in text citation in presentation

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Citing Sources in PowerPoint Presentations
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Citing Sources in PowerPoint Slides

PowerPoint - In-text Citations
PowerPoint - References List

Note: APA does not have specific rules about the format of PowerPoint slides. Rasmussen University does have recommended guidelines outlined below and in the attached PPT presentation.

PowerPoint slides may need citations, depending on what type of information is included on the slide.

If the text on a slide is a quote (someone else's words, verbatim) or someone else's ideas in the presenter's own words, then a citation is needed.

If the text placed on a slide is simply a word or phrase that represents a topic that the presenter will be discussing in greater detail, then a citation is not needed.

The table below includes two PowerPoint slides (left side). The column on the right tells whether or not the information would need to be cited and why.

Speaker Notes: Some assignments require text in the Speaker Notes area of the PowerPoint slide. If information from a source is quoted, summarized, or paraphrased in that area, an in-text citation and reference will likely be required. Ask your instructor for clarification.

Presentations & APA Citation Style at Rasmussen University Great resource to share with students if they are having struggles with APA in PPTs.

PowerPoint Slides - References

There are two ways to include the Reference list in your presentation:

Coordinating reference lists are typically handed out during or after the presentation either in print if presenting in person, or electronically if presenting online. This is the preferred method of including a Reference list of the sources cited in your slide deck.
Include a Reference list in the last slide of the presentation. This is an acceptable method if there are not many resources to include. Avoid adding so many resources to the list that the type is not legible to those attending the presentation

Creating the Reference List Slide

If you use outside sources in your presentation (noted in your in-text citations), you must cite those sources on a References page/slide.
Your Reference page can be created in NoodleTools, exported to Microsoft Word, and distributed or submitted with your slides to those who attend your presentation. Ask your instructor if they would like a Reference slide as the last slide of your presentation. Note that you may need more than one slide depending on how many references are needed.

See the slide deck below for more information.

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Last Updated: Apr 5, 2024 12:21 PM
URL: https://guides.rasmussen.edu/apa

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Q. How do I do in-text citations in my PowerPoint presentation, APA style?

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Answered By: Erin McDaniel Last Updated: Aug 26, 2019 Views: 57919

APA does not provide exact guidance for handling citations and a Reference page in PowerPoint presentations. However, there are still best-practices recommended by several universities.

Labeling figures and tables is more straight forward.

The easiest way to handle citations and references is to follow the same rules you would for a paper, and do an in-text citation within the sentence or bullet point, and have a Reference page on your last slide.

You have leeway in choosing font and font size for your in-text citations and Reference page. If an entire slide can be attributed to one source, you can put the "in-text" citation in the bottom corner of the slide. You can use hanging indentation on your Reference page or a bulleted list. Sometimes formatting in PowerPoint can be difficult.

I've included a link to Holgate Library's PowerPoint in APA format guide, and a link to our Cite APA Style guide.

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Holgate Library: APA Style PowerPoint Presentations
Cite APA Style
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Microsoft PowerPoint
Health & Medicine
American History
Social Sciences
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Study Guides, Tests & Testing
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Database: Literary Sources
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MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Powerpoint Presentations

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According to the Copyright Act, you must cite the sources (images, videos, books, websites, etc.) that you used in your digital assignment ( 29.21(1)(b) ). You must cite the source (where you got the information from) and the creator of the content (if available). You must also make sure that any copyrighted materials you used in your assignment meet the conditions set out in section 29.21 of the Copyright Act. For a list of conditions and more information, please visit: http://studentcopyright.wordpress.com/mashups/

What citation style do I use for the sources in my digital assignment?

There is no one required citation style, so please defer to your instructor's directions and citation style preference.

List your sources in a slide at the end of the Powerpoint presentation, with in-text citations throughout your presentation as applicable.

You could also provide a print copy of the sources you used to those attending your presentation.

Seneca Libraries has the following recommendations for how to organize your list of sources for digital assignments. Please check with your instructor first:

Videos you create:

List your sources in a credits screen at the end of the video.

Websites you create:

For images, include a citation under each image using this format “From: XXXX” and then make the image a link back to the original image ( example - picture of little girl). Or list the citation at the bottom of the web page.
For quotes or material from other sources, include an in-text citation that links back to the original material ( example – second paragraph).

Images you create:

If possible list your sources at the bottom or side of the image ( example ). Otherwise, include a list of citations alongside the image wherever it’s uploaded (e.g. Flickr, Blackboard).

**Please note that the above are recommendations only and your instructor may have a preference and directions for how and where you list your sources for your assignment.**

If you don't receive specific instructions from your instructor, try to include your citations in a way that doesn't impact the design of your digital assignment.

For more information please contact Seneca Libraries copyright team at [email protected]

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Last Updated: Jan 5, 2024 1:52 PM
URL: https://columbiacollege-ca.libguides.com/MLA9

Research Guides

External Analysis Research

Citing sources in presentations.

1. The Intelligence Cycle
2. Visualizing External Factors
3. The Macro Environment
4. The Operating / Industry Environment
5. Evaluating Sources

Using Reference Lists in Presentations

7. Competitive Intelligence Certification & Resources
8. Get Help / Book a Consultation
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA Style) was designed to assist writers in preparing research papers (such as journal articles) and therefore does not actually contain any guidelines on preparing powerpoint presentations according to APA Style.
Some guidance can be found in Chapter 14 of Displaying your findings as well as on the APA Style Blog .
Typically, if you are required to create a presentation according to APA Style, you should clarify with your professor if he/she actually just expects you to put your in-text citations and references in APA Style.

In-text citations in Presentations

You can cite references within the text of your presentation slide using the same APA format for in-text citations (Author, Date) as in a written essay.
Remember to cite sources for direct quotations, paraphrased materials, and sources of facts (such as market share data in the example slide).
Your list References must include the sources cited on your presentation slides.

Using Images on Slides

If you use images, such as photographs or clipart, on your slides, you should also credit the source of the image. Do not reproduce images without permission. There are sources for clipart and images that are "public use" according to Creative Commons licensing such as Flickr: http://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/

Photographs are treated as figures in APA Style. Therefore, the citation for the source of the image is included as a footnote in the figure caption underneath the photograph which includes the figure number and a description. The source of the image obtained is attributed using the following model:

Figure 1. Blah blah blah. From Title of Image , by Author, Year. Retrieved from URL.

Figure 1. Photograph of a sculpture in Cupertino, California. From Infinite Loop II by Kurafire (2007, January 3). Retrieved from http://www.flickr.com/photos/kurafire/343629962/.

Another option for citing image sources is to create a separate slide titled "Photo credits" or "Image Sources". For more assistance on the various ways to cite images in presentations (but not necessarily in APA format), see:

Image Citation Guide (UBC Copyright Office)
How to credit photos (Photoshare.org) [PDF]. A guide which provides examples of various ways to credit image sources in Powerpoint, on webpages, and in print materials.

For more assistance in creating figures in APA Style, see the following sections & pages of the Publication Manual, 6th edition:

2.12 Footnotes (pages 37 -38)
5.20 - 5.25 Figures (pages 150 - 167)

Option 1: Create a References handout (recommended)

Option 2: Create a References slide (if you only have a few items in your list)

use a large enough font (e.g., 24 points)
limit to 12 lines of text on each slide
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Last Updated: Apr 4, 2024 8:42 AM
URL: https://researchguides.library.brocku.ca/external-analysis

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

In-Text Citations: The Basics

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here .

Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Note: On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998) finds ).

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.

On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.

Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining

Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change . Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media , There Is Nothing Left to Lose .

( Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media .)

When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs .
Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo ."
If the title of the work is italicized in your reference list, italicize it and use title case capitalization in the text: The Closing of the American Mind ; The Wizard of Oz ; Friends .
If the title of the work is not italicized in your reference list, use double quotation marks and title case capitalization (even though the reference list uses sentence case): "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).

You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

Long quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below.

This image shows how to format a long quotation in an APA seventh edition paper.

Formatting example for block quotations in APA 7 style.

Quotations from sources without pages

Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source.

Summary or paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work.

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Articles of PPT

How to Cite Sources in a PowerPoint: A Comprehensive Guide

For students, researchers, professionals and all the users, citing PowerPoint presentations is critical. It exhibits and shows academic honesty and acknowledges the original sources of the information you use. This article includes simple guidelines for appropriately citing PowerPoint presentations in different styles such as APA, MLA, and Chicago. It also offers a hint on how to modify and update presentation citations.

Part 1: What Is In-Text Citation? (APA, MLA, Chicago Style)

Before going into how to cite sources in powerpoint, first we should know what it is citing all about.

Basics of In-Text Citation

Nowadays, people can now obtain information and data they need from a variety of sources. In-text citations are references to sources within the body of a document that are often used in academic or scholarly writing.

The three major and most used citation styles are APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), and Chicago. Each style has its own framework for citing sources. So it is critical to be familiar with the style that is required for your specific assignment or publication.

Here are some examples of in-text citations in each of the three major citation styles:

APA Style: APA style is the most commonly used citation style in the social sciences

MLA style is the most commonly used citation style in the humanities.

Chicago style:

Chicago style is the most commonly used citation style in history, literature, and the fine arts.

Importance of In-Text Citation

What are the benefits of citing and why is in-text citation important? In-text citation is important for several reasons:

Academic Integrity

Citation showing the principles of academic honesty and intellectual integrity by giving credit to the original authors or creators.

Credibility

It shows that your own work is credible by proving that it has been thoroughly researched and is supported by credible sources. They demonstrate how well-researched sources back up your claims and arguments.

Avoiding Plagiarism

In-text citations help in avoiding plagiarism, which is the unethical act of using someone else's work without acknowledgment.

Verifiability

In-text citations enable readers to trace back to the original sources, making it easier for them to verify the information you've presented. This will also increase the credibility of your work.

Part 2: How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA, MLA, or Chicago

Citing a PowerPoint presentation in academic or professional work is crucial to acknowledge the source of information. Follow these steps to ensure you do it correctly, and consider using reference management tools like EasyBib for assistance.

Step 1: Determine the Citation Style

Identify the citation style you need to use, whether it's APA, MLA, or Chicago. This choice will dictate how you format your citations.

Step 2: Gather general Presentation or sources information

Collect all the essential information about the PowerPoint presentation. The author's name, title of the presentation, date it was created, and the URL (if applicable).

Step 3: Cite in APA Style

For APA style, format your citation like this:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of Presentation [PowerPoint slides]. Name of Website. URL

Step 4: Cite in MLA Style

For MLA style, format your citation like this:

Author last name, first name. "Title of Presentation." Department Name, University Name, Location, Month Day, Year. Web.

Step 5: Cite in Chicago Style

For Chicago style, format your citation like this:

Author last name, first name. "Title of Presentation." Lecture, Department Name, University Name, Location, Month Day, Year.

How to Edit and Update Citations

Always remember to keep track of any changes to your sources so that you can update or edit the citations in your presentation. Make sure you update the citations in line with any changes you make to the content. With just a few clicks, reference management tools enable you to update your citations, which can help automate this process.

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Steps to edit Powerpoint in WPS:

Step 1: Download and install WPS Office

Step 2: Open WPS Presentation (PowerPoint)

To edit a PowerPoint presentation: use the toolbar to add slides, text, images, and other objects.

Step 4: Save Your Changes:

After making edits, click on "File" -> Choose "Save" to overwrite the existing file or "Save As" to create a new version.

Step 5: Close the Document:

When you're done editing, click on the "X" button in the top-right corner to close the document

Save your change

Step 6: Exit WPS Office:

Click on "File." -> Select "Exit" to close the application.

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Q1: How do you write a reference list in PPT?

To create a reference list in PowerPoint:

a. Choose a citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

b. Collect source information.

c. Create a new slide for your reference list.

d. Format it according to the chosen style.

e. List your sources with full details.

f. Ensure in-text citations match your reference list.

Q2: How do you in text cite a website in PowerPoint?

In-text citations for websites in a PowerPoint presentation:

a. Include the author's last name and publication date, e.g., (Smith, 2022).

b. If no author, use the title or organization name, e.g., ("Website Title," 2022).

c. If no publication date, use "n.d."

d. Add page numbers if quoting directly.

Q3: How do you format citations for books in PowerPoint?

To format citations for books in PowerPoint, follow these guidelines:

In-text citation: Include the author's last name and the publication year in parentheses, e.g., (Smith, 2022).

Reference list: List the book's citation details, including the author(s), book title in italics, publication date in parentheses, publisher, and page numbers (if applicable). Follow the specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA) for formatting details.

Q4: Can you use footnotes for citations in a PowerPoint presentation?

Yes, you can use footnotes for citations in a PowerPoint presentation. To do so:

Insert a footnote on the slide where you want to provide additional citation information.

Include the full citation details in the footnote, including the author, publication date, title, and any other relevant information.

Make sure to format the footnote according to the chosen citation style.

Q5: How can you avoid plagiarism in a PowerPoint presentation?

To avoid plagiarism in a PowerPoint presentation:

Properly cite all sources you use, including text, images, and data.

Use quotation marks for direct quotes and provide in-text citations.

Paraphrase information from sources while still citing them.

Create a thorough reference list at the end of your presentation.

Follow your institution's or publication's guidelines for proper citation.

This comprehensive guide covers citing sources in PowerPoint presentations, emphasizing the importance of proper citations and the use of in-text citations in APA, MLA, and Chicago styles. In-text citations are crucial for maintaining academic integrity, credibility, and avoiding plagiarism.

To cite a PowerPoint presentation correctly, select the appropriate citation style (APA, MLA, or Chicago), gather essential information like author, title, date, and URL, and apply the specific citation format. It's essential to update citations when source details change, and reference management tools can facilitate this process. WPS Office , a useful tool for creating and editing presentations, offers a range of features, including a powerful PDF toolkit, templates, collaboration options, and safety and stability.

1. How to Cite a PDF in MLA without an Author: A Comprehensive Guide
2. How to Cite a PowerPoint in APA [A Complete Guide]
3. How to Cite Sources in a PowerPoint_ A Comprehensive Guide
4. Do You Know How to Cite a PDF in APA 7th Edition?
5. How to Cite in a PowerPoint (APA, MLA, Chicago Style) The Ultimate Guide
6. How to Cite a PowerPoint in MLA Style The Beginner’s Guide

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APA Style Quiz

Using In-text Citation

Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list.

APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers , use a paragraph number, for example: (Field, 2005, para. 1). More information on direct quotation of sources without pagination is given on the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines web page.

Example paragraph with in-text citation

A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing et al., 2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program.

Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002). Teaching native speakers to listen to foreign-accented speech. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 23 (4), 245-259.

Thomas, H. K. (2004). Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of foreign-accented speech (Doctoral dissertation). University of Colorado, Boulder.

Citing Web Pages In Text

Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author and date if known. Keep in mind that the author may be an organization rather than a person. For sources with no author, use the title in place of an author.

For sources with no date use n.d. (for no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.). For more information on citations for sources with no date or other missing information see the page on missing reference information on the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines web page.

Below are examples of using in-text citation with web pages.

Web page with author:

In-text citation

Heavy social media use can be linked to depression and other mental disorders in teens (Asmelash, 2019).

Reference entry

Asmelash, L. (2019, August 14). Social media use may harm teens' mental health by disrupting positive activities, study says . CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/13/health/social-media-mental-health-trnd/index.html

Web page with organizational author:

More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by depression (World Health Organization, 2018).

World Health Organization. (2018, March 22). Depression . https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

Web page with no date:

Establishing regular routines, such as exercise, can help survivors of disasters recover from trauma (American Psychological Association [APA], n.d.).

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Recovering emotionally from disaste r. http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/recovering-disasters.aspx

General Guidelines

In-text references should immediately follow the title, word, or phrase to which they are directly relevant, rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or sentences. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. Below are examples of using in-text citation.

Author's name in parentheses:

One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984).

Author's name part of narrative:

Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.

Group as author: First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2015) Subsequent citation: (APA, 2015)

Multiple works: (separate each work with semi-colons)

Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech Thomas, 2004).

Direct quote: (include page number and place quotation marks around the direct quote)

One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85).

Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. 85).

Note: For direct quotations of more than 40 words , display the quote as an indented block of text without quotation marks and include the authors’ names, year, and page number in parentheses at the end of the quote. For example:

This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. That is, prior experience with nonnative speech, such as that gained by listening to the reading, facilitates comprehension. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 77)

Works by Multiple Authors

APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. Use the following guidelines to determine how to correctly cite works by multiple authors in text. For more information on citing works by multiple authors see the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines page on in-text citation .

Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather than in parentheses, always spell out the word and. For multiple authors' names within a parenthetic citation, use &.

One author: (Field, 2005)

Two authors: (Gass & Varonis, 1984)

Three or more authors: (Tremblay et al., 2010)

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APA Style, 7th Edition

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In-Text Citations Components

Parenthetical Citations

Narrative citations, combining citations.

Annotated Bibliography
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APA for PowerPoint Presentations

In-Text Citation Components

Page Numbers etc.

When writing a paper, you will need to provide in-text citations (sometimes called parenthetical citations) for quotes, summaries, and to give credit for ideas. Every in-text citation must have a corresponding entry in the reference list unless you are told otherwise (examples include personal communications and citing an entire website). There are two ways to cite in-text.

For more guidelines, view sections Chapter 8 in the Publication Manual or consult the APA Style page on In-Text Citations.

APA requires that you provide two pieces of information for an in-text citation:

Author last name(s) (this could also be an organization)
Publication date

A page number is required for direct quotes and encouraged for paraphrasing.

You will incorporate this information two ways into your text: parenthetically or narratively.

General Format:

Use the last name of the author for your in-text citation.

( Matthews , 2010, p. 14)

Multiple Authors

You will list up to two authors in an in-text citation, separated with an ampersand (&)

( Smith & Miller , 2009)

For references with three or more authors, you will only include the first author and then the words et al.

( Smith et al. , 2009)

Smith et al. (2009) summarized it as...

Organizational Author

If the author of a work is an organization, company, or group, list that group's full name in the in-text citation.

( Santa Fe College , 2019)

If the organization has a common acronym, you may introduce it in your first in-text citation and then use the abbreviation in all subsequent citations.

(American Medical Association [AMA] , 2007)

(AMA, 2007)

You should avoid citing works with no author, because you will be unable to verify authority and credibility. Remember that most resources that do not have an individual author listed will have an organization or group responsible for the content.

If there is truly no author for a reference, you use the title, or first few words of the title. Note that you should capitalize the words in the title for the in-text citation. Place in quotation marks if the title is an article or chapter. Italicize if it is a book, webpage, etc.

( "How To Find," 2009).

( Oxford English Dictionary , 1989).

You will use the year of the resource in the in-text citation. Even if there is a more detailed date provided, only the year is included in the in-text citation.

(Smith, 2010 )

If there is no date for a reference, use the abbreviation n.d.:

(Santa Fe College, n.d. ).

Smith ( n.d. ) states that...

Same Author/Date

If you have two or more distinct works by the same author and published in the same year, differentiate them with letters. Letters will be assigned alphabetically by the order in which they are listed in the references list.

Rowling, J. K. ( 1999a ). Harry Potter and the chamber of secrets. Arthur A. Levine.

(Rowling, 1999a )

Rowling, J. K. ( 1999b ). Harry Potter and the prisoner of Azkaban. Arthur A. Levine.

(Rowling, 1999b )

If both items are using n.d . instead of a year, include a hyphen before the differentiating letter.

(Santa Fe College, n.d.-a )

Recall that page numbers and more specific location information as detailed below are only required for direct quotes, but may be used for paraphrasing if you wish. Bold and highlighting are to showcase them on this libguide only, do not do this in your paper!

Page Numbers

If you are using information from a single page, use the abbreviation p .

(Smith, 2009, p. 12 )

If your quote (or paraphrase) spans multiple pages, use the abbreviation pp., and separate the two numbers with an en dash (–).

Smith (2009) discusses how the study was received by the media ( pp. 12–13 ).

No Page Numbers

If there are no page numbers on your resource, use section headers, paragraph numbers, or other descriptions to direct your reader to the information you are citing.

Conclusions section

One of the author's main points is that "people don't rise from nothing" ( Gladwell , 2008, Chapter 1, Section 2, para. 5 ).

If you are citing a direct quotation from a video, you can use the time stamp in place of a page number within the in-text citation.

Pariser (2011) states that "your filter bubble is your own personal, unique universe of information that you live in online. And wha's in your filter bubble depends on who you are, and it depends on what you do" (4:12).

A parenthetical citation encompasses the components of the in-text citation in parentheses at the end of the sentence, prior to the closing period. This should mostly be used for paraphrasing, and typically not for direct quotes alone.

Recall that a page number is not necessary for paraphrasing, but is encouraged.

(Author Last Name, Date, p. X)

If the quote comes from a source without pages, either count paragraphs (Author's Last Name, date, para. x) or find some other way to let your reader know where it is in the text (Author's Last Name, date, section header x)

Example: (Highlighted and bold here for attention only. Do not bold or highlight in your paper)

Single author example - Most college students are limited in their research experience to using Google and struggle to learn how to effectively navigate and use the wide variety of resources available to them (Head, 2013).

Two authors & Three or more author examples - Researchers have cautioned that flipped instruction needs to be carefully designed, both in overall pedagogical design (Banks & Henderson, 2019) and in the design of instructional videos (Obradovich et al., 2015).

Direct quote example - Moreover, Standard II.5.2 explains that school psychologists "do not promote or condone the use of restricted psychological and educational tests…by individuals who are not qualified to use them" (NASP, 2010, p. 9).

Narrative citations are the preferred method of citing quotes. You may also use them for paraphrasing or summarizing. The strength of narrative citation is that it flows better for a reader. A narrative citation weaves in the author's name(s) into the text and then adds in the year in parentheses. The page number will bookend the quote at the end.

You will often want to use a signal phrase to introduce a narrative citation. For an overview of signal phrases along with some examples, visit George Mason University's page on Signal Phrases.

The quote from one page - Last name (Year) "quote" or paraphrase (p. X).

The quote is on multiple pages - Last name (Year) "quote" (pp. x-y).

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), rates for pregnancy, STDs and abortion are much higher in the US than in other industrialized countries (para. 1).

Pink (2009) explains that "rewards, by their very nature, narrow our focus. That’s helpful when there’s a clear path to a solution" (p. 42).

Valenas et al. (2017) explored the impact of attentional bias and rumination on test anxiety in first-year university students.

To include two or more different resources in one citation, use a semicolon to separate them:

Poor empathy development has been associated with negative outcomes including increased aggression, poorer quality relationships, and psychopathology across development (Batanova & Loukas, 2014; Gambin & Sharp, 2016).

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In-Text Citation

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What Is In-Text Citation?

In APA, in-text citations are inserted in the text of your research paper to briefly document the source of your information. Brief in-text citations point the reader to more complete information in the Reference list.

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. In the author-date method, the writer includes the author and date within the body of the paper and includes a corresponding reference in the Reference list. This method allows the reader to identify sources used in the paper by reviewing the author and date within the text of the paper, and then easily locate the corresponding reference in the alphabetical Reference list.

Create an in-text citation whenever you quote another work, or whenever you paraphrase another work in your own words.

In-text Citations Have Two Formats

Parenthetical - the author name and publication date (or equivalent information) appear in parentheses. For example: Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public's perception of expert consensus on an issue (Burnside, 2016).
Narrative - the author name appears in running text and the date appears in parentheses immediately after the author name. For example: Burnside (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.

If you are referring to an idea from another work (paraphrasing or summarizing) but NOT directly quoting the material, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.

If you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. For example, (Burnside, 2016, p. 199).

In-Text Citation Styles

The table below shows several examples of parenthetical and narrative citations.

Paraphrasing and Quoting: What Is the Difference?

There are two ways to integrate sources into your assignment:

Paraphrasing is used to show that you understand what the author wrote. You must reword the passage, expressing the ideas in your own words, and not just change a few words here and there. Make sure to also include an in-text citation.
Quoting is copying a selection from someone else's work, phrasing it exactly as it was originally written. When quoting, place quotation marks (" ") around the selected passage to show where the quote begins and where it ends. Make sure to include an in-text citation.

Signal Phrases

If you refer to the author's name in a sentence, you do not have to include the name again as part of your in-text citation; instead, include the date after the name and the page number (if there is one) at the end of the quotation or the paraphrased section. For example:

Hunt (2011) explains that mother-infant attachment has been a leading topic of developmental research since John Bowlby found that "children raised in institutions were deficient in emotional and personality development" (p. 358).

Short Quotations

If a quotation consists of fewer than 40 words , treat it as a short quotation:

Incorporate the quote into the text and enclose it within double quotation marks.
Include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference.
For example, Smith (2019) demonstrated how to "..." (p. 112).
For example, "..." (Smith, 2019, p. 112).

Long (Block) Quotations

If a quotation contains 40 words or more , treat it as a long (block) quotation:

Do not use quotation marks to enclose a block quotation.
Start a block quotation on a new line and indent the whole block 0.5 inches from the left margin.
If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation, indent the first line of each subsequent paragraph an additional 0.5 inches.
Double-space the entire block quotation; do not add extra space before or after it.
Either (1) cite the source in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation, or (2) cite the author and year in the narrative before the quotation and place only the page number in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation. Do NOT add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case.
See section 8.27 in the Publication Manual for examples of the block quotation.

Direct Quotation Without Page Numbers

When you quote from electronic sources that do not provide page numbers (e.g., webpages, websites, some e-books), provide readers with another way of locating the quoted passage. Use any of the following approaches that will best help readers find the quotation:

Provide a heading or a section name.
Provide a paragraph number (count the paragraphs manually if they are not numbered).
Provide a heading or section name in combination with a paragraph number.

In-Text Citation for More than One Source

If you would like to cite more than one source within the same in-text citation, simply record the in-text citations as normal and separate them with a semi-colon. List the sources alphabetically by author's last name or first word used from the title if no author is given, in the same order they would appear in the Reference list. For example:

(Jones, 2015; Smith, 2014).

( Beckworth, 2016; "Nursing," 2015).

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The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA & MLA Examples

The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA & MLA Examples

Published on March 14, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on February 28, 2024.

An in-text citation is a short acknowledgement you include whenever you quote or take information from a source in academic writing. It points the reader to the source so they can see where you got your information.

In-text citations most commonly take the form of short parenthetical statements indicating the author and publication year of the source, as well as the page number if relevant.

We also offer a free citation generator and in-depth guides to the main citation styles.

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What are in-text citations for, when do you need an in-text citation, types of in-text citation, frequently asked questions about in-text citations.

The point of an in-text citation is to show your reader where your information comes from. Including citations:

Avoids plagiarism by acknowledging the original author’s contribution
Allows readers to verify your claims and do follow-up research
Shows you are engaging with the literature of your field

Academic writing is seen as an ongoing conversation among scholars, both within and between fields of study. Showing exactly how your own research draws on and interacts with existing sources is essential to keeping this conversation going.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

An in-text citation should be included whenever you quote or paraphrase a source in your text.

Quoting means including the original author’s words directly in your text, usually introduced by a signal phrase . Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with quotation marks), and you should include a page number indicating where in the source the quote can be found.

Paraphrasing means putting information from a source into your own words. In-text citations are just as important here as with quotes, to avoid the impression you’re taking credit for someone else’s ideas. Include page numbers where possible, to show where the information can be found.

However, to avoid over-citation, bear in mind that some information is considered common knowledge and doesn’t need to be cited. For example, you don’t need a citation to prove that Paris is the capital city of France, and including one would be distracting.

Different types of in-text citation are used in different citation styles . They always direct the reader to a reference list giving more complete information on each source.

Author-date citations (used in APA , Harvard , and Chicago author-date ) include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number when available. Author-page citations (used in MLA ) are the same except that the year is not included.

Both types are divided into parenthetical and narrative citations. In a parenthetical citation , the author’s name appears in parentheses along with the rest of the information. In a narrative citation , the author’s name appears as part of your sentence, not in parentheses.

Note: Footnote citations like those used in Chicago notes and bibliography are sometimes also referred to as in-text citations, but the citation itself appears in a note separate from the text.

An in-text citation is an acknowledgement you include in your text whenever you quote or paraphrase a source. It usually gives the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number of the relevant text. In-text citations allow the reader to look up the full source information in your reference list and see your sources for themselves.

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, February 28). The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA & MLA Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 2, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/in-text-citation-styles/

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How to curve text in google slides.

Grab everyone's attention with curved text in presentation slides

Google Slides offers formatting options to tweak text, photos, videos, and other elements in a presentation. However, it lacks a few important add-ons. For instance, unlike PowerPoint, there isn't a built-in way to curve text in Google Slides. If you want to make your presentation stand out among the rest, use the tricks below to curve text in Google Slides.

Adding curved text is a neat way to elevate your presentation. Still, don't go overboard with curve text in Google Slides. It may create unnecessary distractions and make it hard for your audience to read a slide. Instead, highlight a few headings or text you want to separate from the other paragraphs.

Although Google Slides is available on mobile platforms like iPhone and Android phones , we focus on the web version in the steps below.

Curve text in Google Slides using PowerPoint

There are a couple of ways to curve text in Google Slides. If you have a Microsoft 365 subscription plan, use the PowerPoint desktop app to curve text and copy it into Google Slides. In another trick, you can use a web tool like Canva or InkPx to get the job done. Let's start with PowerPoint.

Open Microsoft PowerPoint on Windows or Mac.
Create a new presentation and go to any slide.
Resize a text box and enter the text you want to add in Google Slides.
Expand the text effects icon and click Transform .
Check your curved text in action. Drag the white dots around the text box to resize it.
Open a presentation in Google Slides and select a slide where you want to add curve text.

PowerPoint offers dozens of curved text styles. You'll have no trouble finding a style that matches your presentation tone and theme.

How to delete a text box in Google Slides

Use an online tool to curve text in google slides.

PowerPoint requires a paid Microsoft 365 plan. If you don't have a subscription, use the tools below to generate and upload curved text in Google Slides.

Curve text using Canva

Canva is one of the best graphic design tools available. The web app offers several editing tools to create curved text in a design. You can download the image with a transparent background and upload it to Google Slides. Follow the steps below.

Use the top menu to tweak text style, color, size, and more.

The ability to download an image with a transparent background requires a Canva Pro subscription.

How to add transparency to an image in Google Slides

Curve text using inkpx.

InkPx is a web tool for creating curved text. You can make one and upload it on Google Slides.

Visit InkPx .
Enter text and pick a color, style, and size. Then, tweak the radius, spacing, and other details.
Pick a PNG or JPG image type and save the image.
Launch a presentation in Google Slides.
Select your image and open it in Google Slides.

Unlike Microsoft PowerPoint and Canva, InkPx is free to download and use. And unlike other web tools, you don't need to create an account to use the service.

Make your presentation stand out

Aside from curve text, there are other ways to make an interesting pitch. However, creating an engaging presentation from scratch can be time-consuming. Check the top Google Slides templates to get started and complete an applaud-worthy presentation in no time.

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http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5643-7971 Lucia Maure Blesa 1 ,
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4165-5551 Daniel López de Mota Sánchez 1 ,
http://orcid.org/0009-0001-4150-4665 Olalla Álvarez-Toledo 2 ,
Elena Montes Fernandez 3 ,
Montserrat Morales Conejo 4 ,
http://orcid.org/0009-0007-7763-9434 Teresa Díaz-Cardona 5 ,
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5652-516X Laura Olivie Garcia 1 ,
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1108-2318 Ivana Zamarbide Capdepon 1 ,
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1625-055X Antonio Herranz Bárcenas 1
1 Neurology , Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jimenez Diaz , Madrid , Spain
2 Internal Medicine Department , Hospital FREMAP Majadahonda , Madrid , Spain
3 Neurophysiology Department , Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain
4 Internal Medicine Department , Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre , Madrid , Comunidad de Madrid , Spain
5 Rehabilitation Centre , Hospital FREMAP Majadahona , Madrid , Spain
Correspondence to Dr Lucia Maure Blesa, Neurology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; luciamaure.lm{at}gmail.com

https://doi.org/10.1136/pn-2023-004082

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GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME

Case presentation

A man in his mid-50s was admitted to hospital after falling and fracturing his L2 and L4 vertebrae. He had a history of intestinal occlusion 20 years before that had resolved with conservative treatment in his country of origin, Peru. CT scan of head, abdomen and pelvis were normal.

He promptly became haemodynamically unstable, developing hypotension (blood pressure 70/40 mm Hg), tachycardia (pulse 134 bpm) and fever (38.7°C), requiring intensive care unit admission for 3 days. An exploratory laparotomy found nothing pathological. His hyponatraemia (119 mmol/L) continued.

Two weeks after discharge from the intensive care unit, he developed numbness of his proximal lower limbs and trunk, progressing after 2 days to proximal weakness of all four limbs, with loss of deep tendon reflexes. He had no sphincter disturbance, facial numbness or weakness, no diplopia or other cranial nerves abnormalities. There was no fever or other features of infection. MR scan of brain showed no acute intracranial pathology and MR scan of spine showed only a fracture of the upper plate of L2.

He was admitted into the neurology department. On examination, he had a tachycardia (100 bpm). There was proximal muscle weakness, with moderate resistance in both arms and only movement against gravity in both legs. Reflexes were reduced in the upper limbs but absent in the lower limbs. He had hypoaesthesia of the trunk and proximal limbs, but no sensory level.

Questions for consideration

What are the most likely diagnoses and what tests would you perform to confirm it?

Diagnostic assessment

With his progressive symptoms of ascending sensory and motor problems affecting the limbs and trunk, with lost tendon reflexes, normal neuroimaging, we suspected Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Table 1 shows his relevant investigation results.

View inline

Table results

Given the EMG findings and the mild cerebrospinal fluid albuminocytological dissociation, we suspected an axonal form of Guillain-Barré syndrome, and planned his first plasma exchange session.

Only 48 hours after admission into neurology, he developed significant haemodynamic instability (tachycardia 120 bpm and hypotension of 90/60 mmHg) with respiratory distress manifesting as excessive inspiratory muscle use, marked paradoxical breathing and inability to handle secretions or to cough. He required orotracheal intubation and readmission to the intensive care unit. His motor symptoms worsened slowly such that his proximal muscles showed only visible contraction, his distal arms moved against gravity and his distal legs moved against moderate resistance. The sensory alteration and global areflexia persisted.

There was no clinical improvement despite four sessions of plasma exchange on alternate days.

Given his clinical evolution and lack of treatment response, what other diagnosis and/or clinical management would you consider?

Differential diagnosis

Given the lack of improvement and atypical features including proximal sensorimotor distribution and prominent dysautonomia, we considered other causes of weakness after discharge from the intensive care unit 1 and paralytic Guillain-Barré syndrome mimics 2 3 :

Other causes of acute neuropathy:

Thiamine deficiency : although typically with a distal impairment, and rarely causing respiratory muscle weakness (and despite no history of chronic alcohol use), this was possible given the perioperative fasting before clinical onset.

Vasculitic neuropathy : this typically presents with multifocal involvement and focal pain in the area of weakness, and so seemed unlikely. Nevertheless, an autoimmunity panel and chest X-ray were arranged and were normal. Nerve biopsy was considered but postponed.

Malignancy or oncological treatments such as immunotherapy : there was no history of these.

Autoimmune nodopathies , particularly the IgG1 or IgG3 pan-neurofascinopathy, were considered possible.

Toxic and metabolic causes. After excluding more prevalent causes, we considered mainly acute intermittent porphyria and toxic causes such as lead 4 and arsenic poisoning, especially given the prior gastrointestinal symptoms and multisystem involvement.

Refsum’s disease is rare and typically accompanied by cerebellar ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa but was also considered.

Other non-neuropathic causes: traumatic and vascular myelopathy were excluded out by MR scan and MR angiogram of spine. Acute anterior horn cell infections, neuromuscular-plaque disorders and muscle disorders seemed unlikely with this clinical presentation and laboratory results.

Given the prior symptoms of prodromal confusion, abdominal pain, dysautonomia with persistent hyponatraemia, predominant proximal motor involvement and the ‘bathing-suit’ distribution of sensory symptoms, we suspected acute intermittent porphyria.

Question for consideration

When should neurologists suspect acute intermittent porphyria?

How would you diagnose and treat this patient?

Treatment and follow up

Acute intermittent porphyria is a disorder of haem synthesis caused by an inherited partial deficiency in the third enzyme in this synthetic pathway, porphobilinogen deaminase, 5 also known as hydroxymethylbilane synthase ( figure 1 ). This autosomal dominant condition leads to the accumulation of certain precursor chemicals including porphobilinogen and delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), presumed to be neurotoxic. Acute attacks can be triggered by inducing ALA synthase-1, the rate-limiting enzyme step, thus causing hepatic overproduction of porphyrin precursors. The pathogenesis is probably mediated through both the neurotoxicity of these precursors and the neuronal reduction in haem proteins.

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Biochemical synthesis pathway of haem in the liver. A series of eight enzymatic processes lead to the intracellular haem synthesis. A main enzyme is ALA synthase-1, whose induction by different drugs or feeding states may lead to overproduction of haem precursors; in acute intermittent porphyria, given the defect in PBGD enzymatic function, these haem precursors may accumulate and cause a clinical attack. ALA synthase-1 is partly inhibited by negative feedback (in green) regulation by haem, and is the therapeutic target of girosivan (in green). Enzymes are in blue, haem precursors in black, AIP in red. AIP, acute intermittent porphyria; ALA, aminolevulinic acid. Created by L Maure with Biorender.com.

Inducers of ALA synthase-1 include certain medications 6 particularly those that induce the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. Inducing these enzymes depletes haem by increasing its breakdown, diverting its precursors to enzyme synthesis and increasing metabolic demands for haem; the haem depletion in turn induces ALA synthase-1. Other common inducers are alcohol, hormonal imbalance (progesterone), other causes of iron deficiency and dieting, including most hypocaloric nutrition given at regular hospitalisation or, as in this case, peri-operative fasting.

The porphyrias comprise a group of eight disorders of haem synthesis ( figure 1 ), 5 each resulting from a specific enzyme defect in the biosynthesis pathway, and leading to the accumulation of haem intermediates. 7 Acute intermittent porphyria is the acute type most often encountered in clinical practice. While most commonly affecting young woman (80%–90%), it can males and females of all ages.

Neurological symptoms often involve direct central nervous system injury, manifesting as seizures (20%), encephalopathy or neuropsychiatric features, but can also present as a motor-predominant axonal neuropathy. 8 Acute intermittent porphyria should be considered in people with atypical Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Porphyric neuropathy predominantly affects the proximal limbs, especially the upper limbs and is often asymmetrical. Typically, there is associated pain or paraesthesia in a bathing suit distribution involving the torso and proximal limbs. Patients may have a history of abdominal disturbances with non-informative diagnostic workups, prodromal anxiety, confusion or psychosis, prominent dysautonomia and hyponatraemia. All these features again stress the importance of considering porphyria among the differential diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome ( table 2 ).

Differences and similarities between Guillain-Barré syndrome and acute intermittent porphyria

Once clinically suspected, as in this case, acute intermittent porphyria is established from the presentation with a compatible acute clinical syndrome and elevated excretion of urinary porphobilinogen during the attack:

The Hoesch test is a qualitative test that is positive at urinary porphobilinogen concentrations of >9 mg/L. The test requires mixing Ehrlich’s reagent (20 g of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in 1000 mL of 6N hydrochloric acid) with 2–3 drops of the patient’s urine. It is important to protect it from light as porphobilinogen exposed to light can oxidise into porphobilin, giving the urine a darker aspect. The reaction between Ehrlich’s reagent in acid solution and porphobilinogen forms a pink colour ( figure 2 ).

Positive Hoesch test (described in section 4). The pink colour of the urine is formed by the reaction of porphobilinogen and Erlich’s reagent.

Another recommended diagnostic tool is a quantified measure of porphobilinogen . Porphobilinogen increases substantially during an attack to 10–150 times the upper limit of the normal (or 20–300 mg per gram of creatine—normal 0–2). The test can be performed in a random sample with the result normalised per gram of urine creatine; a 24-hour urine collection is not required. Patients with increased urinary porphobilinogen then require further investigations. Note however, that porphobilinogen concentrations can normalise between attacks.

This patient’s porphyrins in a 24 hours urine sample, showed an elevated coproporphyrin 946.49 µg/24 hours (normal ≤150), uroporphyrin 426.60 µg/24 hours (normal ≤50). A spot urine sample showed a positive Hoesch test 9 ( figure 2 ), thus establishing elevated pathogenic concentrations of porphobilinogen in urine.

He had normal blood concentrations of fractionated porphyrins, protoporphyrin IX as well as faecal coproporphyrins, uroporphyrins and protoporphyrins. We excluded lead intoxication, 4 even though this was unlikely.

A suspected acute attack 10 should be treated immediately to prevent the hepatic overproduction of haem precursors. This includes infusing haem preparations, eliminating precipitating factors, high loading with carbohydrate—since dextrose inhibits ALA synthase-1—and giving supportive treatment. Also recommended are (if needed) antiemetics, analgesics and antiseizure medication (levetiracetam or gabapentin). There are promising results in preventing attacks and reducing the frequency and severity of symptoms using gyvosiran, a small interfering RNA therapy that specifically targets ALA synthase-1. 11 We started intravenous glucose and haemin infusions (4 mg/kg for 4 days), and stopped any potential precipitants.

The patient’s respiratory and dysautonomic symptoms gradually improved, and he was discharged from intensive care 10 days after starting specific treatment. His sensory symptoms quickly recovered; however, his motor improvement was slower, with persisting tetraparesis a month after discharge from the intensive care unit. He was admitted into a rehabilitation centre and re-evaluated 3 months later, at which time he could walk without assistance, but with residual upper limb weakness. With continued carbohydrate loading and avoiding porphyrinogenic triggers, he has had no new attacks since.

Acute intermittent porphyria has a variable prognosis. Although the weakness completely resolves in most patients over about 12 months, some do not fully recover. Potential issues (with screening implications) include hypertension, renal insufficiency, chronic pain, depression and an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. It is also important to consider genetic assessment of family members at risk.

A genetic test finally confirmed that this patient had a known pathogenic heterozygotic mutation in hydroxymethylbilane synthase, also known as porphobilinogen deaminase ( figure 2 ), the c.331>A variant, causing his acute intermittent porphyria.

Some types of porphyria may have a higher prevalence than is generally assumed, and neurologists need to maintain a high index of clinical suspicion to diagnose this often treatable disease.

Common errors that might lead clinicians to miss the diagnosis include:

Ignoring clues in the history that may be key clinical information, such as previous gastrointestinal symptoms.

Dismissing symptoms at onset such as mild confusion or pain, and wrongly attributing this to medication side effects or psychosomatic causes.

Overlooking possible triggers before neurological symptom onset.

In this case, two additional unusual features delayed our diagnosis in the first few days, namely the patient’s age and sex, serving as a reminder that porphyria is not exclusive to one demographic. Another unusual feature was the prominent hypotension, given that acute intermittent porphyria more often leads to hypertension. 5

The diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria is challenging and clinicians must be aware of its varied clinical presentations to avoid its fatal consequences. The prognosis correlates with the time to diagnosis of an acute attack and time to starting treatment. Clinicians clearly need to maintain a high threshold of suspicion, and to include porphyric neuropathy in the differential diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Acute Intermittent porphyria is a rare but treatable cause of predominantly axonal neuropathy; its diagnosis requires a high index of clinical suspicion.

In an acute neuropathy, key clinical information that might suggest acute intermittent porphyria includes abdominal pain (previous or present), mild-to-severe central nervous system involvement including altered affect, confusion and/or seizures, and a predominantly proximal motor neuropathy with bathing-suit distribution of sensory change.

Acute intermittent porphyria is confirmed with a quantified analysis of porphobilinogen, and managed by avoiding precipitant medications and starting intravenous haem as soon as possible.

Data availability statement

All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.

Ethics statements

Patient consent for publication.

Consent obtained directly from patient(s).

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Wijdicks EFM ,
Kravale I , et al
Bissell DM ,
Anderson KE ,
Bonkovsky HL
↵ The drug database [ Internet ]. 2024 Available : https://www.drugs-porphyria.org/
Kazamel M ,
Desnick RJ ,
Gandhi Mehta RK ,
Caress JB ,
Rudnick SR , et al
Frykholm BC ,
Pischik E ,
Kauppinen R
Balwani M ,
Ventura P , et al

Contributors LMB attended clinically the patient, collected the data, wrote and edited the draft. DLdMS attended clinically to the patient and helped editing the draft. OA-T, EMF, TD-C, LOG, IZ helped collecting the data and editing the draft. MMC helped in genetic diagnosis. AH was in charge of the patient during hospitalisation and helped collect data and edit the draft.

Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Competing interests None declared.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed by Jon Walters, Swansea, UK.

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How to in Text Cite a PowerPoint Apa

A powerpoint slide with a citation in the bottom corner

In-text citations are an important part of any academic or professional presentation in the American Psychological Association (APA) style. A PowerPoint presentation is no exception. In this article, we will examine the guidelines for creating in-text citations in PowerPoint APA style and explore their significance. We will also dive into the steps for creating in-text citations, provide examples, identify common mistakes, and offer tips and best practices.

Table of Contents

Why In-Text Citations are Important in PowerPoint Presentations

Before we dive into the specifics of creating in-text citations in PowerPoint APA style, it’s important to understand why they are essential. In-text citations are used to connect the information in a presentation to the source(s) from which it was derived. They give credit to the original authors and help establish the presenter’s credibility. By citing sources, you show the audience that you have conducted thorough research and that you have utilized reliable and authoritative sources.

Moreover, in-text citations also help to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is a serious academic offense that occurs when someone uses someone else’s work without giving them proper credit. In-text citations provide a way to acknowledge the original author’s work and ideas, and to avoid any accusations of plagiarism. Additionally, in-text citations allow the audience to locate the original source of information if they want to learn more about a particular topic. This can be especially helpful in academic or professional settings where the audience may want to verify the accuracy of the information presented.

Understanding APA Style Guidelines for In-Text Citations

APA style has specific guidelines for in-text citations, which differ slightly from other citation styles. In-text citations include the author’s last name and the year of publication, separated by a comma. If you are citing a direct quote, you must also provide the page number.

It is important to note that in-text citations are used to give credit to the original source of information and to help readers locate the source in the reference list. In APA style, the reference list is a separate page at the end of the document that includes all sources cited in the text.

Additionally, APA style also has guidelines for citing sources with multiple authors. When citing a source with two authors, include both authors’ last names in the in-text citation, separated by an ampersand. For sources with three to five authors, include all authors’ last names in the first in-text citation, and in subsequent citations, use the first author’s last name followed by “et al.” For sources with six or more authors, use the first author’s last name followed by “et al.” in all in-text citations.

Steps to Create In-Text Citations in PowerPoint APA Style

Creating in-text citations in PowerPoint APA style is a straightforward process. First, identify the source of the information you wish to cite. Then, locate the author’s name and the year of publication. Insert the author’s last name and the year of publication in parentheses at the end of the sentence or quote you wish to cite.

If you are citing a direct quote, include the page number in your citation. For example: (Smith, 2019, p. 25).

It’s important to note that if you are citing multiple sources within one sentence, list them in alphabetical order, separated by semicolons. For example: (Smith, 2019; Jones, 2020).

Another important aspect to consider when creating in-text citations in PowerPoint APA style is the use of et al. If a source has three or more authors, you can use “et al.” after the first author’s name in the citation. For example: (Smith et al., 2019).

Additionally, if you are citing a source that has no author, use the first few words of the title in the citation. For example: (“APA Style Guide,” 2021).

Examples of In-Text Citations in PowerPoint Presentations

Let’s take a look at some examples of in-text citations in PowerPoint APA style:

According to Smith (2019), “The sky is blue” (p. 25).
In a study by Jones (2020), it was found that “dogs are more loyal than cats” (p. 10).
Several scholars (Brown, 2018; Green, 2021) have argued that climate change is a pressing issue.

It is important to note that in-text citations should always be included in a PowerPoint presentation to give credit to the original source of information. Failure to do so can result in plagiarism, which is a serious academic offense.

Additionally, in-text citations should be formatted correctly according to the citation style required by the instructor or publisher. APA style is commonly used in social sciences, while MLA style is often used in humanities. It is important to check the guidelines and follow them carefully to avoid losing points or credibility.

Tips for Maintaining Consistency in In-Text Citations throughout the Presentation

Consistency is key when it comes to creating in-text citations in PowerPoint APA style. Here are some tips to help you maintain consistency:

Use the same format for all citations throughout the presentation.
Double-check the spelling of authors’ names and the accuracy of publication years.
Make sure you are citing all sources that you use consistently.

Another important tip for maintaining consistency in in-text citations is to ensure that you are using the same citation style throughout the presentation. For example, if you are using the author-date citation style, make sure that you are consistently including the author’s last name and the publication year in parentheses. Additionally, be sure to include page numbers for direct quotes. By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your in-text citations are consistent and accurate throughout your presentation.

Common Mistakes to Avoid when Creating In-Text Citations in PowerPoint APA Style

As with any citation style, there are common mistakes to avoid when creating in-text citations in PowerPoint APA style:

Forgetting to include a citation altogether.
Using the incorrect format for the citation.
Citing the wrong source.

Another common mistake to avoid when creating in-text citations in PowerPoint APA style is failing to include the author’s name in the citation. It is important to include the author’s last name and the year of publication in the citation, as this helps readers locate the source in the reference list. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the in-text citation matches the corresponding reference entry in the reference list.

How to Incorporate Images and Graphics into In-Text Citations in PowerPoint APA Style

If you use images or graphics in your presentation, you may need to include in-text citations for them as well. The format for these citations is slightly different. Include the author’s last name, the year, and a brief description of the image in parentheses. For example: (Smith, 2019, Figure 1).

It is important to note that if you are using an image or graphic that you did not create yourself, you must also include a citation in the reference list at the end of your presentation. The reference should include the author, year, title of the image, and the source of the image. If the image is from a website, include the URL. If the image is from a book or journal, include the publication information. Failure to properly cite your sources can result in plagiarism and academic misconduct.

Using Quotations and Paraphrasing Techniques for Effective In-Text Citations in PowerPoint Presentations

When creating in-text citations, it’s important to use quotations and paraphrasing techniques effectively. Quotations should be used sparingly and only when the author’s exact words are necessary. Paraphrasing involves restating the author’s ideas in your own words. When paraphrasing, be sure to cite the source appropriately.

It’s also important to consider the context in which you are using the information. If you are presenting a controversial or disputed idea, it may be necessary to include a direct quote to accurately convey the author’s stance. However, if you are presenting a well-established concept, paraphrasing may be more appropriate. Additionally, when using quotations, be sure to properly format them by enclosing them in quotation marks and citing the source. By using both quotations and paraphrasing techniques effectively, you can create a well-supported and informative PowerPoint presentation.

Best Practices for Citing Sources from Online Databases and Websites in PowerPoint APA Style

Citing sources from online databases and websites can be challenging. Here are some best practices to keep in mind:

Include the author’s name (if available), the publication date, and the title of the webpage or article.
Include the URL or DOI of the source.
Double-check the accuracy of all information before including it in your citation.

In conclusion, creating in-text citations in PowerPoint APA style is a simple process that can greatly enhance the credibility of your presentation. Remember to maintain consistency, avoid common mistakes, and use best practices when citing sources. With these guidelines in mind, you can craft an effective and authoritative PowerPoint presentation.

It is important to note that when citing sources from online databases and websites, you should also include the name of the database or website in your citation. This helps readers locate the source more easily and provides additional context for the information you are citing.

Another best practice is to use the hanging indent format for your citations. This means that the first line of each citation is flush with the left margin, while all subsequent lines are indented. This format makes it easier for readers to distinguish between different sources and helps to maintain consistency throughout your presentation.

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Case Report
Open access
Published: 03 April 2024

Guillain–Barre syndrome of acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) type associated with herpes zoster: a case report

Leonard Wanninayake 1 ,
Dilani Rajapaksha 2 ,
Narmada Nair 2 ,
Kamal Gunarathne 3 &
Udaya Ranawaka 4

BMC Neurology volume 24 , Article number: 109 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS) following Varicella zoster is a rare presentation and has only been reported in a few cases around the world. Of the reported cases, the type of GBS is not specified in the majority, and where specified is of the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) type. We report a case of acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) type GBS following herpes zoster in a 27-year-old male who presented with bilateral lower limb weakness and left sided lower motor neuron type facial nerve palsy a week after herpes zoster infection.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) is a relatively rare disorder with an incidence of 1–2 per 100,000 cases [ 1 ]. It is an acute peripheral neuropathy with several subtypes described based on clinical and electrophysiological features: acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), acute sensory neuropathy, acute pandysautonomia and overlap syndrome [ 2 ]. The prevalence of different types of GBS varies with geographic location [ 2 ].

Several infectious triggers have been implicated in the pathogenesis of GBS. Of them, the most common is Campylobacter jejuni infection which is commonly associated with AMAN type GBS [ 3 ]. Several other infectious agents such as Epstein Barr virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Cytomegalovirus and HIV have been implicated as common aetiologies. GBS can rarely manifest following some vaccines such as measles, rabies, influenza, measles and MMR [ 2 ]. More recently, GBS has been reported following SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination [ 4 , 5 ]

Acute varicella infection (chicken pox) is a rare trigger for GBS [ 3 ], and GBS following varicella infection is usually of the AIDP type [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. A recent review identified 88% of the GBS cases following varicella infections to be of the AIDP type, and 13% axonal type [ 6 , 7 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Herpes zoster is a clinical syndrome due to reactivation of dormant varicella virus in sensory ganglia several years after initial varicella infection [ 10 ]. GBS following herpes zoster is a rare association described only in a few case reports [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]; where reported, it has always been of the AIDP variety [ 6 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. We were unable to identify any reports of zoster-associated AMAN type GBS on a literature survey of several electronic databases although a few cases of AMAN type GBS after chicken pox have been reported. We report a case of AMAN type GBS associated with herpes zoster.

Case report

A 27-year-old previously healthy man initially presented with a painful vesicular skin rash over the maxillary and mandibular distributions of the right trigeminal nerve (as shown in Fig. 1 ), which was clinically diagnosed as herpes zoster and treated at the local hospital outpatient clinic with oral acyclovir. Two days following the onset of the rash, he developed progressive bilateral lower limb weakness with predominant difficulty in standing up from a seated position. Six days later, he developed progressive bilateral upper limb weakness, difficulty with left eyelid closure and deviation of the mouth to the right side. There was no associated incoordination, or difficulty in speech or swallowing. He was admitted to a Sri Lankan tertiary care hospital on the 7th day of the illness. He was an unmarried driver, who was independent in his daily activities prior to the onset of the current illness. There was no history of smoking, alcohol use or substance abuse.

Herpes zoster rash over the right face

On admission, there was no fever, pallor, jaundice or lymphadenopathy. No evidence of muscle wasting or fasciculations was noted. Lower limb neurological examination revealed bilateral hypotonia and predominant proximal weakness, with MRC grade 3 power in hip flexors and extensors, and MRC grade 4- power in the flexors and extensors at the knee and ankle. Bilateral knee and ankle tendon reflexes were diminished (grade 1/4) with flexor plantar responses. Upper limb neurological examination showed normal tone bilaterally with MRC grade 4 + power in all muscle groups at shoulder, elbow and wrist, and normal biceps and triceps tendon reflexes. Cranial nerve examination revealed a left sided lower motor neuron type facial nerve palsy. No other cranial nerve abnormalities or cerebellar signs were noted. Sensory examination of the face, lower limbs and upper limbs was normal for pain, temperature, touch and proprioception.

Routine investigations including full blood count, electrolytes, creatinine, ESR, CRP, liver function tests, TSH and fasting blood sugar were normal. Retroviral screening was negative. MRI scan of the lumbosacral spine was normal. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) and EMG revealed AMAN type GBS (Table 1 ). CSF analysis showed elevated protein of 78 mg/dL, with 12 lymphocytes/mm3 and no neutrophils. CSF glucose was 76.5 mg/dl with a simultaneous blood glucose of 100 mg/dl. CSF testing for ADA, TB Gene expert and TB culture were negative. Serology for varicella zoster IgG antibodies was positive after 2 weeks from presentation, whereas varicella IgM antibodies were equivocal.

Given the close temporal relationship to herpes zoster infection, a diagnosis of GBS secondary to herpes zoster was made. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIg] 2 g/kg divided over 5 days duration and regular physiotherapy. Limb and facial weakness gradually improved after one week of hospital stay and he was discharged with plans for outpatient rehabilitation. At the time of discharge, he had MRC grade 4 + power in all four limbs. On three months review, he had normal limb power in all muscle groups (MRC 5) and normal facial muscle strength.

Herpes zoster and varicella zoster manifests with several sensory and motor manifestations. Transverse myelitis, varicella associated segmental motor weakness, Ramsey hunt syndrome, GBS are some of many motor manifestations of herpes zoster [ 37 ]. We report a case of GBS following herpes zoster, which adds to the limited number of cases in published literature. The neurophysiological subtype of GBS has not been reported in most published cases of zoster-related GBS. Where specified, it had been of the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) type [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Our patient had GBS of the acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) type. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of AMAN type GBS confirmed with electrodiagnosis, associated with herpes zoster.

Herpes zoster is known to be associated with several motor and sensory neurological manifestations such as post herpetic neuralgia, meningoencephalitis, myelitis, poly-cranial neuritis, motor dysfunction and GBS. The pathophysiology of zoster-related GBS is not very well understood. The postulated hypotheses are molecular mimicry or the deranged immune system in the host, particularly of the lymphocyte subtypes. Although molecular mimicry with C. jejuni has been demonstrated, molecular mimicry with varicella zoster and peripheral nerves has not been confirmed [ 38 , 39 ].

In the majority of reported cases, the diagnosis had been based on clinical grounds with the chronological relationship between the rash and neurological symptoms [ 33 , 34 ]. There had been a few case reports with positive varicella serology in CSF and serum but with negative varicella PCR [ 22 , 29 ]. Some reports have considered reduced CD 8 lymphocyte response as an evidence of varicella zoster infection [ 10 ]. Our patient had positive IgG varicella serology but equivocal IgM results. This is likely to be the result of delayed testing for serology as the hospital laboratory was being primarily utilized for COVID 19 testing during this time.

The delay to the onset of GBS symptoms following the zoster rash has varied from 3 to 42 days in previous cases [ 6 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Our patient developed neurological manifestations 2 days after the rash. A majority of the reported cases of zoster related GBS (71%) had cranial nerve abnormalities, with the facial nerve involvement being the most common [ 6 , 22 , 33 ]. Our patient had lower motor neurone type facial nerve palsy, but no other cranial nerve abnormalities were noted. Some of the patients with zoster-related GBS had developed complications such as respiratory failure, and some case fatalities have been reported [ 6 ]. Mechanical ventilation was required in a few cases [ 6 , 36 ]. However, our patient did not require intensive care or respiratory support and made a good recovery with treatment.

We report a case of AMAN type GBS following herpes zoster. We believe our report adds to the growing literature on the diverse neurological complications following herpes zoster. Although rare, herpes zoster should be considered as an important underlying aetiological cause of GBS.

Availability of data and materials

All data and the materials of the patient are available with the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

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Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Leonard Wanninayake

Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka

Dilani Rajapaksha & Narmada Nair

National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka

Kamal Gunarathne

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka

Udaya Ranawaka

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UR conceptualize the case report. LW and UR prepared the manuscript. DR, NN and KG contributed in the management of the patient and in editing the manuscript. All authors agreed on the final manuscript..

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Wanninayake, L., Rajapaksha, D., Nair, N. et al. Guillain–Barre syndrome of acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) type associated with herpes zoster: a case report. BMC Neurol 24 , 109 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-024-03607-1

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How To Add Superscript in Google Sheets: 3 Easy Ways [2024]

Google Sheets stands out as a versatile tool that simplifies data management and presentation. Among its many features is the ability to apply superscript formatting, which can be particularly useful for anyone dealing with mathematical equations, scientific notations, or simply wanting to emphasize a piece of text. This subtle yet powerful feature allows users to elevate characters above the baseline, providing clarity and precision where needed.

And remember, while our text might be ascending to new heights, we’ll keep our feet firmly on the ground with a straightforward, no-frills guide that even your grandma could follow. So, let’s get started, and who knows, by the end of this article, you might find yourself looking at that tiny ‘2’ in H₂O with a newfound respect.

Superscript is often used for:, subscript is commonly used for:, benefits of using superscripts and subscripts:, how they can be helpful:, method 1: copy and paste unicode characters, method 2: use the char function, method 3: change font size (last resort), what is superscript & subscript.

Superscript and subscript in Google Sheets are text formatting styles that allow you to position text above (superscript) or below (subscript) the standard text line. These are commonly used in mathematical and scientific formulas to denote exponents, chemical compounds, and other specialized notations.

READ MORE: How To Add Superscript in Google Docs? [4 Easy Methods]

Ordinal indicators, e.g., 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , etc.
Exponents in mathematical expressions, e.g., x² for “ x squared .”
References and footnotes in a document.
Chemical formulas, e.g., ( H 2 O ) for water.
Mathematical variables, e.g., ( A 2 + B 2 = C 2 ) in algebraic expressions.
Denoting bases in logarithms, e.g., ( log 2 ) for “ log base 2 .”
Clarity: They help maintain clarity in expressions where certain elements need to be differentiated from the main text.
Accuracy: In scientific and mathematical contexts, they ensure an accurate representation of formulas and equations.
Professionalism: Documents look more professional and adhere to standard writing conventions.
Education: They’re essential for students and educators when creating educational materials and assignments.
Research: Researchers can accurately present their findings, especially in fields like chemistry and physics.
Data Presentation: They allow for better data presentation in reports and analyses.

READ MORE: How to Fix Google Docs Superscript Not Working ➜

PRO TIP: If the issue is with your computer or a laptop/notebook you should try using Fortect Repair which can scan the repositories and replace corrupt and missing files. This works in most cases, where the issue is originated due to a system corruption. You can download Fortect by Clicking Here

How to Add Superscript in Google Sheets?

Google Sheets does not currently have a built-in feature for superscript. However, the following methods are creative workarounds to achieve the desired effect.

Go to a website like Graphemica , which allows you to search for Unicode characters.

Type in the symbol you want, such as “superscript two.”

Copy the result (e.g., for superscript two, you would copy “²” ).

Paste the copied character into your Google Sheet in the formula bar .

To get multiple superscripts next to each other, copy them multiple times (e.g., “¹²” ).
Determine the ASCII number for the desired superscript character. For example, the ASCII number for “superscript two” is 178 .

Open a search engine and type in the keyword “ascii superscript” followed by the specific character you’re looking for. For instance, if you need the ascii value for “subscript three,” type “ascii subscript three” into the search bar. This will provide you with the ASCII number for the requested subscript.

Enter the CHAR function in your Google Sheet with the Unicode number: =CHAR (178) .

This will display the corresponding superscript character in the cell.
Enter your text in a cell in Google Sheets.
Select the portion of the text you want to be in superscript.

Change the font size of the selected text to a smaller size than the rest of the text to create a superscript effect.

There you have it! These workarounds allow you to continue using Google Sheets for tasks that require formatting such as superscripts, even though the application’s toolbar does not directly support it. Remember to use these features judiciously to enhance the readability and professionalism of your documents.

READ MORE: How to Get Dark Mode in Google Sheets – Desktop & Mobile ➜

The superscript feature in Google Sheets enhances data presentation by allowing annotation of equations, citing sources, and emphasizing points. Despite being small, superscripts are crucial for clear communication. Mastering this feature enhances precision and attention to detail in your work.

Remember, even small features like superscripts can greatly impact clarity and effectiveness in your projects. Thank you for reading this guide. We hope you feel more confident in using it for your projects and gained insights for better spreadsheet management.

Currently, there is no built-in feature for superscript in Google Sheets. Users typically use Unicode characters or the CHAR function to achieve this.

Some common superscript characters include ⁰, ¹, ², ³, and so on. You can find a complete list of these characters on Unicode character databases online.

Since Google Sheets doesn’t have direct formatting options for superscript, you would need to replace the superscript characters with regular text.

Some third-party sites and add-ons can help you with superscript and subscript formatting in Google Sheets.

Yes, when you export your Google Sheets to Excel, the superscript characters should retain their formatting.

There are no direct keyboard shortcuts for inserting superscript in Google Sheets. However, you can use keyboard shortcuts to access the CHAR function or copy-paste methods more quickly.

The post How To Add Superscript in Google Sheets: 3 Easy Ways [2024] appeared first on Appuals .

Google Sheets stands out as a versatile tool that simplifies data management and presentation. Among its many features is the ability to apply superscript formatting, which can be particularly useful for anyone dealing with mathematical equations, scientific notations, or simply wanting to emphasize a piece of text. This subtle yet powerful feature allows users to …

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Citing Sources in PowerPoint Presentations
If the text on a slide is a quote (someone else's words, verbatim) or someone else's ideas in the presenter's own words, then a citation is needed. If the text placed on a slide is simply a word or phrase that represents a topic that the presenter will be discussing in greater detail, then a citation is not needed.
How to Cite a PowerPoint in APA Style
Revised on December 27, 2023. To reference a PowerPoint presentation in APA Style, include the name of the author (whoever presented the PowerPoint), the date it was presented, the title (italicized), "PowerPoint slides" in square brackets, the name of the department and university, and the URL where the PowerPoint can be found.
How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA, MLA or Chicago
For an in-text citation for three or more authors, list the first author's surname followed by "et al." followed by a comma and the year of publication or presentation. In MLA. For a PowerPoint with two presenters or authors, include both names in the full works-cited citation.
7. Citing Sources in Presentations
7.1: In-text citations in Presentations. You can cite references within the text of your presentation slide using the same APA format for in-text citations (Author, Date) as in a written essay. Remember to cite sources for direct quotations, paraphrased materials, and sources of facts (such as market share data in the example slide).
How to Cite a PowerPoint in MLA
If this isn't possible, cite the secondary source and use "qtd. in" (quoted in) in your MLA in-text citation. For example: (qtd. in Smith 233) For example: (qtd. in Smith 233) If a source is reproduced in full within another source (e.g. an image within a PowerPoint or a poem in an article ), give details of the original source first ...
APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation
Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here. Media File: APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation This resource is enhanced by a PowerPoint file. If you have a Microsoft Account, you can view this file with PowerPoint Online.
How to Cite a Powerpoint in APA Format
While citing lectures, meeting notes, or other slideshow presentations, follow the standard APA 7 author/date citation format. State the author, date, and title of the presentation. Then, within brackets, place the format, such as [PowerPoint slides] or [ Prezi slideshow presentation]. If the presentation is accessible online, include the link.
How do I do in-text citations in my PowerPoint presentation, APA style
If an entire slide can be attributed to one source, you can put the "in-text" citation in the bottom corner of the slide. You can use hanging indentation on your Reference page or a bulleted list. Sometimes formatting in PowerPoint can be difficult. I've included a link to Holgate Library's PowerPoint in APA format guide, and a link to our Cite ...
MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Powerpoint Presentations
Powerpoint Presentations - Where Do My Citations Go? List your sources in a slide at the end of the Powerpoint presentation, with in-text citations throughout your presentation as applicable. You could also provide a print copy of the sources you used to those attending your presentation. Example:
Citing Sources in Presentations
In-text citations in Presentations. You can cite references within the text of your presentation slide using the same APA format for in-text citations (Author, Date) as in a written essay. Remember to cite sources for direct quotations, paraphrased materials, and sources of facts (such as market share data in the example slide).
In-Text Citations: The Basics
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
How to In-text Cite a PowerPoint Apa
Now that we've discussed the importance of in-text citations and common mistakes to avoid, let's dive into the step-by-step process of in-text citing a PowerPoint in APA style. First, determine the type of source you are using (book, article, website, etc.). Second, locate the author's name and year of publication.
How to in Text Cite a PowerPoint
In-text citations in APA-style PowerPoint presentations should consist of the author's last name and the date of publication. For example, (Smith, 2018) would be an APA-style in-text citation. It is important to note that when citing sources in a PowerPoint presentation, you should also include a reference list slide at the end of the ...
APA In-Text Citations (7th Ed.)
Parenthetical vs. narrative citations. The in-text citation can be placed in parentheses or naturally integrated into a sentence.. Parenthetical: There is a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers (Parker, 2019).; Narrative: Parker (2019) found a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers. The publication year appears directly ...
How to Cite Sources in a PowerPoint: A Comprehensive Guide
In-text citations for websites in a PowerPoint presentation: a. Include the author's last name and publication date, e.g., (Smith, 2022). ... Yes, you can use footnotes for citations in a PowerPoint presentation. To do so: Insert a footnote on the slide where you want to provide additional citation information. Include the full citation details ...
How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in Apa
The basic elements of an APA citation for a PowerPoint presentation include the author's name, the date of the presentation, the title, and the location of the presentation. The format for in-text citations includes the author's last name and date of publication of the presentation. For example: (Smith, 2018).
APA Citation Guide (7th Edition): Presentations and Class Notes
In-Text Citation or Reference List? Handouts distributed in class and presentation slides such as PowerPoint should be cited both in-text and on the Reference list. Your own notes from lectures are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the Reference list.
Library Guides: APA Quick Citation Guide: In-text Citation
Using In-text Citation. Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005).
LibGuides: APA Style, 7th Edition: In-Text Citations
There are two ways to cite in-text. For more guidelines, view sections Chapter 8 in the Publication Manual or consult the APA Style page on In-Text Citations. APA requires that you provide two pieces of information for an in-text citation: Author last name (s) (this could also be an organization) Publication date.
Library Guides: APA Citation Guide (7th Edition): In-Text Citation
In APA, in-text citations are inserted in the text of your research paper to briefly document the source of your information. Brief in-text citations point the reader to more complete information in the Reference list. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. In the author-date method, the writer includes the ...
How to Apa Cite in a PowerPoint
Adding APA citations in PowerPoint presentations requires the following steps: Identify the sources to be cited in your presentation. Write down the necessary information for each source, including the author's name, publication year, and title. Insert the in-text citations in the appropriate locations in your slides.
The Basics of In-Text Citation
Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with quotation marks), and you should include a page number indicating where in the source the quote can be found. Example: Quote with APA Style in-text citation. Evolution is a gradual process that "can act only by very short and slow steps" (Darwin, 1859, p. 510).
Google Slides: How to create curved text in your presentation
Open Microsoft PowerPoint on Windows or Mac. Create a new presentation and go to any slide. Select Insert at the top and click Text box . Resize a text box and enter the text you want to add in ...
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Interestingly, Mikito Takayasu, who described this gra-nulomatous vasculitis in 1908, was an ophthalmologist. 3 Although ocular manifestations in Takayasu arteritis typica-lly range from retinal arterial occlusion to ischemic optic neuropathy, this case represents a unique presentation of eponymous Takayasu retinopathy described and staged by Uyama and Asayama in 1976 4 as the primary ...
Acute proximal weakness and paraesthesiae
A man in his mid-50s was admitted to hospital after falling and fracturing his L2 and L4 vertebrae. He had a history of intestinal occlusion 20 years before that had resolved with conservative treatment in his country of origin, Peru. CT scan of head, abdomen and pelvis were normal. While hospitalised and awaiting vertebroplasty, he developed mild confusion, vomiting and constipation ...
How to in Text Cite a PowerPoint Apa
Creating in-text citations in PowerPoint APA style is a straightforward process. First, identify the source of the information you wish to cite. Then, locate the author's name and the year of publication. Insert the author's last name and the year of publication in parentheses at the end of the sentence or quote you wish to cite.
Guillain-Barre syndrome of acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) type
Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS) following Varicella zoster is a rare presentation and has only been reported in a few cases around the world. Of the reported cases, the type of GBS is not specified in the majority, and where specified is of the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) type. We report a case of acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) type GBS following herpes ...
How To Add Superscript in Google Sheets: 3 Easy Ways [2024]
Google Sheets stands out as a versatile tool that simplifies data management and presentation. Among its many features is the ability to apply superscript formatting, which can be particularly ...