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• Acknowledgements
• IMO International Maritime Law Institute
• Table of Contents
• Arbitration
• International Court of Justice (ICJ)
• International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
• European Court of Justice
• Netherlands
• New Zealand
• South Africa
• United Kingdom
• United States
• Table of Treaties
• Regulations
• Standard Contracts and Memoranda of Understanding
• Switzerland
• List of Abbreviations
• List of Contributors
• 1.1 Concept of Shipping Law and Degrees of Autonomy
• 1.2 Sources of Shipping Law— International Maritime Conventions
• 1.3.1 York-Antwerp Rules, 2004
• 1.3.2 Incoterms, 2010
• 1.3.3 Uniform Rules for Electronic Bills of Lading (EBL), 1990
• 1.3.4 Uniform Rules for Sea Waybills, 1990
• 1.3.5 Voyage Charterparty Laytime Interpretation Rules, 1993
• 1.3.6 Guidelines on Oil Pollution Damage, 1994
• 1.3.7 Model National Law on Acts of Piracy and Maritime Violence, 2001
• 1.3.8 Principles of Conduct for Classification Societies, 1988
• 1.3.9 Model Contractual Clauses for Use in Agreements between Classification Societies and Governments and Classification Societies and Shipowners, 1999
• 1.4.1.1 The International Maritime Organization
• 1.4.1.2 UNCTAD
• 1.4.1.3 UNCITRAL
• 1.4.1.4 ILO-JMC
• 1.4.1.5 IMSO
• 1.4.1.6 IHO
• 1.4.2.1 CMI
• 1.4.2.2 Baltic Exchange
• 1.4.2.3 BIMCO
• 1.4.2.4 IACS
• 1.4.2.5 Intercargo
• 1.4.2.6 ICS
• 1.4.2.7 Intertanko
• 1.4.2.8 FIATA
• 1.4.2.9 IMIF
• 1.4.2.10 Intermanager
• 1.4.2.11 ISF
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Nationality
• 2.3 Documentation
• 2.5 Registration
• 2.6 Freedom of States to Fix Conditions for Registration
• 2.7 The ‘Genuine Link’
• 2.8 Open Registries
• 2.9 International Registries
• 2.10 Bareboat Charter Registration
• 3.1.1 Purpose of this Chapter
• 3.1.2 New development in design and safety
• 3.1.3 Contractual developments
• 3.2.1 There must be a binding contract
• 3.2.2 Essential terms
• 3.2.3 The stages of the project
• 3.2.4 Nature of the shipbuilding contract
• 3.3.1 Specific contractual events of termination
• 3.3.2 A terminating event may not lead to termination
• 3.3.3 Liquidated damages instead of termination
• 3.3.4 Rejection of the vessel by the buyer
• 3.3.5 Occasions of repudiation of contract
• 3.4.1 Force majeure
• 3.4.2 Excluded delays due to modifications
• 3.4.3 Excluded delays under the NEWBUILDCON
• 3.4.4.1 Labour strikes
• 3.4.4.2 Shortage of materials or equipment
• 3.4.4.3 Knock-on effect
• 3.5.1 Liquidated damages
• 3.5.2 Specific performance as a remedy
• 3.5.3 Damages for repudiation
• 3.6.1 Discharge from primary obligations
• 3.6.2 Completion of the ship by the buyer
• 3.6.3.1 Guarantee per se vs performance bonds
• 3.6.3.2.1 Not too literal a construction
• 3.6.3.2.2 Look at the commercial purpose of the contract
• 3.6.3.2.3 Balance the language used with a probable business-like intention of the parties
• 3.6.3.2.4 Ascertain whether there are competing interpretations of ambiguous terms
• 3.6.3.3 Demand notice under performance bonds and letters of credit compared
• 3.6.4.1 Extend the date of the refund guarantee
• 3.6.4.2 Avoid the risk of the Sea-Cargo Skips
• 3.6.4.3 Avoid the risk of Rainy Sky
• 3.6.4.4 Avoid contractual limits of the right to claim damages
• 3.7.1 Buyer’s default
• 3.7.2 Effect of buyer’s default
• 3.7.3 Builder’s rights under the performance (or payment) guarantee
• 3.7.4.1 Acceleration in payment
• 3.7.4.2 Liquidated damages
• 3.8.1 Contract null and void: Builder’s entitlements
• 3.8.2 Effect on builder’s accrued rights
• 3.8.3 Rescission by the builder and risk management issues
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2.1 Newbuilding contracts
• 4.2.2 Second-hand sales
• 4.3 The Contractual Process
• 4.4 Shipbrokers
• 4.5.1 Requirements for formation of an English law contract
• 4.5.2 When does a binding contract arise?
• 4.5.3 Subjects
• 4.5.4 Contractual terms
• 4.5.5 Construction of sale and purchase contracts
• 4.5.6.1 Sections 12–14
• 4.5.7 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (UCTA)
• 4.6.1 History of the Saleform
• 4.6.2.1 Buyers’ pre-purchase inspection
• 4.6.3.1 The sellers
• 4.6.3.2 The buyers
• 4.6.4.1 Descriptive material in the Saleform
• 4.6.4.2 Classification status
• 4.6.4.3 Date of build
• 4.6.5.1 Clause 2
• 4.6.5.2 Saleform 2012
• 4.6.5.3 Clause 13
• 4.6.6.1 Clauses 1 and 3
• 4.6.6.2 Saleform 2012
• 4.6.6.3 Payment method
• 4.6.6.4 Time for payment
• 4.6.6.5 Defective notices
• 4.6.6.6 Late notices
• 4.6.7.1 Clause 5
• 4.6.7.2 Saleform 2012
• 4.6.8.1 Clause 6
• 4.6.8.2 Saleform 2012
• 4.6.9.1 Clause 7
• 4.6.9.2 Saleform 2012
• 4.6.9.3 Supply of defective bunkers
• 4.6.10.1 Clause 8
• 4.6.10.2 Sellers’ obligations
• 4.6.10.3 Pre-closing meeting
• 4.6.11.1 Clause 9
• 4.6.11.2 Saleform 2012
• 4.6.11.3 Stowaways
• 4.6.11.4 Buyers’ precautions
• 4.6.12 Taxes, fees, and expenses
• 4.6.13.1 Clause 11
• 4.6.13.2 Possible buyers’ remedies
• 4.6.13.3 Classification societies
• 4.6.13.4 Equitable remedies
• 4.6.13.5 Summary
• 4.6.14 Name/markings
• 4.6.15.1 Clause 13
• 4.6.15.2 Clause 14
• 4.6.15.3 Damages
• 4.6.16 Buyers’ representatives
• 4.6.17 Dispute resolution
• 4.6.18 Additional clauses
• 4.7.1 Nipponsale 1999
• 4.7.2 Singapore Ship Sale Form 2011 (SSF)
• 5.1 Defining Ship Management
• 5.2 The Ship Manager as an Agent
• 5.3.1 Crew-related services
• 5.3.2 Technical-related services
• 5.3.3 Services related to the commercial employment of a ship or vessel
• 5.3.4 Ancillary services
• 5.4 ISM Code
• 5.5.1.1 Termination
• 5.5.1.2 Consequences of termination
• 5.5.2 CREWMAN A (Cost Plus Fee) 2009
• 5.5.3 CREWMAN B (Lump Sum) 2009
• 5.6.1 Why is finance required?
• 5.6.2 Who provides finance?
• 5.7 Form and Types of Finance
• 5.8 Asset and Corporate Finance
• 5.9 The Finance Transaction
• 5.10 Security
• 5.11.1 Form of mortgage
• 5.11.2 Subject matter of the mortgage
• 5.11.3.1.1 The right to redeem
• 5.11.3.1.2 The right to retain possession of the mortgaged ship
• 5.11.3.1.3 The right to sell the mortgaged ship
• 5.11.3.2.1 The right to receive payment of the secured debt
• 5.11.3.2.2 The right to insure the ship
• 5.11.3.3.1 The right to take possession of the mortgaged ship
• 5.11.3.3.2 The right to appoint a receiver
• 5.11.3.3.3 The right to arrest the mortgaged ship
• 5.11.3.3.4 The right to sell the mortgaged ship
• 5.11.3.3.5 Foreclosure
• 5.11.4 Wrongful exercise of rights
• 5.11.5 Extinction of mortgages
• 5.12 Assignment of Earnings and Requisition Compensation
• 5.13 Assignment of Insurances
• 5.14 Guarantees
• 5.15 Share Charges and Pledges
• 5.16 Pledge of Earnings, Retention, and Reserve Accounts
• 5.17 Security over Cash Deposits
• 5.18 The Financing of Newbuildings
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Organization of the Chapter and Preliminary Remarks on Maritime Claims
• 6.3 Mortgage
• 6.4.1 Bottomry and respondentia
• 6.4.2 The maritime lien
• 6.5 Special Legislative Rights and Charges
• 6.6 Possessory Liens
• 6.7.1 Maritime claims: general
• 6.7.2 The jurisdictional, remedial, and security aspects of the maritime claim
• 6.7.3 Proprietary and general maritime claims
• 6.7.4 The action in rem
• 6.7.5 Attachment
• 6.7.6.1 The Arrest Convention 1952
• 6.7.6.2 The Arrest Convention 1999
• 6.7.7.1 The MLM Convention 1926
• 6.7.7.2 The MLM Convention 1967
• 6.7.7.3 The MLM Convention 1993
• 6.7.7.4 Priority under general maritime law
• 6.8.1 The United States
• 6.8.2 England and Wales
• 6.8.3.1 France
• 6.8.3.2 China
• 6.9 Insolvency
• 6.10 Conclusion
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2.1.1.1 The IMO
• 7.2.1.1.2 The ILO
• 7.2.1.1.3 Growing influence of the EU
• 7.2.1.2.1 Flag State responsibilities under UNCLOS
• 7.2.1.2.2 Conditions of exercise of flag State responsibilities
• 7.2.2.1 Role of classification societies
• 7.2.2.2 The classification rules
• 7.2.2.3 Harmonization of the classification rules
• Performance of surveys and inspections.
• Issue of certificates.
• 7.3.1.1.2 Criminal and disciplinary powers
• 7.3.1.2.1 The genuine link in UNCLOS
• (a) The administrative criteria
• (b) The economic criteria
• 7.3.1.3.1 The theoretical solutions
• 7.3.1.3.2 Sovereign immunity of flag State
• 7.3.2.1.1 IMO conventions requirements
• 7.3.2.1.2 Regime of liability
• 7.3.2.2 Harmonization of recognition procedures
• 7.3.3.1.1 UNCLOS provisions
• Control mechanisms.
• Procedural guidelines.
• Quality of inspectors.
• Inspector qualification and training.
• Reporting requirements.
• (b) Broadening of scope of intervention
• (c) Broadening the scope of competence
• (a) The original agreement
• (b) New developments of the Paris MoU
• 7.3.3.2.2 Spread of regional PSC initiatives
• 7.4.1 Emergence of an international control of the States
• 7.4.2 Regionalism and unilateralism
• 7.4.3 Primacy of human and cultural factors
• Further Reading
• 8.1 Introduction to Seafarers’ Rights
• 8.2.1 Master
• 8.2.2 MLC 2006 seafarer definition
• 8.3.1 MLC 2006 recruitment and placement
• 8.4.1.1 Individual contracts
• 8.4.1.2 Collective bargaining agreements (CBAs)
• 8.4.1.3 Total crew cost agreements (TCC)
• 8.4.1.4 ITF standard agreements
• 8.4.1.5 International Bargaining Forum (IBF) agreements
• 8.4.1.6 POEA contracts
• 8.4.2.1 Wages
• 8.4.2.2 Hours of work and hours of rest
• 8.4.2.3 Termination/dismissal
• 8.4.3.1 MLC 2006 repatriation
• 8.4.4 Abandonment
• 8.4.5 Accommodation
• 8.4.6 Food and catering
• 8.4.7 Shore leave
• 8.4.8.1 MLC 2006 medical care provisions
• 8.4.9.1 MLC 2006 death provisions
• 8.5 Discipline and Criminal Law
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2.1.1 EXW
• 9.2.1.2 FCA
• 9.2.1.3 CPT
• 9.2.1.4 CIP
• 9.2.1.5 DAT, DAP, and DDP
• 9.2.2.1 FAS
• 9.2.2.2 FOB
• 9.2.2.3 CIF
• 9.3.1 Open account
• 9.3.2 Bill of exchange
• 9.3.3 Documentary bill
• 9.3.4.1 What is an L/C?
• 9.3.4.2 Principles governing L/C
• 9.3.4.3 Time for examination
• 9.3.4.4.1 Commercial invoice
• 9.3.4.4.2 Transport documents
• 9.3.4.4.3 Insurance documents
• 9.4 Conclusion
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2.1 The basic obligations of the parties
• 10.2.2.1 Seaworthiness
• 10.2.2.2 Reasonable despatch
• 10.2.2.3 Description of the ship
• 10.2.3.1 To provide the cargo
• 10.2.3.2 Not to ship dangerous cargo
• 10.2.3.3 Laytime and demurrage
• 10.2.3.4 Safe port
• 10.2.3.5 The approach voyage
• 10.2.3.6 Laycan
• 10.2.3.7 Laytime and demurrage
• 10.2.3.8 Notice of Readiness (NOR)
• 10.2.3.9 The ship must actually be ready
• 10.2.3.10 The calculation of laytime
• 10.2.3.11 The calculation of demurrage
• 10.2.3.12 Despatch
• 10.2.3.13 Responsibility for loading and discharging
• 10.2.3.14 Freight
• 10.3.1 Introduction
• 10.3.2 Seaworthiness
• 10.3.3 Description of the ship
• 10.3.4 Safe ports
• 10.3.5 The charter period
• 10.3.6 Payment of hire
• 10.3.7 Deductions from hire
• 10.3.8 Redelivery
• 10.3.9 Early redelivery
• 10.3.10 The right to withdraw the ship on non-payment of hire
• 10.3.11 Employment and indemnity clause
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2.1.1.1 The Hague-Visby Rules
• 11.2.1.1.2 Hamburg Rules
• 11.2.1.1.3 Rotterdam Rules
• 11.2.1.2 Evidence of the contract of carriage terms
• 11.2.2.1.1 English law
• 11.2.2.1.2 US law
• 11.2.2.2.1 International conventions
• 11.2.2.2.2 English law
• 11.2.2.2.3 German and US law
• 11.2.2.3.1 Rotterdam Rules
• 11.2.2.3.2 English law
• 11.2.2.4 Rights over the goods
• 11.3.1 Introduction
• 11.4 Conclusion
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 The Common Law 1855 Legislation
• 12.3 The Common Law 1992 Legislation
• 12.4 Conclusion
• 13.1.1 Introduction
• 13.1.2 Definition of multimodal transport
• 13.1.3 International attempts at creating uniform law
• 13.1.4.1 Unimodal liability regimes
• 13.1.4.2 Regional/sub-regional multimodal legislation
• 13.1.5.1 Uniform liability system
• 13.1.5.2 Network liability system
• 13.1.5.3 Modified liability system
• 13.2.1.1 Scope of application
• 13.2.1.2 Period of responsibility of the MTO
• 13.2.1.3 MTO’s basis of liability
• 13.2.1.4 Limitation of liability
• 13.2.2.1.1 Scope of application
• 13.2.2.1.2 Period of responsibility of the MTO
• 13.2.2.1.3 MTO’s basis of liability
• 13.2.2.1.4 Limits of liability
• 13.2.2.1.5 Time-bar
• 13.3.1.1 Introduction
• 13.3.1.2 Multimodal application of the Rotterdam Rules: background
• 13.3.1.3 Scope of application
• 13.3.1.4 Period of responsibility
• 13.3.1.5 Liability of the carrier
• 13.3.1.6 Liability system: ‘limited network’
• 14.1 History
• 14.2 Basis for Liability
• 14.4 Non-War Insurance
• 14.5 War Insurance
• 14.6 Limitation
• 14.7 Time-Bar
• 14.8 Jurisdiction, Recognition, and Enforcement
• 14.9 EU Implementation
• 15.1 Introduction and Overview
• 15.2.1 The nature and definition of towage
• 15.2.2.1.1 Unforeseen circumstances putting the tow in danger
• 15.2.2.1.2 Danger to the tow
• 15.2.2.1.3 Services outside the scope of the contract
• 15.2.2.2 The effect of conversion into salvage
• 15.2.3 The absence of mandatory laws and the role of contract
• 15.3.1.1.1 The Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982.
• 15.3.1.2 Fitness of the tug to perform the towage service
• 15.3.1.3 Contracts for named tugs
• 15.3.1.4 Performance of the towage service
• 15.3.1.5 Obligation to complete the towage service
• 15.3.2.1 Duty of care
• 15.3.2.2 Fitness of the tow
• 15.3.2.3 Duty to exercise proper seamanship
• 15.3.2.4 The duty of cooperation
• 15.4.1.1 The model of the UKSCT
• 15.4.1.2.1 Services covered
• 15.4.1.2.2 Period of the towage
• 15.4.1.3.1 Vicarious liability of the tow for the tug
• 15.4.1.3.2 Exclusions from liability
• 15.4.2.1 The Netherlands Tug Owners Conditions 1951
• 15.4.2.2 The Scandinavian Tugowners Standard Conditions of the Year 1959 (revised 1974 and 1985)
• 15.4.3.1 The role and work of BIMCO
• 15.4.3.2.1 The basic position under these forms
• (a) Standard of care
• (b) Seaworthiness
• (c) Payment conditions
• (d) Free time
• (a) Sub-clause (a): injury to or death of those engaged in the towage
• (b) Sub-clause (b): loss of or damage to or caused by the tug and tow
• (c) Clause 25(b) as an exemption clause
• (d) Heads of excluded loss and damage
• (e) Clause 25(b) as an indemnity
• (f) Clause 25(c): other losses
• (g) Overview of clause 25
• 15.4.3.3.1 Supplytime
• 15.4.3.3.2 Heavycon
• 15.4.3.3.3 Bargehire
• 15.4.3.3.4 Projectcon
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2.1.1 Pilotage
• 16.2.1.2 Harbour authority
• 16.2.1.3 Harbour authority and pilotage
• 16.2.1.4 Compulsory and voluntary pilotage
• 16.2.1.5 Limitation of liability
• 16.2.2.1 Pilotage
• 16.2.2.2 Harbour authority
• 16.2.2.3 Harbour authority and pilotage
• 16.2.2.4 The pilotage clause
• 16.3.1.1 Pilotage
• 16.3.1.2 Harbour authority
• 16.3.1.3 Harbour authority and pilotage
• 16.3.1.4 Limitation of liability
• 16.3.2.1 Pilotage
• 16.3.2.2 Harbour authority
• 16.3.2.3 Harbour authority and pilotage
• 16.3.2.4 Limitation of liability
• 16.4 Conclusions
• 17.1.1.1 Obligations to investigate the cause of collisions
• 17.1.1.2 Administrative discipline of mariners
• 17.1.2.1 International Convention on Certain Rules Concerning Civil Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision, 1952
• 17.1.2.2 Draft International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Concerning Civil Jurisdiction, Choice of Law, and Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Matters of Collision, 1977
• 17.1.2.3 The doctrine of forum non conveniens
• 17.1.2.4 Conflict of laws
• 17.1.3.1 International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to Penal Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision or Other Incidents of Navigation, 1952
• 17.1.3.2 UNCLOS, Article 97, Penal jurisdiction in matters of collision or other incidents of navigation
• 17.1.3.3 National law
• 17.2.1 General liability
• 17.2.2.1 The International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Collision Between Vessels, 1910
• 17.2.2.2 The Rule of The Pennsylvania
• 17.2.2.3 Tug & tow: the ‘dominant mind’ rule
• 17.3.1 Vessels in navigation
• 17.3.2.1 Hydrodynamic forces
• 17.4.1.1 Anti-collision ‘rules’ before 1838
• 17.4.1.2 The High Court of Admiralty in 1838
• 17.4.1.3 International regulation
• 17.4.2 Annex to 1972 COLREGS: the Rules of the Road at Sea
• 17.4.3 The ‘stand-by rule’
• 17.5.1.1 The Woomera
• 17.5.1.2 The Queen Mary
• 17.5.2.1 The British Aviator
• 17.5.2.2 The Sanko Diamond
• 17.5.2.3 The Koscierzyna
• 17.5.3.1 The Credo
• 17.5.3.2 The Amoco Delaware
• 17.5.4.1 The Lady Gwendolyn
• 17.5.4.2 The Aleksandr Marinesco and The Quint Star
• 17.5.5 Ideal collision case study
• 17.6.1.1 From divided damages to proportional fault
• 17.6.1.2 The CMI Lisbon Rules of 1987
• 17.7.1 Lloyd’s Casualty Return classifications
• 17.7.2.1 General rules
• 17.7.2.2 Presumptions of fault
• 17.7.3.1 Fire and burning
• 17.7.3.2 Explosion
• 17.7.3.3 Allision, grounding, and stranding
• 17.7.3.4 Collision ‘plus’
• 17.7.3.5 Foundering and sinking
• 17.7.3.6 ‘Unclassifiable’
• 17.7.3.7 ‘Unexplained’
• 17.7.3.8 Non-vessel
• 17.7.3.9 Machinery failure
• 17.7.3.10 Non-collision case study
• 17.8.1 ‘Traditional’ defendants
• 17.8.2 ‘Deep-pocket’ defendants
• 17.8.3 Non-collision measures of damages
• 17.9 The Curse of Criminalization
• 17.10 The State of the Law Regarding Collision
• 17.11 The Last Word
• 18.1.1 Introduction
• 18.1.2 History
• 18.1.3 Definition of salvage
• 18.2 Salvage Distinguished from Towage
• 18.3 Common Law or Contractual Salvage
• 18.4.1.1.1 Towage contract
• 18.4.1.1.2 Pilotage
• 18.4.1.1.3 Ship’s crew
• 18.4.1.1.4 Tugs on governmental salvage station
• 18.4.1.1.5 The Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI)
• 18.4.1.2.1 Fire brigades
• 18.4.1.2.2 Port authorities
• 18.4.1.2.3 The Royal Navy and Royal Air Force
• 18.4.1.2.4 Her Majesty’s Coastguard
• 18.4.1.2.5 Motive is irrelevant
• 18.4.1.3.1 Duty to save life
• 18.4.2.1 Exceptions to the success rule
• 18.4.3.1 Life
• 18.4.4.1.1 Danger does not have to be immediate
• 18.4.4.1.2 Reasonable fear of sufficient danger
• 18.4.4.1.3 Indefinite delay or immobilization is sufficient
• 18.4.4.2 Cases in which there was insufficient danger
• 18.5.1 Freedom to contract
• 18.5.2 Authority to contract
• 19.1 Definition of ‘Wreck’
• 19.2 Background to Wreck Removal Convention 2007
• 19.3.1.1.1 Definition
• 19.3.1.1.2 Territorial waters
• 19.3.1.2 Consequences of opt-in
• 19.3.1.3 Is it a ‘wreck’?
• 19.3.1.4 Reporting
• 19.3.1.5.1 Definition
• 19.3.1.5.2 Factors in determining whether a wreck constitutes a hazard
• 19.3.1.6 Resulting rights and obligations of States
• 19.3.2.1 Preliminary obligations of the Affected State
• 19.3.2.2 Other States affected
• 19.3.2.3 Obligations of the owner
• 19.3.2.4 Imposing conditions
• 19.3.2.5 Restrictions on exercise of powers
• 19.3.3.1 Nature of financial obligations
• 19.3.3.2 Financial security
• 19.3.4.1 Restrictions on scope of the Convention
• 19.3.4.2 Time limit
• 19.4 The Future
• 20.1.1 The main principle
• 20.1.2 Bibliography
• 20.1.3 History
• 20.2.1 General overview of the YAR 1994
• 20.2.2 The Rule of Interpretation
• 20.2.3.1.1 The loss must be extraordinary
• 20.2.3.1.2 Sacrifice or expenditure
• 20.2.3.1.3 Intentionally
• 20.2.3.1.4 Peril
• 20.2.3.1.5 Common peril
• 20.2.3.1.6 ‘And only when’
• 20.2.3.1.7 Call of a port of refuge
• 20.2.3.2 Expenses allowed when a vessel is calling a port of refuge
• 20.2.4.1 Which costs are admitted in general average under the common benefit rules?
• 20.2.5 Substitute expenses
• 20.2.6 Non-separation agreement
• 20.3.1 The Salvage Convention 1989
• 20.3.2 Environmental provisions in the 1994 YAR
• 20.4.1 Tug and tow: Rule B
• 20.4.2 Fire extinguishing damage
• 20.4.3 Loss or damage which may already have been caused: Rules IV and V
• 20.4.4 Damage to machinery: Rule VII
• 20.4.5 Salvage
• 20.4.6 The effect of fault on general average: Rule D
• 20.5 Ransoms Paid to Pirates
• 20.6.1 Bunkers and containers
• 20.7 Interest and Commission
• 20.8.1 Lien
• 20.8.2 Security
• 20.8.3 Average bonds
• 20.9.1 Average adjusters
• 20.9.2 Collection of information
• 20.9.3 The adjustment
• 20.9.4 Absorption clauses
• 20.10 Review of the YAR: Future Developments
• 21.1 Introduction
• 21.2 The Notion of Maritime Claims in International Conventions
• 21.3.1 Relationship between the person liable in respect of the claim and the ship at the time the claim arose
• 21.3.2 Relationship between the person liable in respect of the claim and the ship at the time the claim is enforced
• 21.3.3 How the ship in respect of which the claim has arisen is identified
• 21.3.4 Whether ships other than that in respect of which the claim has arisen may be arrested
• 21.3.5 Claims secured by maritime liens
• 21.3.6 Jurisdiction on the merits
• 21.4 The Influence of Global Limitation of Liability on the Enforcement of Maritime Claims
• 21.5 The Influence on Enforcement of Maritime Claims of the Bankruptcy of a Shipowner or of Other Actions Affecting the Totality of a Shipowner’s Assets
• 22.1 Introduction
• 22.2.1.1 Charterers
• 22.2.1.2 Managers and operators
• 22.2.2 Salvors
• 22.2.3 Any person for whose act the shipowner or salvor is responsible
• 22.2.4 Liability insurers
• 22.3.1 Claims in respect of loss of life or personal injury or loss of or damage to property
• 22.3.2 Claims resulting from delay
• 22.3.3 Claims for infringement of rights
• 22.3.4 Claims for wreck and cargo removal
• 22.3.5 Claims in respect of measures taken in order to avert or minimize loss
• 22.4.1 Salvage and general average
• 22.4.2 Claims for oil pollution damage
• 22.4.3 Nuclear damage claims
• 22.4.4 Claims by servants of the shipowner or salvor
• 22.4.5 Claims excluded by reservations
• 22.5.1 Personal act or omission
• 22.5.2 Intent
• 22.5.3 ‘Recklessness’ and ‘with knowledge’
• 22.5.4 Loss
• 22.5.5 Such loss
• 22.5.6 The burden of proof
• 22.6 Counterclaims
• 22.7.1 General limits of liability
• 22.7.2 Limitation of liability for passenger claims
• 22.8 Aggregation of Claims
• 22.9.1 Constitution and distribution of the fund
• 22.9.2 Bar to other actions
• 22.10 The Current State of the Amended LLMC Convention
• 23.1 Introduction
• 23.2 Definition of Marine Insurance
• 23.3 Historical Background
• 23.4.1 Hull insurance
• 23.4.2 Cargo insurance
• 23.4.3.1 P&I clubs
• 23.4.3.2 Compulsory insurance and direct action
• 23.4.4 Other types of marine insurance
• 23.5 Sources of Marine Insurance Law
• 23.6.1 The role of insurance brokers and agents
• 23.7.1 Contract of indemnity
• 23.7.2.1 Who can be insured?
• 23.7.2.2 When must the insurable interest attach?
• 23.7.2.3 Defeasible and contingent interest
• 23.7.3.1.1 Duty of disclosure
• 23.7.3.1.2 Duty of true representation
• 23.7.3.2 Civil law
• 23.7.4.1 Assignment of policy and loss-payable clauses
• 23.7.5 Subject matter insured
• 23.7.6.1 Agreed value and insurable value
• 23.7.6.2 Under-insurance and over-insurance
• 23.7.6.3 Double insurance
• 23.7.6.4 Deductibles
• 23.7.7.1 Time policy
• 23.7.7.2 Voyage policy
• 23.7.7.3 Retroactive insurance
• 23.7.8.1 Seaworthiness
• 23.7.9.1.1 Maritime perils
• 23.7.9.1.2 Other perils
• 23.7.9.2 Excluded risks
• 23.7.10.1 Total loss (actual total loss, constructive total loss, abandonment)
• 23.7.10.2 Particular average loss
• 23.7.10.3 General average loss
• 23.7.10.4 Salvage charges
• 23.7.10.5 Sue and labour expenses
• 23.7.11 Premium
• 23.8 Subrogation of the Insurer
• 23.9 Reinsurance and Co-Insurance
• 23.10 Conclusion

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.

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• United Nations

Treaty Establishing the European Community (as amended by other Treaties) (European Union) [2006] OJ 321 E/37 (Date signed: 25th March 1957)

• External Link

23 The Law of Marine Insurance

Marko pavliha, adriana vincenca padovan, from: the imli manual on international maritime law: volume ii: shipping law, edited by: david joseph attard, malgosia fitzmaurice, ignacio arroyo, norman martinez, elda belja.

This chapter examines the basics of marine insurance law. It emphasizes the principles of indemnity, insurable interest, and utmost good faith. Marine insurance refers to the insurance of vessels, cargo, shipowner’s, shiprepairer’s, and other marine liabilities, and various other moveable property and associated interests exposed to the risks incidental to the marine transport. It protects the insured against damage, loss, and liability arising from the exposure of a vessel, goods, or any moveable property to the maritime perils, meaning the perils consequent on, or incidental to, the navigation. The three common types of marine insurance are hull insurance, cargo insurance, and marine liability insurance. Unfortunately, there is no standing international legal framework regulating the law of marine insurance. In Commonwealth countries, a source of marine insurance law is common law, reflected in and developed through case law and through the Marine Insurance Act 1906.

• [66.249.64.20|81.177.182.136]
• 81.177.182.136

Marine Cargo Insurance

• First Online: 04 November 2023

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• Eun Sup Lee   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0005-3434-2871 2  

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Considering the instability and uncertainty in proceeding the international transport, the available method to ensure the safety is to cover the risk by the international cargo insurance contract.

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Marine Insurance Act 1906, §.2(1).

Eun Sup Lee, supra note 138, at 219.

Id. at 220.

Id. at 221.

Id. at 222.

Eun Sup Lee, supra note 138, at 224.

Unvalued policies are sometimes called open policies. This term should not be confused with the open cover.

Eun Sup Lee, supra note 138, at 226.

Id. at 227.

Id. at 228.

Garnat Trading Shipping (Singapore) Pte Ltd v Baominh Insurance Corporation (2011) EWCA Civ 773 http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=ae8abd32-e589-4abc-9a16-78e238b917f6 .

UCP600 art. 28.

Global Process Systems Inc v Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Bhd (The Cendor Mopu). (2001) Lloyd’s Rep. I.R.302 www.4newsquare.com/content/Publications/85.pd .

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DiMatteo LA, Dhooge LJ (2005) International business law—transactional approach, 2nd edn. West

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Dover V (1982) A handbook to marine insurance, 8th edn. Witherby & Co. Ltd.

Fellmeth AX (2009) The law of international business transactions. West

Folsom RH, Gordon MW, Spanogle JA Jr, Fitzgerald PL (2009) International business transactions: contracting across borders. West

Kouladis N, Fellmeth AX (2009) The law of international business transactions. West

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1 Introduction To The Law Of Marine Insurance

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The need to protect investment in maritime adventure was recognized in early civilizations. Contractual transfer of risk was pioneered through loans on the security of a vessel or cargo, repayable at a high rate of interest should the secured property arrive safely but otherwise not repayable. Such maritime loans existed in ancient Babylon, were used by the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks, and Romans, and were revived in medieval Italy. They became known as ‘bottomry’ where the secured property was a vessel and ‘respondentia’ where the secured property was cargo. In addition, from at least the time of commercial prominence of ancient Rhodes, risk has been shared through the system of general average, by which a loss incurred for the benefit of a common maritime adventure is shared among all interests benefited by the loss. In general average, however, the interest that sustains the loss must still carry its share and recovery is contingent upon other interests deriving benefit from the loss.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Insurance law'

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Mahmood, Nik Ramlah Binti Nik. "Insurance law in Malaysia." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1988. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28965.

Enright, Walter Ian Brooke. "Themes in insurance law." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33899.

Bugra, Aysegul. "Delay in marine insurance law." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370454/.

Góngora, Luis Jorge. "Aviation insurance." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21682.

Olubajo, Ahmed Tolulope. "The law of co-insurance policies." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398829.

Ding, Jian. "Research on insurable interest in English and Chinese law of marine insurance." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430530.

Corzo, de la Colina Rafael, and Mendoza José Villafuerte. "Great risk insurances and disproportionate protection of insured persons in insurance contract Law." IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122964.

Chen, Sanming. "Subrogation in the law of marine insurance." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340328.

Summer, Judith Penina. "Insurance law and the Financial Ombudsman Service." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/67654/.

Zheng, Rui. "Fraudulent claims in commercial insurance law : a legal and economic analysis." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42644.

MacNeil, Ian G. "Insurance contract law in the single European market." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531109.

Seatzu, Francesco. "Insurance in private international law : a European perspective." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364461.

Njikam, Martha Simo. "Insurance law in England and Cameroon : a comparative study : with special reference to motor vehicle insurance." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1986. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1852/.

Channon, Matthew Raymond. "Validity and effect of exclusion clauses against third parties in motor insurance." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/32099.

Aljallal, Arwa Ibrahim A. "The duty of good faith in insurance law : a study of Saudi law compared to English law." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370749/.

Han, YongQiang. "The relevance of Adams and Brownsword's Theory of contract law ideologies to insurance contract law reform : an interpretative and evaluative approach." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=201899.

Li, Miao. "Marine insurance brokers' duties and liabilities." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/345558/.

Robineau, Matthieu. "Contribution à l'etude du système responsabilité : les potentialités du droit des assurances /." Paris : Defrénois, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/524590532.pdf.

Simmons, Sean. "The upshot for title insurance downunder /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17794.pdf.

Aric, Zuhal. "Research on open covers in English law of marine insurance." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.582529.

Omo-Eboh, Omogbai I. "Insurance law in Nigeria with particular reference to legislative intervention." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1181/.

Olanipekun, Oladapo Olumide. "Banking regulation and deposit insurance : legal and comparative perspective." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1581.

Albalawi, Khalaf Mohammed. "A comparative analysis of takaful and conventional insurance, with a special reference to the Saudi insurance law." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/60970/.

Botes, Johan Hendrik. "From good faith to utmost good faith in marine insurance /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0709/2007416214.html.

Schoenbaum, Thomas J. "Key divergences in the law of marine insurance between English and American law : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270852.

Prinsloo, Adam. "The need to reform promissory warranties in South African insurance law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78884.

Ackerman, Eileen. "Microinsurance in the context of social protection : overcoming the barriers of economic growth and development." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78866.

Koutsoubas, T. "The impact of the EEC law on the Greek insurance system." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354260.

Berthiaume, Adèle. "No-fault automobile insurance and the conflict of laws." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66123.

Shan, Jialing. "Aviation insurance under the modernization of Rome convention 1952." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97227.

Mahfuz, Mahfuz. "A research to develop English insurance law to accommodate Islamic principles." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-research-to-develop-english-insurance-law-to-accommodate-islamic-principles(ba9df8a6-58e2-4506-b62e-431238740e73).html.

Deonandan, Nirvana. "Insurance warranties in South Africa: consideration of reform of the law on insurance warranties in South Africa and why there is a need for such reform." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31556.

Wang, Guijun. "Wilful misconduct of the assured and his servants in marine insurance." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316300.

Jing, Zhen. "Fundamental principles of insurance contract law and practice in the People's Republic of China : a comparative study with English and Australian counterparts." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2001. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25787.

Ballard, Martha Alicia Castenada. "The reform of insurance contract law for the protection of the consumer." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275941.

Ogis, Sinem [Verfasser]. "The Influence of Marine Insurance Law on the Legal Development of Life and Fire Insurance in England. / Sinem Ogis." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1238487971/34.

Li, Chengming. "Essays on improving the regulation and supervision of insurance in PR China." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2003. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1810.

Akinyeye, Oluwole. "The menace of piracy and its effects on the marine insurance industry." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12635.

Koosha, Aboutaleb. "Compensation and insurance in respect of pollution liability at sea." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1994. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3932/.

POTENZA, MARCO. "The Builders' risks insurance: a comparative study under English and Italian law." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/671.

Söreskog, Jenny, and Jennie Spännar. "Försäkringsgivarens informationsplikt." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-715.

Strojin, Anja. "The duty of utmost good faith and warranties in marine insurance : (a comparative analysis)." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32814.

Khembo, Loness. "Decent work in Malawi: social security; extension of social insurance to all workers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15174.

Ludescher, Tom. "Das gebundene Vermögen gemäss Versicherungsaufsichtsgesetz (VAG) /." Zürich ; St. Gallen : Dike, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016094506&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

Krop, Filip. "Problematika pojistných podvodů v rámci pojištění automobilů v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199292.

Häggeborn, Elin. "Försäkringstagarens rättsliga skydd enligt lagen om försäkringsförmedling : The legal protection of the insurance taker according to the Law of Insurance Mediation." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6788.

Bakgrund: En försäkringstagare kan välja att antingen köpa en försäkring genom direkt kontakt med ett försäkringsföretag eller genom att anlita en försäkringsförmedlare som sköter upphandlingen av de försäkringar som försäkringstagaren önskar. Under det senaste decenniet har försäkringsförmedlarna kommit att utgöra en viktig del av försäkringsmarknaden och de omsätter stora ekonomiska värden i sin verksamhet. Mot denna bakgrund är det av stor betydelse att den lagstiftning som reglerar förmedlarnas verksamhet ger ett tillfredsställande kundskydd. Tidigare fanns endast lagregler beträffande försäkringsmäklare som var tvungna att agera oberoende av försäkringsgivarintressen. Den 1 juli 2005 trädde dock en ny lag i kraft, lagen om försäkringsförmedling (2005:405), som har ett vidare tillämpningsområde än den äldre lagstiftningen om försäkringsmäklare. Den nya lagen omfattar även bland annat sådana förmedlare som ingått avtal med försäkringsföretag att endast förmedla dessa företags försäkringar.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda om lagen om försäkringsförmedling erbjuder ett tillfredsställande kundskydd. För att undersöka denna fråga kommer en analys att göras av de skillnader som föreligger mellan det kundskydd som följde av lagen om försäkringsmäklare och det kundskydd som följer av den nya lagen om försäkringsförmedling. Förmedlarens roll som mellanman samt olika ersättningsmodeller för förmedlarens arbetsinsats kommer att granskas. Vidare är förmedlarens rådgivningsansvar, informationsplikt och skadeståndsansvar några av de ytterligare omständigheter som kommer att undersökas närmare.

Slutsatser: Det går att urskilja vissa helt nya bestämmelser i lagen om försäkringsförmedling som ökar kundens trygghet, exempelvis de nya reglerna angående förmedlarens informationsplikt och dokumentationsskyldighet. Även vissa andra regler som endast förtydligats eller förändrats i mindre grad ger ett förbättrat kundskydd. Tyvärr finns också förändringar i lagen som kan betyda en ökad osäkerhet och utsatthet för kunden, exempelvis förmedlarens möjlighet att alternera mellan olika förmedlingsroller. Att förmedlaren fortfarande kan ersättas genom provision kan också skada kundens förtroende för förmedlaren.

LI, CHUN-CHANG, and 李俊璋. "Case Studies on Insurance Fraud of Anamnesis-From the Criminal Law and Insurance Law." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81509967888729639928.

Pan, Wen-Chung, and 潘穩中. "Insurance Fraud Prevention from the Perspective of Insurance Law." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89904647949592029943.

WANG, HAO, and 王顥. "EC COMPETITION LAW IN INSURANCE SECTOR." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57590861274299367156.

Chu, Yen-Ming, and 朱炎銘. "Liability Insurance of Construction Contractor─ based on the German Liability Insurance Law." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90549185805657965284.

Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics

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Balance of Interests as a Principle of Civil Law: Some Aspects of Legal Consciousness

• Yury Alexandrovich SVIRIN Department Civil Procedural Law and Bailiff Organization Department, All-Russian State University of Justice, Moscow, Russian Federation
• Vladimir Viktorovich KULAKOV Department of Civil Law, Russian State University of Justice, Moscow, Russia Federation
• Alexandr Anatolievich MOKHOV Kutafin Moscow State Law University, Moscov, Russian Federation
• Sergej Nikolaevich SHESTOV Institute of Economics and Law, Academy of Labor and Social Relations, Sevastopol, Russian Federation
• Vladislav Petrovich SOROKIN Department of Civil Law and Process Ows, Academy of Labour and Social Relations, Moscow, Russian Federation

The research considers the category of reasonable balance of interests in the context of civil relations. The authors of the article highlight the need to restrict permissibility as a method of civil regulation aimed at protecting the rights and interests of the weaker party in some legal relations. A reasonable balance of interests is ensured by laws and agreements, whose conditions become the subject of a judicial dispute in the absence of a mandatory rule. The authors have analyzed judicial acts conditioned by the need to maintain a reasonable balance of interests. As a result, they have determined that the first condition for applying the fair balance principle is the equivalence of counter-performance in the absence of both excessive benefits and excessive losses for the parties. The second condition is the party-related division in some civil relations. The authors have concluded that the risks of negative consequences should not be borne only by the weaker party if the latter could not reasonably foresee the consequences upon concluding the relevant agreement. Methods. The study is based on the comparative analysis of the Russian scientific doctrine and judicial practice. The main approach to the analysis of the legal tools in question is the method of system analysis. In addition, the authors used the structural-functional method and general scientific methods of cognition. The study aims at determining the principle of a reasonable balance of interests in civil law, its essence, necessity and expediency in the system of law enforcement. The authors aim to define conditions for applying legal norms to achieve a reasonable balance of interests among all parties in disputed legal relations. Results. The study results let the authors claim that the risks of negative consequences should not be borne only by the weaker party if it could not reasonably foresee such consequences upon concluding the agreement and the imbalance of interests among parties in civil-legal relations is caused by the violation by one or another party of the principles of fair practice and reasonableness . Although a reasonable balance of interests is a counterweight to the principles of contractual freedom and free will, courts should apply it to ensure the right of justice.

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Meet Anastasia Telesetsky

Anastasia Telesetsky came to University of Idaho in 2009 from Briscoe, Ivester and Bazel, a San Francisco-based environmental and natural resources law firm. She teaches the international law curriculum and part of the environmental law curriculum, including public international law, international environmental law, international trade and investment law, private international law, and environmental law. She is a member of the Natural Resources and Environmental Law program faculty and the adviser to both the Environmental Law Society and International Law Student Association.

Anastasia has a J.D. from UC Berkeley, where she was an editor for Ecology Law Quarterly and earned her environmental law certificate. She also has an LL.M. from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, where she wrote a thesis on environmental insurance law with a focus on developing a climate change disaster insurance product.

Anastasia brings a policy-oriented approach to her scholarship which is primarily focused in the fields of international environmental law and law of the sea. She has explored a number of pressing contemporary international and environmental legal topics in her writing including large landscape/seascape ecological restoration, transboundary restoration treaties, illegal-unreported-unregulated fishing, auction mechanisms for allocating fishery rights, perverse environmental subsidies in fishing, multi-stakeholder ocean governance institutions, non-governmental organization accountability, the use of territorial use right fisheries to promote conservation and restoration, and the use of national legal mechanisms to reduce black carbon emissions.

California Sees Two More Property Insurers Exit From Market (1)

By Nadia Lopez

California’s already strained property insurance market is facing a new challenge as two more insurers, Tokio Marine America Insurance Co. and Trans Pacific Insurance Co., plan to withdraw from the wildfire-prone state entirely starting in July.

The two companies, units of Japan-based Tokio Marine Holdings Inc., disclosed their plans in filings submitted to the California Department of Insurance . They said the decision will affect 12,556 policies with premiums of $11.3 million.

“Given the small segment of personal lines business we write and escalating costs, we cannot sustainably support personal lines coverages and do not plan to return,” the company ...

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Marx/Engels Internet Archive

Theses On Feuerbach Download PDF Written: by Marx in the Spring of 1845, but slightly edited by Engels; First Published: As an appendix to Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy in 1888; Source: Marx/Engels Selected Works, Volume One, p. 13 – 15. Note that this version differs from the version of Engels’ edition published in MECW Volume 5, pp. 6-8; Publisher: Progress Publishers, Moscow, USSR, 1969; Translated: W. Lough from the German; Transcription/Markup: Zodiac/ Brian Baggins ; Copyleft: Marx/Engels Internet Archive (marxists.org) 1995, 1999, 2002. Permission is granted to copy and/or distribute this document under the terms of the Creative Commons ShareAlike License ; Proofread: by Andy Blunden February 2005. I The chief defect of all hitherto existing materialism – that of Feuerbach included – is that the thing, reality, sensuousness, is conceived only in the form of the object or of contemplation , but not as sensuous human activity, practice , not subjectively. Hence, in contradistinction to materialism, the active side was developed abstractly by idealism – which, of course, does not know real, sensuous activity as such. Feuerbach wants sensuous objects, really distinct from the thought objects, but he does not conceive human activity itself as objective activity. Hence, in The Essence of Christianity , he regards the theoretical attitude as the only genuinely human attitude, while practice is conceived and fixed only in its dirty-judaical manifestation. Hence he does not grasp the significance of “revolutionary”, of “practical-critical”, activity. II The question whether objective truth can be attributed to human thinking is not a question of theory but is a practical question. Man must prove the truth — i.e. the reality and power, the this-sidedness of his thinking in practice. The dispute over the reality or non-reality of thinking that is isolated from practice is a purely scholastic question. III The materialist doctrine concerning the changing of circumstances and upbringing forgets that circumstances are changed by men and that it is essential to educate the educator himself. This doctrine must, therefore, divide society into two parts, one of which is superior to society. The coincidence of the changing of circumstances and of human activity or self-changing can be conceived and rationally understood only as revolutionary practice . IV Feuerbach starts out from the fact of religious self-alienation, of the duplication of the world into a religious world and a secular one. His work consists in resolving the religious world into its secular basis. But that the secular basis detaches itself from itself and establishes itself as an independent realm in the clouds can only be explained by the cleavages and self-contradictions within this secular basis. The latter must, therefore, in itself be both understood in its contradiction and revolutionized in practice. Thus, for instance, after the earthly family is discovered to be the secret of the holy family, the former must then itself be destroyed in theory and in practice. V Feuerbach, not satisfied with abstract thinking, wants contemplation; but he does not conceive sensuousness as practical, human-sensuous activity. VI Feuerbach resolves the religious essence into the human essence. But the human essence is no abstraction inherent in each single individual. In its reality it is the ensemble of the social relations. Feuerbach, who does not enter upon a criticism of this real essence, is consequently compelled: To abstract from the historical process and to fix the religious sentiment as something by itself and to presuppose an abstract – isolated – human individual. Essence, therefore, can be comprehended only as “genus”, as an internal, dumb generality which naturally unites the many individuals. VII Feuerbach, consequently, does not see that the “religious sentiment” is itself a social product, and that the abstract individual whom he analyses belongs to a particular form of society. VIII All social life is essentially practical. All mysteries which lead theory to mysticism find their rational solution in human practice and in the comprehension of this practice. IX The highest point reached by contemplative materialism, that is, materialism which does not comprehend sensuousness as practical activity, is contemplation of single individuals and of civil society. X The standpoint of the old materialism is civil society; the standpoint of the new is human society, or social humanity. XI The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point is to change it.   Deutsch | 1938 translation of Marx’s original | 2002 translation of Marx’s original | MECW translation of Engels’ 1888 version Marx/Engels Works Archive | Study Guide | Engels on Feuerbach | Image of Thesis 11 | Works Index