parts of a synthesis paper

How to Write a Synthesis Essay: Your Guide From Start to Finish

Today, we're swamped with information, like reading 174 newspapers every day. It comes from all over—news, social media, science, and more. This flood might make you feel overwhelmed and lost in a sea of facts and opinions. But being able to make sense of it all is crucial.

This guide isn't just about handling all that info; it's about using it to write awesome essays. We'll show you step by step how to pick a topic and organize your essay. Let's dive in and learn how to turn scattered facts into powerful essays that really stand out.

What Is a Synthesis Essay

The synthesis essay is a powerful tool in writing. It's not just about gathering facts but about connecting them to make a clear and strong argument.

Writing a synthesis essay allows you to dive deep into ideas. You have to find similarities between different sources—like articles, studies, or arguments—and use them to tell a convincing story.

In today's world, where we're bombarded with information, synthesis essays are more important than ever. They let us explore how different ideas fit together and help us express our thoughts on complex topics. Whether you're writing about literature, science, history, or current events, a synthesis essay shows off your ability to analyze and understand a topic from all angles. And if you're struggling with this task, just ask us to ' write paper for me ,' and we'll handle your assignment for you.

Explanatory vs. Argumentative Synthesis Essays

In synthesis writing, there are two main types: explanatory and argumentative. Understanding these categories is key because they shape how you approach your essay.

Explanatory:

An explanatory synthesis essay does just what it says—it explains. These essays aim to give a balanced view of a topic by gathering information from different sources and presenting it clearly. They don't try to persuade; instead, they focus on providing information and making things easier to understand. They're like comprehensive summaries, breaking down complex ideas for a broader audience. These essays rely heavily on facts and expert opinions, avoiding personal bias.

Argumentative:

On the flip side, argumentative synthesis essays are all about persuasion. Their main goal is to take a stance on an issue and convince the reader. They gather information from various sources not only to present different views but also to build a strong argument. Argumentative essays aim to sway the reader's opinion by using gathered information as evidence. These essays express opinions and use rhetorical strategies to persuade.

And if you're keen on knowing how to write an informative essay , we've got you covered on that, too!

Synthesis Essay Structure

To craft a strong synthesis essay, you need a solid foundation. Here's a structured approach to help you nail it:

Introductory Paragraph:

• To kick things off, grab your reader's attention with a catchy hook or interesting fact. Give a bit of background info about your topic and the sources you'll be using, as it can help readers understand your topic better! Then, lay out your main argument in a clear thesis statement.

Body Paragraphs:

• Each paragraph should focus on a different aspect of your topic or source. Start with a topic sentence that links back to your thesis. Introduce the source you're discussing and highlight its main points. Also, using quotes, paraphrases, or summaries from your sources can make your arguments stronger.

Synthesis :

• This part is where your essay comes together. Look for common themes or differences among your sources. Use your analysis to build a strong argument. Don't forget to address any opposing viewpoints if they're relevant!

Conclusion :

• Wrap things up by restating your thesis and summarizing your main points. Explain why your argument is important and what it means in the bigger picture. End with a thought-provoking statement to leave a lasting impression.

References :

• Finally, don't forget to list all your sources properly using the right citation style, like MLA or APA. Do you know that different citation styles have different rules? So, make sure you follow the right one!

Choosing a Synthesis Essay Topic

Picking essay topics is just the beginning. To write a great synthesis essay, you need to carefully evaluate and connect different sources to build a strong argument or viewpoint. Here's a step-by-step infographic guide to help you choose the right synthesis essay topics wisely.

How to Write a Synthesis Essay with Easy Steps

Writing a synthesis essay is similar to a compare and contrast essay . It requires a methodical approach to blend information from different sources into a strong and persuasive argument. Here are some crucial steps and tips to help you along the way.

• Clarify Your Purpose: First, decide if you're writing an explanatory or argumentative synthesis essay. This choice will set the tone and direction for your essay.
• Source Selection and Analysis: Choose credible and relevant sources for your topic, balancing different types like articles, books, and websites. Analyze each source carefully, noting the main ideas and evidence presented.
• Formulate a Strong Thesis Statement: Create a clear and concise thesis statement that guides your essay. It should express your main argument or perspective.
• Structure Your Essay: Organize your essay with a clear synthesis essay outline, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each body paragraph should focus on a specific aspect of your topic.
• Employ Effective Transition Sentences: Use transition sentences to connect your ideas and paragraphs smoothly, ensuring a cohesive flow in your essay.
• Synthesize Information: Blend information from your sources within your paragraphs. Discuss how each source contributes to your thesis and highlight common themes or differences.
• Avoid Simple Summarization: Don't just summarize your sources—analyze them critically and use them to build your argument.
• Address Counterarguments (if applicable): Acknowledge opposing viewpoints and counter them with well-supported arguments, showing a deep understanding of the topic.
• Craft a Resolute Conclusion: Summarize your main points and restate your thesis in the conclusion. Emphasize the importance of your argument or insights, and end with a thought-provoking statement or call to action. ‍
• Revise and Proofread: Check your essay for clarity, coherence, and grammar mistakes. Ensure your citations are correct and follow the chosen citation style, like MLA or APA.

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Synthesis Essay Format

Choosing the right citation style can enhance the credibility and professionalism of your paper. The format of your synthesis paper depends on the specific guidelines given by your instructor. They usually fall into one of the popular styles: MLA, APA, or Chicago, each used in different academic fields.

1. MLA (Modern Language Association):

• Uses in-text citations with the author's last name and page number.
• Includes a 'Works Cited' page at the end listing all sources.
• Focuses on the author and publication date.
• Often used in humanities essays, research papers, and literary analyses.

2. APA (American Psychological Association):

• Uses in-text citations with the author's last name and publication date in parentheses.
• Includes a 'References' page listing all sources alphabetically.
• Emphasizes the publication date and scientific precision.
• Commonly used in research papers, scholarly articles, and scientific studies.

3. Chicago Style:

• Offers two documentation styles: Notes-Bibliography and Author-Date.
• Notes-Bibliography uses footnotes or endnotes for citations, while Author-Date uses in-text citations with a reference list.
• Suitable for various academic writing, including research papers and historical studies.
• Provides flexibility in formatting and citation methods, making it adaptable to different disciplines.

Synthesis Essay Example

Here are two examples of synthesis essays that demonstrate how to apply the synthesis process in real life. They explore interesting topics and offer practical guidance for mastering the art of writing this type of paper.

Synthesis Essay Tips

Crafting a strong synthesis essay requires careful planning and effective techniques. Here are five essential tips to help you write your best paper:

• Diverse Source Selection : Choose a range of reliable sources that offer different viewpoints on your topic. Make sure they're recent and relevant to your subject.
• Seamless Source Integration : Avoid just summarizing your sources. Instead, blend them into your essay by analyzing and comparing their ideas. Show how they connect to build your argument.
• Balanced Tone : Maintain an impartial tone in your writing, even if you have personal opinions. Synthesis essays require objectivity, so they present different viewpoints without bias.
• Focus on Synthesis : Remember, synthesis essays are about linking ideas, not just summarizing sources. Explore how your sources relate to each other to create a cohesive argument.
• Address Counterarguments : Like in persuasive essays topics , acknowledge opposing viewpoints and explain why your perspective is stronger. This demonstrates your understanding of the topic and adds depth to your argument.

Concluding Thoughts

When writing a synthesis essay, it's essential to pick trustworthy sources, blend them effectively to build your argument and stay objective. Use smooth transitions, address counterarguments thoughtfully, and focus on analyzing rather than just summarizing. By following these steps, you'll create essays that inform, persuade, and engage your readers!

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How Should You Conclude a Synthesis Essay?

Related articles.

How to Write a Synthesis Essay: Examples, Topics, & Outline

A synthesis essay requires you to work with multiple sources. You combine the information gathered from them to present a well-rounded argument on a topic. Are you looking for the ultimate guide on synthesis essay writing? You’ve come to the right place!

Our specialists will write a custom essay specially for you!

In this guide by our custom writing team, you will find:

• a step-by-step writing guide;
• a list of 34 synthesis essay topics;
• a full essay sample in MLA format.
• 📚 Synthesis Essay Definition
• 📝 Essay Types
• ✅ Step-by-Step Guide
• ✍️ Topics & Prompts
• 📑 Example & Formatting Tips

📚 What Is a Synthesis Essay?

A synthesis essay is an assignment that requires a unique interpretation of a particular topic using several reliable sources. To write it, you need to understand, analyze, and synthesize information. That is why this type of essay is used in the AP Lang exam to assess students’ reasoning skills.

The key features of the synthesis essay are:

• Debatable topic . If your goal is to write a good synthesis essay, it’s necessary to choose an arguable topic. It’s best to choose something that people have different opinions about. This will allow you to use many sources with various viewpoints for your synthesis.
• Clear thesis statement. It’s a sentence that briefly describes the main idea of your essay.
• Reliable sources to prove your thesis . For a synthesis essay, your opinion is not enough. You also need to find the evidence. Keep in mind that simply reading an online encyclopedia won’t do; make sure to choose only reliable sources.

What Does It Mean to Synthesize Information?

Synthesis is a process that has huge importance in nature, science, and our everyday life. The word stems from Ancient Greek “synthesis,” which means “putting together.” In general, synthesis is the combination of components to form a connected whole.

In everyday life, we usually resort to it to synthesize information . This means taking the data from different sources and bringing it together. This process is the opposite of analyzing:

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• For an analysis , you break problems into pieces,
• For a synthesis , you combine separate elements into a whole.

We use synthesis for analysis papers, research papers, argument papers, and business reports.

What Does Synthesis Mean in Writing?

Synthesis in writing means summarizing and connecting different sources considering a particular topic. Although synthesis and analysis are two opposite things, they usually go together in synthesis essays. The process consists of 2 stages:

• Conduct the analysis. For that, you break down a problem into parts and analyze the sources. It’s helpful to highlight everything regarding your topic while reading.
• Carry out the synthesis. The next step is to formulate an opinion and combine the highlighted information from the sources.

Synthesis is not only used in writing but also in reading comprehension . It’s useful to do this kind of reading while studying your sources. There are three reading comprehension stages:

• Your previous knowledge about the topic.
• Expansion of your knowledge while you are reading.
• Understanding of the problem when you have finished reading.

So, synthesized reading comprehension means combining three stages in one and formulating one statement.

Synthesis vs Summary: What Is the Difference?

A summary is a paraphrasing of the written source in your own words. For a good summary, it’s necessary to include all of the text’s key elements. Meanwhile, synthesis means combining different ideas from different sources. You don’t have to include all the key points; just choose everything related to your topic.

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Both of these techniques are used for the synthesis essay:

• The summary goes in the conclusion. You briefly sum up your paper’s main ideas.
• Synthesis goes in the body paragraphs. Here, you combine multiple sources to prove a point.

📝 Synthesis Essay Types

There are two main types of a synthesis essay: argument and explanatory synthesis.

Both of them require working with multiple reliable sources and analyzing information. The only difference is that an argument synthesis essay requires your own opinion, while an explanatory synthesis essay does not.

Argument Synthesis Essay: Outline and Definition

As you already know, an argument synthesis essay requires you to state your own opinion about the given topic and back it up with several reliable sources. The purpose of such an essay is to persuade the reader that your point is correct.

Here’s what an argument synthesis essay consists of:

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Explanatory Synthesis Essay: Definition and How to Write

An explanatory informative synthesis essay requires you to stay neutral towards the problem you are discussing. This means you cannot express your own opinion considering the given question or a problem. Your task is just to inform the reader. That’s why this essay type is also called informative synthesis.

Check out this explanatory essay outline:

✅ How to Write a Synthesis Essay Step by Step

When it comes to the synthesis essay outline, it’s not too different from other assignments. Have a look at this template:

How to Synthesize: Working with Sources

After you’ve decided on your topic, it’s time to figure out how to synthesize articles into one text. This is how you do it:

• Choose reliable sources: the ones printed in journals or published on academic websites.
• Become familiar with them and see if they fit into your essay.
• Try to find a few sources for each point. It will increase your essay’s reliability.
• Relate each source to your arguments and see similarities between them.
• Don’t forget to list every source in the references.

When you are done with a comprehensive analysis of related literature, try to step back and imagine a person who has a different opinion on this topic. Think of some arguments that they can provide to prove their opinion. After you have the list of arguments, find the written evidence of why they are wrong and put them in your essay.

Analyzing and organizing sources is the first and very important step for the synthesis essay. So make sure you do understand what the text means before using it as a reference.

Synthesis Essay Outline: How to Write

For structuring your essay, it’s useful to try mapping . This technique means combining the information from different sources and rearranging it to create a new direction. To do it, you need to analyze the authors’ ideas and come up with your own conclusions.

The best way to do that is called synthesis matrix or graphic organizer. It’s a chart that you can make when you start working on your essay. Here you have a horizontal column that states the main ideas and a few vertical columns that present sources. Your task is to take sources you have chosen and write down the main ideas from them.

Here’s an example of a matrix chart:

While doing that, you will see how many sources contain the same ideas. When you analyze them, you will be able to formulate your thesis backed up with evidence. The synthesis matrix also helps to see new arguments you can cover in your synthesis paper.

How to Write an Introduction for a Synthesis Essay

Now it’s time to start writing the paper. In the introductory part of the essay, you can include:

• A short yet catchy sentence or a quotation that would present the topic. The start of your essay should make people interested. It’s best to make the first sentence not only informative but also easy to understand.
• The texts that are used for the essay. Provide the titles and the authors’ names (use the appropriate guidelines depending on the writing style.)
• The background information which is needed to understand your essay. Definitions of terms or unknown words considering the topic can be included in this part. Otherwise, people may find it hard to understand what they are reading about.

How to Write a Thesis for a Synthesis Essay

A thesis statement is a point of view on a certain problem that you will defend in your essay. It should contain the key points that you want to include in your paper. Here’s how to create a perfect thesis statement:

• Find several central ideas in the chart.
• Choose the ones that are repeated the most often and the ones that you feel need to be in your essay.
• Combine them, and you have a thesis statement with all the key points.
• Make a draft of the thesis statement. Try to formulate the main idea you want to present in your essay.
• Elaborate on this idea. Add some details and expand it a bit further.

If the whole picture is coherent, and it conveys exactly what you wanted, then this is your perfect thesis statement. See the example below:

Gender inequality still exists at the workplace: women are less likely to get the most responsible positions, easily lose careers due to maternity leave, and often receive less pay for the same amount of work.

How to Write Synthesis Paragraphs for the Main Body

Your essay’s main body consists of a few paragraphs. Each of them presents a different argument considering the topic. When you start a paragraph, make sure to begin with a topic sentence, which informs the reader about the paragraph’s main idea. Then, include the synthesized sources and elaborate on them.

Here’s what you should and shouldn’t do when writing the main body:

You can use the following words to present the ideas from your sources. They will help you reflect the authors’ tone:

How to Conclude a Synthesis Essay

There are quite a few ways to conclude the synthesis paper. Have a look at some of the options:

• Paraphrase the thesis. As you remember, the thesis is the main idea of your essay. The conclusion is a good place to remind your readers about it. When they are done with the reading, they remember the most important thing from your essay.
• Synthesize the arguments. There is no need to repeat everything you wrote in your essay. Just briefly summarize the most crucial points.
• Answer the “So what” question. Tell the readers why this topic matters, why you’ve chosen it, and why it’s valuable for the reader.
• Provide a closure. It’s an effective strategy when you want to make the reader think. Leave them with a strong statement at the end of your essay.

Synthesis Paper Proofreading Tips

When you have finally written your paper, there is still one important thing left to do. You need to check your paper for any grammatical and contextual mistakes. You certainly can do it yourself, but it would be perfect if you could ask somebody else to read it.

The first thing you need to check grammar-wise is the tense you are using. There is no single tense you need to use for the synthesis essay. It depends on the format:

• If you’re writing in MLA format, use the present tense;
• For APA essays, you use the past tense.

The next step is to check whether your synthesis essay has everything that’s required. For that, we have prepared the checklist of questions you can ask yourself to proofread your essays.

• Is there a clear thesis statement?
• Did you include all of the key points from the synthesis?
• Are there clear transitions between paragraphs?
• Did you organize a paragraph around a single idea?
• Did you use reliable and up-to-date sources?
• Did you analyze sources rather than just summarize them?
• Did you mention every source you’ve used?

If you’ve answered “yes” to all the questions—congratulations, you are done with the essay! Otherwise, you need to come back and fix everything that you’ve answered “no” to.

✍️ Synthesis Essay Topics and Prompts

Sometimes, when you don’t have a topic , it is tough to come up with a suitable idea. That is why we have prepared two lists of topics that you can use for any synthesis essay type.

Explanatory Synthesis Essay Topics

The topics below are suitable for an explanatory synthesis essay:

• The beginning of Hollywood cinema . Cinema is a huge industry in the USA. Tell the readers about its history. Describe what it was like in the beginning, which movie was the first one, and who started this industry.
• Tactics on dealing with noisy children. Sometimes kids can be very loud, especially in public places. Write about different tactics that can help with this issue.
• The effects of climate change  on the water cycle.  Climate change has affected the water cycle significantly. Your task is to explain how.
• The best American cities to live in. Provide the list of the best cities and explain why you’ve included them.
• The importance of a healthy diet . Keeping a healthy diet is beneficial in many ways. Write about all the advantages it brings.
• Who can become an entrepreneur? Entrepreneurship is not for everybody. In this essay, you can describe the qualities needed for having your own business.
• The correlation between overpopulation and poverty . Describe how overpopulation leads to poverty and vice versa.
• The advantages of taking an active vacation.
• Cultural shock as a part of moving to a different country.
• The consequences of the first wave of feminism .
• Synthesis of Tan and Rodriguez’ essays ideas.
• Difficulties you may encounter during the job interview.
• How does reading prevent Alzheimer’s disease ?
• The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on businesses .
• The connection between  religion and politics  in ruling the country.
• What can non-verbal signals tell you about a person ?
• The psychology of leadership .
• The origins of the most common  stereotypes  about Americans.
• Role of social media in business communication .
• The synthesis of personal nursing philosophy concept.
• Behavioral components of schizophrenia and psychosis.
• Main components of successful entrepreneurship.
• Critical components of scientific research.
• Change in religion and human beliefs throughout history.
• The effect of global warming on modern life.

Argument Synthesis Paper Topics

The list of topics for the Argument Synthesis Essay:

• Vaping is better than smoking . People are starting to exchange cigarettes for vapes and e-cigarettes. In what ways are they less harmful?
• Rich people should pay higher taxes. The same percentage of money doesn’t equal for rich and poor people. Explain why the ones who can afford more should share with others.
• Depression is a disease . Prove that psychological problems must be recognized as real health issues that should be cured and not ignored.
• Social media affects young people’s lives. Social media has a massive influence on people. In this essay, you can discuss which life spheres are the most affected.
• Beauty pageants should be banned. Provide the reasons why they should be banned and tell the reader about psychological problems they can cause.
• People should cut meat from their diet to stop global warming . Describe how the meat industry influences climate change.
• The voting age should be 25+. Your task is to show the reasons why the votes of people under 25 should not be taken into account during elections.
• A healthy lifestyle requires a lot of money.
• Each healthy man should serve in the military.
• School bullying should be punished by immediate exclusion.
• Does friendship exist between men and women?
• Drinking coffee is a bad habit.
• Working hard is more important than being talented.
• Everybody should visit a therapist at least once.
• Should universities be free ?
• Artificial intelligence will cause huge unemployment rates.
• Gaming should not be allowed to children under 18.
• Components and strategies of social responsibility
• Integration of relevant ethical theory and conceptual principles in health care
• Children under 10 should be banned from gadgets .
• Social media platforms facilitate cyberbullying.
• Issues of distance education .
• Social media addiction is a serious disease.
• Deforestation critically contributes to global warming.
• Healthcare should be free for everyone.

📑 Synthesis Essay Example & Synthesis Essay Format Tips

Now let’s talk about formatting. There are two writing styles you can use for a synthesis essay: APA or MLA. You need to choose the one that is required for your assignment.

We will start with the paper in APA format. It is usually used in science and education.

And these are MLA formatting rules:

Finally, we’ve prepared a synthesis essay sample for you to check out. Feel free to download the PDF file below:

First introduced in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, affirmative action policies aim to mitigate the discrepancy in opportunities available for underrepresented social groups by taking into account one’s minority background. The policies have become a pressing public issue that obstructs previously marginalized individuals, particularly in the educational environment.

Thank you for reading the ultimate guide on synthesis essay writing. We hope you found it helpful. Don’t forget to share it with your friends. Good luck with your assignments!

🔍 References

• Writing a Synthesis Essay: Bowling Green State University
• What Is Synthesis: University of Manitoba
• Synthesis: Biology Online
• Reading Strategies: Difference Summarizing and Synthesizing: WordPress
• Summary, Analysis, Synthesis Definitions: University of Utah
• Argumentative Synthesis: University of Arkansas
• How to Synthesize Written Information: Simply Psychology
• Mapping of Synthesis Essay: University of Nevada, Reno
• Writing a Literature Review and Using a Synthesis Matrix: Florida International University
• Synthesis Essay: Cleveland State University
• Literature Review: Synthesizing Multiple Sources: Louisiana State University
• Writing a Conclusion: Texas Women’s University
• General APA Guidelines: Purdue University
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How to Write a Synthesis Essay

Last Updated: January 15, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Christopher Taylor, PhD . Christopher Taylor is an Adjunct Assistant Professor of English at Austin Community College in Texas. He received his PhD in English Literature and Medieval Studies from the University of Texas at Austin in 2014. There are 12 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 1,119,591 times.

Writing a synthesis essay requires the ability to digest information and present it in an organized fashion. While this skill is developed in high school and college classes, it translates to the business and advertising world as well. Scroll down to Step 1 to begin learning how to write a synthesis essay.

Examining Your Topic

• Argument synthesis: This type of essay has a strong thesis statement that presents the writer's point of view. It organizes relevant information gathered from research in a logical manner to support the thesis' point of view. Business white papers known as position papers often take this form. This is the type of synthesis essay that students will write during the AP test.
• Review: Often written as a preliminary essay to an argument synthesis, a review essay is a discussion of what has been written previously on a topic, with a critical analysis of the sources covered. Its unstated thesis is usually that more research needs to be done in that area or that the topic problem has not been adequately addressed. This type of paper is common in social science classes and in medicine.
• Explanatory/background synthesis: This type of essay helps readers understand a topic by categorizing facts and presenting them to further the reader's understanding. It does not advocate a particular point of view, and if it has a thesis statement, the thesis is a weak one. Some business white papers take this form, although they are more likely to have a point of view, if understated.

• Example of a broad topic narrowed down into a reasonable synthesis essay topic: Instead of the broad topic of Social Media, you could discuss your view on the effects texting has had on the English language.
• If you've been assigned a topic as part of a class, make sure you read the prompt carefully and fully understand it.

• Keep in mind that it's better to do three sources well than to do five sources incompletely.
• Annotate each source by writing notes in the margins. This allows you to keep track of your train of thought, developing ideas, etc.

• Example: Texting has had a positive impact on the English language as it has helped the millennial generation create their own form of the language.

• If you wish to take on a claim by an opponent of your idea, and to poke holes in it, you should also find some ideas or quotes that go against your thesis statement, and plan ways to disprove them. This is called a concession, refutation, or rebuttal, which can strengthen your argument if you do it well.
• Example : For the thesis statement listed above, excellent sources would include quotes from linguists discussing the new words that have developed through 'text-speak', statistics that show the English language has evolved with almost every generation, and facts that show students still have the ability to write with the use of grammar and spelling (which your opponents would bring up as the main reason texting has had a negative effect on the English language).

Outlining Your Essay

• The introductory paragraph: 1. An introductory sentence that acts as a hook, capturing the reader's interest. 2. Identification of the issue you will be discussing. 3. Your thesis statement.
• The body paragraphs: 1. Topic sentence that gives one reason to support your thesis. 2. Your explanation and opinion of the topic sentence. 3. Support from your sources that backs up the claim you just made. 4. Explanation of the significance of the source(s).
• The conclusion paragraph: 1. State further significance of your topic from the evidence and reasons you discussed in the essay. 2. A profound thought or thoughtful ending for your paper.

• Example/illustration. This may be a detailed recount, summary, or direct quote from your source material that provides major support for your point of view. You may use more than one example or illustration, if your paper calls for it. You should not, however, make your paper a series of examples at the expense of supporting your thesis.
• Straw man. With this technique, you present an argument opposed to the argument stated in your thesis, then show the weaknesses and flaws of the counter-argument. This format shows your awareness of the opposition and your readiness to answer it. You present the counter-argument right after your thesis, followed by the evidence to refute it, and end with a positive argument that supports your thesis. [6] X Research source
• Concession. Essays with concessions are structured similar to those using the straw man technique, but they acknowledge the validity of the counter-argument while showing that the original argument is stronger. This structure is good for presenting papers to readers who hold the opposing viewpoint.
• Comparison and contrast. This structure compares similarities and contrasts differences between two subjects or sources to show the facets of both. Writing an essay with this structure requires a careful reading of your source material to find both subtle and major points of similarity and difference. This kind of essay can present its arguments source-by-source or by points of similarity or difference.

• Summary. This structure presents summaries of each of your relevant sources, making a progressively stronger argument for your thesis. It provides specific evidence to support your point of view, but usually omits presenting your own opinions. It's most commonly used for background and review essays.
• List of reasons. This is a series of sub-points that flow from the main point of your paper as stated in its thesis. Each reason is supported with evidence. As with the summary method, reasons should become progressively more important, with the most important reason last.

Writing Your Essay

• Your essay should have an introductory paragraph that includes your thesis , a body to present evidence that supports your thesis, and a conclusion that summarizes your point of view.

• Lengthy quotes of three lines or more should generally be set off as block quotes to better call attention to them. [8] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source

Finalizing Your Essay

• Ask someone else to proofread your paper. The saying “two heads are better than one” still holds true. Ask a friend or colleague what would they add or remove from the paper. Most importantly, does your argument make sense, and is it clearly supported by your sources?

• Read the paper aloud to guarantee that you don't accidentally add in or take out words when reading in your head.
• If you can, get a friend or classmate to proofread your essay as well.

• Example of citing in an AP synthesis essay: McPherson claims “texting has changed the English language in a positive way--it has given a new generation their own unique way to communicate” (Source E).
• For college essays, you'll most likely use MLA format. Whichever format you use, be consistent in its use. You may also be asked to use APA or Chicago style.

• Example title: : English and the iPhone: Exploring the Benefits of 'Text-Speak'

Outline Template

Community Q&A

• Just as your title should fit your essay instead of writing your essay to fit the title, your thesis, once chosen, should direct your subsequent research instead of subsequent research altering your thesis � unless you find you've adopted an unsupportable thesis. Thanks Helpful 21 Not Helpful 8

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://success.uark.edu/get-help/student-resources/synthesis-paper.php
• ↑ https://www.unr.edu/writing-speaking-center/student-resources/writing-speaking-resources/mapping-a-synthesis-essay
• ↑ https://www.bgsu.edu/content/dam/BGSU/learning-commons/documents/writing/synthesis/planning-synthesis-essay.pdf
• ↑ https://writingcenterofprinceton.com/synthesis-essays-a-step-by-step-how-to-guide/
• ↑ https://jan.ucc.nau.edu/dso6/synthesis.htm
• ↑ https://owl.excelsior.edu/argument-and-critical-thinking/logical-fallacies/logical-fallacies-straw-man/
• ↑ https://writingcommons.org/section/rhetoric/rhetorical-stance/point-of-view/third-person-point-of-view/
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_formatting_quotations.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writing_process/proofreading/steps_for_revising.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writing_process/proofreading/proofreading_suggestions.html
• ↑ https://www.edhs.org/ourpages/auto/2010/5/17/41759867/Synthesis%20Essay%20Introduction.pdf
• ↑ https://writing.umn.edu/sws/assets/pdf/quicktips/titles.pdf

About This Article

To write a synthesis essay, start by coming up with a thesis statement that you can support using all of the sources you've read for your essay. For example, your thesis statement could be "Texting has had a positive impact on the English language." Once you've got your thesis, go through your sources to find specific quotes, facts, and statistics that back up your claim. Structure your essay so it has an introduction that includes your thesis statement, a body that includes your arguments and evidence, and a conclusion that wraps everything up. For more tips on structuring your synthesis essay, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Synthesis Essays: A Step-by-Step How-To Guide

A synthesis essay is generally a short essay which brings two or more sources (or perspectives) into conversation with each other.

The word “synthesis” confuses every student a little bit. Fortunately, this step-by-step how-to guide will see you through to success!

Here’s a step-by-step how-to guide, with examples, that will help you write yours.

Before drafting your essay:

After reading the sources and before writing your essay, ask yourself these questions:

• What is the debate or issue that concerns all of the writers? In other words, what is the question they are trying to answer?
• On what points do they agree?
• On what points do they disagree?
• If they were having a verbal discussion, how would writer number one respond to the arguments of writer number two?

In a way, writing a synthesis essay is similar to composing a summary. But a synthesis essay requires you to read more than one source and to identify the way the writers’ ideas and points of view are related.

Sometimes several sources will reach the same conclusion even though each source approaches the subject from a different point of view.

Other times, sources will discuss the same aspects of the problem/issue/debate but will reach different conclusions.

And sometimes, sources will simply repeat ideas you have read in other sources; however, this is unlikely in a high school or AP situation.

To better organize your thoughts about what you’ve read, do this:

• Identify each writer’s thesis/claim/main idea
• List the writers supporting ideas (think topic sentences or substantiating ideas)
• List the types of support used by the writers that seem important. For example, if the writer uses a lot of statistics to support a claim, note this. If a writer uses historical facts, note this.

There’s one more thing to do before writing: You need to articulate for yourself the relationships and connections among these ideas.

Sometimes the relationships are easy to find. For example, after reading several articles about censorship in newspapers, you may notice that most of the writers refer to or in some way use the First Amendment to help support their arguments and help persuade readers. In this case, you would want to describe the different ways the writers use the First Amendment in their arguments. To do this, ask yourself, “How does this writer exploit the value of the First Amendment/use the First Amendment to help persuade or manipulate the readers into thinking that she is right?

Sometimes articulating the relationships between ideas is not as easy. If you have trouble articulating clear relationships among the shared ideas you have noted, ask yourself these questions:

• Do the ideas of one writer support the ideas of another? If so, how?
• Do the writers who reach the same conclusion use the same ideas in their writing? If not, is there a different persuasive value to the ideas used by one writer than by the other?
• Do the writers who disagree discuss similar points or did they approach the subject from a completely different angle and therefore use different points and different kinds of evidence to support their arguments?
• Review your list of ideas. Are any of the ideas you have listed actually the same idea, just written in different words?

AFS Programs

Synthesis Outline: A Guide to Creating Effective Synthesis Papers

Welcome to this guide on creating effective synthesis papers. In this article, we will explore the key components of a well-developed synthesis paper and provide you with the necessary tools to create your own. Regardless of the topic, whether it be climate change, renewable energy sources, or any other subject, the strategies included in this guide will help you produce a powerful and impactful synthesis paper.

Firstly, it is important to gather appropriate materials. A synthesis paper involves connecting ideas from multiple sources, such as academic journals, real-life examples, and online resources. By incorporating a variety of sources, you can provide a comprehensive view on the topic and leave a lasting impression on the reader.

In the body of your synthesis paper, you should aim to incorporate a mix of quantitative and qualitative data. This will help provide a comprehensive view of the topic and strengthen your arguments. By including real-life examples and statistical findings, you can convince the reader of the importance of the topic and the need for action.

Another aspect to consider is the preservation of non-renewable fuels. Climate change and global warming are well-known and always contentious topics. One needs to connect the major challenges and spread awareness about the negative impact of greenhouse gases on our environment. Furthermore, it is important to highlight the positive impact that renewable energy sources can have on the preservation of our planet.

Understanding the Purpose of a Synthesis Essay

What’s the purpose.

The purpose of a synthesis essay is to demonstrate your ability to critically analyze and synthesize information from a wide range of sources. By gathering evidence and supporting arguments from various viewpoints, you can show your understanding of a complex topic and present a well-rounded and balanced view.

For example, when writing about the impact of commercial-grade fuels on the environment, you can include information from scientific studies, government reports, and expert opinions to create a complete picture of the issue. By synthesizing these different sources, you can provide a comprehensive analysis of the topic and offer potential solutions or recommendations.

Why is it Important?

The ability to synthesize information is crucial in various contexts, such as college and professional settings. By honing your synthesis skills, you can effectively gather, analyze, and present information to support your arguments and proposals. This skill is particularly useful in fields such as law, business, and policy-making, where complex issues require comprehensive analysis and well-informed decision-making.

How to Structure a Synthesis Essay?

The body paragraphs serve as the main part of the essay and should be structured according to the evidence and analysis you want to present. Each paragraph should focus on a specific subtopic or point, providing evidence and examples to support your claims. Transition sentences can be used to smoothly move from one point to another, ensuring a logical flow of ideas.

Scoring and Improving the Synthesis Essay

While scoring criteria may vary, some general guidelines can help you improve your synthesis essay. Firstly, make sure to carefully read and understand the prompt to grasp the expectations. Secondly, plan your time effectively and allocate enough to each step of the writing process, including research, analysis, and drafting.

Thirdly, use a variety of credible sources to provide a diverse range of perspectives on the topic. This will demonstrate your ability to gather information from different sources and critically evaluate their validity and relevance. Moreover, remember to properly cite all your sources to avoid plagiarism and give credit where it’s due.

Lastly, organize your thoughts and arguments in a clear and logical manner, while also paying attention to the overall structure and coherence of the essay. Summarize and analyze the information effectively, ensuring that each paragraph contributes to the central theme of the essay.

By following these guidelines and practicing synthesis writing, you can enhance your ability to analyze complex subjects, evaluate different viewpoints, and present a well-reasoned argument.

Essential Steps in Writing a Synthesis Essay

1. understand the topic.

Before you begin writing your essay, it is important to carefully read and understand the topic. This will ensure that you have a clear understanding of what’s expected from you.

2. Analyze available sources

Next, you need to analyze the available sources related to the topic. This can include online articles, books, research papers, and more. It is important to choose credible sources that provide reliable information.

3. Develop a thesis statement

Based on your analysis of the sources, develop a strong thesis statement that clearly states your argument or main point. Your thesis statement should provide a roadmap for your essay and guide the reader through your argument.

4. Outline your essay

5. introduce and analyze sources.

In your essay, introduce each source you will be using and analyze its content. Provide a brief summary of each source and explain how it supports your thesis statement. Use citations to properly credit the original authors and avoid plagiarism.

6. Develop well-developed body paragraphs

In the body paragraphs of your essay, present and discuss different ideas and evidence that support your thesis statement. Support your arguments with examples, facts, and statistics. Make sure to provide a clear analysis of each piece of evidence.

7. Address counterarguments

While presenting your arguments, address counterarguments and refute them with strong evidence. This will make your essay more persuasive and demonstrate your ability to consider different perspectives.

9. Proofread and edit

Before submitting your essay, proofread it for any grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors. Make necessary edits to ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and error-free.

10. Follow the correct format

Make sure to follow the correct format specified by your teacher or instructor. This includes using proper citations, font size, spacing, and headings.

By following these essential steps, you can effectively write a synthesis essay that showcases your analytical and writing skills.

Structuring Your Synthesis Essay: An Effective Outline

Earlier, we recommended taking thorough notes while researching your topic. Now is the time to incorporate those notes into your outline. Start by developing a clear thesis statement that states your main argument. Then, organize your supporting points and evidence into separate sections or paragraphs. This helps you stay focused and ensures that your essay is well-structured.

One tip to consider is the “web” or “spider diagram” technique. Start with your main thesis statement and draw lines or arrows to each supporting point. From each supporting point, branch out to include the evidence or examples that support that particular point. This technique helps you visually organize your thoughts and ensures that all your supporting points are directly tied to your main argument.

In your body paragraphs, make sure to support your argument with evidence and examples. Use proper citations and references to avoid plagiarism. If you are discussing a specific source or study, analyze and explain how it supports your argument. Make sure to include at least a few lines of commentary for every piece of evidence you present.

When structuring your essay, keep in mind that it should have a logical flow. Each paragraph should transition smoothly into the next, and the overall structure should be easy to follow. Use clear language and provide clear topic sentences to guide your reader through your essay.

Remember to proofread and edit your essay before submitting your final draft. Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors, as well as any inconsistencies in your argument. Make sure that your essay is well-organized and that your ideas flow logically.

Writing a synthesis essay might be challenging, but with a well-structured outline, you can improve your chances of success. By following these tips and incorporating them into your writing process, you can create a well-organized, engaging, and coherent essay that effectively supports your argument.

Synthesis Essay Outline

• Start with a hook to grab the reader’s attention and provide background information on the topic.
• Include a thesis statement that clearly states your argument or main point.
• In this section, focus on the different sources and ideas you have gathered.
• Each body paragraph should start with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea or argument.
• Support your main ideas with evidence and examples from the sources.
• Paraphrase and quote from the sources to strengthen your arguments.
• Address possible counterarguments and refute them with evidence.
• Show that you have considered alternative perspectives and can confidently argue against them.
• Sum up your main points and argument.
• Leave the reader with a thought-provoking statement or question.

Incorporating visuals, such as graphs or charts, can be a viable option to enhance your synthesis essay. Visual aids can help in summing up complex data or concepts, and should be carefully chosen and annotated to clarify their relevance.

To ensure a well-written synthesis essay, it is important to follow these steps:

• Read and understand the prompt thoroughly.
• Take notes while reading the sources, highlighting key points and important details.
• Organize your notes and outline the structure of your essay.
• Develop a strong thesis statement that clearly presents your argument.
• Write well-developed paragraphs that have a clear focus and are logically connected to each other.
• Use credible and relevant sources to support your arguments.
• Revise and edit your essay to ensure clarity, coherence, and logical flow.

Overall, writing a synthesis essay involves looking at multiple viewpoints and resources to develop a well-rounded argument. It requires critical thinking and the ability to analyze and organize information effectively. By following the steps outlined above, you can create a good synthesis essay that stands out.

Remember, the synthesis essay is a full breakdown of a topic utilizing multiple sources and can be a challenging task. If you need assistance, you can always rely on Noplag – a commercial-grade online database of resources that can save you time and efforts in writing.

Develop a Strong Thesis Statement for Your Synthesis Essay

Here are some helpful tips to follow when crafting your thesis statement:

1. Be specific and concise

Your thesis statement should clearly state the main argument or point you are making in your essay. Avoid vague or general statements; instead, be specific and concise.

2. Incorporate the main ideas from your synthesis

The thesis statement should incorporate the main ideas from your synthesis. It should reflect your analysis and understanding of the sources you have researched.

3. State your position or argument

Clearly state your position or argument in your thesis statement. Whether you are for or against a certain issue, make sure your thesis statement reflects that.

4. Use language that is engaging and persuasive

Your thesis statement should use language that is engaging and persuasive. It should draw the reader in and make them want to continue reading.

5. Follow a logical structure

Make sure your thesis statement follows a logical structure. It should be clear and easy to understand for your readers.

6. Consider the challenges and responsibilities of the argument

Take into consideration the challenges and responsibilities of your argument in your thesis statement. Acknowledge any counterarguments or potential challenges and address them in your essay.

Remember, the thesis statement is the backbone of your essay. It sets the tone for the entire paper and guides your research and analysis. Developing a strong thesis statement is a crucial step in outlining your synthesis essay.

Although there is no one-size-fits-all approach to writing a thesis statement, the tips mentioned above can help you craft a strong and effective one. By following these guidelines, you can increase your chances of creating a compelling synthesis essay that is well-received by your readers.

Body Paragraphs: Organizing and Integrating Sources

In order to create a well-rounded synthesis essay, it is important to consider opposing viewpoints. Including a rebuttal in your body paragraphs allows you to address counterarguments and demonstrate your understanding of the topic.

Synthesize, Don’t Summarize

While it is important to provide a brief summary of each source, the main goal of your body paragraphs is to synthesize the information from the sources. This means that you should analyze the sources and explain how they support or relate to your thesis statement.

Incorporated Citations

It is crucial to incorporate proper citations in your body paragraphs to give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism. Use in-text citations to indicate where you have taken information or ideas from a specific source.

Organizational Structure

There are several ways to structure your body paragraphs, but a common approach is to use a topic sentence for each paragraph that presents a main idea related to your thesis statement. Then, provide supporting evidence and analysis to develop and explain your main idea.

Refutation and Supporting Evidence

In some cases, you may need to include a refutation paragraph in your body paragraphs to address potential criticisms of your thesis. In this paragraph, you should acknowledge and respond to counterarguments, providing evidence and explanations to support your own viewpoint.

What’s in a Paragraph?

Each body paragraph should focus on a specific aspect or aspect of your topic. It is important to break down your argument into smaller parts to make it more manageable for readers to follow.

Examples and Evidence

When explaining your main ideas or supporting your thesis statement, it is important to provide examples and evidence from your sources. These examples can include direct quotes, paraphrases, or summaries, and should be properly cited.

Formatting and Structure

Just like any other academic essay, the body paragraphs of your synthesis paper should follow a proper structure. This includes an introductory sentence, supporting evidence, explanation, and a concluding sentence. Make sure to use transition phrases to connect your ideas and ensure a smooth flow of content.

Order and Flow

Your body paragraphs should be organized in a logical order that supports your thesis statement. Consider the relationships between your sources and how they contribute to your overall argument. This will help to create a coherent and cohesive essay.

What’s Next?

Once you have drafted your body paragraphs, it is important to review and revise your essay. Make sure that your paragraphs are well-developed and that each one contributes to your thesis statement. Edit for clarity, coherence, and grammar to ensure that your synthesis essay is A-worthy.

What is the purpose of a synthesis essay?

A synthesis essay aims to bring together information from multiple sources and present a cohesive argument or viewpoint on a given topic.

What are the steps involved in drafting a synthesis essay?

The steps involved in drafting a synthesis essay include analyzing the sources, creating an outline, writing an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion, and revising and editing the essay for clarity and coherence.

How should I start my synthesis essay?

You can start your synthesis essay with an attention-grabbing introduction that provides background information on the topic and presents your thesis statement.

Is it necessary to cite the sources in a synthesis essay?

Yes, it is essential to cite the sources in a synthesis essay to give credit to the original authors and to support your arguments with evidence.

What should I focus on while revising my synthesis essay?

While revising your synthesis essay, you should focus on the organization and coherence of your ideas, the clarity of your arguments, the use of evidence, and the overall flow and structure of the essay.

By Alex Koliada, PhD

Alex Koliada, PhD, is a well-known doctor. He is famous for studying aging, genetics, and other medical conditions. He works at the Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics. His scientific research has been published in the most reputable international magazines. Alex holds a BA in English and Comparative Literature from the University of Southern California , and a TEFL certification from The Boston Language Institute.

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Understanding and Writing a Synthesis Essay

Writing a synthesis essay can seem like a daunting task. After all, your goal is to synthesize and evaluate a variety of sources in order to create an insightful and impactful essay. Be at ease, though! You can become an expert at writing this kind of essay with time and practice. In this post, we'll define essays, offer advice on how to write an essay, and present a sample synthesis essay for your review. Additionally, we'll give you some resources to get the writing process going. Continue reading to find out more about what constitutes a strong synthesis essay—then put what you've learned to use!

Steps to Writing a Brilliant Synthesis Essay

1. choosing a synthesis essay topic.

Although it can be difficult, writing an essay can also be immensely fulfilling. You must choose a topic, though, before you start writing the essay. If your teacher doesn't provide you with a specific topic to write on, then you'll have to choose one on your own. There are a few essential factors to take into account while selecting a synthesis essay topic. To begin with, you must ensure that the topic you choose is pertinent to both your English language and writing course and the materials you'll be employing for your essay. Additionally, there must be enough data available for you to use in order to provide focused proof to support the thesis. Last, but not least, think about the readers of this essay and their potential responses. A good synthesis essay topic should be intriguing enough to pique readers' interest and also appeal to them on a personal or public level, causing them to reflect critically on the topic at hand.

2. Developing a Thesis Statement for Your Synthesis Essay

Read the relevant source material after deciding on your essay's topic. Understanding the knowledge and applying critical thought to it should be your objectives. Form your own thoughts about the topic as you read and weigh the various sources. Take notes as you go along, noting any quotes, information, or examples that can assist you to support your position and develop a strong thesis statement. When writing an essay, coming up with a thesis statement is the most crucial step in the writing process. Readers should be able to deduce from this statement both the topic of your work and the argument you are making. Do not forget that a quality thesis should be concise, specific, and arguable. Make sure to include material from all sources in your essay if they're relevant to your argument and summarize them. Your goal is for readers to understand why you chose the material for your synthesis essay topic and how you plan on presenting it in support of your argument or position.

3. Finding and Reading Source Materials for Evidence

It's time to delve deeper into the sources and uncover the precise evidence your argument requires. You should make notes on significant ideas from each source, keeping track of important details, quotes, and figures that you might utilize in your writing. As you read, remember to focus on how each of the sources ties in with your topic and contributes to your argument. Here are some tips to help you as you read:

• Look for key phrases or words that address the essay topic so you can quickly identify material related to it
• Jot down notes in the margins or highlight pertinent information as a reference when writing your essay
• Summarize those major points afterwards so they're fresh in your mind while writing
• Search for different perspectives related to your topic. This will help when forming an argument and refuting any opposing viewpoints
• If a source is not relevant or doesn't contain enough substantial evidence, discard it
• Ask yourself specific questions about each source as you read, such as “What kind of evidence does this provide?”.

By reading through the source materials ahead of time and taking detailed notes, you can come up with more organized thoughts for a smoother writing process.

4. Outlining and Organizing Your Synthesis Essay

Writing a good essay starts with outlining and organizing the essay. Making an outline for your paper comes next after gathering all of your sources and reading them thoroughly. You'll be able to better plan your ideas and decide how to convey your information by doing this.

There are some fundamental elements that must be covered in the outline of a synthesis essay:

• Introduction: Where you introduce the thesis statement.
• Body Paragraphs: Each body paragraph should include a topic sentence and two or three pieces of specific evidence from one or two different sources that support your argument.
• Conclusion: Here, you will review the main points of your essay and offer any insights or observations gained from the process of writing it.

When organizing these basic components into an outline, it's important to make sure they flow logically from one point to another, while also linking all of your points back to the original thesis statement. Additionally, make sure that you are citing all of your sources correctly throughout the paper—English language and composition teachers are often very specific about this requirement! Understanding how to accurately cite sources is an essential part of writing a good synthesis essay.

5. The Writing Process: Drafting Body Paragraphs with Specific Evidence

When it comes to writing an essay, the writing process is key. Once you have read the sources and written a thesis statement, it's time to start drafting your essay. You want to make sure that each body paragraph supports your thesis with specific evidence from the source material.

1. Provide Context

Each body paragraph should introduce one point from your thesis statement and provide context for the evidence you're about to cite. It's also important to note that when you do cite evidence, make sure it is relevant and related to that particular point and argument.

2. Provide Specific Evidence & Explain How It Supports Your Argument

Now that you have provided relevant context, provide evidence from one or more sources while explaining how it connects back to the point and argument of your essay. Before moving on to the next piece of evidence, make sure that the previous one has been thoroughly explained. Instead of simply summarizing the sources, make sure to explain how the data supports your thesis and why it does so well.

3. Conclude Paragraph with Summary Statement

Finally, conclude each body paragraph with a summary statement that ties back in with either other parts of this same paragraph or other paragraphs from earlier in your essay. The connective thread between paragraphs will help readers see how all of these points come together as part of a cohesive argument in support of your thesis statement.

6.  Proofreading and Editing Your Synthesis Essay

Once you've written your synthesis essay, it's time to proofread and edit it. This is a crucial step as it's your chance to make sure that your essay flows logically, uses up-to-date sources, is error-free, and clearly expresses your idea or thesis statement.

1. Check Your Thesis Statement

Make sure the thesis statement or main argument of your essay stands out clearly and confidently. It's important to check the wording here—is it supported by specific evidence in the body of the essay? Have you made any sweeping generalizations?

2. Read Aloud and Listen for Errors 

Reading aloud helps you slow down and pay more attention to punctuation details such as commas in a series, colons, apostrophes, etc. You can also use text-to-speech programs if you're more comfortable listening than reading.

3. Check the Structure, Flow, and Transitions

Your essay should have a clear structure that follows logically from one point to the next so that readers know what to expect next. Also, check for smooth transitions between paragraphs so that there is a clear connection between them all.

4. Track Your Citations

Make sure all sources are credited correctly—both within the text as well as on the references page. Any source material that’s not cited correctly can be interpreted as plagiarism! Use formatting guidelines specified by your professor (e.g., APA or MLA). Finally, don't forget to proofread like an editor would: read each sentence carefully with an eye for errors in spelling, grammar, syntax, or punctuation. If possible, run spell-check programs such as Grammarly after reading.

Writing a synthesis essay can seem daunting, but with the right process and understanding of the topic, it can be an informative and engaging experience. Starting out with copying keywords and sources onto a page can help you organize your ideas and give you a place to start. Knowing the task and how to develop your thesis statement, as well as how to pick and analyze specific evidence, is also important for forming your written argument. Finally, the writing process involves making sense of the topic and developing connections between your sources to build a stronger essay. With the right tips and tricks, writing a synthesis essay can be a smooth and enjoyable process. If you encounter any difficulty you can get the assistance of an essay writing service .

Table of Contents

Persuasive essay topics – how to choose one for you, how to write a persuasive essay- expert tips.

How To Write A Synthesis Paragraph: Step By Step Guide

• Post author By admin
• March 6, 2024
• No Comments on How To Write A Synthesis Paragraph: Step By Step Guide

In the world of academic writing, one skill stands out as crucial for effectively presenting complex ideas: the ability to craft synthesis paragraphs. These paragraphs serve as bridges between various sources, allowing writers to weave together different viewpoints, arguments, and evidence into a cohesive narrative. In this guide, we’ll delve into the details of how to write a synthesis paragraph, breaking down the process into manageable steps and providing practical tips for mastering this essential skill.

Table of Contents

Understanding the Concept

Before diving into the specifics of writing synthesis paragraphs, it’s essential to grasp the concept of synthesis itself. Synthesis involves the integration of multiple sources to create a unified whole.

In the context of writing, synthesis paragraphs bring together ideas from different texts, analyzing their relationships and presenting them in a coherent manner.

The purpose of synthesis paragraphs is two-fold: to demonstrate a deep understanding of the subject matter by engaging with a range of perspectives, and to construct an argument or narrative that goes beyond the individual sources.

By synthesizing information from various sources, writers can develop nuanced interpretations, identify patterns or trends, and offer fresh insights to their readers.

How To Write A Synthesis Paragraph Step By Step

• Analyze Sources:

Begin by thoroughly analyzing the sources you plan to synthesize. Identify the main ideas, key arguments, and supporting evidence presented in each source. Take note of any similarities or differences between the sources and consider how they relate to your topic.

Example: Suppose you’re writing a synthesis paragraph on the topic of climate change. Begin by analyzing several sources, such as scientific studies, government reports, and opinion pieces from reputable sources. Identify the main ideas and key arguments presented in each source.

For instance, one source might emphasize the role of human activities in driving climate change, while another might focus on the impacts of rising temperatures on ecosystems and communities.

• Determine Relationships Between Sources:

Next, explore the relationships between the sources. Look for common themes, topics, or perspectives that emerge across multiple texts. At the same time, be alert to any contradictions or divergent viewpoints that may require further analysis.

Example: After analyzing the sources, consider how they relate to each other. Look for common themes or topics that emerge across multiple texts. For instance, you might find that several sources discuss the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change.

At the same time, be aware of any differences or contradictions between the sources. Perhaps one source advocates for immediate action to address climate change, while another suggests a more cautious approach.

• Develop a Thesis Statement:

Based on your analysis of the sources, craft a thesis statement that encapsulates the central idea or argument of your synthesis paragraph. Your thesis should provide a clear direction for the paragraph and establish the purpose of your synthesis.

Example: Based on your analysis of the sources, craft a thesis statement that captures the central idea of your synthesis paragraph. For example, your thesis statement might assert that while climate change presents a significant threat to the planet, effective mitigation strategies require a coordinated effort from governments, businesses, and individuals.

This thesis sets the direction for your synthesis paragraph and establishes the purpose of your analysis.

• Organize the Paragraph:

Choose a suitable organizational structure for your synthesis paragraph, such as a point-by-point comparison or a block format. Arrange your ideas in a logical sequence, ensuring a smooth flow of information from one point to the next.

Example: Choose a suitable organizational structure for your synthesis paragraph. You might opt for a point-by-point comparison, where you discuss each source’s perspective on a particular aspect of climate change before synthesizing the information.

Alternatively, you could use a block format, where you dedicate separate paragraphs to each source before offering your synthesis. Whichever structure you choose, ensure that your ideas flow logically and coherently.

• Write the Synthesis Paragraph:

Begin your paragraph by introducing the sources you’ll be synthesizing, providing brief context or background information as needed. Then, present the synthesized information, drawing connections between the sources and offering your analysis and interpretation. Be sure to include evidence from the sources to support your claims and engage critically with the material.

Example: Begin your synthesis paragraph by introducing the sources you’ll be synthesizing. Provide brief context or background information for each source to orient the reader. For instance, you might mention the titles of the scientific studies or the credentials of the authors. Then, present the synthesized information, drawing connections between the sources and offering your analysis and interpretation.

Discuss how each source contributes to your understanding of climate change and highlight any common themes or divergent viewpoints. Finally, conclude the paragraph by reiterating your thesis statement and summarizing the key insights gained from synthesizing the sources.

By following these steps and incorporating examples, you can effectively write a synthesis paragraph that integrates information from multiple sources to construct a coherent argument or narrative.

Tips for Effective Synthesis Paragraphs

• Maintain Clarity and Coherence: Keep your writing clear and concise, avoiding unnecessary jargon or complex language. Ensure that each sentence contributes to the overall coherence of the paragraph, guiding the reader through your synthesis with ease.
• Use Transitional Phrases and Words: Use transitional phrases and words to signal shifts between ideas or sources. Phrases like “on the other hand,” “similarly,” and “in contrast” can help to clarify the relationships between different parts of your synthesis.
• Incorporate Evidence from Sources: Support your analysis with evidence from the sources you’re synthesizing. Quote directly from the texts, cite relevant statistics or examples, and attribute ideas to their respective authors to strengthen your argument.
• Avoid Mere Summarization: Resist the temptation to simply summarize the sources without adding any new insights. Instead, focus on synthesizing the information in a way that offers a fresh perspective or contributes to a deeper understanding of the topic.
• Provide Critical Evaluation: Engage critically with the material by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the arguments presented in the sources. Offer your own assessment of the evidence, highlighting areas of agreement or disagreement and considering alternative viewpoints.

Examples of Synthesis Paragraphs

To illustrate the principles outlined above, let’s consider an example for how to write a synthesis paragraph that integrates information from multiple sources to support a central argument.

Sample Synthesis Paragraph:

In conclusion, writing synthesis paragraphs is a skill that can be mastered with practice and careful attention to detail.

By following the steps outlined in this guide for how to write a synthesis paragraph and incorporating the tips provided, writers can effectively synthesize information from multiple sources to construct compelling arguments and narratives.

Whether you’re a student working on a research paper or a professional seeking to communicate complex ideas, mastering the art of writing synthesis paragraphs will enhance your ability to engage with diverse perspectives and contribute meaningfully to academic discourse.

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Synthesis is when you use individual ideas or elements that help you draw a whole picture. This does not mean that you have to compare or analyze any differences. Your main task is to combine. A synthesis essay is a type of essay that requires students to critically analyze and mix information from various sources to form a coherent perspective.

In thios blog, we will talk about how to write a synthesis essay and combine infromation to furmulate a solid viewpoint. Remember that you can hire an online essay writer at StudyCrumb and receive professional help with your synthesis essay. 

What Is a Synthesis Essay: Definition

Synthesis essay definition doesn't cause difficulties or misunderstandings. A synthesis essay is a detailed discussion that covers diverse opinions (often, opposing) on a subject matter. You need to analyze as many sources as possible to figure out existing views on your topic. You can choose several ideas and synthesize them, offering your readers a complete "picture" of some issue. All work should be transparent and clear, so that any reader can highlight important information for themselves. Do not forget that each sentence should be a logical continuation of the previous one. Ideas that you discuss should be completely consistent with your thesis statement.  

Synthesis Essay Types

There are several  types of synthesis . They depend on the type of academic writing you are required to submit. In general, synthesis is typically applied in such academic works:  

• Argumentative papers Here, you should prove your point by making an undeniable argument. You can mention any counter argument and refute it to justify your position.
• Expository essays Students should study available information on the relevant topic. An objective evaluation will help you create an astounding essay where you summarize information.
• Research papers Your task is to integrate as many sources as possible. This helps you build a theoretical ground for your study. Read more on how to write a research paper to do it right.

Let’s talk more about the first 2 types.

Explanatory Synthesis Essay

Explanatory research synthesis essay is the best way to delve into a particular topic of work. A student engaged in writing this essay will easily study some background. For this purpose, several sources are used. All references should contain detailed information. Everything is systematized according to several criteria, after which it is synthesized into one paper. Careful analysis helps organize credible information. After this whole process you will become a real expert in the chosen field, and readers will broaden their horizons. The main thing is not to get distracted in your reasoning and not to publish contradictory information.  

Argument Synthesis Essay

One can choose a different line of work and write an argumentative synthesis essay. Here, students should have an argumentative thesis statement on some topic. The paper's idea is to provide convincing points, carefully grouping them into several paragraphs. Regular and well-known judgments sometimes have an unusual explanation. This will interest readers, and you will create fascinating paper with valuable facts. Research as many sources as possible and present justifications for your thesis statement.  

How to Write a Synthesis Essay Outline

Synthesis essay outline structure differs depending on which type of writing students choose. Main sections do not change, they are as follows:

• Introduction Specifies your focus and thesis statement.
• Body section Covers critical points on your topic.
• Conclusion Paraphrases your thesis and make a summary.

To create a quality paper, you should consider an approximate format of your text. Each idea must be fully disclosed. It is necessary to use vocabulary that is understandable to your target audience. Complex terms require little explanation. They should be fully consistent with the chosen topic.

How to Write a Synthesis Essay: Step-by-Step

When writing a synthesis essay, it is necessary to thoroughly research information offered in various sources. These can be printed or digital publications. Focus on findings other authors have shared. Your main idea should be thoroughly researched and studied. Only then, you can give a brief explanation. The more books and references you study, the more detailed an essay will be. Here are several steps you should take to make the right synthesis essay.

Step 1. Researching the Topic for Your Synthesis Essay

The first step in writing a paper will be choosing synthesis essay topics . To do this, it is worth researching as many sources as possible. Encyclopedias, scholarly journals, dictionaries - each good publication can offer up-to-date information on the topic you are working on. Use a title maker for essay to generate a catchy topic. Pay attention to information reliability. If there is any conflicting information, try not to use it in your work. An essay is a structured article that carries one idea. Opposing data misleads readers. You should spend some time on collecting information, but take your time - every point can be useful in your research.  

Step 2. Creating a Synthesis Essay Outline

When writing any type of essay, it is important to come up with a rough structure, a draft, or an outline. It is always possible to see any Synthesis essay outline contains several paragraphs that will become a basis for writing your whole text. You will know if additional information will be needed. Try to properly outline each thought and organize your ideas. Synthesis paper requires thorough preparation before writing. You should study as much information as possible, and choose the most relevant and reliable facts. When all data is collected, you should systematize information and structure your text. Think about what to include in each essay paragraph. Remember that introduction is where you state your thesis. Then, you will provide main ideas. The final step is to summarize your arguments.  

Step 3. Developing a Thesis Statement for Synthesis Essay

Synthesis essay thesis statement should encourage readers to read a whole text. If the first lines are not interesting enough, no one will want to waste time looking at your essay. Try to use catchy words that will attract the attention of even the most picky readers. Focus on the topic you want to synthesize. You can mention what ideas you want to discuss later on.  

Step 4. Start a Synthesis Essay with a Hook

Synthesis essay introduction is the first thing readers will pay attention to while reading a paper. You should use a hook for an essay  - a catchy phrase that everyone will like. It can be an enticing fact related to your thesi. An article's beginning should not be misleading. In order to attract readers, it is necessary to make a maximum effort. After all, an essay doesn't take many pages, but no one will waste time reading uninteresting material. A strong start is a key to victory. Use this beautiful opportunity to make readers absorb your writing.  

Step 5. Write Body Paragraphs for Your Synthesis Essay

Synthesis paper body consists of 3 paragraphs, each one being an addition to the previous one. A well-designed structure will help create a quality paper. If you don't think through the main questions you want to examine, you may miss important points. Each part of your work should highlight your main idea. Set a small goal that you will go toward as you write next paragraphs. Take your time to work on each part of your paper.  

Step 6. Write a Conclusion for a Synthesis Paper

The last part of your paper is a synthesis essay conclusion. In this section, you should summarize all points mentioned before. Rephrase your thesis statement to remind readers of your key focus in a synthesis conclusion of an essay . Summarize main points used in your text. This final essay part will help you understand your work’s value. The better the facts are collected and explained, the more fans an article will gain. Should you need help with paraphrasing, use our free rephraser and get an instant result. 

Step 7. Proofread Your Synthesis Paper

Don’t forget to check your synthesis essay for mistakes once it’s done. Remember even a small inconsistency can create a negative impression about your work. Get some rest before proofreading so you can easily detect all errors and make corrections. This way, you will get rid of minor typos, inaccuracies, and other problems that arise as you write any paper. Use a spelling checker to easily detect accidental typos in your synthesis essay. 

How to Format a Synthesis Essay

To create an excellent essay, you must do much more than just research some basic information on the topic and interpret it. The synthesis essay format is equally important. Universities require certain rules of text formatting and borrowed fragments citation. Therefore, students should choose one format and use it consistently. The most common paper formats are APA, MLA, and Chicago format .

Synthesis Essay Template

Writing a quality paper from scratch may be challenging. You will need a template for synthesis essay that will help you structure information. The details taken from textbooks, online magazines and other sources will be intelligently organized and divided into several paragraphs. This way, you can cover all specific points in your work. The text should demonstrate evidence that you have deeply researched the chosen topic. It is necessary to give indisputable proofs for each argument. The main thing is not to forget about the structure, which consists of an introduction, the main part and a conclusion.  

Synthesis Essay Example

You can focus on synthesis essay examples. They will be a support in writing a paper for those who are just getting acquainted with scholarly papers. It will be easier if you understand how to systematize information and which key aspects are worth highlighting. Instead of going through the web pages in search of the best paper, check our example and write your own essay.

Synthesis Essay: Final Thoughts

Synthesis paper is the best way to summarize lots of information by conveying the main idea in several sentences. You can offer strong arguments that support your own point of view. Readers who like your statement can use your ideas for reference and explore more information on the chosen topic. You, in turn, will gain invaluable experience in writing this type of work.

Turn to our custom essay writing service. Our platform is created by former students who at once also faced similar difficulties when writing essays. Now, we have gathered the top talent who will help you tackle any academic assignment.  

Frequently Asked Questions About Synthesis Paper

1. can i have a title on a synthesis paper.

Synthesis paper title is a part of the paper that should definitely be used. The title will help both readers and you understand key information. Choose a fascinating title for your paper. This will get readers engaged. They will start absorbing your essay only if your title is compelling enough.

2. What is the function of the introductory paragraph of a synthesis essay?

Introductory paragraph of the synthesis essay is the first section that informs your topic. Here, you will include a catchy hook and smoothly proceed to the background information. After that, you will create a strong thesis statement that let’s readers know what your work focuses on. You will give your readers a starting point to think about and help them understand your paper's topic. Your thesis statement should be presented as clearly as possible.

3. What is the claim of a synthesis essay based on?

Working on a synthesis essay claim involves examining various sources that offer information on the topic. But the main goal is to offer your own opinion. Your claims should be unique and reflect your own viewpoint. Choose the most pertinent information and support your claims with evidence from different sources.

4. How many paragraphs should be in synthesis essay?

Synthesis essay paragraphs should describe information on the chosen topic as clearly and transparently as possible. This type of paper is about 5-6 paragraphs long. The better you study the data in your sources, the more in detail you will be able to describe specific concepts. Try to use different sources to make your writing more extensive and in-depth.

Daniel Howard is an Essay Writing guru. He helps students create essays that will strike a chord with the readers.

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When you write a literature review or essay, you have to go beyond just summarizing the articles you’ve read – you need to synthesize the literature to show how it all fits together (and how your own research fits in).

Synthesizing simply means combining. Instead of summarizing the main points of each source in turn, you put together the ideas and findings of multiple sources in order to make an overall point.

At the most basic level, this involves looking for similarities and differences between your sources. Your synthesis should show the reader where the sources overlap and where they diverge.

Unsynthesized Example

Franz (2008) studied undergraduate online students. He looked at 17 females and 18 males and found that none of them liked APA. According to Franz, the evidence suggested that all students are reluctant to learn citations style. Perez (2010) also studies undergraduate students. She looked at 42 females and 50 males and found that males were significantly more inclined to use citation software ( p < .05). Findings suggest that females might graduate sooner. Goldstein (2012) looked at British undergraduates. Among a sample of 50, all females, all confident in their abilities to cite and were eager to write their dissertations.

Synthesized Example

Studies of undergraduate students reveal conflicting conclusions regarding relationships between advanced scholarly study and citation efficacy. Although Franz (2008) found that no participants enjoyed learning citation style, Goldstein (2012) determined in a larger study that all participants watched felt comfortable citing sources, suggesting that variables among participant and control group populations must be examined more closely. Although Perez (2010) expanded on Franz’s original study with a larger, more diverse sample…

Step 1: Organize your sources

After collecting the relevant literature, you’ve got a lot of information to work through, and no clear idea of how it all fits together.

Before you can start writing, you need to organize your notes in a way that allows you to see the relationships between sources.

One way to begin synthesizing the literature is to put your notes into a table. Depending on your topic and the type of literature you’re dealing with, there are a couple of different ways you can organize this.

Summary table

A summary table collates the key points of each source under consistent headings. This is a good approach if your sources tend to have a similar structure – for instance, if they’re all empirical papers.

Each row in the table lists one source, and each column identifies a specific part of the source. You can decide which headings to include based on what’s most relevant to the literature you’re dealing with.

For example, you might include columns for things like aims, methods, variables, population, sample size, and conclusion.

For each study, you briefly summarize each of these aspects. You can also include columns for your own evaluation and analysis.

The summary table gives you a quick overview of the key points of each source. This allows you to group sources by relevant similarities, as well as noticing important differences or contradictions in their findings.

Synthesis matrix

A synthesis matrix is useful when your sources are more varied in their purpose and structure – for example, when you’re dealing with books and essays making various different arguments about a topic.

Each column in the table lists one source. Each row is labeled with a specific concept, topic or theme that recurs across all or most of the sources.

Then, for each source, you summarize the main points or arguments related to the theme.

The purposes of the table is to identify the common points that connect the sources, as well as identifying points where they diverge or disagree.

Step 2: Outline your structure

Now you should have a clear overview of the main connections and differences between the sources you’ve read. Next, you need to decide how you’ll group them together and the order in which you’ll discuss them.

For shorter papers, your outline can just identify the focus of each paragraph; for longer papers, you might want to divide it into sections with headings.

There are a few different approaches you can take to help you structure your synthesis.

If your sources cover a broad time period, and you found patterns in how researchers approached the topic over time, you can organize your discussion chronologically .

That doesn’t mean you just summarize each paper in chronological order; instead, you should group articles into time periods and identify what they have in common, as well as signalling important turning points or developments in the literature.

If the literature covers various different topics, you can organize it thematically .

That means that each paragraph or section focuses on a specific theme and explains how that theme is approached in the literature.

Source Used with Permission: The Chicago School

If you’re drawing on literature from various different fields or they use a wide variety of research methods, you can organize your sources methodologically .

That means grouping together studies based on the type of research they did and discussing the findings that emerged from each method.

If your topic involves a debate between different schools of thought, you can organize it theoretically .

That means comparing the different theories that have been developed and grouping together papers based on the position or perspective they take on the topic, as well as evaluating which arguments are most convincing.

Step 3: Write paragraphs with topic sentences

What sets a synthesis apart from a summary is that it combines various sources. The easiest way to think about this is that each paragraph should discuss a few different sources, and you should be able to condense the overall point of the paragraph into one sentence.

This is called a topic sentence , and it usually appears at the start of the paragraph. The topic sentence signals what the whole paragraph is about; every sentence in the paragraph should be clearly related to it.

A topic sentence can be a simple summary of the paragraph’s content:

“Early research on [x] focused heavily on [y].”

For an effective synthesis, you can use topic sentences to link back to the previous paragraph, highlighting a point of debate or critique:

“Several scholars have pointed out the flaws in this approach.” “While recent research has attempted to address the problem, many of these studies have methodological flaws that limit their validity.”

By using topic sentences, you can ensure that your paragraphs are coherent and clearly show the connections between the articles you are discussing.

As you write your paragraphs, avoid quoting directly from sources: use your own words to explain the commonalities and differences that you found in the literature.

Don’t try to cover every single point from every single source – the key to synthesizing is to extract the most important and relevant information and combine it to give your reader an overall picture of the state of knowledge on your topic.

Step 4: Revise, edit and proofread

Like any other piece of academic writing, synthesizing literature doesn’t happen all in one go – it involves redrafting, revising, editing and proofreading your work.

Checklist for Synthesis

•   Do I introduce the paragraph with a clear, focused topic sentence?
•   Do I discuss more than one source in the paragraph?
•   Do I mention only the most relevant findings, rather than describing every part of the studies?
•   Do I discuss the similarities or differences between the sources, rather than summarizing each source in turn?
•   Do I put the findings or arguments of the sources in my own words?
•   Is the paragraph organized around a single idea?
•   Is the paragraph directly relevant to my research question or topic?
•   Is there a logical transition from this paragraph to the next one?

Further Information

How to Synthesise: a Step-by-Step Approach

Help…I”ve Been Asked to Synthesize!

Learn how to Synthesise (combine information from sources)

How to write a Psychology Essay

Have a language expert improve your writing

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• Synthesizing Sources | Examples & Synthesis Matrix

Synthesizing Sources | Examples & Synthesis Matrix

Published on July 4, 2022 by Eoghan Ryan . Revised on May 31, 2023.

Synthesizing sources involves combining the work of other scholars to provide new insights. It’s a way of integrating sources that helps situate your work in relation to existing research.

Synthesizing sources involves more than just summarizing . You must emphasize how each source contributes to current debates, highlighting points of (dis)agreement and putting the sources in conversation with each other.

You might synthesize sources in your literature review to give an overview of the field or throughout your research paper when you want to position your work in relation to existing research.

Table of contents

Example of synthesizing sources, how to synthesize sources, synthesis matrix, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about synthesizing sources.

Let’s take a look at an example where sources are not properly synthesized, and then see what can be done to improve it.

This paragraph provides no context for the information and does not explain the relationships between the sources described. It also doesn’t analyze the sources or consider gaps in existing research.

Research on the barriers to second language acquisition has primarily focused on age-related difficulties. Building on Lenneberg’s (1967) theory of a critical period of language acquisition, Johnson and Newport (1988) tested Lenneberg’s idea in the context of second language acquisition. Their research seemed to confirm that young learners acquire a second language more easily than older learners. Recent research has considered other potential barriers to language acquisition. Schepens, van Hout, and van der Slik (2022) have revealed that the difficulties of learning a second language at an older age are compounded by dissimilarity between a learner’s first language and the language they aim to acquire. Further research needs to be carried out to determine whether the difficulty faced by adult monoglot speakers is also faced by adults who acquired a second language during the “critical period.”

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To synthesize sources, group them around a specific theme or point of contention.

As you read sources, ask:

• What questions or ideas recur? Do the sources focus on the same points, or do they look at the issue from different angles?
• How does each source relate to others? Does it confirm or challenge the findings of past research?
• Where do the sources agree or disagree?

Once you have a clear idea of how each source positions itself, put them in conversation with each other. Analyze and interpret their points of agreement and disagreement. This displays the relationships among sources and creates a sense of coherence.

Consider both implicit and explicit (dis)agreements. Whether one source specifically refutes another or just happens to come to different conclusions without specifically engaging with it, you can mention it in your synthesis either way.

Synthesize your sources using:

• Topic sentences to introduce the relationship between the sources
• Signal phrases to attribute ideas to their authors
• Transition words and phrases to link together different ideas

To more easily determine the similarities and dissimilarities among your sources, you can create a visual representation of their main ideas with a synthesis matrix . This is a tool that you can use when researching and writing your paper, not a part of the final text.

In a synthesis matrix, each column represents one source, and each row represents a common theme or idea among the sources. In the relevant rows, fill in a short summary of how the source treats each theme or topic.

This helps you to clearly see the commonalities or points of divergence among your sources. You can then synthesize these sources in your work by explaining their relationship.

If you want to know more about ChatGPT, AI tools , citation , and plagiarism , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

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Synthesizing sources means comparing and contrasting the work of other scholars to provide new insights.

It involves analyzing and interpreting the points of agreement and disagreement among sources.

You might synthesize sources in your literature review to give an overview of the field of research or throughout your paper when you want to contribute something new to existing research.

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

Topic sentences help keep your writing focused and guide the reader through your argument.

In an essay or paper , each paragraph should focus on a single idea. By stating the main idea in the topic sentence, you clarify what the paragraph is about for both yourself and your reader.

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

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