information technology who work with clients to analyze their technological needs, solve complex IT problems, and improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of their IT systems.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy delving into technical challenges and crafting innovative solutions.

• Analyzing IT Systems : Evaluate a client’s current IT infrastructure and identify areas for improvement.
• Problem-Solving : Diagnose and resolve complex IT issues that a client may be facing, ensuring minimal disruption to their operations.
• Implementing Solutions : Design and implement new systems, configurations, or software to enhance the client’s IT capabilities.
• Advising on Technology Trends : Keep clients informed about the latest technology trends and how they can be leveraged to meet business goals.
• Training and Support : Provide training and support to the client’s staff to ensure smooth adoption of new technologies.
• Project Management : Oversee IT projects from conception to completion, ensuring they are delivered on time and within budget.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Information Technology, Computer Science, or a related field is highly recommended, with a Master’s degree being an advantage for some positions.
• Technical Expertise : Proficiency in various IT domains such as networking, databases, cybersecurity, and software development.
• Problem-Solving Skills : Strong analytical skills with the ability to troubleshoot and resolve complex IT issues.
• Communication Skills : Excellent verbal and written communication skills, with the ability to explain technical details to non-technical stakeholders.
• Project Management : Experience in managing IT projects, including understanding project management methodologies like Agile and Scrum.
• Adaptability : Ability to quickly adapt to new technologies and changing business environments.

As an IT Consultant, there is a clear path for career advancement.

Professionals can specialize in various areas such as cybersecurity, cloud computing, or data analytics.

With experience, IT Consultants can move into senior roles, such as IT Manager, Systems Architect, or even Chief Information Officer (CIO).

There are also opportunities for entrepreneurial IT Consultants to start their own consulting firms.

Medical Doctor

Average Salary: $200,000 – $300,000 per year

Medical Doctors diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases and injuries that commonly occur in the general population.

They are crucial in the healthcare system and work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, and private practices.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who are passionate about human biology, medicine, and the care of others.

• Diagnosing Illnesses : Evaluate symptoms and run tests to determine the conditions affecting patients.
• Developing Treatment Plans : Create and manage treatment plans, including prescribing medications, therapy, and other interventions.
• Providing Preventative Care : Advise and educate patients on health maintenance and disease prevention strategies.
• Performing Procedures : Conduct medical procedures and surgeries appropriate to your specialty.
• Collaborating with Healthcare Professionals : Work with other healthcare providers to deliver a multidisciplinary approach to patient care.
• Staying Current : Keep abreast of the latest medical research, treatments, and procedures in the field of medicine.
• Educational Background : A Doctor of Medicine (MD) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degree is required, followed by a residency program in a chosen specialty.
• Medical Licensure : A state license to practice medicine is mandatory.
• Problem-Solving Skills : Excellent diagnostic abilities and the capacity to make quick, life-saving decisions.
• Communication Skills : Strong verbal and written communication skills to effectively interact with patients and healthcare teams.
• Empathy and Compassion : A caring and empathetic approach to patient care.
• Adaptability : Ability to handle a wide array of situations and emergencies with composure.

Medical Doctors have numerous opportunities for career advancement.

With experience, they can become specialists in their field, leading researchers, or take on administrative roles in healthcare institutions.

They may also become educators, teaching the next generation of doctors, or pursue opportunities in medical policy and healthcare consulting.

Average Salary: $60,000 – $200,000 per year

Lawyers are legal professionals who represent and advise clients in both civil and criminal cases.

They may work in various legal fields, such as corporate law, family law, criminal law, or intellectual property law.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy analyzing complex legal issues and advocating on behalf of their clients.

• Client Representation : Advocate for clients in court or during negotiations, presenting evidence and arguments to support their case.
• Legal Research : Conduct thorough research on statutes, case law, and legal precedents relevant to clients’ cases.
• Document Drafting : Prepare legal documents, such as contracts, wills, appeals, and pleadings, ensuring adherence to the law.
• Legal Advice : Provide clients with informed legal counsel, helping them understand their rights and the implications of their legal decisions.
• Case Strategy Development : Develop strategies and tactics for clients’ cases based on the analysis of legal issues and potential outcomes.
• Continuing Education : Stay updated on changes in the law, new legal precedents, and industry best practices to provide the most accurate representation.
• Educational Background : A Juris Doctor (JD) degree from an accredited law school is required, followed by passing the bar exam in the practicing state.
• Communication Skills : Excellent verbal and written communication skills, with the ability to present arguments clearly and persuasively.
• Analytical Thinking : Strong analytical abilities to dissect complex legal problems and develop effective solutions.
• Client Service : Commitment to serving clients’ interests and maintaining confidentiality and professionalism.
• Attention to Detail : Meticulous attention to detail when reviewing legal documents and formulating legal arguments.

A career as a lawyer offers the opportunity to make significant impacts on individuals, businesses, and society through legal advocacy and reform.

With experience, lawyers can advance to senior positions within law firms, transition to in-house legal departments, or pursue roles in government, academia, or the judiciary.

Those with a strong interest in policy may also enter politics or become legal experts within non-governmental organizations.

Average Salary: $50,000 – $70,000 per year

Accountants are responsible for managing financial records, analyzing budgets, and ensuring the financial health of an organization.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy working with numbers and have a keen eye for detail.

• Financial Record Keeping : Maintain accurate and up-to-date financial records for an organization, ensuring compliance with relevant laws and regulations.
• Budget Analysis : Examine budget estimates for completeness, accuracy, and conformance with established procedures, regulations, and organizational objectives.
• Tax Preparation : Prepare or assist in preparing simple to complex tax returns for individuals or small businesses.
• Audit Assistance : Support auditing teams by providing necessary reports and documentation, and implementing recommendations for improving financial practices and processes.
• Financial Reporting : Develop regular financial statements, such as balance sheets, profit and loss statements, and cash flow statements.
• Advisory Services : Offer financial advice to help businesses and individuals make sound financial decisions and plan for the future.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Accounting, Finance, or a related field is required. CPA or other relevant certifications are highly regarded.
• Analytical Skills : Strong ability to analyze financial data and provide accurate reports.
• Attention to Detail : Exceptional attention to detail to ensure the accuracy of financial records and reports.
• Problem-Solving : Excellent problem-solving skills to manage and rectify any discrepancies in financial statements.
• Communication Skills : Good verbal and written communication skills to explain complex financial information in a clear and concise manner.
• Technological Proficiency : Proficiency with accounting software and tools, as well as a strong understanding of database management and commonly used financial software programs.

Accountants have a clear career path that can lead to roles with increasing responsibility such as Senior Accountant, Accounting Manager, Controller, or Chief Financial Officer (CFO).

With a blend of experience, additional certifications, and continuing education, accountants can specialize in areas such as forensic accounting, management accounting, or financial analysis, opening up a wide array of opportunities in both the public and private sectors.

Civil Engineer

Civil Engineers design, build, supervise, and maintain construction projects and systems in the public and private sector, including roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and systems for water supply and sewage treatment.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy applying their expertise to create and maintain the essential infrastructures of society.

• Analyzing Survey Reports : Assess land and construction sites to determine the feasibility of proposed building projects.
• Developing Detailed Design Plans : Use computer-aided design (CAD) software to create robust and efficient structures.
• Compliance with Regulations : Ensure all projects adhere to legal standards and environmental regulations.
• Project Management : Oversee and direct construction operations, ensuring projects are completed on time and within budget.
• Problem-Solving : Address any design or construction issues that arise throughout the course of the project.
• Infrastructure Improvement : Propose and implement design modifications to improve existing infrastructure.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering or a related field is required, with a Master’s degree being advantageous for some positions.
• Engineering Skills : Strong grasp of engineering principles, mathematics, and materials science.
• Attention to Detail : Precision is crucial in designing and implementing plans that are safe, sustainable, and cost-effective.
• Project Management : Ability to lead and collaborate with diverse teams, including architects, contractors, and other engineers.
• Licensing : Professional Engineer (PE) license may be required, depending on the role and location.
• Technical Software Proficiency : Skilled in the use of CAD software and other engineering tools and technologies.

Civil Engineering offers a variety of opportunities for career advancement.

Engineers may specialize in areas such as structural, environmental, geotechnical, or transportation engineering.

With experience, Civil Engineers can become project managers, consulting engineers, or even occupy leadership positions within their organizations.

There is also the potential to work on groundbreaking projects around the world, contributing to the development of innovative infrastructures that shape the future of societies.

Cybersecurity Analyst

Average Salary: $75,000 – $120,000 per year

Cybersecurity Analysts are responsible for protecting an organization’s computer systems and networks from cyber threats, such as hackers, viruses, and other malicious attacks.

This role is ideal for individuals with a knack for problem-solving and a strong interest in technology and cybersecurity.

• Monitoring Security Systems : Constantly monitor the organization’s networks for security breaches and investigate any potential security incidents.
• Implementing Protective Measures : Install and manage software, such as firewalls and data encryption programs, to protect sensitive information.
• Conducting Risk Assessments and Audits : Regularly assess the organization’s security measures and conduct audits to identify vulnerabilities.
• Developing Security Plans : Create and maintain the company’s security standards and best practices documentation.
• Responding to Security Incidents : Take immediate action to mitigate damage during a security breach and lead the technical response to ensure recovery.
• Staying Up-to-Date : Keep abreast of the latest cybersecurity trends, threats, and countermeasures to maintain defense readiness.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Cybersecurity, Information Technology, Computer Science, or a related field is often required.
• Technical Skills : Proficiency in security across various platforms, including network security, endpoint security, and cloud security.
• Analytical Skills : Ability to analyze data and security patterns to detect anomalies and respond to incidents effectively.
• Communication Skills : Strong verbal and written communication skills for documenting incidents and explaining security measures to non-technical staff.
• Attention to Detail : Vigilance and a high level of attention to detail to spot subtle signs of a security breach.
• Problem-Solving : Excellent problem-solving skills to swiftly address and neutralize security threats.

Cybersecurity Analysts play a critical role in defending an organization’s digital assets and have numerous opportunities for career growth.

With experience and additional certifications, analysts can advance to senior roles such as Cybersecurity Manager or Chief Information Security Officer (CISO).

They can also specialize in different areas of cybersecurity, such as penetration testing, security architecture, or cybersecurity consulting.

Database Administrator

Average Salary: $70,000 – $100,000 per year

Database Administrators are responsible for the performance, integrity, and security of databases.

They ensure that data remains consistent across the database, is clearly defined, and can be accessed by users as needed.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy ensuring that data systems are running efficiently and securely.

• Maintaining Database Systems : Ensure that databases operate efficiently and without error, and manage database access permissions and privileges.
• Backup and Recovery : Implement regular backup procedures and effectively recover data in the event of data loss.
• Monitoring Performance : Monitor database performance and tweak parameters to improve user access as needed.
• Upgrading Database Infrastructure : Plan and execute database upgrades and migrations to ensure that systems stay up-to-date and secure.
• Ensuring Data Integrity : Check and enforce data integrity, and conduct regular audits to ensure data accuracy and adherence to data management standards.
• Providing User Support : Assist users in generating complex queries and reports, and address any issues related to database performance or access.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, Information Technology, or a related field is often required.
• Technical Skills : Proficiency in database languages like SQL, experience with database software, and knowledge of database design principles.
• Problem-Solving Abilities : Strong analytical and problem-solving skills to diagnose and resolve database issues.
• Attention to Detail : Ability to focus on the details and understand complex systems to ensure smooth operations.
• Communication Skills : Good verbal and written communication skills are essential for documenting the database environment and explaining complex issues to non-technical staff.

Database Administrators have a crucial role in managing an organization’s data and ensuring its availability.

With experience, they can move into more senior roles such as Database Manager, Data Architect, or Information Systems Manager.

There are also opportunities to specialize in particular database technologies or to become a consultant for businesses in need of database expertise.

As the importance of data continues to grow, the role of the Database Administrator becomes increasingly vital to business operations.

Financial Planner

Average Salary: $60,000 – $100,000 per year

Financial Planners provide expert advice to individuals and businesses to help them achieve their long-term financial objectives.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who have a knack for financial strategy and enjoy helping others navigate complex financial decisions.

• Assessing Financial Needs : Analyze clients’ financial situations to understand their needs and goals.
• Developing Financial Plans : Create tailored financial strategies that include investments, savings, budgets, insurance, and tax planning.
• Reviewing and Adjusting Plans : Regularly review financial plans to accommodate life changes or shifts in financial markets.
• Educating Clients : Educate clients on various financial topics, helping them make informed decisions about their finances.
• Monitoring Financial Markets : Keep abreast of the latest economic trends and regulatory changes that may impact clients’ financial plans.
• Building Client Relationships : Establish and maintain strong client relationships through excellent service and communication.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Finance, Economics, Accounting, Business Administration, or a related field is highly desirable.
• Financial Knowledge : In-depth knowledge of financial products, markets, tax laws, and insurance.
• Problem-Solving Skills : Ability to analyze complex financial data and provide practical solutions to financial issues.
• Communication Skills : Strong verbal and written communication skills, with the ability to explain financial concepts clearly to clients.
• Certification : Many employers prefer candidates who are Certified Financial Planners (CFP) or are willing to obtain certification.
• Integrity : A commitment to ethical behavior, as financial planners must act in the best interest of their clients.

Financial Planners have the opportunity to make a significant impact on their clients’ lives by helping them secure their financial future.

With experience, Financial Planners can advance to senior positions, specialize in areas such as retirement planning or estate planning, or even start their own financial planning firms.

The demand for financial advice is expected to grow, which can lead to a rewarding and prosperous career for diligent Financial Planners.

Logistics Coordinator

Average Salary: $40,000 – $60,000 per year

Logistics Coordinators are responsible for managing the flow of goods and materials from suppliers and manufacturers to the end-user.

They ensure that products are delivered in the most efficient and cost-effective manner.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who thrive in dynamic environments and enjoy developing solutions to logistical challenges.

• Coordinating Transportation : Manage the scheduling and routing of shipments to ensure timely delivery of goods.
• Tracking Shipments : Monitor the progress of shipments and update customers and stakeholders on the status, addressing any delays or issues that arise.
• Inventory Management : Keep an accurate record of inventory levels and order supplies as needed to maintain optimal stock levels.
• Negotiating Contracts : Work with transportation providers and suppliers to negotiate contracts and rates that benefit the company.
• Problem-Solving : Quickly identify and resolve problems that may arise with shipments, inventory levels, or customer concerns.
• Continuous Improvement : Analyze current logistics processes and recommend improvements to increase efficiency and reduce costs.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Logistics, Supply Chain Management, Business Administration, or a related field is preferred.
• Organizational Skills : Strong organizational and planning skills, with the ability to manage multiple tasks and deadlines simultaneously.
• Attention to Detail : Keen attention to detail to ensure the accuracy of orders and inventory records.
• Communication Skills : Excellent verbal and written communication skills to effectively coordinate with team members, suppliers, and customers.
• Problem-Solving Abilities : Strong analytical and problem-solving skills to address and overcome logistical challenges.
• Technology Proficiency : Familiarity with logistics software, databases, and Microsoft Office Suite.

Logistics Coordinators play a critical role in the supply chain and have the opportunity to significantly impact a company’s operational efficiency.

With experience, Logistics Coordinators can advance to higher positions such as Logistics Manager, Supply Chain Manager, or Director of Operations, overseeing larger teams and strategic planning for logistics operations.

Management Consultant

Management Consultants analyze organizational problems, develop strategies for improvement, and help to implement changes within businesses.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy helping organizations overcome challenges and improve their performance.

• Assessing Business Challenges : Work with clients to identify areas of improvement, inefficiencies, or problems within their business operations.
• Strategic Planning : Develop strategic plans to address issues, increase revenue, reduce costs, or improve overall business performance.
• Implementing Solutions : Assist in the implementation of management strategies and monitor the progress of changes made within the organization.
• Facilitating Workshops and Training : Conduct workshops and training sessions to educate staff about new processes and how to adapt to change effectively.
• Stakeholder Management : Communicate with stakeholders at all levels, including senior executives and staff, to ensure buy-in and successful adoption of new strategies.
• Staying Informed : Keep up to date with industry trends, business tools, and management techniques to provide the best advice to clients.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration, Finance, Economics, or a related field is required; an MBA or relevant Master’s degree is often preferred.
• Analytical Skills : Strong analytical and problem-solving skills to understand complex business issues and develop effective solutions.
• Communication Skills : Excellent communication and interpersonal skills to effectively convey strategies and foster a collaborative environment.
• Project Management : Ability to manage multiple projects with various deadlines, ensuring timely and successful delivery of consulting services.
• Adaptability : Capability to adapt to different business environments and to work with a wide range of industries.

Management Consultants have the opportunity to make a tangible impact on businesses and industries.

With experience, consultants may advance to senior roles within a consultancy firm, specialize in a particular industry or functional area, or transition into executive positions within corporate organizations.

There is also potential to establish one’s own consulting practice.

Network Architect

Average Salary: $100,000 – $150,000 per year

Network Architects design and build data communication networks, such as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and intranets.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy creating solutions that help organizations communicate more efficiently and securely.

• Designing Network Infrastructure : Develop blueprints for complex, secure, and scalable networks tailored to the specific needs of an organization.
• Implementing Network Solutions : Oversee the deployment of networking hardware and software, ensuring proper integration with existing systems.
• Addressing Technical Challenges : Solve complex networking issues that may arise during design, implementation, or daily operations.
• Updating Network Systems : Continuously evaluate and upgrade network infrastructure to meet changing demands and incorporate new technologies.
• Security Planning : Ensure that all network designs incorporate robust security measures to protect against cyber threats.
• Research and Development : Stay abreast of the latest advancements in network technologies and best practices to recommend improvements.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, Information Technology, Network Engineering, or a related field is typically required. Advanced degrees or certifications (such as CCNA, CCNP, or CCIE) can be advantageous.
• Technical Skills : Strong understanding of network infrastructure, including hardware, software, networking protocols, and security measures.
• Problem-Solving Abilities : Excellent analytical and problem-solving skills to design networks and troubleshoot issues as they arise.
• Communication Skills : Ability to clearly communicate technical information to non-technical stakeholders and work collaboratively with various teams.
• Project Management : Experience in managing projects, with the ability to oversee multiple initiatives simultaneously and meet deadlines.

The role of Network Architect offers opportunities to lead the technological direction of an organization’s communications infrastructure.

With experience, Network Architects can advance to senior IT management positions, such as Chief Technology Officer (CTO) or IT Director, or specialize further in areas like cloud computing or cybersecurity.

Continuous learning and adapting to new technologies are key for career growth in this ever-evolving field.

Average Salary: $128,000 – $148,000 per year

Pharmacists are healthcare professionals responsible for the preparation, dispensing, and management of prescription medications.

They play a critical role in patient care by ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy applying their knowledge of medicine to help patients manage their health.

• Dispensing Medications : Accurately prepare and provide medications to patients, ensuring proper dosage and administration.
• Consulting on Medications : Offer expert advice on prescription and over-the-counter medications, including potential side effects and interactions.
• Medication Therapy Management : Conduct reviews of patient medication regimens to optimize therapeutic outcomes and minimize adverse effects.
• Collaboration with Healthcare Providers : Work closely with physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals to develop the best treatment plans for patients.
• Healthcare Promotion : Conduct health and wellness screenings, provide immunizations, and offer guidance on healthy lifestyles.
• Staying Informed : Continually update knowledge on the latest pharmaceutical products, drug therapies, and regulations.
• Educational Background : A Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree from an accredited pharmacy program is required.
• Licensure : Must pass the North American Pharmacist Licensure Exam (NAPLEX) and obtain a state license to practice pharmacy.
• Attention to Detail : Precision and attention to detail are critical to ensure the safety and health of patients.
• Communication Skills : Strong verbal and written communication skills to effectively counsel patients and collaborate with other healthcare professionals.
• Problem-Solving Abilities : Proficiency in identifying medication-related problems and developing appropriate solutions.
• Empathy and Patient Care : A commitment to providing compassionate care and making a positive impact on patients’ health.

Pharmacists have the opportunity to advance in various settings, such as community pharmacies, hospitals, or the pharmaceutical industry.

With experience, they can move into more specialized roles, assume leadership positions, or engage in clinical research and development.

Pharmacists can also further their expertise through board certifications in areas like oncology, nutrition support, or geriatric pharmacy.

IT Project Manager

Average Salary: $90,000 – $140,000 per year

IT Project Managers oversee and direct technology projects, from simple software updates to complex network overhauls.

This role is perfect for problem solvers who thrive in a fast-paced environment and are passionate about leveraging technology to meet business objectives.

• Planning and Scheduling : Develop project plans, including timelines, resources, and budget allocations, ensuring that IT projects are delivered on time and within scope.
• Team Coordination : Lead multidisciplinary teams of software developers, engineers, and analysts to execute project tasks effectively.
• Risk Management : Identify potential project risks and develop mitigation strategies to prevent disruptions to the project timeline or budget.
• Stakeholder Communication : Maintain clear and consistent communication with project stakeholders, including reporting on progress and managing expectations.
• Quality Assurance : Oversee the quality of deliverables, ensuring that the end product meets both technical standards and user requirements.
• Continual Improvement : Reflect on completed projects to identify areas of improvement and integrate lessons learned into future project management practices.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, Information Technology, or a related field is often required, along with relevant project management certifications (e.g., PMP, PRINCE2).
• Leadership Skills : Strong leadership and team management abilities to guide project teams and ensure collaborative efforts.
• Technical Expertise : Solid understanding of IT principles and technologies, coupled with the ability to apply this knowledge to solve complex problems.
• Communication Skills : Excellent verbal and written communication skills, with the ability to articulate technical issues to non-technical stakeholders.
• Adaptability : Flexibility to adjust project plans and strategies in response to changing technology landscapes or business needs.

As an IT Project Manager, you have the opportunity to directly influence the success of technology initiatives within an organization.

With experience, IT Project Managers can advance to senior management roles, such as IT Director or Chief Information Officer (CIO), or specialize in areas like agile project management, IT strategy, or consultancy.

Continuous professional development in emerging technologies and project management methodologies can also lead to broader career opportunities in the ever-evolving tech industry.

Structural Engineer

Average Salary: $65,000 – $95,000 per year

Structural Engineers are responsible for designing, planning, and overseeing the construction of buildings, bridges, and other structures to ensure safety and durability.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy applying principles of physics and mathematics to create stable and secure structures.

• Analyzing Structural Integrity : Conduct detailed calculations to predict the stresses and pressures experienced by structures and design frameworks accordingly.
• Developing Design Plans : Create complex blueprints and plans for structures, ensuring they meet codes, regulations, and environmental requirements.
• Site Assessments : Inspect construction sites to determine the suitability of the earth for the requirements of an upcoming project and to assess any potential risks.
• Material Selection : Choose appropriate construction materials that offer the best balance between cost, quality, and safety.
• Collaboration with Professionals : Work alongside architects, contractors, and other engineers to ensure the structural vision is safely and efficiently realized.
• Monitoring Construction : Oversee the construction process to ensure compliance with design specifications and safety standards.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Civil or Structural Engineering is required.
• Technical Skills : Proficiency in using design and analysis software such as AutoCAD, Revit, or SAP2000.
• Attention to Detail : Ability to meticulously analyze and design structures to ensure safety and compliance with regulations.
• Problem-Solving : Strong analytical and critical thinking skills to solve complex engineering issues.
• Communication : Effective communication skills for collaborating with a wide range of professionals and for explaining technical concepts to non-experts.
• Project Management : Capabilities in managing projects, timelines, and resources to meet client and regulatory requirements.

Structural Engineers have the opportunity to work on a diverse range of projects that shape the infrastructure and skyline of our built environment.

With experience, they can progress to senior engineering roles, specialize in areas such as earthquake engineering or forensic engineering, or lead their engineering firms.

Continuous learning and professional certification, such as obtaining a Professional Engineer (PE) license, can further enhance career prospects and recognition in the field.

Data Scientist

Average Salary: $80,000 – $120,000 per year

Data Scientists analyze and interpret complex digital data, such as usage statistics, sales figures, or logistics, to assist in business decision-making.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy employing their analytical skills and knowledge of statistics to uncover patterns, manage data, and drive strategic planning in organizations.

• Analyzing Data : Use statistical methods to collect and analyze data and to identify trends or patterns that can inform business decisions.
• Machine Learning Models : Develop predictive models and algorithms that can help forecast outcomes and automate decision-making processes.
• Data Mining : Extract data from various sources and analyze it to gain insights into business performance and opportunities.
• Creating Data Visualizations : Design and present data in visually compelling formats to help stakeholders understand the findings.
• Cross-Functional Collaboration : Work with different departments to implement data-driven strategies and solutions that align with business objectives.
• Continued Learning : Stay updated with the latest data science techniques, tools, and best practices in the field.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Data Science, Computer Science, Statistics, Mathematics, or a related field is often required, with many roles preferring a Master’s or PhD.
• Technical Skills : Proficiency in programming languages such as Python or R, and experience with database management systems, machine learning, and statistical analysis tools.
• Analytical Mindset : Strong problem-solving skills with a knack for identifying trends and insights in large datasets.
• Communication Skills : Ability to communicate complex quantitative analysis in a clear, precise, and actionable manner.
• Attention to Detail : Diligent and meticulous in data handling to ensure accuracy and integrity of analysis.

In this role, the potential for impact is significant, as data-driven insights can lead to transformative decisions and strategies within a business.

With experience, Data Scientists can advance to roles such as Senior Data Scientist, Data Science Manager, or Chief Data Officer.

Opportunities also exist to specialize in fields such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, or big data engineering.

Financial Analyst

Financial Analysts are responsible for examining financial data and trends to help businesses and individuals make informed investment decisions.

This role is well-suited for problem solvers who have a knack for numbers and a passion for analyzing financial markets and economic trends.

• Financial Data Analysis : Interpret data on the performance of investments, including stocks, bonds, and other securities.
• Creating Financial Models : Develop models to predict future economic conditions and guide investment strategies.
• Investment Recommendations : Provide informed recommendations to clients or employers based on thorough analysis and understanding of market conditions.
• Report Preparation : Compile detailed reports that highlight analysis findings and suggestions for financial planning and investment management.
• Monitoring Economic Trends : Keep a close eye on changes in the economic landscape that could affect investment portfolios and strategies.
• Client Presentations : Present analysis and recommendations clearly and confidently to clients or stakeholders.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Finance, Economics, Accounting, or a related field is typically required. An MBA or CFA designation may be advantageous.
• Analytical Skills : Strong ability to analyze financial data and trends to make accurate projections and recommendations.
• Mathematical Proficiency : Excellent quantitative skills to understand complex financial calculations and models.
• Communication Skills : Clear verbal and written communication abilities to convey complex financial information in an understandable manner.
• Attention to Detail : Meticulous attention to detail to ensure the accuracy of financial analysis and reports.
• Technological Proficiency : Proficiency with financial software and tools for data analysis, such as Excel, SQL, or specialized financial modeling programs.

A career as a Financial Analyst offers vast opportunities for growth.

Analysts can advance to senior analyst positions, portfolio management roles, or even become directors of financial analysis departments.

Those with a strong track record and additional certifications may move into high-level consulting positions or executive roles within finance, such as Chief Financial Officer (CFO).

The role is pivotal in shaping investment strategies and financial decisions, making it a critical and influential position in any business.

Systems Analyst

Systems Analysts play a critical role in evaluating and improving complex computer systems within an organization.

They are responsible for ensuring that IT systems meet the business needs effectively.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy analyzing data, improving processes, and implementing technological solutions.

• Assessing System Capabilities : Examine current IT systems and infrastructure to determine effectiveness and suggest improvements.
• Designing Solutions : Develop plans to enhance systems, including software and hardware updates, to address business challenges.
• Problem-Solving : Identify system issues and inefficiencies and propose strategic solutions to optimize performance.
• Gathering Requirements : Collaborate with end-users and stakeholders to understand their needs and translate them into system requirements.
• Implementing New Systems : Oversee the selection and installation of new IT systems to ensure they are on time, within budget, and meet organizational needs.
• Continuous Learning : Stay updated with the latest technological trends, systems, and best practices in the field of IT.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Information Technology, Computer Science, or a related field is typically required.
• Technical Skills : Strong understanding of computer systems, databases, and other technology tools and platforms.
• Analytical Thinking : Ability to dissect complex problems and devise effective solutions.
• Communication Skills : Excellent verbal and written communication skills, with the capacity to interact with technical teams and business stakeholders.
• Project Management : Experience in managing projects, including resource allocation, timelines, and budgeting.

A career as a Systems Analyst offers numerous opportunities for professional development.

With experience, Systems Analysts can progress to more senior roles such as IT Project Manager, Business Analyst, or IT Consultant.

They may also specialize in specific industries or become experts in emerging technologies, leading to increased demand and higher earning potential.

Industrial Engineer

Average Salary: $65,000 – $85,000 per year

Industrial Engineers optimize complex systems, processes, and organizations by eliminating waste of time, money, materials, man-hours, machine time, energy, and other resources.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy designing efficient systems and processes in various industries.

• Analyzing Workflows : Review and assess production workflows to identify inefficiencies and recommend improvements.
• Developing Production Systems : Design systems that integrate workers, machines, materials, information, and energy to make a product or provide a service.
• Implementing Quality Control Procedures : Establish quality control protocols to ensure the final product meets the required specifications and standards.
• Utilizing Software for Process Simulation : Apply computer simulations to test and optimize production systems and logistics.
• Project Management : Oversee project timelines, budgets, and resources to ensure objectives are met efficiently.
• Staying Updated on Technology : Keep abreast of the latest technological advancements that can be applied to improve production processes and product quality.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, or a related field is required.
• Problem-Solving Skills : Strong analytical and critical thinking skills to identify problems and implement effective solutions.
• Technical Expertise : Proficient in the use of engineering software and tools for designing and analyzing production systems.
• Communication Skills : Excellent verbal and written communication skills for collaborating with team members and presenting findings to stakeholders.
• Attention to Detail : Ability to focus on the minute details of complex systems to ensure nothing is overlooked.

Industrial Engineers have the opportunity to impact the efficiency and effectiveness of production and service systems.

Career growth may lead to roles such as Senior Industrial Engineer, Project Manager, Operations Manager, or Director of Engineering.

With experience, some Industrial Engineers may also move into consultancy roles or executive positions, such as Chief Operations Officer.

Network Security Analyst

Network Security Analysts are the guardians of information systems, ensuring the security and integrity of data within an organization’s network.

This role is perfect for problem solvers who appreciate the complexities of network infrastructure and the challenge of defending against cyber threats.

• Monitoring Network Security : Constantly oversee the organization’s network for security breaches, intrusions, and irregular system behavior.
• Implementing Protective Measures : Deploy firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusion detection systems to protect sensitive information.
• Responding to Security Incidents : Act swiftly to mitigate damage from security breaches and work on recovery plans to restore functionality.
• Performing Risk Assessments : Analyze the current security protocols and suggest improvements to minimize risks of cyber attacks.
• Security Audits and Reporting : Conduct regular audits of the network security systems and prepare reports on the status of the network’s security.
• Staying Updated : Keep abreast of the latest cyber threats, security trends, and technologies to continuously enhance network defenses.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, Cybersecurity, Information Technology, or a related field is typically required.
• Technical Skills : Proficiency in security across various platforms, understanding of firewalls, VPN, data loss prevention, IDS/IPS, web-proxy, and security audits.
• Analytical Mindset : Strong problem-solving skills with the ability to analyze complex networks and identify potential vulnerabilities.
• Attention to Detail : Vigilance in monitoring network activity and spotting irregularities that could indicate a security breach.
• Communication Skills : Ability to communicate technical information effectively to non-technical staff and to document procedures and findings.

A career as a Network Security Analyst offers a dynamic environment with the potential for continuous learning and advancement.

With experience, Network Security Analysts can move into higher-level roles such as Security Manager or Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), specializing in areas like forensic analysis, or they may opt to work as independent cybersecurity consultants.

Intelligence Analyst

Intelligence Analysts are responsible for the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information to support and protect national security.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who thrive on analyzing complex data and uncovering insights that can inform strategic decisions.

• Collecting Information : Gather data from a variety of sources, including surveillance activities, intelligence databases, and open sources.
• Analyzing Intelligence : Examine and interpret intelligence data to identify patterns, assess threats, and provide actionable insights.
• Writing Reports : Prepare comprehensive reports that communicate findings to decision-makers within government or private organizations.
• Briefing Decision Makers : Present analysis and recommendations to policymakers, military leaders, or other relevant stakeholders.
• Developing Analytical Tools : Utilize and sometimes develop software tools to enhance the analysis of complex datasets.
• Collaborating with Other Agencies : Work with other intelligence professionals, both domestic and international, to share information and coordinate efforts.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Political Science, International Relations, Security Studies, or a related field is often required.
• Analytical Skills : Strong analytical and critical thinking skills, with the ability to process and synthesize large amounts of information.
• Attention to Detail : Keen attention to detail and the capacity to recognize subtle patterns or discrepancies in data.
• Communication Skills : Excellent written and verbal communication skills for presenting complex information clearly and concisely.
• Security Clearance : Ability to obtain and maintain a security clearance, which often involves a background check and adherence to strict security protocols.
• Technical Proficiency : Proficient with analytical software and information technology systems used in intelligence operations.

This role offers the opportunity to play a crucial part in safeguarding national interests and contributing to global security.

With experience, Intelligence Analysts can advance to senior analyst positions, specialize in a particular type of intelligence, or move into leadership roles within the intelligence community.

There are also opportunities for cross-functional career development in areas such as cyber security, counterterrorism, and strategic planning.

Logistics Manager

Logistics Managers oversee the movement, distribution, and storage of materials in an organization.

They are responsible for ensuring products are delivered efficiently and on time.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy optimizing processes and overcoming logistical challenges in a dynamic environment.

• Inventory Management : Monitor inventory levels and implement strategies to ensure the availability of products while minimizing excess stock.
• Supplier Negotiation : Negotiate with suppliers and transportation providers to secure cost-effective shipping terms and services.
• Process Optimization : Analyze logistical processes and implement improvements to enhance efficiency and reduce costs.
• Compliance Management : Ensure all logistics activities comply with legal regulations and organizational policies.
• Problem Solving : Address and resolve any issues that arise during the transportation and storage of goods.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Business, Supply Chain Management, Logistics, or a related field is typically required.
• Organizational Skills : Strong ability to organize and manage multiple projects and tasks effectively.
• Problem-Solving Abilities : Aptitude for identifying issues and developing practical solutions in a fast-paced environment.
• Communication Skills : Excellent verbal and written communication skills for coordinating with internal teams and external partners.
• Technological Proficiency : Familiarity with logistics software, inventory management systems, and data analysis tools.

Logistics Managers play a critical role in the efficiency and profitability of a company.

With experience and a track record of successful problem-solving, they can advance to higher managerial positions, such as Director of Operations or Vice President of Supply Chain.

Opportunities also exist to specialize in areas like global logistics, supply chain analytics, or procurement strategy, further enhancing career prospects.

Mathematician

Average Salary: $60,000 – $120,000 per year

Mathematicians use advanced mathematics to develop and understand mathematical principles, analyze data, and solve real-world problems.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who relish the challenge of complex equations and algorithms and seek to apply their knowledge to diverse areas ranging from economics to engineering.

• Conducting Research : Work on advancing mathematical knowledge, which may involve deriving new theorems, analyzing patterns, or creating mathematical models.
• Applying Mathematical Theories : Utilize mathematical theories to solve practical problems in business, engineering, the sciences, and other fields.
• Collaborating with Professionals : Work alongside engineers, scientists, and other professionals to understand problems and provide mathematical solutions.
• Developing Computational Methods : Create algorithms and simulation models to process and analyze large sets of data.
• Presenting Findings : Communicate complex mathematical ideas and solutions to stakeholders or academic peers through reports, papers, or presentations.
• Staying Informed : Keep up-to-date with the latest advancements in mathematics and related fields.
• Educational Background : A Master’s or Doctoral degree in Mathematics or a related field is typically required.
• Analytical Skills : Strong ability to think logically and critically when solving complex problems.
• Technical Proficiency : Proficiency in mathematical modeling software, statistical analysis, and computer programming.
• Attention to Detail : Meticulous attention to detail when dealing with abstract concepts and calculations.
• Collaboration : Ability to work in interdisciplinary teams and communicate mathematical concepts to non-experts.

A career as a mathematician offers the opportunity to contribute to numerous fields through data analysis, predictive modeling, and problem-solving.

With experience, mathematicians can become lead researchers, senior analysts, or consultants, and may eventually move into academic positions such as professors or department heads.

Statistician

Average Salary: $60,000 – $95,000 per year

Statisticians analyze data and apply mathematical and statistical techniques to help solve real-world problems in business, engineering, healthcare, or other fields.

This role is ideal for problem solvers who enjoy using data to find patterns, draw conclusions, and inform decision-making processes.

• Collecting Data : Design surveys, experiments, or opinion polls to gather data relevant to research questions or business needs.
• Analyzing Data : Use statistical methods to analyze and interpret data, identifying trends or relationships.
• Developing Models : Create statistical models that depict the data in a way that is easy to understand and can predict future trends.
• Reporting Results : Communicate findings to stakeholders in a clear and actionable manner, often through detailed reports or presentations.
• Advising Policy/Decision Making : Provide insights to policymakers or business leaders to inform their decisions based on statistical evidence.
• Staying Current : Keep up with the latest statistical methods, software, and advancements in the field to continuously improve analysis.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Statistics, Mathematics, Economics, or a related field is required; a Master’s or Ph.D. is preferred for many positions.
• Analytical Skills : Strong ability to work with numerical data and apply statistical techniques to solve complex problems.
• Technical Proficiency : Proficient in statistical software (such as R, SAS, SPSS, or Python) and databases.
• Communication Skills : Excellent verbal and written communication skills, with the ability to translate complex statistical information into understandable terms for non-experts.
• Attention to Detail : Careful attention to accuracy and detail when analyzing data and drawing conclusions.

Statisticians have the opportunity to work in a variety of industries and sectors, as data analysis is fundamental to many business strategies and policy decisions.

With experience, statisticians can progress to senior analytical roles, become consultants, or specialize in specific industries, such as biostatistics or econometrics.

There is also potential for leadership roles in managing teams of analysts and decision support.

Cybersecurity Specialist

Cybersecurity Specialists protect and defend information systems by ensuring the security of data and network infrastructure.

This role is perfect for problem solvers who enjoy staying ahead of cyber threats and ensuring the safety of digital information.

• Analyzing Security Systems : Evaluate existing security measures, such as firewalls, password policies, and intrusion detection systems, to identify vulnerabilities.
• Implementing Protection Measures : Design and implement stronger defense mechanisms to protect data and network infrastructures.
• Monitoring for Security Breaches : Constantly monitor systems for any unusual activities that might indicate a security breach.
• Investigating Security Incidents : Respond to and investigate security incidents, performing forensic analysis to understand the cause and impact.
• Developing Security Strategies : Create comprehensive strategies for preventing future threats and improving overall security posture.
• Staying Current : Keep abreast of the latest cybersecurity trends, threats, and countermeasures.
• Technical Skills : Strong understanding of network infrastructure, encryption, ethical hacking, and secure coding practices.
• Problem-Solving Abilities : Excellent analytical and problem-solving skills to address and mitigate security risks.
• Attention to Detail : Ability to pay close attention to detail to detect vulnerabilities and breaches.
• Communication Skills : Proficiency in communicating technical information to non-technical personnel and reporting on security readiness.

Cybersecurity is a field with high demand and potential for career growth.

Specialists can advance to roles such as Security Analyst, Security Engineer, or Chief Information Security Officer (CISO).

With the rise in cyber threats, the importance of cybersecurity professionals continues to grow, offering a career path with numerous opportunities for advancement and specialization.

Biomedical Engineer

Biomedical Engineers combine principles of engineering with biological and medical sciences to design and create equipment, devices, computer systems, and software used in healthcare.

This role is perfect for problem solvers who are passionate about innovating in medicine and improving patient care.

• Designing Medical Devices : Create and improve medical devices such as artificial organs, prostheses, instrumentation, medical imaging devices, and health management and care delivery systems.
• Developing Biomedical Software : Write and maintain software programs that are used for diagnosing and treating patients.
• Research and Development : Conduct research to develop new technologies for solving complex medical issues.
• Clinical Engineering : Work within clinical settings to install, adjust, maintain, repair, or provide technical support for biomedical equipment.
• Regulatory Oversight : Ensure that biomedical equipment and processes comply with regulatory standards.
• Training Healthcare Staff : Educate clinicians and other medical personnel on the proper use of biomedical equipment.
• Educational Background : A Bachelor’s degree in Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering, or a related engineering field is required. A Master’s degree or Ph.D. can be beneficial for more advanced positions.
• Technical Skills : Strong understanding of engineering principles and proficiency in developing and working with complex medical systems and devices.
• Problem-Solving Abilities : Excellent analytical and problem-solving skills to address challenges in healthcare and patient treatment.
• Interdisciplinary Knowledge : An understanding of biological sciences and medical practices, as well as the ability to work with professionals from these fields.
• Communication Skills : Clear communication skills for collaborating with multidisciplinary teams and explaining technical information to non-experts.

Biomedical Engineers have the opportunity to make significant contributions to patient health and well-being.

Career growth can lead to positions such as senior engineer, project manager, or director of engineering in hospitals, research institutions, or medical device companies.

Innovators in the field may also transition into entrepreneurial roles, starting their own companies to bring new medical solutions to market.

Urban Planner

Average Salary: $50,000 – $75,000 per year

Urban Planners develop and design policies and plans for the use of land and resources in towns, cities, and counties.

They focus on creating spaces that are efficient, sustainable, and conducive to community well-being.

This role is ideal for those who enjoy solving complex urban problems and are passionate about shaping the future of cities and communities.

• Developing Urban Plans : Create comprehensive plans to manage and develop infrastructure, housing, transportation, and public spaces in urban areas.
• Community Engagement : Engage with the public to gather feedback and incorporate community needs and desires into urban development plans.
• Conducting Research : Analyze demographic data, environmental studies, and market research to inform planning decisions.
• Policy Recommendation : Advise policymakers on zoning, land use, and urban design to promote sustainable and equitable development.
• Reviewing Proposals : Evaluate development proposals to ensure they align with long-term plans and regulations.
• Staying Informed : Continuously update knowledge on urban trends, best practices in urban design, and regulatory changes in the field.
• Educational Background : A Master’s degree in Urban Planning, Urban Design, or a related field is highly preferred, though a Bachelor’s degree may be sufficient for some entry-level positions.
• Communication Skills : Excellent verbal and written communication skills, with the ability to effectively convey planning concepts to diverse audiences.
• Problem-Solving Ability : Strong analytical and critical thinking skills to address complex urban challenges.
• Collaboration : Ability to work with a wide range of stakeholders, including government officials, developers, and the public.
• Technical Proficiency : Familiarity with GIS software, urban planning tools, and data analysis methods.

Urban Planners have the opportunity to directly impact the development and improvement of urban environments.

Career advancement can lead to senior planning positions, specialized roles in areas such as transportation or environmental planning, or leadership positions in planning departments or consultancy firms.

Planners can also contribute to academic research or become policy advisors, influencing regional or national urban development strategies.

And there you have it.

A detailed summary of the most rewarding jobs for problem solvers.

With a plethora of choices at your disposal, there is assuredly a role for every problem solver out there.

So, chase your ambition of taming complex issues and finding solutions every day.

Remember: It’s NEVER too late to mould your knack for resolving problems into a thriving career.

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The Editorial Team at InterviewGuy.com is composed of certified interview coaches, seasoned HR professionals, and industry insiders. With decades of collective expertise and access to an unparalleled database of interview questions, we are dedicated to empowering job seekers. Our content meets real-time industry demands, ensuring readers receive timely, accurate, and actionable advice. We value our readers' insights and encourage feedback, corrections, and questions to maintain the highest level of accuracy and relevance.

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Best Careers for Problem Solving: Top Opportunities for Critical Thinkers

Problem-solving is a highly sought-after skill in today’s job market, as it plays a critical role in finding solutions to complex problems and driving innovation across various industries. Whether it’s science, technology, education, or healthcare, professionals with a knack for identifying issues and developing effective strategies to address them are invaluable assets in any organization. By pursuing a career that aligns with their natural strengths, individuals with strong problem-solving skills can have a fulfilling and successful career while making a significant impact in their chosen field.

To effectively navigate and excel in these careers, professionals must be able to adapt their thinking approach, utilize various methods and tools, and stay current with education and training opportunities. By having a solid foundation in problem-solving skills, an individual allows themselves to access a wide array of specific careers that not only demand these abilities but also provide a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction. In various industries, management and decision-making skills play an essential role in maximizing problem-solving capabilities and ensuring sustainable growth.

Key Takeaways

• Problem-solving skills are vital in various industries and can lead to fulfilling and successful careers.
• Continual education and training in problem-solving are crucial for personal growth and professional success in these fields.
• Management and decision-making skills play a significant role in maximizing one’s problem-solving capabilities and success in careers for problem solvers.

Understanding Problem Solving

Problem solving is a critical skill in many careers, as it involves the ability to identify, analyze, and resolve issues or challenges that one may encounter in their work. Problem-solving skills are closely related to analytical skills and analytical thinking, both of which involve breaking down complex information into simpler, more manageable components. This process often includes brainstorming, creativity, teamwork, and solid decision-making abilities.

In many job roles, employees are expected to exhibit strong problem-solving skills, as they contribute significantly to the company’s overall success. These skills enable them to tackle various challenges and develop innovative solutions. One key aspect of problem solving is the ability to think critically in order to assess the situation and determine the best course of action. This may involve weighing the pros and cons of different options, understanding the risks involved, and making a decision that will yield the best possible outcome.

Brainstorming, an essential component of problem-solving, involves generating multiple ideas in response to a given issue. This requires a high level of creativity and often benefits from collaboration with coworkers or team members. Through open and honest communication, team members can harness their collective creative power to explore a wider range of possibilities and potential solutions.

Strong problem solvers also exhibit flexibility in their thinking. They are open to various perspectives and approaches, and can adapt their strategies based on new information or changes in circumstances. This level of adaptability is essential for navigating the rapidly evolving workspaces of today, where new challenges continually emerge.

Moreover, effective problem solving often involves collaboration and teamwork. Working together with others enables individuals to leverage diverse skills and perspectives, which can lead to more well-rounded and innovative solutions. By embracing collaboration, professionals can also foster a productive work environment that encourages open communication, mutual respect, and shared responsibility for achieving successful outcomes.

In summary, problem-solving skills are crucial for success in many careers, and involve a range of abilities, including analytical thinking, brainstorming, creativity, teamwork, and decision-making. A strong problem solver is adaptive, open to new perspectives, and capable of working effectively with others, all of which contribute to their ability to navigate complex challenges and find viable solutions.

Role of Problem Solving in Careers

Problem solving is a crucial skill across a wide array of careers, as it enables professionals to tackle challenges, enhance efficiency, and drive innovation. Various occupations require a strong foundation in problem solving, and individuals who excel in this area enjoy a more successful and fulfilling work life.

Careers in actuarial science demand a keen ability to analyze data and develop models to predict future events. Actuaries play a significant role in the insurance and finance industries, where they help businesses navigate complex risk management scenarios. This occupation combines strong problem-solving, mathematical, and statistical skills, making it ideal for individuals who are critical thinkers and possess quantitative aptitude.

Another career that values problem-solving expertise is that of a judge . Judges are responsible for interpreting laws, assessing evidence presented in trials, and making impartial decisions. They use their problem-solving abilities to navigate complex legal disputes and ensure a just outcome for all parties involved.

In the field of computer science , problem-solving skills are critical to success. This includes roles such as software developers, who are responsible for designing and coding computer programs, as well as project managers, who oversee the development process. These individuals use their problem-solving abilities to troubleshoot issues, optimize system performance, and create innovative solutions to meet client needs.

Executives and chief executives are also required to possess strong problem-solving capabilities. As leaders of organizations, they face various challenges, from managing resources and personnel to developing strategic plans for growth. With excellent problem-solving skills, executives can make well-informed decisions, successfully manage crises, and foster a culture of continuous improvement.

Professionals in other fields, such as accounting , chemistry , law , radiology , financial analysis , and education administration , also depend on problem-solving skills to excel in their roles. Whether they are diagnosing medical conditions, crafting legal arguments, or managing budgets, these individuals apply critical thinking and problem-solving techniques to navigate complex situations and achieve success.

Several other careers, including respiratory therapy technicians , social and community-service managers , magistrates , ophthalmologists , anesthesiologists , detectives , statisticians , and air traffic controllers , require problem-solving as a core competency. In each of these professions, individuals rely on their critical thinking skills and practical problem-solving approach to address challenges effectively.

In conclusion, problem-solving is an essential element for success across various careers and industries. Professionals with strong problem-solving abilities can contribute positively to their organizations, innovate solutions, and drive growth.

Problem Solving in Science and Mathematics

In the realm of science and mathematics, problem solvers are in high demand. Professionals in this field typically possess strong analytical and critical thinking skills. They are adept at finding solutions to complex problems and overcoming challenges.

Engineering is one such career path that emphasizes problem solving. Engineers design, build, and maintain structures, systems, and devices to solve real-world issues. They apply mathematical and scientific principles to their work, and their goal is to improve the quality and efficiency of products, systems, and services. This field includes various branches, such as civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering, providing a diverse range of opportunities for problem solvers.

Mathematics is another field where problem-solving skills are highly valued. Careers in mathematics demand strong logical and analytical abilities to solve complex equations and models. Actuaries, for example, focus on assessing risk and uncertainty in various financial contexts. They evaluate the potential outcomes of different scenarios and make data-driven decisions to minimize risks. This profession is ideal for those who enjoy tackling challenges, and combining mathematical and statistical knowledge with practical applications.

The sciences offer multiple avenues for problem solvers, with chemists being particularly notable in this regard. Chemists conduct research and experimentation to develop new substances and materials, find solutions to environmental problems, and improve existing products. Their work involves analyzing data, synthesizing compounds, and assessing chemical reactions. These professionals often collaborate with colleagues from other disciplines, combining their expertise to address complex issues.

Overall, careers in science, engineering, and mathematics are ideally suited for individuals who enjoy problem solving. These fields offer a wide range of opportunities for critical thinkers to apply their skills and contribute to advancements in various industries. By pursuing a career in any of these domains, problem solvers can combine their passions with their professional aspirations, making a meaningful impact in the world around them.

Methods and Tools for Problem Solving

Effective problem-solving is a highly sought-after skill in today’s job market. Employees with strong problem-solving skills tend to be more productive, creative, and capable of working well in teams. There are several methods and tools available to help individuals and teams develop their problem-solving abilities and tackle complex issues.

The first step in any problem-solving process is to accurately define the problem. This involves gathering and analyzing information to identify the root cause of the issue. Once the problem is clearly defined, the next step is to approach it using various strategies and techniques.

Brainstorming is a popular technique for generating ideas and uncovering potential solutions. It encourages creativity by allowing individuals to freely share their thoughts and ideas without judgement. It is important for teams to create a comfortable environment where everyone feels encouraged to contribute.

For a more structured approach, consider using the “Six Thinking Hats” method. This technique, developed by Dr. Edward de Bono, encourages participants to consider various perspectives by wearing different “hats.” Each hat represents a distinct mode of thinking, such as analytical, creative, or emotional thinking. By exploring the problem from multiple angles, the team can develop a more comprehensive understanding and devise effective solutions.

In situations where data analysis is crucial, tools like root cause analysis, Pareto charts, or fishbone diagrams can be helpful. These tools allow teams to systematically analyze data and identify trends, patterns, or anomalies that may contribute to the problem.

Training is essential in developing strong problem-solving skills. Regularly investing in workshops, seminars, or online courses can help individuals stay up-to-date with the latest problem-solving strategies and tools. Additionally, encouraging a culture of learning and collaboration in the workplace can lead to more efficient problem-solving and a stronger team dynamic.

To conclude, there are numerous methods and tools available for problem-solving. The key is to identify the most appropriate strategy for the problem at hand, combining creativity with analytical thinking. With proper training and a collaborative mindset, individuals and teams can greatly enhance their problem-solving abilities, making them valuable assets in any workplace.

Significance of Education and Training

The significance of education and training in the realm of problem-solving careers cannot be overstated. Pursuing a career in this field generally requires a solid academic foundation along with specialized training to hone one’s skills. Educational administrators, for example, play a crucial role in shaping the education system and addressing issues related to equity and quality of education. 1

Education and training can be viewed as a fundamental stepping-stone in preparing individuals for a successful career in problem-solving. Academic backgrounds ranging from engineering and mathematics to social sciences and management provide diverse perspectives and tools for solving complex real-world problems. Furthermore, specialized training equips individuals with practical knowledge and technical expertise, making them more effective problem solvers in their respective fields.

The US Department of Labor highlights the importance of education and training in problem-solving careers by stating that higher-level positions often demand a stronger academic background, along with specialized training and certifications. 2 This demonstrates the correlation between proper education, training, and career success in problem-solving-based fields.

In conclusion, the importance of education and training in problem-solving careers should not be overlooked. A strong academic background, combined with practical training and experience, enables individuals to thrive in their chosen fields. Educational administrators and other key stakeholders play an essential role in shaping the education system and ensuring equitable access to valuable resources and training opportunities.

Using Occupational Information for Career Guidance

When seeking the best careers for problem-solving, one valuable resource is the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) . O*NET is a comprehensive database created by the US Department of Labor that compiles detailed information on hundreds of occupations. This network assists individuals in making informed decisions about their career paths based on their problem-solving skills and interests.

The O*NET database contains information on various aspects of each occupation, including required skills, knowledge, abilities, and job tasks. By utilizing this information, individuals can match their strengths in critical thinking, analysis, and creativity to suitable career opportunities.

Some of the careers for problem solvers identified on O*NET include positions in engineering, information technology, and the sciences. However, it’s important to recognize that there is a wide range of occupations that require two years or less of training and still utilize problem-solving skills, such as construction carpenters, computer user support specialists, and environmental engineering technicians.

While exploring O*NET, users can also examine related occupations and industries, providing further insight into potential career paths. By evaluating various aspects of each occupation and considering the required education and training, individuals can make informed decisions about pursuing a career that aligns with their problem-solving abilities.

Remember to use the O*NET database as a starting point for career guidance. It’s essential to do additional research, gather information from professionals working in the field, and consider personal preferences and goals when deciding on the best career path. Making use of the Occupational Information Network can lead to a fulfilling career that harnesses one’s natural problem-solving skills and abilities.

Specific Careers for Problem Solvers

If you have a knack for solving complicated issues and enjoy finding solutions to challenging tasks, then a career in problem-solving could be the ideal path for you. There are numerous professions that focus on analytical thinking and technical expertise, offering unique and exciting opportunities for those who thrive in such environments. Here, we will discuss some of the best careers for problem solvers across various fields.

Actuaries , for instance, are tasked with assessing and analyzing financial risks for insurance companies, and making data-driven decisions based on their calculations. Actuaries utilize their analytical skills and statistical knowledge on a daily basis, making it a natural fit for problem solvers.

In the legal realm, both judges and lawyers play critical roles in addressing complex disputes and resolving conflicts. Judges are responsible for impartially interpreting the law, while lawyers work to resolve their clients’ legal issues by navigating through intricate laws and regulations. Both professions demand strong analytical thinking and problem-solving abilities.

Computer science is another field where problem-solving skills are highly valued. Computer scientists develop algorithms, build software, and tackle challenges in artificial intelligence and machine learning. Similarly, software developers combine their technical expertise with creativity to design and create innovative solutions for various problems.

Other careers in the science field, such as chemists and statisticians , also involve problem-solving skills as they conduct research, analyze data, and develop models. Radiologists – who interpret medical imagery and diagnose diseases – and neurologists – who diagnose and treat neurological disorders – are examples of problem-solving careers in the medical field.

Financial analysts and accountants are essential in the world of business, as they are responsible for analyzing financial data and providing valuable advice on how to allocate resources and make sound decisions. Strong analytical skills are crucial for these roles.

Careers such as detective and air traffic controller involve keeping people safe by applying problem-solving abilities in high-stress situations. Detectives piece together clues and analyze evidence to resolve crimes, whereas air traffic controllers manage flight routes and prevent the likelihood of collisions.

In the realm of management, project managers and logistics managers tackle complex challenges by organizing resources, managing timelines, and ensuring smooth coordination of operations. Successful management professionals exhibit strong problem-solving skills, which are essential in navigating various scenarios and achieving goals.

Finally, chief executives are responsible for making high-level decisions for their organizations. They must have a strong grasp on the business landscape, innovative ideas, and excellent problem-solving abilities to lead their companies successfully through uncertain times.

It’s evident that there’s no shortage of problem-solving careers spanning a wide array of industries. Those with natural analytical thinking and a passion for resolving challenges will likely excel in these professions and find a fulfilling career path.

Importance of Management and Decision-Making Skills

In today’s competitive business world, management and decision-making skills play a crucial role in the success of an organization. For professionals like chief executives and project managers, these skills are essential to effectively handle various situations and challenges that arise in the workplace.

One of the primary responsibilities of managers and executives is making decisions . They need to determine the best course of action to achieve the organization’s objectives while considering various factors such as resources, constraints, and uncertainties. By making well-informed decisions, they can drive innovation, productivity, and growth.

In the context of project management , problem-solving and decision-making are intertwined. Project managers are responsible for planning, executing, and closing projects, which requires assessing risks, allocating resources, and addressing unexpected challenges. Effective problem-solving enables them to find creative solutions and make timely decisions that can positively impact the project’s outcome.

Moreover, decision-making in management often involves collaboration and teamwork. Managers need to communicate their vision and goals effectively, listen to inputs from team members, and be open to different perspectives and ideas . By fostering a collaborative environment, they can harness the collective intelligence of the team and achieve better results.

In conclusion, management and decision-making skills are essential in a variety of career paths, including chief executives and project managers. These professionals must demonstrate the ability to navigate complex situations, make well-informed choices, and collaborate effectively with their teams. By cultivating these skills, individuals can become successful leaders who drive positive change and growth in their organizations.

• https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10833-021-09437-z ↩
• https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2014/spring/art02.pdf ↩

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Software Developers, Lawyers, and 11 Other Occupations That Demand Frequent Problem-Solving

May 4, 2023

Only about 14% of civilian workers have to solve problems on a daily basis, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics . But some jobs are all about problem-solving.

Looking at the BLS 2022 data, ClickUp found that software developers, executives, and lawyers are among the top 13 jobs that demand the most frequent problem-solving. Occupations on the list are ranked by the estimated percentage of workers in each job who had to solve problems more than once per day.

Over 100 jobs were reviewed in the analysis, and only those where more than half of the workers problem-solved multiple times daily made the rankings. Nearly half of the jobs on the list involve management responsibilities. 

Management positions come with many problem-solving requirements because of the need to oversee people and processes; define goals and break them down into smaller, assignable tasks; and make resource management decisions based on theory and data.

Employers value problem-solving in the workplace because workers with these skills are better able to overcome challenges independently, suggest new ideas and improve processes , and save the company and its customers time and money.

Focusing on and developing advanced, nuanced, and quick-reaction problem-solving skills might even help insulate, to a degree, some knowledge-based professionals from the most disruptive effects of artificial intelligence and automation technologies.

The MIT Sloan Management Review found the most likely skills to be automated are those that can be “standardized and codified.” The research noted that tasks requiring physical or real-time resolution typically had lower automation rates. That was due to the fact that creating tools that can handle the unpredictability of those tasks is either too expensive, involves too much work, or may not yet be technologically achievable.

Problem-solving is a skill that can be practiced and honed. There is a wide array of literature and coursework available for learning established methods of problem-solving, with specialties in topics like parallel thinking, decomposition, research, and analysis. Even practicing word and logic puzzles as a leisure activity can help hone problem-solving skills.

A COMPLETE GUIDE TO RESOURCE ALLOCATION Understand the ins and outs of resource allocation to maximize productivity and efficiency with this handy guide.

13. Electrical engineers

12. transportation, storage, and distribution managers, 11. computer and information systems managers, 10. architectural and engineering managers, 9. k-12 education administrators, 8. natural sciences managers, 7. software developers, 6. physicists, 5. chief executives, 4. nurse practitioners, 3. personal financial advisors, 1. podiatrists, enhance your problem-solving skills and boost your management efficiency with clickup.

• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 51.7%
• Nationwide employment : 186,020 (1.32 per 1,000 jobs)

Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and maintain electrical systems and components. They may identify problems, design circuitry and other parts, and create prototypes to test their solutions. And they can encounter surprises.

For instance, in 1945, Percy Lebaron Spencer, an electrical engineer for Raytheon, was working on radar equipment and noticed a candy bar in his pocket melted. Applying critical thinking and problem-solving skills, he devised a series of tests, observations, and experiments, ultimately inventing the microwave oven.

Hands-on experience and professional development help electrical engineers develop their analytical and critical thinking skills. Participating in professional associations can also assist in the development of their communication and teamwork abilities, allowing them to collaborate effectively with their colleagues and clients .

• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 52.6%
• Nationwide employment : 144,640 (1.027 per 1,000 jobs)

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers are involved in the planning, directing, and coordinating of transportation, storage, and distribution activities.

These logistics professionals must organize and manage the work of subordinates, effectively use analytical and inventory software, evaluate and act on data and reports, and communicate and collaborate with other departments.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a nonstop series of problems to solve for transportation, storage, and distribution managers, who have had to deal with demand spikes, driver shortages, and soaring warehouse costs. Now rising inflation and cooling demand are going to send their own series of problems through the pipeline in the reverse direction.

Staying on top of important data, such as changing regulations, weather, software innovations, and tariffs are some of the steps transportation, storage, and distribution managers take to be better prepared to problem-solve. Obtaining certificates and pursuing coursework in supply chain management and other related fields of study are also beneficial for practicing and developing key problem-solving skills.

• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 54.0%
• Nationwide employment : 485,190 (3.444 per 1,000 jobs)

Computer and information systems managers are responsible for the planning and coordinating of computer-related activities within their organization. High levels of technical expertise, as well as people management skills, are required to be effective.

Duties for computer and information systems managers can include managing all of the organization’s personnel who are relevant to its computer systems, as well as consulting with end users and stakeholders to ensure computing plans align with organizational goals.

Staying current with the latest research and technology is an important step in preparation for becoming a better problem-solver as a computer and information system manager so that you are up to speed on current best practices when it is time to make or advise a decision. 

Another way to improve problem-solving skills is to hold routine meetings and solicit team feedback as a way to work on communication skills and ensure expectations and issues are being clearly understood and acted on.

• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 54.6%
• Nationwide employment : 187,100 (1.328 per 1,000 jobs)

Architectural and engineering managers plan, direct, and coordinate activities in the fields of architecture and engineering, according to the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook . For instance, they might oversee a construction and renovation project, develop and present project proposals and bids, and oversee the recruiting of staff for design and engineering teams.

Architectural and engineering managers need to be able to effectively lead and inspire their teams. They must also strictly adhere to project deadlines and exhibit superior written and oral communication skills, all of which require advanced problem-solving abilities.

To be better prepared as a problem-solver, architectural and engineering managers attend design showcases to examine the work of other professionals, take advantage of continuing education opportunities, and seize opportunities to gain further field experience.

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• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 54.8%
• Nationwide employment : 274,710 (1.95 per 1,000 jobs)

K-12 education administrators plan, direct, and coordinate the academic, administrative, or auxiliary activities of kindergarten, elementary, and secondary schools, according to the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook.

Whether managing teachers, helping students navigate curriculum challenges, or overseeing facility improvements, elementary administrators are constantly solving problems. And they’re expected to create “accurate, rapid, effective and accepted solutions,” depending on their visions “and school development programs,” according to a 2010 study .

Being an effective school administrator requires practice in building positive relationships, putting colleagues and families first, and using strategies to diffuse conflict and stressful situations. 

Participating in research opportunities, attending seminars and classes, and joining professional educational groups are all ways to stay current with the latest problem-solving tools and trends in the field.

• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 56.4%
• Nationwide employment : 74,760 (0.531 per 1,000 jobs)

Natural sciences managers are involved in supervising the work of scientists, including chemists, physicists, and biologists, according to the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook. These workers are in charge of activities that relate to research and development and coordinate testing, quality control, and production.

Natural sciences managers must use their highly developed research and scientific observation skills, and harness those of their direct reports, to uncover answers to complex technical issues.

Workers in this role are expected to perform functions like developing strategies and research projects; interviewing, hiring, and directing scientists, technicians, and support personnel; and administrative duties.

Because science moves so rapidly, natural science managers must constantly read and stay current with the latest developments so they have the knowledge and latest best practices to apply to their work. Attending health fairs, publishing papers, and working with a scientific mentor are some ways natural sciences managers build the skills and knowledge needed to be successful problem-solvers.

• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 58.4%
• Nationwide employment : 1,364,180 (9.683 per 1,000 jobs)

Software developers are in charge of analyzing users’ needs and designing and developing software to meet those needs, according to the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook. They design every part of an application or system and coordinate how each will work together.

Computer science itself is the study of problem-solving, so problem-solving skills are baked into all aspects of being a software developer. When designing and implementing code, troubleshooting and bug squashing, and communicating accurately and effectively within and between teams, software developers are problem-solving mavens.

Software developers hone their problem-solving skills through on-the-job experience, obtaining additional certifications and credentials, and staying current with rapid industry developments. Outside of their core job functions, they might contribute code to open source projects, participate in coding challenges and hackathons, or volunteer their time with nonprofit groups focused on building software solutions to civic challenges, such as Code for America.

EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AGILE Explore this hub of articles, guides and blueprints to understand Agile methodologies for software teams .

• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 60.3%
• Nationwide employment : 20,020 (0.142 per 1,000 jobs)

Physicists are scientists who study the interactions of matter and energy. Whether tackling climate change, hunting for new subatomic particles, or figuring out how to make a chocolate cake mix rise faster, physicists are solving problems all around us. 

From the epic to the everyday, physicists use step-by-step approaches, apply past solutions to new problems, diagram procedures, and verify results.

Physicists prepare themselves to be problem-solvers by drilling into the fundamentals of their field, learning and practicing problem-solving strategies, and participating in professional organizations. They may also tackle physics word problems and brain teasers in their free time and then share solutions and strategies with colleagues.

• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 61.8%
• Nationwide employment : 200,480 (1.423 per 1,000 jobs)

Top executives plan strategies and policies to ensure an organization meets its goals, according to the BLS, which includes coordinating and directing the company and organization activities.

Recognizing gaps between where an organization is and its goals—and devising and implementing solutions, often in real time—is core to the role of an executive. 

Putting structures in place to develop new products, overcoming budget shortfalls, keeping pace with the competition, navigating regulations, and managing the personalities and career growth of staff are all types of problems executives need to solve.

Executives take training and development programs to improve their problem-solving and management skills. They may volunteer their management expertise to a nonprofit or become a mentor to a more junior manager. Executives attend conferences and workshops and stay current on their industry news to expand their skills, including problem-solving.

• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 62.4%
• Nationwide employment : 234,690 (1.666 per 1,000 jobs)

Nurse practitioners diagnose and treat acute, episodic, or chronic illness, independently or as part of a health care team, according to the BLS, and may focus on health promotion and disease prevention. They may be involved with ordering, performing, or interpreting lab work and X-rays, and can prescribe medication.

Nurses are called upon to apply their diverse knowledge to handle various situations during their shifts in a constantly changing environment. They might apply a solution from one set of patients to another. 

For example, one nurse described how a pain medication that worked for diabetic patients with neuropathy helped an amputation patient suffering from deep nerve pain who wasn’t responding well to traditional opioids.

Health care providers who stay on top of the most recent research report better patient outcomes. Nurse practitioners can use an evidence-based approach to apply a systematic process to review, analyze, and translate to the real world the latest health care and scientific evidence. Training, conferences, and social media also provide other sources of information to sharpen skills and knowledge.

• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 67.1%
• Nationwide employment : 263,030 (1.867 per 1,000 jobs)

Personal financial advisors assess their clients’ financial needs and advise them on investment decisions and navigating tax laws and insurance, according to the BLS. They help their clients with short- and long-term goals, like saving for college and retirement.

Saving for retirement in an environment with rising interest rates, coping with soaring college costs, and deciding what to do with the proceeds of a house sale are some of the issues that might come up for the clients of a personal financial advisor, which require tailored solutions.

In each case, personal financial advisors define their client’s problems, identify the causes, explore and decide on solutions , and implement them, according to Vesticor Advisors Managing Director Michael Sciortino.

Certifications—like certified financial planner, chartered financial analyst, or chartered financial consultant—or professional development courses can improve personal financial advisors’ hard skills and provide structured opportunities to learn and apply proven problem-solving strategies.

Participating in a pro bono program through a professional organization allows an advisor to apply their knowledge to help individuals, families, and communities in need while getting additional opportunities to practice tackling new and pressing problems.

• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 68.1%
• Nationwide employment : 681,010 (4.834 per 1,000 jobs)

Advising and representing individuals, businesses, and government agencies on legal issues and disputes are some of the main obligations of lawyers.

Lawyers must research and analyze legal problems and provide advice to their clients. They evaluate all manner of legal decisions—such as weighing the pros and cons of filing for a judgment versus offering a settlement in a case—negotiate contracts, and respond to cease and desist letters. Problem-solving is so key to the legal profession that it was placed at the top of an American Bar Association’s report on fundamental skills for lawyers, even before legal analysis.

Lawyers prepare to be problem-solvers by being active listeners, zeroing in on the details of a case, and reading up on the latest cases and legal strategies. Specialized problem-solving workshops, exercises, role-plays, and simulations— sometimes organized through professional societies —are other ways lawyers can develop their skills.

• Share of workers who problem-solve more than once per day : 85.5%
• Nationwide employment : 8,840 (0.063 per 1,000 jobs)

Podiatrists provide medical and surgical care for people with foot, ankle, and lower leg problems, according to the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook.

Patients come to their podiatrists presenting problems such as heel pain, bunions, ingrown toenails, and issues with gait and walking. Podiatrists listen to and diagnose the issue and prescribe solutions depending on what’s needed, such as orthotics, medical creams, or physical therapy.

Podiatrists sharpen their problem-solving skills by practicing and learning new and established methodologies for diagnosis and attending training sessions and conferences. They also practice regularly and seek feedback from patients and colleagues to improve their techniques and patient outcomes.

In today’s fast-paced business world, being an effective problem-solver is crucial for any role, especially management or leadership. Fortunately, there are various tools available to help you streamline your work and manage your tasks efficiently.

ClickUp, in particular, is an exceptional project management tool that can help you stay organized and achieve your goals. With ClickUp, you can easily track your progress, collaborate with your team members, and take corrective action whenever necessary.

Give ClickUp a try for free and take your management efficiency to the next level!

Guest Writer: Ben Popken

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• Career Planning
• Skills Development

What Are Problem-Solving Skills?

Definition & Examples of Problem-Solving Skills

• Problem-solving skills help you determine why an issue is happening and how to resolve that issue.

Learn more about problem-solving skills and how they work.

Problem-solving skills help you solve issues quickly and effectively. It's one of the  key skills that employers  seek in job applicants, as employees with these skills tend to be self-reliant. Problem-solving skills require quickly identifying the underlying issue and implementing a solution.

Problem-solving is considered a  soft skill  (a personal strength) rather than a hard skill that's learned through education or training. You can improve your problem-solving skills by familiarizing yourself with common issues in your industry and learning from more experienced employees.

How Problem-Solving Skills Work

Problem-solving starts with identifying the issue. For example, a teacher might need to figure out how to improve student performance on a writing proficiency test. To do that, the teacher will review the writing tests looking for areas of improvement. They might see that students can construct simple sentences, but they're struggling with writing paragraphs and organizing those paragraphs into an essay.

To solve the problem, the teacher would work with students on how and when to write compound sentences, how to write paragraphs, and ways to organize an essay.

Theresa Chiechi / The Balance

There are five steps typically used in problem-solving.

1. Analyze Contributing Factors

To solve a problem, you must find out what caused it. This requires you to gather and evaluate data, isolate possible contributing circumstances, and pinpoint what needs to be addressed for a resolution.

To do this, you'll use skills like :

• Data gathering
• Data analysis
• Fact-finding
• Historical analysis

2. Generate Interventions

Once you’ve determined the cause, brainstorm possible solutions. Sometimes this involves teamwork since two (or more) minds are often better than one. A single strategy is rarely the obvious route to solving a complex problem; devising a set of alternatives helps you cover your bases and reduces your risk of exposure should the first strategy you implement fail.

This involves skills like :

• Brainstorming
• Creative thinking
• Forecasting
• Project design
• Project planning

3. Evaluate Solutions

Depending on the nature of the problem and your chain of command, evaluating best solutions may be performed by assigned teams, team leads, or forwarded to corporate decision-makers. Whoever makes the decision must evaluate potential costs, required resources, and possible barriers to successful solution implementation.

This requires several skills, including:

• Corroboration
• Test development
• Prioritizing

4. Implement a Plan

Once a course of action has been decided, it must be implemented along with benchmarks that can quickly and accurately determine whether it’s working. Plan implementation also involves letting personnel know about changes in standard operating procedures.

This requires skills like:

• Project management
• Project implementation
• Collaboration
• Time management
• Benchmark development

5. Assess the Solution's Effectiveness

Once a solution is implemented, the best problem-solvers have systems in place to evaluate if and how quickly it's working. This way, they know as soon as possible whether the issue has been resolved or whether they’ll have to change their response to the problem mid-stream.

This requires:

• Communication
• Customer feedback
• Follow-through
• Troubleshooting

Here's an example of showing your problem-solving skills in a cover letter.

When I was first hired as a paralegal, I inherited a backlog of 25 sets of medical records that needed to be summarized, each of which was hundreds of pages long. At the same time, I had to help prepare for three major cases, and there weren’t enough hours in the day. After I explained the problem to my supervisor, she agreed to pay me to come in on Saturday mornings to focus on the backlog. I was able to eliminate the backlog in a month.

Here's another example of how to show your problem-solving skills in a cover letter:

When I joined the team at Great Graphics as Artistic Director, the designers had become uninspired because of a former director who attempted to micro-manage every step in the design process. I used weekly round-table discussions to solicit creative input and ensured that each designer was given full autonomy to do their best work. I also introduced monthly team-based competitions that helped build morale, spark new ideas, and improve collaboration.

Highlighting Problem-Solving Skills

• Since this is a skill that's important to most employers, put them front and center on your resume, cover letter, and in interviews.

If you're not sure what to include, look to previous roles—whether in academic, work, or volunteer settings—for examples of challenges you met and problems you solved. Highlight relevant examples in your  cover letter and use bullet points in your resume to show how you solved a problem.

During interviews, be ready to describe situations you've encountered in previous roles, the processes you followed to address problems, the skills you applied, and the results of your actions. Potential employers are eager to hear a  coherent narrative of the ways you've used problem-solving skills .

Interviewers may pose hypothetical problems for you to solve. Base your answers on the five steps and refer to similar problems you've resolved, if possible. Here are tips for answering problem-solving interview questions , with examples of the best answers.

Key Takeaways

• It's one of the key skills that employers seek in job applicants.
• Problem-solving starts with identifying the issue, coming up with solutions, implementing those solutions, and evaluating their effectiveness. 

Table of Contents

The problem-solving process, how to solve problems: 5 steps, train to solve problems with lean today, what is problem solving steps, techniques, & best practices explained.

Problem solving is the art of identifying problems and implementing the best possible solutions. Revisiting your problem-solving skills may be the missing piece to leveraging the performance of your business, achieving Lean success, or unlocking your professional potential. 

Ask any colleague if they’re an effective problem-solver and their likely answer will be, “Of course! I solve problems every day.” 

Problem solving is part of most job descriptions, sure. But not everyone can do it consistently. 

Problem solving is the process of defining a problem, identifying its root cause, prioritizing and selecting potential solutions, and implementing the chosen solution.

There’s no one-size-fits-all problem-solving process. Often, it’s a unique methodology that aligns your short- and long-term objectives with the resources at your disposal. Nonetheless, many paradigms center problem solving as a pathway for achieving one’s goals faster and smarter. 

One example is the Six Sigma framework , which emphasizes eliminating errors and refining the customer experience, thereby improving business outcomes. Developed originally by Motorola, the Six Sigma process identifies problems from the perspective of customer satisfaction and improving product delivery. 

Lean management, a similar method, is about streamlining company processes over time so they become “leaner” while producing better outcomes. 

Trendy business management lingo aside, both of these frameworks teach us that investing in your problem solving process for personal and professional arenas will bring better productivity.

1. Precisely Identify Problems

As obvious as it seems, identifying the problem is the first step in the problem-solving process. Pinpointing a problem at the beginning of the process will guide your research, collaboration, and solutions in the right direction. 

At this stage, your task is to identify the scope and substance of the problem. Ask yourself a series of questions: 

• What’s the problem? 
• How many subsets of issues are underneath this problem? 
• What subject areas, departments of work, or functions of business can best define this problem? 

Although some problems are naturally large in scope, precision is key. Write out the problems as statements in planning sheets . Should information or feedback during a later step alter the scope of your problem, revise the statements. 

Framing the problem at this stage will help you stay focused if distractions come up in later stages. Furthermore, how you frame a problem will aid your search for a solution. A strategy of building Lean success, for instance, will emphasize identifying and improving upon inefficient systems. 

2. Collect Information and Plan 

The second step is to collect information and plan the brainstorming process. This is another foundational step to road mapping your problem-solving process. Data, after all, is useful in identifying the scope and substance of your problems. 

Collecting information on the exact details of the problem, however, is done to narrow the brainstorming portion to help you evaluate the outcomes later. Don’t overwhelm yourself with unnecessary information — use the problem statements that you identified in step one as a north star in your research process. 

This stage should also include some planning. Ask yourself:

• What parties will ultimately decide a solution? 
• Whose voices and ideas should be heard in the brainstorming process? 
• What resources are at your disposal for implementing a solution? 

Establish a plan and timeline for steps 3-5. 

3. Brainstorm Solutions

Brainstorming solutions is the bread and butter of the problem-solving process. At this stage, focus on generating creative ideas. As long as the solution directly addresses the problem statements and achieves your goals, don’t immediately rule it out. 

Moreover, solutions are rarely a one-step answer and are more like a roadmap with a set of actions. As you brainstorm ideas, map out these solutions visually and include any relevant factors such as costs involved, action steps, and involved parties. 

With Lean success in mind, stay focused on solutions that minimize waste and improve the flow of business ecosystems. 

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4. Decide and Implement

The most critical stage is selecting a solution. Easier said than done. Consider the criteria that has arisen in previous steps as you decide on a solution that meets your needs. 

Once you select a course of action, implement it. 

Practicing due diligence in earlier stages of the process will ensure that your chosen course of action has been evaluated from all angles. Often, efficient implementation requires us to act correctly and successfully the first time, rather than being hurried and sloppy. Further compilations will create more problems, bringing you back to step 1. 

5. Evaluate

Exercise humility and evaluate your solution honestly. Did you achieve the results you hoped for? What would you do differently next time? 

As some experts note, formulating feedback channels into your evaluation helps solidify future success. A framework like Lean success, for example, will use certain key performance indicators (KPIs) like quality, delivery success, reducing errors, and more. Establish metrics aligned with company goals to assess your solutions.

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15 Best Problem Solving Jobs (Highest Paying)

by Erin Schollaert

Updated September 22, 2022

Although some would rather have an easy job, many would rather have a job that always keeps them on their toes.

After all, a job that allows you to solve new problems and be creative every day will stay interesting for far longer. Moreover, if you’re clever and interested in problem solving jobs , you’ll be surprised at how well they pay.

These are some of the top problem solving careers , what they offer, and how you can get into them!

15. Social and Community-Service Manager

Average yearly income: $69,600 (U.S. News)

This may be the lowest paying of these jobs for problem solvers , but it will keep anyone busy and taking on challenge after challenge.

Social and community service managers meet with funding providers and community members to discuss programs and organizations that support public well-being.

This could mean targeting your attention towards helping homeless people or by doing general community health and wellness activities that keep people in shape. You may even help people who can not find a job .

14. Accountant

Average yearly income: $73,560 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics)

Accountants are professionals who take care of bookkeeping, prepare financial documents like balance sheets profit and loss statements, and even perform audits.

Although their main job is to keep and interpret records, they analyze profits and losses and have to be able to problem-solve to help figure out financial plans that can benefit whomever they work for.

This is a highly detail-oriented position and requires skills in law, math, finance, and problem-solving to make this job thrilling.

Make sure you stand out when applying for this role by following these tips for finding a great job .

Tactics for Success Having strong ethics is a must for this role because of the amount of money you’ll be handling: if you’re worried you might be tempted by it, this isn’t a job you should take. People skills are more likely to keep you hired in this role than anything else, be aware of how your interactions with others may affect them.

13. Geologist

Average yearly income: $78,805 (Indeed)

Many may be confused why a geologist would have to be good at problem-solving, but the main part of this job is problem-solving!

Geologists conduct studies that locate rocks containing important metals and plan the mines and methods to remove them from the Earth.

Therefore, they have to be intelligent and clever enough to know where to test, mine, and what minerals and metals they’re working with.

12. Detective

Average yearly income: $83,170 (Career Explorer)

Detectives are uniformed or plainclothes police officers who collect evidence and gather information related to criminal cases. This is the most obvious choice for someone who wants to solve problems.

Beyond getting to help investigate and solve crimes, they conduct interviews, monitor suspects, examine records, and participate in raids and arrests. This requires a sharp eye and ear for detail and an incredible memory.

Trends on the Rise Role availability for detectives has risen at a rate of 21% in recent years and is expected to keep growing. However, all detectives have to go through several years as police officers before getting this role, so it’s not something you can apply to.

11. Chemist

Average yearly income: $83,850 (Forbes)

If you love detailed work, this one’s for you.

As a chemist, you’ll investigate the matter at the level of atoms and molecules and then measure reaction rates and proportions to understand how foreign substances behave or even create new compounds that can improve people’s daily lives.

In this role, you’ll have to problem solve why and how substances act, what you can do to duplicate that reaction, and how it can be put to use.

A degree in science opens many doors. Here are some ways to make money with a physics degree .

10. Computer Programmer

Average yearly income: $85,236 (Career Explorer)

Computer programmers test and write code that ensures that software and applications run properly.

In addition, they’re involved in maintaining them: which requires computer programmers to be awesome at debugging and troubleshooting these systems.

Half of the job can feel like solving problems and answering riddles to get the system to work as required. This job takes a lot of patience, but it’s worth it for the high pay and constantly changing job needs.

Working for a startup is a great way to begin your career as a Computer Programmer.

Tactics for Success You don’t need a degree for this job if you’re proficient, but having a degree can increase your pay by twenty to thirty thousand a year. Having an understanding of multiple programming languages can make you far more hirable and will give you a better chance at scoring a job.

9. Psychologist

Average yearly income: $85,340 (Forbes)

If you’re a people person and a problem solver: this is the job for you. Psychologists study emotion, social, and cognitive processes, and behavior by analyzing how people interact with one another and their environments.

They can then use their findings to help improve the processes in place for individuals.

This job requires you to deep dive into thoughts, emotions, feelings, and behavior in ways that require a lot of problem-solving to understand.

There are plenty of different jobs that use a psychology degree .

8. Statistician

Average yearly income: $92,270 (U.S. News)

Statisticians apply statistical methods and models to real-world problems. This can help companies make huge decisions or could help explain how much someone is entitled to in court.

Statisticians have to be able to handle a huge amount of information, understand the right way to read that information, and know the best way it can then be applied to the matters at hand.

This is a great job for any problem solver.

7. UX Designer

Average yearly income: $102,000 (Coursera)

Every UX designer must stay focused on all parts of a product’s development, from design, function, and usability to branding and marketing.

This role works from end to end, ensuring that a user’s interaction with the product is what the company wants it to be.

In this position, you’ll need to be able to problem-solve to fix anything that doesn’t serve the company’s needs or is confusing for users.

Trends on the Rise Only 55% of companies conduct any UX testing : but that number is quickly rising since 70% of customer complaints are currently about their user experience. Positions in this role are growing by 3% every year, with predictions saying they’ll continue to grow.

6. Aerospace Engineers

Average yearly income: $118,610 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics)

This job requires a strict understanding of math, science and an ability to keep secrets.

As an aerospace engineer, you’ll work to design spacecraft, satellites, missiles, and aircraft, as well as test prototypes to ensure they function according to their designs.

Unfortunately, not everything works perfectly on the first go, and in these instances, you must be a great problem solver so that you can correct the issue.

5. Air Traffic Controller

Average yearly income: $120,830 (Forbes)

Air traffic controllers live in the most stressful job on this list. Every day they make decisions and solve issues that hold hundreds of lives in the air.

Using radar, computers, and visual references, they monitor and direct aircraft movement on the ground and in the sky at airports.

They often manage multiple aircraft at once and have to be able to make quick decisions to ensure everyone’s safety. This isn’t a job for anyone who can’t handle stress.

4. Preventive Medicine Physicians

Average yearly income: $166,074 (ZipRecruiter)

This is one of the most important jobs on this list since it helps prevent illnesses from worsening and seriously harming patients.

Preventative medicine doctors focus on people’s health and define populations to protect their future health. This means setting up plans to help avoid future illness, disability, and premature death.

This can be a heavy job, with a lot of pressure resting on you making the right choices, but it’s a fantastic role that’s always different and continuously surprises.

3. Hospitalist

Average yearly income: $219,989 (Talent.com)

Hospitalist doctors specialize in treating and diagnosing various illnesses and diseases. They can order testing or medications and work to ensure treatments go according to expectation.

In this role, they provide general medical care to hospitalized patients, lead medical teams, and then coordinate care.

You have to have an incredible eye for detail and great problem-solving skills to work in this role.

2. Allergists and Immunologists

Average yearly income: $258,532 (Physicians Thrive)

A medical doctor who works as an allergist or immunologist is specially trained to treat and manage asthma and allergies.

This requires at least nine years of training and needs you to be able to diagnose and know how to treat and solve issues brought to you by patients.

Problem-solving is important since the wrong treatment could be seriously harmful to patients.

1. Radiologist

Average yearly income: $485,460 (Health Imaging)

As the highest paying role on this list, it’s no surprise that this is an extremely complicated job.

Radiologists are medical doctors who diagnose and treat diseases and injuries using medical imaging like X-rays, computed tomography, nuclear medicine, and several other types.

You have to be able to problem-solve what each diagnosis may be and work equipment that’s worth millions every single day. This job is a lot of stress and a lot of problem-solving.

Wrapping Up

Smart people tend to get bored more easily, so it makes sense that many intelligent people feel drawn to jobs that keep their minds going.

So whether you’ve always loved problem-solving or you’re aching for a career you’ll never get bored in, any of these fifteen jobs can offer you a chance at something incredible!

Erin Schollaert

Erin is a business teacher and mother of three. When she’s not in the classroom or fulfilling her obligations as an A+ hockey and lacrosse mom, she’s working on her latest article.

• Erin Schollaert https://www.trendsandtactics.com/author/erinschollaert8799gmail-com/ 16 Funny Ways to Make Money that Pay Shockingly Well
• Erin Schollaert https://www.trendsandtactics.com/author/erinschollaert8799gmail-com/ Turn Trash to Treasure: Guide to Recycling Old Computers for a Hefty Payday!
• Erin Schollaert https://www.trendsandtactics.com/author/erinschollaert8799gmail-com/ Stay Average or Soar High: 15 Lucrative Side Gigs for Men to Boost Their Earnings
• Erin Schollaert https://www.trendsandtactics.com/author/erinschollaert8799gmail-com/ Are You Leaving Money on the Table? Discover the 11 Best Food Delivery Apps to Boost Your Income

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10 Examples of Problem Solving for Job Candidates

• Early Career

What is one good example of problem-solving that a candidate can reference in a job interview?

It’s common interview advice you’ve likely heard before: provide specific examples of your past accomplishments. Need some help narrowing down just which accomplishment you should share during an interview? Try referencing a time when you provided a solution to a tricky business-oriented problem.

This is sure to impress any interviewer, but don’t take our word for it. Here are 10 recruiters weighing in with examples they’d love to hear when interviewing candidates.

Sold reluctant team members on a new process, rescued the team from a website crash, got creative with a limited, tight budget, discovered & corrected their own mistake, delivered on a time-crunch deadline with limited resources, a comeback from a lagging project to on-time delivery, didn’t let conflict indefinitely stall a project, thought outside of the box for an innovative solution, used a competitor’s mistake as a learning opportunity, sought external partnership to address a budget crunch.

A good example of problem-solving is when a candidate I was interviewing for a position told me about the situation in which he was working with a team, and he wanted to implement a new process, but the whole team was against it. The candidate was able to go around and talk to each person on the team individually, work out their concerns and then present that information in a way that everyone could understand and agree with. This allowed the team to progress on the project, which helped them meet deadlines and ultimately implement the new process.

This is a great example, and especially so with how he described it in an engaging and convincing storytelling fashion. It shows that the candidate can work with people from all different backgrounds and personalities. It also shows that he has the ability to listen, understand, and communicate effectively in order to get a problem solved while working in a team.

Shaun Connell, Connell Media

Discuss an unexpected challenge that you handled without managerial input. For example, maybe the website crashed or some site assets were delayed for a new product launch. How did you come to the rescue for your team and use your problem-solving skills to find a resolution? This shows that you can take initiative and don’t panic at the sight of conflict.

Natália Sadowski, Nourishing Biologicals

One great example of problem-solving a candidate can reference in a job interview is a time they worked through a limited budget. Finding creative solutions to money problems is always a desired characteristic, even outside accounting. It shows a candidate knows how to make use of what they have. Specific examples of resourcefulness will also go a long way in an interview.

Sasha Ramani, MPOWER Financing

Problem-solving requires multiple reasoning stages—from recognizing the problem, analyzing it, looking for a solution, and finding the winning one. Sharing how you fixed your own mistake is probably the best way to include all of those elements. If you talk about your own experience, you can describe how you discovered your error and your step-by-step journey to finding the appropriate solution. This story is double-beneficial. Besides showing your problem-solving skills, it shows that you are an ambitious, independent employee.

Karolina Zajac, PhotoAiD

A job candidate can reference an instance where they resolved a time-management problem. While this is specific to each applicant, it can be a situation where a deadline was crucial and resources were lacking. Describe how you resolved the resource issue to meet the product or service deadline along with the results afterward. Your answer should describe the steps you took to resolve the problem as well as how you came up with the solution to meet the need.

Tanya Klien, Anta Plumbing

The interviewer likes to hear a story that demonstrates you can face obstacles under pressure while working well with others. Speak briefly to a project and what proved challenging. For example, you can talk about a specific social media campaign that required involvement from many different departments. You realized that some of the departments were behind the deadline, so you arranged one-on-one meetings with them. You heard these workers out on how you can help them get the job done on time and scheduled follow-up meetings to check their progress. The project was delivered on time.

Monte Deere, Kizik

A fantastic problem-solving example to use in a job interview is conflict resolution. Tackling disagreements between others whether they include you or not can show off valuable skills that an employer would be interested in. It shows that you are adaptable and have excellent negotiation skills, making yourself that much more attractive as a candidate. Think of any kind of disagreement that could have stalled the progress of work and explain how you went about efficiently addressing everyone’s grievances and how the conflict was ultimately resolved.

Adrien Dissous, Babo Botanicals

Refer to a situation where, thanks to thinking out of the box, you were able to come up with a new, innovative solution never used before. Be specific about the problem in question and explain why solving it mattered. Don’t forget to mention how proud you felt once your idea turned out to be successful. The given example covers a wide range of aspects worth noting by potential employers.

Actually, you indirectly show that you are determined, creative, and willing to improve your work environment. An action-driven approach, not standing still, and willingness to find the “ways out” are precious. Therefore, they should be valued and appreciated in all workplaces as the benefits they may bring are universal.

Agata Szczepanek, Resume Now

You don’t have to be an expert to give a generic problem-solving example. Such as, you might explain your approach to a problem by pointing out a mistake made by a competitor and how you would have handled the situation differently. If the same situation occurs at your new company, mention what you learned from the mistake and how you plan to handle it.

Jon Torres, Jon Torres

To showcase your problem-solving skills, the best example is about saving money for the organization. You can think of a situation where the lack of funds could drop or decrease the company’s profits. You can start by giving the background about how the lack of funds occurred and how you solved the issue. A typical example can be as simple as a department facing a money crunch due to previous delayed payments.

This is an especially difficult time as new projects often need new and costly pieces of equipment. But the lack of funds resulted in you digging up and finding a collaborative partner for an organization that helped complete the work with minimum investments. A situation like this will make the current recruiter aware of your management skills and dedication to saving money, allowing the organization to prosper.

Nathan Hughes, Art Ignition

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AI Prompt Engineering Isn’t the Future

• Oguz A. Acar

Asking the perfect question is less important than really understanding the problem you’re trying to solve.

Despite the buzz surrounding it, the prominence of prompt engineering may be fleeting. A more enduring and adaptable skill will keep enabling us to harness the potential of generative AI? It is called problem formulation — the ability to identify, analyze, and delineate problems.

Prompt engineering has taken the generative AI world by storm. The job, which entails optimizing textual input to effectively communicate with large language models, has been hailed by World Economic Forum as the number one “job of the future” while Open AI CEO Sam Altman characterized it as an “amazingly high-leveraged skill.” Social media brims with a new wave of influencers showcasing “magic prompts” and pledging amazing outcomes.

• Oguz A. Acar is a Chair in Marketing at King’s Business School, King’s College London.

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Women of color still lag behind in STEM jobs, despite efforts to change

Marisa Peñaloza

A mural at the first National STEM Festival held in Washington, D.C., this month shows the purpose of the gathering. High school students from around the country were celebrated for winning a science challenge. Dee Dwyer for NPR hide caption

On a recent Spring weekend 126 high school students from around the country gathered at the first National STEM Festival in Washington, D.C. They are winners of a science challenge organized by EXPLR , an organization that produces and distributes educational materials, including videos and curriculum, for high school students in the U.S.

The winners were here to showcase their projects in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) to government and industry leaders.

At the National STEM Festival, 12th-grader Treyonna Sullivan talks with visitors about her "Project Poop," created to encourage pet owners in her community to dispose of their pet's waste. Dee Dwyer for NPR hide caption

At the National STEM Festival, 12th-grader Treyonna Sullivan talks with visitors about her "Project Poop," created to encourage pet owners in her community to dispose of their pet's waste.

There were students like Treyonna Sullivan. She's 17 and a senior at Renaissance High School for Musical Theater in the Arts in the South Bronx, New York.

"My project is called Project Poop," she says, with a big smile. It's a smart trash can that counts the poop dumps put in it. It's a metal, ruby red bucket — when you press the handle the lid opens up and the computer counts the dump.

"We have a huge poop problem in my community," Sullivan says, and she believes that if people could see the daily number of dumps collected, perhaps people would start changing habits and clean up after their pets.

Treyonna Sullivan, 17, is a winner in a national science challenge. She created "Project Poop," a smart trash can that counts the poop dumps put in it. She's from the South Bronx in New York. Dee Dwyer for NPR hide caption

"It's like playing hopscotch to get everywhere, and it sucks because when you step on it, you carry it everywhere. It's just a mess," she says, adding that it's also bad for the environment. "It's not sanitary. And the more that we leave it out there, the more that it pollutes the air." It can also contaminate water when it rains and parasite and pathogen transmission can cause disease, she says.

Sullivan, dressed in a soft pink work suit, shows visitors her prototype of the can.

"It's coded in Python and it has a Raspberry Pi," she says.

Seventh-graders attended the National STEM Festival in D.C. They are, left to right, Makayla Warren, Morgan Locke, Maleah Johnson, Taryn Ward and Jordan Krull. They are part of an after-school STEM program in North Carolina. Dee Dwyer for NPR hide caption

Seventh-graders attended the National STEM Festival in D.C. They are, left to right, Makayla Warren, Morgan Locke, Maleah Johnson, Taryn Ward and Jordan Krull. They are part of an after-school STEM program in North Carolina.

Python is a computer programming language and a Raspberry Pi is a computer the size of a credit card, but with the features of a full computer, she says.

Her plan is to place the trash cans all over the South Bronx, she says. But first Sullivan needs to fundraise to be able to mass produce the smart can.

The South Bronx is known as the birthplace of hip-hop and graffiti. But Congressional district 15 is also the poorest in the country with a 27.7% poverty rate while the national rate is 11.5%, according to the U.S. Census.

Sullivan attends after-school classes at the Renaissance Youth Center , where she learned to code about three years ago, "and I fell in love with it even though it was frustrating at first and it was hard for me to understand everything."

Encouraged by the youth center's director, Sullivan entered the science challenge and she's still pinching herself to be a winner.

"It's incredible!" she says.

Attendees at the festival in Washington, D.C., checked out the science challenge's winning projects. Dee Dwyer for NPR hide caption

She looked up some of her competitors' backgrounds and she thought she didn't have a chance, she says.

"I feel like being able to have Black mentors and see more Black youth like me doing things that aren't really in our comfort zone — that really inspired me."

Sullivan has applied to college, and has already been accepted to several, she says, but she's waiting to hear about financial aid. She plans to study interior design with some aspects of STEM incorporated in design and construction, she says.

Science challenge-winner Nikita Prabhakar from Madison, Alabama, developed a non-invasive integrated sensor to monitor menorrhagia, a type of abnormal bleeding in a menstrual cycle. Dee Dwyer for NPR hide caption

It's hard to break stereotypes

Amid longstanding efforts to increase diversity in these fields, and as STEM jobs are expected to rise in the coming years, women of color remain underrepresented and underpaid in the STEM workforce, according to a Pew Research Center study .

Kuheli Dutt is Assistant Dean for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science in Cambridge, MA.

"In STEM fields, research shows that women of color face the most challenges and harassment, both explicit and implicit," Dutt says.

She's the lead author in a 2016 study that looked at gender disparity in recommendation letters and found that regardless of the gender of the letter writer, male applicants were more likely to receive outstanding letters compared to female applicants.

Hannah Coley, an 11th-grader from Stockbridge, Georgia, shows off her project, "The Effect of Fabric in Soil." Dee Dwyer for NPR hide caption

"There is a perception that men are smarter and therefore better at science. Unconscious biases can play out like that," Dutt says. "It starts really early on, and these messages keep getting reinforced over time."

Dutt mentions a 2018 study of children who were asked who was smarter, girls or boys? She says that 5-year-old kids were more likely to respond that their own group was smarter, but at 6, already both girls and boys were more likely to say that boys are smarter.

According to the latest National Science Foundation report, Diversity and STEM: Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities , the workforce in STEM careers is made up of 61% white, 21% Asian, 8% Black, 8% Latino.

Naya Ellis, a 9th-grader, is a native of New Orleans. She developed a stroke detector. Dee Dwyer for NPR hide caption

Now, says Dutt, it's even more important to address equity in STEM early on because of the current backlash against DEI (diversity, equity and inclusion) efforts — policies and practices that many schools and companies have adopted to make these spaces more equal for all.

For example, she says, students who come from under-resourced schools don't have the access to opportunities and resources that students from well-resourced schools do, "regardless of their race/ethnicity, there is an equity issue here that needs to be addressed."

Kara Branch, a chemical engineer by training, is the founder and CEO of Black Girls Do Engineer, an organization that empowers and inspires Black girls to go into STEM fields. Dee Dwyer for NPR hide caption

Kara Branch, a chemical engineer by training, is the founder and CEO of Black Girls Do Engineer, an organization that empowers and inspires Black girls to go into STEM fields.

Struck by impostor syndrome: Do I belong here?

Kara Branch is trained as a chemical engineer in Houston. Branch worked in the oil and gas industry as well as in the space industry for several years. She quit because she couldn't shake imposter syndrome.

"I felt like I wasn't wanted. I didn't feel comfortable," says the 34-year-old mother of three daughters. "I went to work every day just feeling like, 'Do I belong here?'"

Branch was raised by a single mother in Port Arthur, Texas, a predominantly disadvantaged Black community that's home to some of the world's largest refineries .

She says that she loved working as a chemical engineer, but she found the industry wasn't very welcoming to her.

A mural at the National STEM Festival in D.C. earlier this month is meant to inspire young people to think how science, technology, engineering and math can create a better world. Dee Dwyer for NPR hide caption

"I feel like I could not be myself," Branch says. "I had to change everything about me to fit in the environment."

"I was used to being myself, being free, being who I was," says Branch, who attended Prairie View A&M University, an HBCU. "But being myself in a corporate environment wasn't really always accepted. And so it was always very hard."

Branch says she's still passionate about the possibilities STEM careers can offer to women of color, but she felt a jolt when one of her daughters expressed interest in these fields.

"When my oldest daughter told me she wanted to come into this space, I wanted to be able to create a space not just for her, but for girls who look like her."

In 2019, Branch left her industry job and created Black Girls Do Engineer . It's a membership-based nonprofit that promotes STEM education and careers for girls.

It's important for Black girls to see professional Black women in the STEM workforce as well as to seek out mentors and allies to succeed, says Branch.

"When you're working on projects, you need to have everybody's perspective, everybody's ideas," she says. "And that comes from diversity."

"How are we going to make technology good for all?" she asks.

Archi Marrapu, 17, excitedly tells visitors about her project. "I usually get ideas based on problems that my family faces," says Marrapu, a junior at Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology , a magnet school in Alexandria, VA. Dee Dwyer for NPR hide caption

Finding inspiration in solving family problems

Back at the National STEM Festival in D.C., organized by the U.S. Department of Education and EXPLR, 17-year-old Archi Marrapu excitedly tells visitors about her project.

It's an artificial intelligence, or AI-based, system to help people track their daily medicine intake, especially people who take a large amount of pills a day, she says. The focus is on people with a condition like arthritis who may not be able to open a bottle or who have cognitive problems and may forget to take medications, she says.

"I usually get ideas based on problems that my family faces," says Marrapu, a junior at Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology , a magnet school in Alexandria, VA.

Marrapu's parents emigrated from Hyderabad in South India in the early 2000's, she says. She got interested in robotics and technology in elementary school, where she joined science clubs and competitions.

But it was on a trip to India in 2022 to visit family that Marrapu got the pill tracker idea.

"I was inspired by my grandfather who suffered from a series of heart and brain strokes," she says. "He had so many pills that he couldn't manage it. My grandmother couldn't manage it. It was like a small pharmacy. And I just thought about how important it was for him to make sure he was taking each of those pills."

Archie Marrapu, from Northern Virginia, created a "pill tracker". It's a plastic bottle fitted with ultrasonic sensors and an AI engine that tracks when/if a patient has taken his/her medication, among other things. Dee Dwyer for NPR hide caption

Marrapu's father takes medication to keep his diabetes in check. The pill tracker is designed to include an information section that was inspired by him.

"He really didn't know what other pills he could take with that medication, or if he had any dietary restrictions," she says.

Marrapu says there was a lot of confusion during the first weeks after her dad was put on the medication. The family relied on Google and multiple doctor visits, she says.

"I created a system that would send the user notifications, like, 'you've just taken your pill, please don't consume antacid until 2 hours have passed.' It's a guidance system so that people avoid compromising their medications," she says.

Marrapu knows she wants to study biomedical engineering with a minor in entrepreneurship when she goes to college, and her dream is to work in healthcare, she says.

"To make it more equitable, affordable and accurate as a whole," she says. "Healthcare is something that everyone deserves equally regardless of ethnicity or socioeconomic status."

She exudes self-assuredness and says she is aware of the disadvantages women of color face in STEM, but she's confident her generation will push for change.

"Whether it's talking to industries about hiring more women, giving women more opportunities with more pay, I think that's something women can change. I think women need to believe that they are enough," Marrapu says, emphasizing the word enough . "They can do whatever men can do, and they deserve whatever men do too."

Susie Cummings contributed research to this story.

Bridging the labor mismatch in US construction

The US construction sector seems set for a jobs boom. The US Bipartisan Infrastructure Law  projects $550 billion of new infrastructure investment over the next decade, which our modeling suggests could create 3.2 million new jobs across the nonresidential construction value chain. That’s approximately a 30 percent increase in the overall US nonresidential construction workforce, which would mean 300,000 to 600,000 new workers entering the sector—every year.

This is a big ask for an industry that is already struggling to find the people it needs. In October 2021, 402,000 construction positions 1 Included both nonresidential and residential construction openings. Further granularity is not available from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. remained unfilled at the end of the month, the second-highest level recorded since data collection began in December 2000.

In this environment, wages have already increased significantly since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting intense competition for employees, with employers offering higher pay or other nonwage benefits. Between December 2019 and 2021, construction wages grew by 7.9 percent. 2 Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Competition from other sectors for the same pool of labor is heating up, too. For example, over the same period, transportation and warehousing wages grew by 12.6 percent. The prospect of higher pay and better working conditions is already tempting experienced workers away from construction and into these and other sectors.

No end in sight

Today’s mismatches are likely to persist because of structural shifts in the labor market. The relationship between job openings and unemployment has departed from historical trends. In January 2022—two years from the start of the pandemic—the US unemployment rate stood at 4.0 percent, close to its prepandemic level of 3.5 percent. Job openings remained exceptionally high, however, with 10.9 million unfilled positions as of the end of December 2021, compared with 5.9 million in December 2019.

This labor supply imbalance has multiple root causes, some shorter term and cyclical while others are more structural in nature. For example, the pandemic brought forward the retirements of many in the baby-boomer generation, with an estimated 3.2 million leaving the workforce in 2020—over a million more than in any year before 2016. According to the American Opportunity Survey , among those who are unemployed, concerns about physical health, mental health, and lack of childcare remain the dominant impediments preventing reentry into the workforce. Research on the “Great Attrition/Great Attraction”  also highlights the importance of nonwage components of the employee value proposition. Record job openings and quit rates highlight employees’ growing emphasis on feeling valued by their organization, supportive management, and flexibility and autonomy at work.

Additionally, the pipeline of new construction workers is not flowing as freely as it once did. Training programs have been slow to restart operations after pandemic-driven safety concerns led to their suspension the spring of 2020. The industry is finding it more difficult to attract the international workforce that has been an important source of talent for engineering, design, and contracting activities. Net migration has been falling since 2016, a trend accelerated by COVID-19 travel restrictions. 3 Population estimates, US Census Bureau. Between 2016 and 2021, net migration declined steadily from 1.06 million to 244,000.

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Impact on projects.

The interconnected nature of the construction value chain means that the labor mismatch generates knock-on effects across the project life cycle and supply chain. By late 2021, project owners were reporting that up to 25 percent of material deliveries to sites were either late or incomplete. In project execution, the combination of higher hourly rates, premiums and incentives, and overtime payments was resulting in overall labor costs as much as double prepandemic levels. Meanwhile, difficulty accessing skilled and experienced people was leading some owners to report project delays related to issues around the quality and productivity of on-site work.

In some US cities and their suburbs, wage growth has surpassed the level seen in core Gulf Coast counties at the height of the shale oil boom. Labor shortages in the shale sector drove wages up by 5 to 10 percent and were correlated with steep drops in productivity. The productivity of some tasks fell by 40 percent or more during shale construction peaks (exhibit), and overall productivity declined by about 40 percent per year when labor was in short supply. This forced owners to extend project timelines by 20 to 25 percent. The impact of a long-term, nationwide labor mismatch might be even more severe than the shale industry’s experience, given that oil companies were able to attract new workers from around the country.

Getting back into balance

The labor mismatch in the construction sector is bad today, and set to get worse. To avoid a decade or more of rising costs, falling productivity, and ever-increasing project delays, companies in the industry should consider thoughtful actions now.

Those actions could address three components of the challenge. First, companies could do everything possible to maximize productivity through measures aimed at improving efficiency across the value chain. Second, they could expand the pool of available labor by doubling down on accessing diverse talent and working harder to retain the employees already in their organization. Finally, they could consider making labor a strategic priority, with senior leadership attention within companies.

Improving construction productivity

Companies could access a range of levers to reduce the labor content required per job and drive to improve productivity in project development and delivery. Those levers involve changes to project designs and fresh thinking about when, where, and how work is done.

Improvements in productivity occur long before work starts on the ground. They include rigorous control of project scope, design simplification, and standardization. Increasing the use of off-site and modular construction , for example, could allow projects to capture multiple benefits, including accelerated design cycles; the greater productivity associated with industrialized, factory floor manufacturing techniques; automation; and less time spent on site.

Smarter execution management, enabled by digital technologies and analytics techniques could drive better, faster decision making during project delivery. Real-time data collection, for example, gives project managers earlier, more detailed insights about progress, allowing them to intervene more effectively to maintain productivity and keep projects on track. Intelligent simulation software allows teams to evaluate hundreds of thousands of possible critical paths, identifying approaches that could be more efficient or less risky than the conventional wisdom.

Lean construction is another proven way to drive significant and sustainable productivity improvements. Establishing a centralized, continuous improvement engine could enhance on-site execution through integrated planning, performance management, and waste elimination. Key stakeholders across the project work with a common, agreed set of key performance indicators. That allows them to address issues in real time and facilitates collaboration to reduce waste and variability work. Capability building across the planning and construction teams could help team members understand and adopt lean construction practices.

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Reimagining talent.

To ensure access to the skills they need, construction sector companies can accelerate the onboarding of recruits, boost retention by revisiting what employees want beyond wages, and invest more in developing their pipelines of future workers.

In the near term, employers could prioritize review of job applications and reduce the number of steps in both the interview and onboarding process. In the medium term, both the public and private sectors could look to reduce hiring timelines and shift to a skills-based approach when hiring.

In the medium term, retaining current staff and attracting new talent will both turn on understanding of what employees value beyond wages. Competitive wages are now table stakes, so employees are thinking about a broader set of benefits and workplace characteristics when making decisions about where to work. Research on attrition in the postpandemic workplace  has shown that they are placing more emphasis on autonomy, flexibility, support, and upward mobility.

In the longer term, the construction industry can consider a new approach to talent attraction, development, and retention. Talent acquisition could begin early, through partnerships with educational institutions including universities, colleges, and high schools. These partnerships could boost awareness of the possibilities of a career in the sector and ensure future employees have appropriate skills prior to onboarding.

Companies could also look more widely for potential recruits, considering individuals who have taken alternative educational paths, such as technical degrees or hands-on experience. The Rework America Alliance , a Markle-led coalition in which McKinsey is a partner, illustrates the importance of skills-based, rather than credential-based, hiring. A skills-based perspective  is key to tapping into the talents of the 106 million workers who have built capabilities through experience but whose talents are often unrecognized because they don’t have a four-year college degree. A skills-based approach could be complemented by reimagining apprenticeships to bring younger students and vocational talent into the industry at an earlier stage in their careers.

Employers could consider working with a range of nontraditional sources of talent, including veteran-transition programs, formerly incarcerated individuals, and others. Homeboy Industries provides an example of the local impact, effectiveness, and potential of working with often overlooked population segments. Moreover, identifying and attracting talent from outside the traditional paths used by the construction industry could also help it to increase the diversity of its workforce. Today, 88 percent of the sector’s workforce is White and 89 percent is male. 4 Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey Database, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, accessed March 10, 2022.

Looking at labor through a strategic lens

Labor and skills shortages have the potential to slow growth and erode profitability across the construction value chain. For C-suites, there’s no other single issue that could protect against significant cost erosion. Companies could consider establishing a systematic talent acquisition and retention program, led by a C-level executive and a core part of the CEO agenda. That program could first be tasked with building a robust fact base on current and emerging labor needs and availability gaps. It could then identify a bold set of initiatives that address labor-related issues across the value chain. This exercise starts in the boardroom, but it doesn’t stop there. Leadership will likely need to be increasingly present in the field and on the job site too, celebrating and recognizing top talent throughout the organization.

The labor challenge extends well beyond corporate boundaries. Since the successful delivery of a project could be jeopardized by labor shortages in a single value-chain participant, project owners and contractors may want to adapt the structure of project relationships and contracts. Moving away from traditional contracting methods to collaborative contracts , for example, allows participants to share market risks and opportunities as a project evolves, rather than baking in worst-case estimates at the outset of negotiations.

The US construction sector is poised to revitalize, replace, and expand the country’s infrastructure. Done right, that will power inclusive growth and set up the economy for success in the 21st century. To do so, the sector will need to address its labor challenges. That calls for the application of a diverse set of tools and approaches to create better jobs, get the most out of its people, and optimize agility and collaboration across the value chain.

Garo Hovnanian is a partner in McKinsey’s Philadelphia office, Ryan Luby is a senior knowledge expert in the New York office, and Shannon Peloquin is a partner in the Bay Area office.

The authors wish to thank Tim Bacon, Luis Campos, Roberto Charron, Justin Dahl, Rebecca de Sa, Bonnie Dowling, Bryan Hancock, Rawad Hasrouni, Adi Kumar, Jonathan Law, Michael Neary, Nikhil Patel, Gaby Pierre, Jose Maria Quiros, Kurt Schoeffler, Shubham Singhal, Stephanie Stefanski, Jennifer Volz, and Jonathan Ward for their contributions to this article.

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• Published: 10 April 2024

A hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm for solving engineering problem

• Jinwei Qiao 1 , 2 ,
• Guangyuan Wang 1 , 2 ,
• Zhi Yang 1 , 2 ,
• Xiaochuan Luo 3 ,
• Jun Chen 1 , 2 ,
• Kan Li 4 &
• Pengbo Liu 1 , 2  

Scientific Reports volume  14 , Article number:  8357 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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• Computational science
• Mechanical engineering

To overcome the disadvantages of premature convergence and easy trapping into local optimum solutions, this paper proposes an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm (named NDWPSO algorithm) based on multiple hybrid strategies. Firstly, the elite opposition-based learning method is utilized to initialize the particle position matrix. Secondly, the dynamic inertial weight parameters are given to improve the global search speed in the early iterative phase. Thirdly, a new local optimal jump-out strategy is proposed to overcome the "premature" problem. Finally, the algorithm applies the spiral shrinkage search strategy from the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and the Differential Evolution (DE) mutation strategy in the later iteration to accelerate the convergence speed. The NDWPSO is further compared with other 8 well-known nature-inspired algorithms (3 PSO variants and 5 other intelligent algorithms) on 23 benchmark test functions and three practical engineering problems. Simulation results prove that the NDWPSO algorithm obtains better results for all 49 sets of data than the other 3 PSO variants. Compared with 5 other intelligent algorithms, the NDWPSO obtains 69.2%, 84.6%, and 84.6% of the best results for the benchmark function ( \({f}_{1}-{f}_{13}\) ) with 3 kinds of dimensional spaces (Dim = 30,50,100) and 80% of the best optimal solutions for 10 fixed-multimodal benchmark functions. Also, the best design solutions are obtained by NDWPSO for all 3 classical practical engineering problems.

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Qianlin Ye, Zheng Wang, … Mengjiao Yu

A modified shuffled frog leaping algorithm with inertia weight

Zhuanzhe Zhao, Mengxian Wang, … Zhibo Liu

Appropriate noise addition to metaheuristic algorithms can enhance their performance

Kwok Pui Choi, Enzio Hai Hong Kam, … Weng Kee Wong

Introduction

In the ever-changing society, new optimization problems arise every moment, and they are distributed in various fields, such as automation control 1 , statistical physics 2 , security prevention and temperature prediction 3 , artificial intelligence 4 , and telecommunication technology 5 . Faced with a constant stream of practical engineering optimization problems, traditional solution methods gradually lose their efficiency and convenience, making it more and more expensive to solve the problems. Therefore, researchers have developed many metaheuristic algorithms and successfully applied them to the solution of optimization problems. Among them, Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm 6 is one of the most widely used swarm intelligence algorithms.

However, the basic PSO has a simple operating principle and solves problems with high efficiency and good computational performance, but it suffers from the disadvantages of easily trapping in local optima and premature convergence. To improve the overall performance of the particle swarm algorithm, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed by the multiple hybrid strategy in this paper. The improved PSO incorporates the search ideas of other intelligent algorithms (DE, WOA), so the improved algorithm proposed in this paper is named NDWPSO. The main improvement schemes are divided into the following 4 points: Firstly, a strategy of elite opposition-based learning is introduced into the particle population position initialization. A high-quality initialization matrix of population position can improve the convergence speed of the algorithm. Secondly, a dynamic weight methodology is adopted for the acceleration coefficients by combining the iterative map and linearly transformed method. This method utilizes the chaotic nature of the mapping function, the fast convergence capability of the dynamic weighting scheme, and the time-varying property of the acceleration coefficients. Thus, the global search and local search of the algorithm are balanced and the global search speed of the population is improved. Thirdly, a determination mechanism is set up to detect whether the algorithm falls into a local optimum. When the algorithm is “premature”, the population resets 40% of the position information to overcome the local optimum. Finally, the spiral shrinking mechanism combined with the DE/best/2 position mutation is used in the later iteration, which further improves the solution accuracy.

The structure of the paper is given as follows: Sect. “ Particle swarm optimization (PSO) ” describes the principle of the particle swarm algorithm. Section “ Improved particle swarm optimization algorithm ” shows the detailed improvement strategy and a comparison experiment of inertia weight is set up for the proposed NDWPSO. Section “ Experiment and discussion ” includes the experimental and result discussion sections on the performance of the improved algorithm. Section “ Conclusions and future works ” summarizes the main findings of this study.

Literature review

This section reviews some metaheuristic algorithms and other improved PSO algorithms. A simple discussion about recently proposed research studies is given.

Metaheuristic algorithms

A series of metaheuristic algorithms have been proposed in recent years by using various innovative approaches. For instance, Lin et al. 7 proposed a novel artificial bee colony algorithm (ABCLGII) in 2018 and compared ABCLGII with other outstanding ABC variants on 52 frequently used test functions. Abed-alguni et al. 8 proposed an exploratory cuckoo search (ECS) algorithm in 2021 and carried out several experiments to investigate the performance of ECS by 14 benchmark functions. Brajević 9 presented a novel shuffle-based artificial bee colony (SB-ABC) algorithm for solving integer programming and minimax problems in 2021. The experiments are tested on 7 integer programming problems and 10 minimax problems. In 2022, Khan et al. 10 proposed a non-deterministic meta-heuristic algorithm called Non-linear Activated Beetle Antennae Search (NABAS) for a non-convex tax-aware portfolio selection problem. Brajević et al. 11 proposed a hybridization of the sine cosine algorithm (HSCA) in 2022 to solve 15 complex structural and mechanical engineering design optimization problems. Abed-Alguni et al. 12 proposed an improved Salp Swarm Algorithm (ISSA) in 2022 for single-objective continuous optimization problems. A set of 14 standard benchmark functions was used to evaluate the performance of ISSA. In 2023, Nadimi et al. 13 proposed a binary starling murmuration optimization (BSMO) to select the effective features from different important diseases. In the same year, Nadimi et al. 14 systematically reviewed the last 5 years' developments of WOA and made a critical analysis of those WOA variants. In 2024, Fatahi et al. 15 proposed an Improved Binary Quantum-based Avian Navigation Optimizer Algorithm (IBQANA) for the Feature Subset Selection problem in the medical area. Experimental evaluation on 12 medical datasets demonstrates that IBQANA outperforms 7 established algorithms. Abed-alguni et al. 16 proposed an Improved Binary DJaya Algorithm (IBJA) to solve the Feature Selection problem in 2024. The IBJA’s performance was compared against 4 ML classifiers and 10 efficient optimization algorithms.

Improved PSO algorithms

Many researchers have constantly proposed some improved PSO algorithms to solve engineering problems in different fields. For instance, Yeh 17 proposed an improved particle swarm algorithm, which combines a new self-boundary search and a bivariate update mechanism, to solve the reliability redundancy allocation problem (RRAP) problem. Solomon et al. 18 designed a collaborative multi-group particle swarm algorithm with high parallelism that was used to test the adaptability of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) in distributed computing environments. Mukhopadhyay and Banerjee 19 proposed a chaotic multi-group particle swarm optimization (CMS-PSO) to estimate the unknown parameters of an autonomous chaotic laser system. Duan et al. 20 designed an improved particle swarm algorithm with nonlinear adjustment of inertia weights to improve the coupling accuracy between laser diodes and single-mode fibers. Sun et al. 21 proposed a particle swarm optimization algorithm combined with non-Gaussian stochastic distribution for the optimal design of wind turbine blades. Based on a multiple swarm scheme, Liu et al. 22 proposed an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to predict the temperatures of steel billets for the reheating furnace. In 2022, Gad 23 analyzed the existing 2140 papers on Swarm Intelligence between 2017 and 2019 and pointed out that the PSO algorithm still needs further research. In general, the improved methods can be classified into four categories:

Adjusting the distribution of algorithm parameters. Feng et al. 24 used a nonlinear adaptive method on inertia weights to balance local and global search and introduced asynchronously varying acceleration coefficients.

Changing the updating formula of the particle swarm position. Both papers 25 and 26 used chaotic mapping functions to update the inertia weight parameters and combined them with a dynamic weighting strategy to update the particle swarm positions. This improved approach enables the particle swarm algorithm to be equipped with fast convergence of performance.

The initialization of the swarm. Alsaidy and Abbood proposed 27 a hybrid task scheduling algorithm that replaced the random initialization of the meta-heuristic algorithm with the heuristic algorithms MCT-PSO and LJFP-PSO.

Combining with other intelligent algorithms: Liu et al. 28 introduced the differential evolution (DE) algorithm into PSO to increase the particle swarm as diversity and reduce the probability of the population falling into local optimum.

Particle swarm optimization (PSO)

The particle swarm optimization algorithm is a population intelligence algorithm for solving continuous and discrete optimization problems. It originated from the social behavior of individuals in bird and fish flocks 6 . The core of the PSO algorithm is that an individual particle identifies potential solutions by flight in a defined constraint space adjusts its exploration direction to approach the global optimal solution based on the shared information among the group, and finally solves the optimization problem. Each particle \(i\) includes two attributes: velocity vector \({V}_{i}=\left[{v}_{i1},{v}_{i2},{v}_{i3},{...,v}_{ij},{...,v}_{iD},\right]\) and position vector \({X}_{i}=[{x}_{i1},{x}_{i2},{x}_{i3},...,{x}_{ij},...,{x}_{iD}]\) . The velocity vector is used to modify the motion path of the swarm; the position vector represents a potential solution for the optimization problem. Here, \(j=\mathrm{1,2},\dots ,D\) , \(D\) represents the dimension of the constraint space. The equations for updating the velocity and position of the particle swarm are shown in Eqs. ( 1 ) and ( 2 ).

Here \({Pbest}_{i}^{k}\) represents the previous optimal position of the particle \(i\) , and \({Gbest}\) is the optimal position discovered by the whole population. \(i=\mathrm{1,2},\dots ,n\) , \(n\) denotes the size of the particle swarm. \({c}_{1}\) and \({c}_{2}\) are the acceleration constants, which are used to adjust the search step of the particle 29 . \({r}_{1}\) and \({r}_{2}\) are two random uniform values distributed in the range \([\mathrm{0,1}]\) , which are used to improve the randomness of the particle search. \(\omega\) inertia weight parameter, which is used to adjust the scale of the search range of the particle swarm 30 . The basic PSO sets the inertia weight parameter as a time-varying parameter to balance global exploration and local seeking. The updated equation of the inertia weight parameter is given as follows:

where \({\omega }_{max}\) and \({\omega }_{min}\) represent the upper and lower limits of the range of inertia weight parameter. \(k\) and \(Mk\) are the current iteration and maximum iteration.

Improved particle swarm optimization algorithm

According to the no free lunch theory 31 , it is known that no algorithm can solve every practical problem with high quality and efficiency for increasingly complex and diverse optimization problems. In this section, several improvement strategies are proposed to improve the search efficiency and overcome this shortcoming of the basic PSO algorithm.

Improvement strategies

The optimization strategies of the improved PSO algorithm are shown as follows:

The inertia weight parameter is updated by an improved chaotic variables method instead of a linear decreasing strategy. Chaotic mapping performs the whole search at a higher speed and is more resistant to falling into local optimal than the probability-dependent random search 32 . However, the population may result in that particles can easily fly out of the global optimum boundary. To ensure that the population can converge to the global optimum, an improved Iterative mapping is adopted and shown as follows:

Here \({\omega }_{k}\) is the inertia weight parameter in the iteration \(k\) , \(b\) is the control parameter in the range \([\mathrm{0,1}]\) .

The acceleration coefficients are updated by the linear transformation. \({c}_{1}\) and \({c}_{2}\) represent the influential coefficients of the particles by their own and population information, respectively. To improve the search performance of the population, \({c}_{1}\) and \({c}_{2}\) are changed from fixed values to time-varying parameter parameters, that are updated by linear transformation with the number of iterations:

where \({c}_{max}\) and \({c}_{min}\) are the maximum and minimum values of acceleration coefficients, respectively.

The initialization scheme is determined by elite opposition-based learning . The high-quality initial population will accelerate the solution speed of the algorithm and improve the accuracy of the optimal solution. Thus, the elite backward learning strategy 33 is introduced to generate the position matrix of the initial population. Suppose the elite individual of the population is \({X}=[{x}_{1},{x}_{2},{x}_{3},...,{x}_{j},...,{x}_{D}]\) , and the elite opposition-based solution of \(X\) is \({X}_{o}=[{x}_{{\text{o}}1},{x}_{{\text{o}}2},{x}_{{\text{o}}3},...,{x}_{oj},...,{x}_{oD}]\) . The formula for the elite opposition-based solution is as follows:

where \({k}_{r}\) is the random value in the range \((\mathrm{0,1})\) . \({ux}_{oij}\) and \({lx}_{oij}\) are dynamic boundaries of the elite opposition-based solution in \(j\) dimensional variables. The advantage of dynamic boundary is to reduce the exploration space of particles, which is beneficial to the convergence of the algorithm. When the elite opposition-based solution is out of bounds, the out-of-bounds processing is performed. The equation is given as follows:

After calculating the fitness function values of the elite solution and the elite opposition-based solution, respectively, \(n\) high quality solutions were selected to form a new initial population position matrix.

The position updating Eq. ( 2 ) is modified based on the strategy of dynamic weight. To improve the speed of the global search of the population, the strategy of dynamic weight from the artificial bee colony algorithm 34 is introduced to enhance the computational performance. The new position updating equation is shown as follows:

Here \(\rho\) is the random value in the range \((\mathrm{0,1})\) . \(\psi\) represents the acceleration coefficient and \({\omega }{\prime}\) is the dynamic weight coefficient. The updated equations of the above parameters are as follows:

where \(f(i)\) denotes the fitness function value of individual particle \(i\) and u is the average of the population fitness function values in the current iteration. The Eqs. ( 11 , 12 ) are introduced into the position updating equation. And they can attract the particle towards positions of the best-so-far solution in the search space.

New local optimal jump-out strategy is added for escaping from the local optimal. When the value of the fitness function for the population optimal particles does not change in M iterations, the algorithm determines that the population falls into a local optimal. The scheme in which the population jumps out of the local optimum is to reset the position information of the 40% of individuals within the population, in other words, to randomly generate the position vector in the search space. M is set to 5% of the maximum number of iterations.

New spiral update search strategy is added after the local optimal jump-out strategy. Since the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) was good at exploring the local search space 35 , the spiral update search strategy in the WOA 36 is introduced to update the position of the particles after the swarm jumps out of local optimal. The equation for the spiral update is as follows:

Here \(D=\left|{x}_{i}\left(k\right)-Gbest\right|\) denotes the distance between the particle itself and the global optimal solution so far. \(B\) is the constant that defines the shape of the logarithmic spiral. \(l\) is the random value in \([-\mathrm{1,1}]\) . \(l\) represents the distance between the newly generated particle and the global optimal position, \(l=-1\) means the closest distance, while \(l=1\) means the farthest distance, and the meaning of this parameter can be directly observed by Fig.  1 .

Spiral updating position.

The DE/best/2 mutation strategy is introduced to form the mutant particle. 4 individuals in the population are randomly selected that differ from the current particle, then the vector difference between them is rescaled, and the difference vector is combined with the global optimal position to form the mutant particle. The equation for mutation of particle position is shown as follows:

where \({x}^{*}\) is the mutated particle, \(F\) is the scale factor of mutation, \({r}_{1}\) , \({r}_{2}\) , \({r}_{3}\) , \({r}_{4}\) are random integer values in \((0,n]\) and not equal to \(i\) , respectively. Specific particles are selected for mutation with the screening conditions as follows:

where \(Cr\) represents the probability of mutation, \(rand\left(\mathrm{0,1}\right)\) is a random number in \(\left(\mathrm{0,1}\right)\) , and \({i}_{rand}\) is a random integer value in \((0,n]\) .

The improved PSO incorporates the search ideas of other intelligent algorithms (DE, WOA), so the improved algorithm proposed in this paper is named NDWPSO. The pseudo-code for the NDWPSO algorithm is given as follows:

The main procedure of NDWPSO.

Comparing the distribution of inertia weight parameters

There are several improved PSO algorithms (such as CDWPSO 25 , and SDWPSO 26 ) that adopt the dynamic weighted particle position update strategy as their improvement strategy. The updated equations of the CDWPSO and the SDWPSO algorithm for the inertia weight parameters are given as follows:

where \({\text{A}}\) is a value in \((\mathrm{0,1}]\) . \({r}_{max}\) and \({r}_{min}\) are the upper and lower limits of the fluctuation range of the inertia weight parameters, \(k\) is the current number of algorithm iterations, and \(Mk\) denotes the maximum number of iterations.

Considering that the update method of inertia weight parameters by our proposed NDWPSO is comparable to the CDWPSO, and SDWPSO, a comparison experiment for the distribution of inertia weight parameters is set up in this section. The maximum number of iterations in the experiment is \(Mk=500\) . The distributions of CDWPSO, SDWPSO, and NDWPSO inertia weights are shown sequentially in Fig.  2 .

The inertial weight distribution of CDWPSO, SDWPSO, and NDWPSO.

In Fig.  2 , the inertia weight value of CDWPSO is a random value in (0,1]. It may make individual particles fly out of the range in the late iteration of the algorithm. Similarly, the inertia weight value of SDWPSO is a value that tends to zero infinitely, so that the swarm no longer can fly in the search space, making the algorithm extremely easy to fall into the local optimal value. On the other hand, the distribution of the inertia weights of the NDWPSO forms a gentle slope by two curves. Thus, the swarm can faster lock the global optimum range in the early iterations and locate the global optimal more precisely in the late iterations. The reason is that the inertia weight values between two adjacent iterations are inversely proportional to each other. Besides, the time-varying part of the inertial weight within NDWPSO is designed to reduce the chaos characteristic of the parameters. The inertia weight value of NDWPSO avoids the disadvantages of the above two schemes, so its design is more reasonable.

Experiment and discussion

In this section, three experiments are set up to evaluate the performance of NDWPSO: (1) the experiment of 23 classical functions 37 between NDWPSO and three particle swarm algorithms (PSO 6 , CDWPSO 25 , SDWPSO 26 ); (2) the experiment of benchmark test functions between NDWPSO and other intelligent algorithms (Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) 36 , Harris Hawk Algorithm (HHO) 38 , Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm (GWO) 39 , Archimedes Algorithm (AOA) 40 , Equilibrium Optimizer (EO) 41 and Differential Evolution (DE) 42 ); (3) the experiment for solving three real engineering problems (welded beam design 43 , pressure vessel design 44 , and three-bar truss design 38 ). All experiments are run on a computer with Intel i5-11400F GPU, 2.60 GHz, 16 GB RAM, and the code is written with MATLAB R2017b.

The benchmark test functions are 23 classical functions, which consist of indefinite unimodal (F1–F7), indefinite dimensional multimodal functions (F8–F13), and fixed-dimensional multimodal functions (F14–F23). The unimodal benchmark function is used to evaluate the global search performance of different algorithms, while the multimodal benchmark function reflects the ability of the algorithm to escape from the local optimal. The mathematical equations of the benchmark functions are shown and found as Supplementary Tables S1 – S3 online.

Experiments on benchmark functions between NDWPSO, and other PSO variants

The purpose of the experiment is to show the performance advantages of the NDWPSO algorithm. Here, the dimensions and corresponding population sizes of 13 benchmark functions (7 unimodal and 6 multimodal) are set to (30, 40), (50, 70), and (100, 130). The population size of 10 fixed multimodal functions is set to 40. Each algorithm is repeated 30 times independently, and the maximum number of iterations is 200. The performance of the algorithm is measured by the mean and the standard deviation (SD) of the results for different benchmark functions. The parameters of the NDWPSO are set as: \({[{\omega }_{min},\omega }_{max}]=[\mathrm{0.4,0.9}]\) , \(\left[{c}_{max},{c}_{min}\right]=\left[\mathrm{2.5,1.5}\right],{V}_{max}=0.1,b={e}^{-50}, M=0.05\times Mk, B=1,F=0.7, Cr=0.9.\) And, \(A={\omega }_{max}\) for CDWPSO; \({[r}_{max},{r}_{min}]=[\mathrm{4,0}]\) for SDWPSO.

Besides, the experimental data are retained to two decimal places, but some experimental data will increase the number of retained data to pursue more accuracy in comparison. The best results in each group of experiments will be displayed in bold font. The experimental data is set to 0 if the value is below 10 –323 . The experimental parameter settings in this paper are different from the references (PSO 6 , CDWPSO 25 , SDWPSO 26 , so the final experimental data differ from the ones within the reference.

As shown in Tables 1 and 2 , the NDWPSO algorithm obtains better results for all 49 sets of data than other PSO variants, which include not only 13 indefinite-dimensional benchmark functions and 10 fixed-multimodal benchmark functions. Remarkably, the SDWPSO algorithm obtains the same accuracy of calculation as NDWPSO for both unimodal functions f 1 –f 4 and multimodal functions f 9 –f 11 . The solution accuracy of NDWPSO is higher than that of other PSO variants for fixed-multimodal benchmark functions f 14 -f 23 . The conclusion can be drawn that the NDWPSO has excellent global search capability, local search capability, and the capability for escaping the local optimal.

In addition, the convergence curves of the 23 benchmark functions are shown in Figs. 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 and 19 . The NDWPSO algorithm has a faster convergence speed in the early stage of the search for processing functions f1-f6, f8-f14, f16, f17, and finds the global optimal solution with a smaller number of iterations. In the remaining benchmark function experiments, the NDWPSO algorithm shows no outstanding performance for convergence speed in the early iterations. There are two reasons of no outstanding performance in the early iterations. On one hand, the fixed-multimodal benchmark function has many disturbances and local optimal solutions in the whole search space. on the other hand, the initialization scheme based on elite opposition-based learning is still stochastic, which leads to the initial position far from the global optimal solution. The inertia weight based on chaotic mapping and the strategy of spiral updating can significantly improve the convergence speed and computational accuracy of the algorithm in the late search stage. Finally, the NDWPSO algorithm can find better solutions than other algorithms in the middle and late stages of the search.

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f1 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f2 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f3 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f4 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f5 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f6 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f7 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f8 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f9 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f10 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f11(Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f12 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f13 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f14, f15, f16.

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f17, f18, f19.

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f20, f21, f22.

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms for f23.

To evaluate the performance of different PSO algorithms, a statistical test is conducted. Due to the stochastic nature of the meta-heuristics, it is not enough to compare algorithms based on only the mean and standard deviation values. The optimization results cannot be assumed to obey the normal distribution; thus, it is necessary to judge whether the results of the algorithms differ from each other in a statistically significant way. Here, the Wilcoxon non-parametric statistical test 45 is used to obtain a parameter called p -value to verify whether two sets of solutions are different to a statistically significant extent or not. Generally, it is considered that p  ≤ 0.5 can be considered as a statistically significant superiority of the results. The p -values calculated in Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test comparing NDWPSO and other PSO algorithms are listed in Table  3 for all benchmark functions. The p -values in Table  3 additionally present the superiority of the NDWPSO because all of the p -values are much smaller than 0.5.

In general, the NDWPSO has the fastest convergence rate when finding the global optimum from Figs. 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 and 19 , and thus we can conclude that the NDWPSO is superior to the other PSO variants during the process of optimization.

Comparison experiments between NDWPSO and other intelligent algorithms

Experiments are conducted to compare NDWPSO with several other intelligent algorithms (WOA, HHO, GWO, AOA, EO and DE). The experimental object is 23 benchmark functions, and the experimental parameters of the NDWPSO algorithm are set the same as in Experiment 4.1. The maximum number of iterations of the experiment is increased to 2000 to fully demonstrate the performance of each algorithm. Each algorithm is repeated 30 times individually. The parameters of the relevant intelligent algorithms in the experiments are set as shown in Table 4 . To ensure the fairness of the algorithm comparison, all parameters are concerning the original parameters in the relevant algorithm literature. The experimental results are shown in Tables 5 , 6 , 7 and 8 and Figs. 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 and 36 .

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f1 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f2 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f3(Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f4 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f5 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f6 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f7 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f8 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f9(Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f10 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f11 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f12 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f13 (Dim = 30,50,100).

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f14, f15, f16.

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f17, f18, f19.

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f20, f21, f22.

Evolution curve of NDWPSO and other algorithms for f23.

The experimental data of NDWPSO and other intelligent algorithms for handling 30, 50, and 100-dimensional benchmark functions ( \({f}_{1}-{f}_{13}\) ) are recorded in Tables 8 , 9 and 10 , respectively. The comparison data of fixed-multimodal benchmark tests ( \({f}_{14}-{f}_{23}\) ) are recorded in Table 11 . According to the data in Tables 5 , 6 and 7 , the NDWPSO algorithm obtains 69.2%, 84.6%, and 84.6% of the best results for the benchmark function ( \({f}_{1}-{f}_{13}\) ) in the search space of three dimensions (Dim = 30, 50, 100), respectively. In Table 8 , the NDWPSO algorithm obtains 80% of the optimal solutions in 10 fixed-multimodal benchmark functions.

The convergence curves of each algorithm are shown in Figs. 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 and 36 . The NDWPSO algorithm demonstrates two convergence behaviors when calculating the benchmark functions in 30, 50, and 100-dimensional search spaces. The first behavior is the fast convergence of NDWPSO with a small number of iterations at the beginning of the search. The reason is that the Iterative-mapping strategy and the position update scheme of dynamic weighting are used in the NDWPSO algorithm. This scheme can quickly target the region in the search space where the global optimum is located, and then precisely lock the optimal solution. When NDWPSO processes the functions \({f}_{1}-{f}_{4}\) , and \({f}_{9}-{f}_{11}\) , the behavior can be reflected in the convergence trend of their corresponding curves. The second behavior is that NDWPSO gradually improves the convergence accuracy and rapidly approaches the global optimal in the middle and late stages of the iteration. The NDWPSO algorithm fails to converge quickly in the early iterations, which is possible to prevent the swarm from falling into a local optimal. The behavior can be demonstrated by the convergence trend of the curves when NDWPSO handles the functions \({f}_{6}\) , \({f}_{12}\) , and \({f}_{13}\) , and it also shows that the NDWPSO algorithm has an excellent ability of local search.

Combining the experimental data with the convergence curves, it is concluded that the NDWPSO algorithm has a faster convergence speed, so the effectiveness and global convergence of the NDWPSO algorithm are more outstanding than other intelligent algorithms.

Experiments on classical engineering problems

Three constrained classical engineering design problems (welded beam design, pressure vessel design 43 , and three-bar truss design 38 ) are used to evaluate the NDWPSO algorithm. The experiments are the NDWPSO algorithm and 5 other intelligent algorithms (WOA 36 , HHO, GWO, AOA, EO 41 ). Each algorithm is provided with the maximum number of iterations and population size ( \({\text{Mk}}=500,\mathrm{ n}=40\) ), and then repeats 30 times, independently. The parameters of the algorithms are set the same as in Table 4 . The experimental results of three engineering design problems are recorded in Tables 9 , 10 and 11 in turn. The result data is the average value of the solved data.

Welded beam design

The target of the welded beam design problem is to find the optimal manufacturing cost for the welded beam with the constraints, as shown in Fig.  37 . The constraints are the thickness of the weld seam ( \({\text{h}}\) ), the length of the clamped bar ( \({\text{l}}\) ), the height of the bar ( \({\text{t}}\) ) and the thickness of the bar ( \({\text{b}}\) ). The mathematical formulation of the optimization problem is given as follows:

Welded beam design.

In Table 9 , the NDWPSO, GWO, and EO algorithms obtain the best optimal cost. Besides, the standard deviation (SD) of t NDWPSO is the lowest, which means it has very good results in solving the welded beam design problem.

Pressure vessel design

Kannan and Kramer 43 proposed the pressure vessel design problem as shown in Fig.  38 to minimize the total cost, including the cost of material, forming, and welding. There are four design optimized objects: the thickness of the shell \({T}_{s}\) ; the thickness of the head \({T}_{h}\) ; the inner radius \({\text{R}}\) ; the length of the cylindrical section without considering the head \({\text{L}}\) . The problem includes the objective function and constraints as follows:

Pressure vessel design.

The results in Table 10 show that the NDWPSO algorithm obtains the lowest optimal cost with the same constraints and has the lowest standard deviation compared with other algorithms, which again proves the good performance of NDWPSO in terms of solution accuracy.

Three-bar truss design

This structural design problem 44 is one of the most widely-used case studies as shown in Fig.  39 . There are two main design parameters: the area of the bar1 and 3 ( \({A}_{1}={A}_{3}\) ) and area of bar 2 ( \({A}_{2}\) ). The objective is to minimize the weight of the truss. This problem is subject to several constraints as well: stress, deflection, and buckling constraints. The problem is formulated as follows:

Three-bar truss design.

From Table 11 , NDWPSO obtains the best design solution in this engineering problem and has the smallest standard deviation of the result data. In summary, the NDWPSO can reveal very competitive results compared to other intelligent algorithms.

Conclusions and future works

An improved algorithm named NDWPSO is proposed to enhance the solving speed and improve the computational accuracy at the same time. The improved NDWPSO algorithm incorporates the search ideas of other intelligent algorithms (DE, WOA). Besides, we also proposed some new hybrid strategies to adjust the distribution of algorithm parameters (such as the inertia weight parameter, the acceleration coefficients, the initialization scheme, the position updating equation, and so on).

23 classical benchmark functions: indefinite unimodal (f1-f7), indefinite multimodal (f8-f13), and fixed-dimensional multimodal(f14-f23) are applied to evaluate the effective line and feasibility of the NDWPSO algorithm. Firstly, NDWPSO is compared with PSO, CDWPSO, and SDWPSO. The simulation results can prove the exploitative, exploratory, and local optima avoidance of NDWPSO. Secondly, the NDWPSO algorithm is compared with 5 other intelligent algorithms (WOA, HHO, GWO, AOA, EO). The NDWPSO algorithm also has better performance than other intelligent algorithms. Finally, 3 classical engineering problems are applied to prove that the NDWPSO algorithm shows superior results compared to other algorithms for the constrained engineering optimization problems.

Although the proposed NDWPSO is superior in many computation aspects, there are still some limitations and further improvements are needed. The NDWPSO performs a limit initialize on each particle by the strategy of “elite opposition-based learning”, it takes more computation time before speed update. Besides, the” local optimal jump-out” strategy also brings some random process. How to reduce the random process and how to improve the limit initialize efficiency are the issues that need to be further discussed. In addition, in future work, researchers will try to apply the NDWPSO algorithm to wider fields to solve more complex and diverse optimization problems.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Key R&D plan of Shandong Province, China (2021CXGC010207, 2023CXGC01020); First batch of talent research projects of Qilu University of Technology in 2023 (2023RCKY116); Introduction of urgently needed talent projects in Key Supported Regions of Shandong Province; Key Projects of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2020ME116); the Innovation Ability Improvement Project for Technology-based Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises of Shandong Province (2022TSGC2051, 2023TSGC0024, 2023TSGC0931); National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFB1705002), LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program (XLYC2002041) and Young Innovative Talents Introduction & Cultivation Program for Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province (Granted by Department of Education of Shandong Province, Sub-Title: Innovative Research Team of High Performance Integrated Device).

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Jinwei Qiao, Guangyuan Wang, Zhi Yang, Jun Chen & Pengbo Liu

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Z.Y., J.Q., and G.W. wrote the main manuscript text and prepared all figures and tables. J.C., P.L., K.L., and X.L. were responsible for the data curation and software. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Qiao, J., Wang, G., Yang, Z. et al. A hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm for solving engineering problem. Sci Rep 14 , 8357 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59034-2

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