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ECO-09: IGNOU B.Com Solved Assignment 2022-2023

  • 1 1. Discuss the various motives for holding money. Is demand for moneya function of the level of income and the rate of interest?
  • 2 2. What purposes arc being served by the International Monetary Fundand the World Bank and its affiliates?
  • 3 3. Explain clearly the main source of agricultural credit in India. How farthe nationalised banks have been able to meet the credit needs of thefarmers?
  • 4 4. What is credit creation? Explain how banks can create credit. What arethe limitations of credit creation?
  • 5 5. Write short notes on the following:
  • 6 (a) Milton Friedman’s Quantity Theory of Money
  • 7 (b) Nationalization of Commercial Banks
  • 8 (c) Control of Credit
  • 9.1 How to Download ECO-09 Solved Assignment?
  • 9.2 Is the ECO-09 Solved Assignment Free?
  • 9.3 What is the last submission date for ECO-09 Solved Assignment?

ECO-09 Money Banking and Financial Institutions B Com Solved Assignment 2022-2023

1. Discuss the various motives for holding money. Is demand for money a function of the level of income and the rate of interest?

Ans: Money is an essential part of the economy as it serves as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. People hold money for various reasons, including transactions, precautionary, speculative, and portfolio motives.

  • Transactions motive : People hold money to carry out daily transactions such as buying goods and services. The amount of money held for this motive depends on the level of income, the frequency of transactions, and the transaction costs involved.
  • Precautionary motive : People hold money for unexpected expenses or emergencies. The amount of money held for this motive depends on the level of income and the uncertainty surrounding the future income and expenses.
  • Speculative motive : People hold money to take advantage of investment opportunities that may arise in the future. The amount of money held for this motive depends on the expected return on investment and the risk involved.
  • Portfolio motive : People hold money to diversify their portfolio of assets. The amount of money held for this motive depends on the expected return and risk of other assets such as stocks, bonds, and real estate.

The demand for money is influenced by both the level of income and the rate of interest. The higher the level of income, the higher the transactions and precautionary demand for money. The speculative and portfolio motives are also affected by the level of income, but the relationship may not be direct.

The demand for money is inversely related to the rate of interest. When the rate of interest is high, the opportunity cost of holding money increases, leading to a decrease in the demand for money. On the other hand, when the rate of interest is low, the opportunity cost of holding money decreases, leading to an increase in the demand for money.

2. What purposes arc being served by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and its affiliates?

Ans: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank are two important international organizations that were created to help promote international economic cooperation and development. They have several affiliates that carry out their work in different areas. Here are some of the purposes served by these institutions:

  • The IMF provides short-term loans and financial assistance to member countries that are facing balance of payments difficulties. It also provides policy advice and technical assistance to help countries strengthen their economic policies and institutions.
  • The World Bank and its affiliates provide long-term loans and grants to developing countries to support their economic development and poverty reduction efforts. The World Bank focuses on financing projects in areas such as infrastructure, agriculture, health, and education.
  • The International Finance Corporation (IFC), which is a part of the World Bank Group, provides financing to private sector businesses in developing countries. It helps to mobilize private capital and supports the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises.
  • The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), which is also a part of the World Bank Group, provides political risk insurance to investors in developing countries. This helps to encourage foreign investment and promotes economic growth.
  • The World Bank also conducts research and analysis on economic and social issues facing developing countries. It produces reports, data, and analysis that can inform policy decisions at the national and international levels.

3. Explain clearly the main source of agricultural credit in India. How far the nationalised banks have been able to meet the credit needs of the farmers?

Ans: The main sources of agricultural credit in India are formal institutional sources, which include commercial banks, regional rural banks (RRBs), and cooperative banks. Of these, the nationalized banks have been the largest providers of agricultural credit in the country.

The nationalized banks in India were directed by the government to prioritize agricultural credit, which led to the establishment of specialized agricultural credit branches in these banks. These branches provide agricultural credit to farmers for various purposes, such as crop production, farm mechanization, land development, and working capital needs.

In addition, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has set targets for banks to increase their lending to agriculture and allied sectors. Banks are required to ensure that a minimum of 18% of their total advances are directed towards agriculture and allied sectors.

Despite these efforts, there are still challenges in meeting the credit needs of farmers in India. Many farmers lack adequate collateral and credit history, which makes it difficult for them to access formal credit. As a result, they may be forced to borrow from informal sources, such as moneylenders, at high interest rates.

Furthermore, the distribution of agricultural credit is uneven across regions and crops. Some regions and crops receive a larger share of credit than others, which can lead to disparities in agricultural production and incomes.

In recent years, the government has introduced various measures to improve the availability of credit to farmers, such as interest subvention schemes and debt waiver programs. However, there is still a need for further reforms to strengthen the formal agricultural credit system in India and ensure that credit is more accessible to all farmers, regardless of their location or crop choice.

4. What is credit creation? Explain how banks can create credit. What are the limitations of credit creation?

Ans: Credit creation is the process by which banks and other financial institutions create new money in the economy by lending to borrowers. When a bank makes a loan, it creates a deposit in the borrower’s account, which can then be used to make purchases and payments. This new deposit is a form of money, which increases the total money supply in the economy.

Banks can create credit in several ways:

  • Fractional reserve banking : Banks are required to hold a fraction of their deposits as reserves, but they can lend out the remainder. This creates new deposits and expands the money supply.
  • Discounting : Banks can also borrow from the central bank by discounting their eligible securities. This increases the reserves of the banks, allowing them to create more credit.
  • Open market operations : Banks can also buy and sell government securities in the open market, which affects the reserves of the banks and their ability to create credit.

However, there are limitations to credit creation:

  • Capital adequacy requirements : Banks are required to maintain a certain amount of capital to absorb losses. If a bank’s losses exceed its capital, it may be unable to continue lending and creating credit.
  • Liquidity requirements : Banks are required to maintain a certain amount of liquid assets to meet the demand for withdrawals by depositors. If a bank does not have enough liquid assets, it may be unable to continue lending and creating credit.
  • Creditworthiness of borrowers : Banks need to ensure that the borrowers they lend to are creditworthy and able to repay the loans. If borrowers default on their loans, it can lead to losses for the bank and reduce its ability to create credit.
  • Regulatory restrictions : Banks are subject to various regulatory restrictions, such as interest rate caps and sectoral lending limits, which can limit their ability to create credit in certain sectors or at certain rates.

5. Write short notes on the following:

(a) milton friedman’s quantity theory of money.

Ans: Milton Friedman’s Quantity Theory of Money states that the quantity of money in circulation in an economy has a direct relationship with the overall level of prices. Specifically, if the money supply increases faster than the growth in the economy’s output, prices will rise.

Friedman’s theory argues that the demand for money is relatively stable, meaning that changes in the supply of money will result in corresponding changes in the velocity of money – the rate at which money changes hands. Therefore, an increase in the money supply should lead to an increase in the overall level of prices.

The Quantity Theory of Money has been criticized for its simplistic assumptions and its failure to account for other important factors that can affect the relationship between money supply and price levels, such as changes in consumer preferences, technological progress, and international trade. Nonetheless, the theory has had a significant influence on monetary policy and has helped shape modern macroeconomic thinking.

(b) Nationalization of Commercial Banks

Ans: Nationalization of commercial banks refers to the process of bringing privately-owned banks under the control and ownership of the government. This can be done through various means, such as purchasing the shares of the banks or by enacting laws that require the transfer of ownership.

The primary motivation for nationalization is to exert greater control over the banking sector and to use it as a tool for economic development. Governments may believe that private banks prioritize profit over the needs of the public and may not always act in the best interest of the country as a whole. Nationalization can provide greater oversight and regulation of the banking industry, ensuring that it is aligned with national economic goals.

Nationalization can also lead to the provision of banking services to previously underserved or neglected areas, as governments may prioritize the provision of financial services to such areas as a means of promoting economic development and reducing inequality.

However, nationalization is not without its drawbacks. Critics argue that nationalized banks can become bureaucratic and inefficient, and that they may be used for political purposes rather than for the benefit of the economy. Additionally, nationalization can lead to a lack of competition in the banking sector, which can result in reduced innovation and poorer service quality for customers.

(c) Control of Credit

Ans: The control of credit refers to the various measures taken by governments and central banks to influence the supply and cost of credit within an economy. Credit control policies can affect the availability of credit to individuals and businesses, the level of interest rates, and the overall health of the economy.

Central banks are typically responsible for implementing credit control policies. One key policy tool is the setting of interest rates. By increasing or decreasing interest rates, central banks can influence the demand for credit, and therefore its supply. When interest rates are high, borrowing becomes more expensive, leading to a decrease in demand for credit. Conversely, when interest rates are low, borrowing becomes more attractive, leading to an increase in demand for credit.

Central banks may also use other policy tools, such as reserve requirements, open market operations, and quantitative easing, to influence the supply of credit. Reserve requirements refer to the amount of money that banks are required to hold in reserve, which affects the amount of money they can lend out. Open market operations involve the buying and selling of government securities in order to affect the level of reserves in the banking system. Quantitative easing involves the creation of new money by the central bank to increase the money supply and stimulate lending.

The aim of credit control policies is to ensure that the supply and cost of credit are aligned with the needs of the economy. For example, during times of economic growth, credit may be made more readily available to support investment and consumption. Conversely, during times of inflation, credit may be restricted in order to control the money supply and prevent prices from rising too quickly.

However, the use of credit control policies is not without its risks. Inappropriate policies or poor implementation can lead to unintended consequences, such as asset bubbles or financial instability. Therefore, credit control policies need to be carefully considered and implemented within a broader framework of economic policy.

(d) Unit Trust of India

Ans: The Unit Trust of India (UTI) is a mutual fund company that was established in 1963 by the Government of India. The purpose of UTI was to promote the culture of savings and investment among Indian citizens and to mobilize small savings for national development.

UTI was initially set up as a statutory corporation and was responsible for managing a range of investment schemes, including equity funds, debt funds, and balanced funds. These schemes were designed to appeal to a wide range of investors, from individual savers to institutional investors.

Over the years, UTI has played a significant role in the growth of the Indian mutual fund industry. In 1992, UTI launched India’s first equity-linked savings scheme, which allowed investors to receive tax benefits while investing in the stock market. In 2003, UTI was restructured into a mutual fund company, and its assets were divided among four separate entities.

Today, UTI is one of the largest mutual fund companies in India, with a wide range of investment schemes designed to meet the needs of different types of investors. These schemes include equity funds, debt funds, hybrid funds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

UTI has a long history of promoting financial literacy and investor education in India. The company has conducted numerous investor awareness programs and has launched several initiatives to encourage people to save and invest for their future.

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  • ECO 09 Solved Assignment 2022-23

Money, Banking and Financial Institutions

COURSE CODE : ECO 09

COURSE TITLE : Money, Banking and Financial Institutions

ASSIGNMENT CODE : ECO 09/TMA/2022-23

Maximum Marks: 100

Attempt all the questions:

1. Discuss the various motives for holding money. Is demand for money a function of the level of income and the rate of interest?

2. What purposes arc being served by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and its affiliates?

3. Explain clearly the main source of agricultural credit in India. How far the nationalised banks have been able to meet the credit needs of the farmers?

4. What is credit creation? Explain how banks can create credit. What are the limitations of credit creation?

ignou solved assignment 2022-23; ignou solved assignment 2022-23 pdf; ignou assignment 2022-23; ignou solved assignment free; ignou solved assignment free download pdf; eco 09 solved question paper; eco 09 solved assignment 2021-22; ignou solved assignment 2021-2022

5. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Milton Friedman's Quantity Theory of Money

(b) Nationalization of Commercial Banks

(c) Control of Credit

(d) Unit Trust of India

ECO 09 Solved Assignment 2022-23 : All assignments are in PDF format which would be send on email/WhatsApp (7827967728) just after payment.

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN AUDIO PROGRAMME PRODUCTION Bachelor’s Degree Programmes (B.COM) ASSIGNMENTS

Dear Learner,

You have to submit one assignment in each course, i.e. ECO 09. All these are Tutor Marked Assignments (TMAs). Before attempting the assignments, please read the instructions provided in the Programme Guide carefully.

Kindly note, you have to submit these assignments to the Coordinator of your Study Centre within the stipulated time for being eligible to appear in the term-end examination. You must mention your Enrolment Number, Name, Address, Assignment Code and Study Centre Code on the first page of the assignment. You must obtain a receipt from the Study Centre for the assignments submitted and retain it. Keep photocopies of the assignments with you.

After evaluation, the assignments have to be returned to you by the Study Centre. Please insist on this and keep a record with you. The marks obtained by you will be sent by the Study Centre to the Student Evaluation Division at IGNOU, New Delhi.

Guidelines for Doing Assignments

There are five questions in each assignment, all carry equal marks. Attempt all the questions in not more than 500 words (each). You will find it useful to keep the following points in mind:

Organization and Presentation: Be analytical in your selection of the information for your answer. Give adequate attention to the introduction and the conclusion. Make sure that your answer is logical and coherent; has a proper flow of information.

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IGNOU ECO 09 Solved Assignment 2022-23

IGNOU ECO 09 Solved Assignment 2022-23 , ECO 09 Money, Banking and Financial Institutions Solved Assignment 2022-23 Download Free : ECO 09 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 , IGNOU ECO 09 Assignment 2022-23, ECO 09 Assignment 2022-23 , ECO 09 Assignment , ECO 09 Money, Banking and Financial Institutions Solved Assignment 2022-23 Download Free IGNOU Assignments 2022-23- B.COM 2022-23 Gandhi National Open University had recently uploaded the assignments of the present session for B.COM Programme for the year 2022-23. IGNOU B.COM stands for Bachelor’s in Commerce . IGNOU B.COM courses give students the freedom to choose any subject according to their preference.  Students are recommended to download their Assignments from this webpage itself. Study of Political Science is very important for every person because it is interrelated with the society and the molar values in today culture and society. IGNOU solved assignment 2022-23 ignou dece solved assignment 2022-23, ignou ma sociology assignment 2022-23 meg 10 solved assignment 2022-23 ts 6 solved assignment 2022-23 , meg solved assignment 2022-23 .

  • 1 IGNOU ECO 09 Solved Assignment 2022-23
  • 2 1. Discuss the various motives for holding money. Is demand for money a function of the level of income and the rate of interest?
  • 3 2. What purposes arc being served by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and its affiliates?
  • 4 3. Explain clearly the main source of agricultural credit in India. How far the nationalised banks have been able to meet the credit needs of the farmers?
  • 5 4. What is credit creation? Explain how banks can create credit. What are the limitations of credit creation?
  • 6 IGNOU ECO 09 Solved Assignment 2022-23
  • 7 GET IGNOU Handwritten Hardcopy , WhatsApp – 8130208920
  • 8 5 Write short notes on the following: (a)Milton Friedman’s Quantity Theory of Money (b)Nationalization of Commercial Banks (c) Control of Credit (d)Unit Trust of India
  • 9 Get IGNOU ECO 09 Solved Assignment 2022-23 Download Free Now  here from this website.
  • 10.1 IGNOU Instructions for the ECO 09 Money, Banking and Financial Institutions Solved Assignment 2022-23
  • 11 GUIDELINES FOR IGNOU Assignments 2022-23
  • 12 IGNOU Assignment Front Page
  • 13.1 Related

We provide handwritten PDF and Hardcopy to our IGNOU and other university students. There are several types of handwritten assignment we provide all Over India. ECO 09 Money, Banking and Financial Institutions Solved Assignment 2022-23 Download Free We are genuinely work in this field for so many time. You can get your assignment done – 8130208920

Important Note – IGNOU ECO 09 Solved Assignment 2022-2023  Download Free You may be aware that you need to submit your assignments before you can appear for the Term End Exams. Please remember to keep a copy of your completed assignment, just in case the one you submitted is lost in transit.

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Submission Date :

  • 31st March 2033 (if enrolled in the July 2033 Session)
  • 30th Sept, 2033 (if enrolled in the January 2033 session).
All questions are compulsory.

1. Discuss the various motives for holding money. Is demand for money a function of the level of income and the rate of interest?

Functions of Money

Economists define money via four of its basic functions. These functions will help us understand the importance and need of money as far as the economy is concerned.

Unit of Account

Say you went to a shop and started browsing around. You see the price of the products on display. They are all expressed in terms of money (rupees in this case). The cake is a hundred rupee, the pencil is ten rupees, the sneakers are a thousand rupees and so on. So as you can see, money is the basic unit of account or measurement of everything in an economy.

It is very important to have a uniform unit of account in an economy. The barter system does not work in all cases. So it is highly efficient and convenient to have a uniform base for all transactions, i.e. money. It is the foundation of every economic transaction happening anywhere around the world.

Medium of Exchange

This is what most economists consider the most important function of money. Money has the ability to satisfy all your unlimited needs and wants. You want the cake, or the pencil, or the sneakers, or all of them. The money will give you the ability to buy it all.

One can argue you can also barter for the goods. But then you would have to have some service or product that the shop owner wants. And it also has to be of equal value. Say the shop owner wants 5 pairs of socks in exchange for the sneakers but you do not possess them. Then you cannot buy the sneakers. The exchange can only take place if there is a double coincidence of wants. This is why money is of such essence, it makes these transactions possible with minimum effort and maximum ease.

Store Value

Money means liquidity, i.e. it is the most liquid asset. It is the most convenient way to store wealth since you can use to buy any goods or products directly. It requires no conversion. This is what we call the store value of money.

If one was to store their wealth in other commodities, like gold or shares, there is a risk. These commodities do not have a stable value. However, money does not fluctuate in value, it’s value/worth remains stable. This is one of the biggest advantages of storing the value in money or currency.

Standard for Deferred Payment

Deferred payment is any payment that is to be made in the future. Like if you have taken a loan or buy goods on credit. The payment of these transactions has to be made on some date in the future. So these amounts are measured in terms of money. And they are ultimately paid in money as well. This is because the value of money remains stable in any economy. And so one of the most important functions of money.

Demand for Money

We will be seeing here the Keynesian approach for calculating the demand for money. Money is the most liquid asset in the world. We can exchange it for any commodity or service and so people prefer to hold on to their cash. But then there is also the opportunity cost of money. Instead of preferring liquidity if the money was invested it would earn interest. And so the demand for money is the balance between these two motives.

Transaction Motive

Money is a medium of exchange and this function of it’s gives rise to the transactional motive for demand for money. We regularly need money to pay for goods and services. And such financial transactions can be of two types – income motive and business motive.

The income motive is to bridge the gap between the receipt of the income and its eventual disbursement. And the business motive is to bridge the gap between the time when costs are incurred and the time when you receive the sale proceeds. If these time gaps are smaller, the person will hold less cash for his transactions and vice versa.

2. What purposes arc being served by the I nternational Monetary Fund and the World Bank and its affiliates?

The main difference between the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank lies in their respective purposes and functions. The IMF oversees the stability of the world’s monetary system, while the World Bank’s goal is to reduce poverty by offering assistance to middle-income and low-income countries.

Both organizations are based in Washington, D.C., and were established as part of the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1945. The Bretton Woods Agreement was a monetary and exchange rate management system that attempted to encourage international financial cooperation through the introduction of a system of convertible currencies at fixed exchange rates, with the dollar trading for gold at $35 per ounce.

Comprised of 189 member countries including the United States, the International Monetary Fund has a primary mission to ensure monetary stability around the world. Member countries work together to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, and promote employment and economic growth. It also aims to reduce poverty around the world.

The IMF maintains its mission in three ways. First, it keeps track of the global economy and those of its member countries. The group employs a number of economists who monitor member countries’ economic health. Each year, the IMF provides each country with an economic assessment.

Secondly, it gives practical assistance to members by providing policymakers to help plan fiscal policies, coming up with tax and fiscal legislation, along with overseeing the economy through analysis. Finally, the IMF lends money to countries with balance of payments difficulties. It provides this financial assistance as long as the borrowing country implements initiatives suggested by the IMF.

Founded at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, the two institutions have complementary missions. The  World Bank Group  works with developing countries to reduce poverty and increase shared prosperity, while the  International Monetary Fund  serves to stabilize the international monetary system and acts as a monitor of the world’s currencies. The  World Bank Group  provides financing, policy advice, and technical assistance to governments, and also focuses on strengthening the private sector in developing countries. The  IMF  keeps track of the economy globally and in member countries, lends to countries with balance of payments difficulties, and gives practical help to members.  Countries must first join the IMF to be eligible to join the World Bank Group; today, each institution has 189 member countries.

The World Bank Group

The  World Bank Group  is one of the world’s largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries. Its five institutions share a commitment to reducing poverty, increasing shared prosperity, and promoting sustainable development.

Together,  IBRD  and  IDA  form   the  World Bank , which provides financing, policy advice, and technical assistance to governments of developing countries.  IDA focuses on the world’s poorest countries, while IBRD assists middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries. 

IFC, MIGA,  and  ICSID  focus on strengthening the private sector in developing countries.  Through these institutions, the World Bank Group provides financing, technical assistance, political risk insurance, and settlement of disputes to private enterprises, including financial institutions.

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3. Explain clearly the main source of agricultural credit in India. How far the nationalised banks have been able to meet the credit needs of the farmers?

4. what is credit creation explain how banks can create credit. what are the limitations of credit creation.

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IGNOU ECO-09 July 2023 - January 2024 - Solved Assignment

Are you looking to download a PDF soft copy of the Solved Assignment ECO-09 - Money, Banking and Financial Institutions ? Then GullyBaba is the right place for you. We have the Assignment available in English and Hindi language.

This particular Assignment references the syllabus chosen for the subject of Commerce , for the July 2023 - January 2024 session. The code for the assignment is ECO-09 and it is often used by students who are enrolled in the B.COM Degree.

Once students have paid for the Assignment, they can Instantly Download to their PC, Laptop or Mobile Devices in soft copy as a PDF format. After studying the contents of this Assignment, students will have a better grasp of the subject and will be able to prepare for their upcoming tests.

IGNOU ECO-09 (July 2023 - January 2024) Assignment Questions

1. Why is money demanded? How is the Keynesian approach different from the classical approach in this regard?

2. Explain the concept of 'unit banking'. What are the merits and demerits of unit banking system? Suggest measures to overcome the demerits of unit banking system.

3. What is a Central Bank? Discuss its functions. What makes a Central Bank different from Commercial Bank?

4. Distinguish between the spot and forward foreign exchange markets. Why are transactions in forward foreign exchange markets done?

5. Write short notes on the following:

a) Money market b) Objectives of the International Monetary Fund c) The Velocity of Money d) Creation of credit

IGNOU ECO-09 (July 2022 - January 2023) Assignment Questions

1. Discuss the various motives for holding money. Is demand for money a function of the level of income and the rate of interest?

2. What purposes arc being served by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and its affiliates?

3. Explain clearly the main source of agricultural credit in India. How far the nationalised banks have been able to meet the credit needs of the farmers?

4. What is credit creation? Explain how banks can create credit. What are the limitations of credit creation?

(a)Milton Friedman's Quantity Theory of Money (b)Nationalization of Commercial Banks (c) Control of Credit (d)Unit Trust of India

1. मुद्रा की मांग क्यों की जाती है ? इस संबंध में कीनेसियन दृष्टि कोण क्लासिकी दृष्टिकोण से किस प्रकार भिन्न है?

2. 'इकाई बैंकिंग' की संकल्पना को समझाइये। इकाई बैंकिंग के गुण और दोष क्या हैं? इकाई बैंकिंग प्रणाली के दोषों को दूर करने के उपाय सुझाएँ ।

3. केन्द्रीय बैंक क्या होता है? इसके कार्यों की व्याख्या कीजिए | केन्द्रीय बैंक व्यापारिक बैंकों से किस प्रकार भिन्न होता है?

4. हाजिर और वायदा विदेशी मुद्रा बाजारों के बीच अंतर बताएं | वायदा विदेशी विनिमय बाज़ारों में लेनदेन क्यों किए जाते हैं?

5. निम्नलिखित पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणीयाँ लिखिए :

(क) मुद्रा बाजार (ख) अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मुद्राकोष के उद्देश्य (ग) मुद्रा का संचलन - वेग (घ) साख निर्माण

1. मुद्रा को अपने पास रखने के विभिन्न प्रयोजनों के संबंध में विवेचन कीजिए । मुद्रा की माँग क्या आय के स्तर और ब्याज की दर का फलन है ?

2. अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मुद्रा कोष, विश्व बैंक और उससे संबंध द्वारा कौन से उद्देश्य पुरे किये जा रहे हैं ?

3. भारत में कृषि साख के मुख्य स्त्रोत्र बताइये । राष्ट्रीयकृत बैंक किस हद तक किसानो की साख की आवश्यकताओं को पूरा कर सके है ?

4. साख निर्माण क्या होता है ? बैंक साख निर्माण कैसे करते हैं? साख निर्माण की सीमाएं क्या है ?

5. निम्नलिखित पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणीयाँ लिखिए:

(क) मिल्टन फ्रीडमैन का मुद्रा का परिमाण सिद्धांत (ख) व्यापारिक बैंकों का राष्ट्रीयकरण (ग) साख नियंत्रण (घ) यूनिट ट्रस्ट ऑफ इंडिया

ECO-09 Assignment Details

  • University IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University)
  • Title Money, Banking and Financial Institutions
  • Language(s) English and Hindi
  • Session July 2023 - January 2024
  • Code ECO-09
  • Subject Commerce
  • Degree(s) B.COM
  • Course Core Courses (CC)
  • Author Gullybaba.com Panel
  • Publisher Gullybaba Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

Assignment Submission End Date

The IGNOU open learning format requires students to submit study Assignments. Here is the final end date of the submission of this particular assignment according to the university calendar.

  • 30th April  (if Enrolled in the June Exams)
  • 31st October (if Enrolled in the December Exams).

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English Language

  • July 2023 - January 2024 12 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BC-ECO09-EN-374
  • July 2022 - January 2023 10 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BC-ECO09-EN-229

Hindi Language

  • July 2023 - January 2024 12 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BC-ECO09-HI-374
  • July 2022 - January 2023 12 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BC-ECO09-HI-229

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IGNOU ECO 09 Solved Assignment English Medium 2022-23

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E.C.O – 09

Money, Banking and Financial Institutions   ECO 09 Solved Assignment 2022-23

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Attempt all the questions:

1. Discuss the various motives for holding money. Is demand for money a function of the level of income and the rate of interest?

2. What purposes arc being served by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and its affiliates?

3. Explain clearly the main source of agricultural credit in India. How far the nationalised banks have been able to meet the credit needs of the farmers?

4. What is credit creation? Explain how banks can create credit. What are the limitations of credit creation?

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5. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Milton Friedman's Quantity Theory of Money

(b) Nationalization of Commercial Banks

(c) Control of Credit

(d) Unit Trust of India

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IGNOU ECO 06 Solved Assignment English Medium 2022-23

IGNOU ECO 09 Solved Assignment English Medium 2022-23 The Indira Gandhi National Open  University has updated the IGNOU Assignment Status 2022-23 December Session so that students can know if their submission is completed or not. Now if you have also submitted your Assignment/Practical/Project till 15 December 2022 then you must be worried about the Assignment Status and Grade Card. So we decided to come up with   https://ignouadmission.samarth.edu.in/   Assignment 2022-23.  

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IGNOU ECO-09 Previous Year Exam Question Papers

Download previous year ignou exam question papers for eco-09: money, banking and financial institutions. question papers are available for june and december term end examinations starting from 2010 to 2023, download eco-09 ignou previous year term end exam question paper entitled money, banking and financial institutions which is applicable for bachelor degree programme bachelor of arts (bdp) course(s) in ignou absolutely free click on the appropriate button to get the examination question paper of the year you are looking for. you will get the pdf downloaded instantly checking and comparing previous year question papers for this subject will help you understand which question have been repeated many times. this can help you prepare for your exams effectively..

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Eco-09: money, banking and financial institutions, download previous year question papers for eco-09, 100% verified solved assignments from ₹ 40  written in our own words so that you get the best marks.

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IGNOU ECO SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS 2022-23

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Program Code: B.COM | ECO

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IGNOU BCOM   Solved Assignment 2022-23  ,  Use A-4 size paper for your responses, write on both sides with margin and tie all the pages carefully. Write the question number with each answer. You should write in your own handwriting. Last date for submitting the assignments for January Session is 31st March and for July Session is 31st October.

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Indira Gandhi National Open University at extended the last date to submit an assignment for IGNOU TEE June 2022.The last date for assignment submission has been extended till May 31st, 2022.

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IGNOU BCOM Solved Assignment 2022-23 ,  As explained in the Programme Guide you will have to do one assignment in each course of 6 credits. Last date of submission for all the assignments is mentioned above but we advise you to do them one by one along with your study of particular course and submit them so that you may get back the marks and comments of the counselor with evaluated assignment. IGNOU BCOM   Solved Assignment 2022-23 With a proper planning you will be able to do them within the stipulated period. Please do not wait for the last date to submit all the assignments.

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ECO 11 Solved Assignment 2022-23

ELEMENTS OF INCOME TAX

ECO 11 Solved Assignment 2022-23 : All assignments are in PDF format which would be send on email/WhatsApp (9958676204) just after payment.

Course Code : ECO 11

Course Title : ELEMENTS OF INCOME TAX

Assignment Code : ECO-11/TMA/2022-23

Maximum Marks: 100

Attempt all the questions:

1. (a) What are the different categories into which the assesses is divided on the basis of residence?

(b) Mr. Sanjeev is working in a concern. His basic pay is Rs. 6,000 p.m. and dearness pay at 10% of basic pay. Commission based on fixed percentage of turnover Rs. 25,000 for the whole year. House rent allowance is Rs. 1,200 p.m. and actual rent paid by him Rs. 1,000 p.m. House is situated in Lucknow. Compute taxable House rent allowance.

2. (a) What is not included in ‘Salary’ for calculating the value of rent-free accommodation for a public employee?

(b) How would you determine the annual value of house property, which is selfoccupied for a part of the year only and let out for the remaining part.

3. Mr. Tarun, a resident individual submits the following particulars of his income for the year ended 31st March, 2022.

i) Royalty from coal in Rs. 20,000.

ii) Agricultural income in Pakistan Rs. 15,000.

iii) Salary for a part-time job with a firm Rs. 21,000.

iv) Salary as Member of Parliament Rs. 36,000.

v) Daily Allowance as M.P. Rs. 15,000.

vi) His residential house has been taken on a rent of Rs. 1,000 p.m., half of which he has sub-let at Rs. 1,200 p.m.

vii) Dividend received from a Cooperative society Rs. 5,000.

viii) He has incurred the following expenses:

a) Paid collection charges Rs. 100 for collecting dividends.

b) Rs. 3,000 spent for earning and collecting royalty income.

4. (a) From the following information, compute the total income and the tax payable by an individual for the assessment year 2022-23.

i) Salary @ Rs. 40,000 p.m.

ii) Dearness allowance Rs. 12,000 p.m.

iii) He contributes 20% of his salary and D.A. to a Recognized Provident Fund.

iv) Employer’s contribution to provident fund is 14% of salary and Dearness Allowances.

v) Rent from house property Rs. 12,000 p.m.

vi) Interest from an Indian company, Rs. 37,200 (Gross)

vii) Life Insurance premium paid Rs. 4,000.

(b) Discuss the provisions of Income Tax Act dealing with the exemption of income of political parties.

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5. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Assessment Year

(b) Cost of Improvement

(c) Perquisites

(d) Income of Minor Child

ECO 11 Solved Assignment 2022-23, ECO 11 Solved Assignment 2022-23, ECO 11 Solved Assignment 2022-23, ECO 11 Assignment, IGNOU Assignment ECO 11 2022-23- Gandhi National Open University had recently uploaded the assignments of the present session for Programme for the year 2022-23. ECO 11 Solved Assignment 2022-23 Students are recommended to download their Assignments from this web page itself. They don’t got to go anywhere else when everything regarding the Assignments are available during this article only.

For Students - ECO 11 Solved Assignment 2022-23 Students are advised that after successfully downloading their Assignments, you'll find each and each course assignments of your downloaded Programme. ECO 11 Solved Assignment 2022-23 Candidates need to create separate assignment for the IGNOU Master Course, in order that it's easy for Evaluators to see your assignments.

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IGNOU BCOMG Solved Assignment 2022-2023

IGNOU BCOMG Solved Assignments 2022-23 – Explore the latest collection of IGNOU BCOMG Solved Assignments which is available with the solutions. It will help all candidates to prepare the correct assignments which they need to submit at their respective IGNOU Study Centre .

It is well known that the submission of the IGNOU BCOMG Assignment Solution is mandatory as well as it should be submitted before the due date. Here, BCOMG – Bachelor of Commerce (General) students will get to know about how to get the Free and Paid version of the IGNOU BCOMG Solved Assignment.

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If any BCOMG student who already has a solution and if they want to share the same with the other students can share their BCOMG Assignment solution with us which will be uploaded by us on this page and will be available free of cost for all students. Once the free version is available, IGNOU BCOMG students can download it from our web easily and start preparing for writing their assignments.

It is obvious that the IGNOU BCOMG students should search for their BCOMG Solved Assignments whenever they are not able to solve with the help of their own. Alternatively, students can also make a group of the same course which will help them to solve the BCOMG Assignment questions easily which will help them to grab good marks.

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IGNOU BCOMG Assignment Marks are also calculated in your Mark sheet and Grade Card so you have to write a great solution to get good marks and grades in your BCOMG Exam. Start writing IGNOU Solved Assignments of your BCOMG Programme after you made a purchase. It is noted that the BCOMG Solved Assignment will be available in one of the formats like Spiral bound, Staple Bound, or Paperback format which you can receive from the store within the committed duration.

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ECO 03 Solved Assignment 2022 – 23 (IGNOU)

Eco 03 solved assignment 2022 – 23, ignou b.com free solved assignment 2022 – 23, management theory eco 03 solved assignment 2022 – 23.

COURSE CODE AND TITLE: ECO – 03 MANAGEMENT THEORY

ASSIGNMENT CODE: ECO-03/TMA/2022-23

COVERAGE: ALL BLOCKS

Maximum Marks: 100

Attempt all the questions.

In this post, you will get ECO 03 Solved Assignment 2022 – 23 . For Free B.Com IGNOU Solved Assignments 2022 – 23 , you can visit our website regularly or you can download our mobile application. We will try to provide  IGNOU Solved Assignments 2022 – 23 for BA, MA, MCOM, BBA and MBA also.

ECO 03 Solved assignment 202 - 23

1. Describe organizing as a function of management. What are the characteristics of organization? Explain.    (20)

Ans: Organisation and organising: The term ‘Organisation’ can be used in different senses. It can be used as a group of person working together to as a structure of relationships or as a process of management.   When it is used to refer to a group of person working together, it means a concern, an undertaking or as enterprise.

When it is used to refer to a structure of relationships, it means the structural relationships among the positions and jobs and person (i.e., the framework of responsibility and authority) through which the enterprise functions, and it is called organisation structure.

On the other hand, Organising  or  Organizing  in  management refers to the relationship between people, work and resources used to achieve the common objectives (goals).

Definitions:

In the words of

Allen – “An organisation is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together in accomplishing objectives.”

Mooney and Reily – “Organisation is the form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose.”

Koontz & O’Donnel – Organising involves the establishment of an intentional structure of roles through determination and enumeration of the activities required to achieve the goals of an enterprise and each part of it, the grouping of these activities, the assignment of such groups of activities to manager, the delegation of authority to carry them out and provision for co-ordination of authority and informational relationships, horizontally and vertically in the organisation structure.

Nature or characteristics of organisation

From the study of the various definitions given by different management experts we get the following information about the characteristics or nature of organization:

1) Division of Labour: Every organisation is characterized by the division of work. The total efforts of the group are divided into different functions and each function is assigned the function for which he is observed to be suited best.

2) Co-ordination: As different persona are assigned different functions and all these functions aim at achieving organisational goals, hence necessary relationships are established between them so as to co-ordinate all the activities of all the people of the organisation.

3) Objectives: Organisations exist to achieve objectives. Without objectives organisations cannot exist for a long period.

4) Authority and Responsibility structure: In an organisation the positions are so ranked that each of them is subordinate to the one above it and is superior to the one below it.   Each position is delegated necessary authority and responsibility so as to enable it functions effectively.

5) Communication: Every organisation has its own channels or methods of communication. Effective communication is vital for success of management.

6) Organisation is a Machine of Management: Organisation is considered to be a machine of management because the efficiency of all the functions depends on an effective organisation. In the absence of organisation no function can be performed in a planned manner.

7) Organisation is a Universal Process: Organisation is needed both in business and non-business organisations. Not only this, organisation will be needed where two or mom than two people work jointly. Therefore, organisation has the quality of universality.

8) Organisation is a Dynamic Process: Organisation is related to people and the knowledge and experience of the people undergo a change. The impact of this change affects the various functions of the organisations.

2. Explain Herzberg’s two-factor theory and differentiate it from Maslow’s theory of Need Hierarchy.          (20)

Ans: Herzberg theory of Motivation

Another popular need-based approach to motivation is the dual-structure approach developed by Frederick Herzberg. This is also known as Two-factor Theory. Herzberg developed this approach after interviewing 200 accountants and engineers in Pittsburg. He asked them to recall such occasions when they had been dissatisfied and less motivated. He found that entirely different sets of factors were associated with satisfaction and dissatisfaction. For instance, an individual who identified ‘low pay’ as causing dissatisfaction did not necessarily mention ‘high pay’ as a cause of satisfaction. Instead, several other factors, such as recognition or accomplishment, were cited as causing satisfaction.

This finding suggests that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are at opposite ends of a single scale. Employees would, therefore, be satisfied, dissatisfied or somewhere in between. Herzberg argued that attitudes and motivation consists of a dual structure. One structure involves a set of factors that result in feelings ranging from satisfaction to no satisfaction. The other structure involves a set of factors that result in feelings ranging from dissatisfaction to no satisfaction.

Herzberg identified two sets of factors responsible for causing either satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The factors influencing satisfaction are called motivation factors or motivators, which are related specifically to the job itself and the factors causing dissatisfaction, are called hygiene factors, which are related to the work environment in which the job is performed.

a) Achievement

b) Recognition

c) Advancement

d) The work itself

e) The possibility of personal growth

f) Responsibility        

Hygiene or Maintenance Factors

a) Company policies

b) Technical supervision

c) Interpersonal relations with supervisor

d) Interpersonal relations with peers

e) Interpersonal relations with subordinates

g) Job security

h) Personal life

i) Work conditions

Based on these findings, Herzberg recommended that managers seeking to motivate employees should first make sure that hygiene factors are taken care of and that employees are not dissatisfied with pay, security and working conditions. Once a manager has eliminated employee dissatisfaction, Hertzberg recommends focusing on a different set of factors to increase motivation, by improving opportunities for advancement, recognition, advancement and growth. Specifically, he recommends job enrichment as a means of enhancing the availability of motivation factors.

Although widely accepted by managers, Hertzberg’s dual structure approach however suffers from certain drawbacks. Other researchers who measured satisfaction and dissatisfaction based on different aspects reached very different conclusions. They have also criticized Herzberg’s theory for its inability to define the relationship between satisfaction and motivation and to pay enough attention to differences between individuals. Hence, at present Herzberg’s theory is not held in high esteem by researchers in the field of motivation. The theory, however, had a major impact on managers and has played a key role in increasing their awareness of motivation and its importance in type work place.

Difference between Maslow’s Need Hierarchy theory and Herzberg’s motivation Hygiene Theory

1. Meaning:

Maslow’s theory   is based on the concept of human needs and their satisfaction.

Hertzberg’s theory   is based on the use of motivators which include achievement, recognition and opportunity for growth.

2. Basis of Theory:

Maslow’s theory is based on the hierarchy of human needs. He identified five sets of human needs (on priority basis) and their satisfaction in motivating employees.

Hertzberg refers to hygiene factors and motivating factors in his theory. Hygiene factors are dissatisfies while motivating factors motivate subordinates. Hierarchical arrangement of needs is not given.

3. Nature of Theory:

Maslow’s theory is rather simple and descriptive. The theory is based long experience about human needs.

Hertzberg’s theory is more prescriptive. It suggests the motivating factors which can be used effectively. This theory is based on actual information collected by Hertzberg by interviewing 200 engineers and accountants.

4. Applicability of Theory:

Maslow’s theory is most popular and widely cited theory of motivation and has wide applicability. It is mostly applicable to poor and developing countries where money is still a big motivating factor.

Herzberg’s theory is an extension of Maslow’s theory of motivation. Its applicability is narrow. It is applicable to rich and developed countries where money is less important motivating factor.

5. Descriptive or Prescriptive

Maslow’s theory or model is descriptive in nature.

Herzberg’s theory or model is prescriptive in nature.

6. Motivators

According to Maslow’s model, any need can act as motivator provided it is not satisfied or relatively less satisfied.

In the dual factor model of Hertzberg, hygiene factors (lower level needs) do not act as motivators. Only the higher order needs (achievement, recognition, challenging work) act as motivators.

3. Write short notes on the following:           (4×5)

(a) Qualities of an effective leader.

Ans: Qualities of an effective Leader:

a)       Physical Qualities: Good physical features like height, weight, health and look of person attract an individual. Healthy and smart leader can work hard and also induce his subordinates to work hard.

b) Judgement skills: A good leader should be able to examine problems in right perspective. His judgement and decision making abilities should be superior to others.

c) Communication skills: A good leader should be able to communicate the goals and procedures of the organisation clearly, precisely and effectively to the subordinates.

d) Integrity and honesty: A leader must possess high level of integrity and honesty. He must follow ethics and values then only he can expect his subordinate to be ethical and honest.

e) Listening skills: People tend to avoid a leader who does not listen. Hence a good leader in one who can listen to other people’s problems.

f)        Initiative: A leader must take initiative to grab the opportunities. He must have courage and initiative to take bold decisions. He must take risk for the advantages of organisation.

(b) Budgetary control.

Budgetary Control : A   budget   is a planning and controlling device. Budgetary control is a technique of managerial control through budgets. It is the essence of financial control. Budgetary control is done for all aspects of a business such as income, expenditure, production, capital and revenue. Budgetary control is done by the budget committee.

Advantages of Budgetary Control

(i) Helpful in Attaining Organizational Objectives: Budgets are based on plans and all the departmental managers are informed about the expectations each one of them. The departmental managers put in their best efforts to achieve their target and consequently it helps in attaining the organizational objectives.

(ii) Source of Motivation for Employees: this technique prescribes the objectives for the employees. Their performance is matched with the standards. If the results are positive, they are appreciated. This motivates them.

(iii) Optimum utilization of Resources: Budgetary Control divides the resources among all the departments in an appropriate manner. This makes it possible the Optimum utilization of available Resources in the organization.

(iv) Achieving Coordination: By implementing this system, the activities of all the departments are directed towards a single goal. In this way, all the departments work for the attainment of the common goal. Consequently, coordination is established among them.

(c) Functional Organization.

Ans:   FUNCTIONAL ORGANISATION: Functional organisation is a type of organisation in which the work of the whole enterprise is divided into a number of specialized functions like production, purchasing, marketing, office management, personnel relations, etc. and each of these specialised functions is entrusted to a functional expert or specialist.

Features of Functional Organisation: Functional organisation has certain characteristic features. The main features of functional organisation are:

1) The entire work of the organisation is divided into different specialised functions.

2) Each function is put under the charge of a specialist.

3) The functional expert has authority to command person in other departments concerning his function.

4) There are two types of managers – line managers and specialist managers.

5) There is no unity of command and subordinates receive instructions from a number of functional bosses.

Advantages/Merits

a) Specialisation: A functional structure leads to occupational specialization. This promotes efficiency in utilization of manpower as employee performs similar tasks within a department.

b) Efficiency: It helps in increasing managerial and operational efficiency and these results in increased profit.

Disadvantages/Demerits

a) Functional empires: A functional structure places less emphasis on overall organizational objectives than the departmental objectives.

b) Problems in coordination: Pursuing departmental interests at the cost of organizational interests can also hinder the interaction between two or more departments. It may lead to problems in coordination.

Ans: Programme Evaluation and Review Technique ( PERT ) and Critical Path Method ( CPM ) techniques were developed in USA in the late 50’s. Any programme consists of various activities and sub-activities. Successful completion of any activity depends upon doing the work in a given sequence and in a given time. CPM / PERT can be used to minimise the total time or the total cost required to perform the total operations. In these techniques, the job is divided into various activities / sub-activities. From these activities, the critical activities are identified. More importance is given to completion of these critical activities. So, by controlling the time of the critical activities, the total time and cost of the job are minimised.

Steps involved in using PERT/CPM are given below:

a) The project is divided into a number of clearly identified activities.

b) These clearly identified activities are arranged in logical sequence.

c) A network diagram is prepared to show the sequence of activities.

d) Time estimates are prepared for each activity.

e) In CPM cost required to complete the project is also calculated.

f) The longest path is identified as critical path where no delay can be permitted.

4. Differentiate between the following:           (4×5)

(a) Positive and negative motivation.

Ans: Full Answer will be available in our mobile Application

(b) Formal and informal communication.

Ans: Difference between Formal and Informal Communication Channel

(c) Coordination and cooperation.

Ans: Difference between Coordination and Co-operation

(d) Policies and Objectives.

Ans: Difference between Policies and Objectives:

5. Comment briefly on the following statement:           (4×5)

(a) Morale is an important factor which contributes to the willingness of people to work.

(b) Contingency approach is based on the view that there is no one best way to manage.

(c) Control is a fundamental management function that ensures worth accomplishment according to plans.

(d) The biggest drawback from which form of organisation suffers is the conflict between line and staff.

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