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What is a thesis | A Complete Guide with Examples

Table of Contents

A thesis is a comprehensive academic paper based on your original research that presents new findings, arguments, and ideas of your study. It’s typically submitted at the end of your master’s degree or as a capstone of your bachelor’s degree.

However, writing a thesis can be laborious, especially for beginners. From the initial challenge of pinpointing a compelling research topic to organizing and presenting findings, the process is filled with potential pitfalls.

Therefore, to help you, this guide talks about what is a thesis. Additionally, it offers revelations and methodologies to transform it from an overwhelming task to a manageable and rewarding academic milestone.

What is a thesis?

A thesis is an in-depth research study that identifies a particular topic of inquiry and presents a clear argument or perspective about that topic using evidence and logic.

Writing a thesis showcases your ability of critical thinking, gathering evidence, and making a compelling argument. Integral to these competencies is thorough research, which not only fortifies your propositions but also confers credibility to your entire study.

Furthermore, there's another phenomenon you might often confuse with the thesis: the ' working thesis .' However, they aren't similar and shouldn't be used interchangeably.

A working thesis, often referred to as a preliminary or tentative thesis, is an initial version of your thesis statement. It serves as a draft or a starting point that guides your research in its early stages.

As you research more and gather more evidence, your initial thesis (aka working thesis) might change. It's like a starting point that can be adjusted as you learn more. It's normal for your main topic to change a few times before you finalize it.

While a thesis identifies and provides an overarching argument, the key to clearly communicating the central point of that argument lies in writing a strong thesis statement.

What is a thesis statement?

A strong thesis statement (aka thesis sentence) is a concise summary of the main argument or claim of the paper. It serves as a critical anchor in any academic work, succinctly encapsulating the primary argument or main idea of the entire paper.

Typically found within the introductory section, a strong thesis statement acts as a roadmap of your thesis, directing readers through your arguments and findings. By delineating the core focus of your investigation, it offers readers an immediate understanding of the context and the gravity of your study.

Furthermore, an effectively crafted thesis statement can set forth the boundaries of your research, helping readers anticipate the specific areas of inquiry you are addressing.

Different types of thesis statements

A good thesis statement is clear, specific, and arguable. Therefore, it is necessary for you to choose the right type of thesis statement for your academic papers.

Thesis statements can be classified based on their purpose and structure. Here are the primary types of thesis statements:

Argumentative (or Persuasive) thesis statement

Purpose : To convince the reader of a particular stance or point of view by presenting evidence and formulating a compelling argument.

Example : Reducing plastic use in daily life is essential for environmental health.

Analytical thesis statement

Purpose : To break down an idea or issue into its components and evaluate it.

Example : By examining the long-term effects, social implications, and economic impact of climate change, it becomes evident that immediate global action is necessary.

Expository (or Descriptive) thesis statement

Purpose : To explain a topic or subject to the reader.

Example : The Great Depression, spanning the 1930s, was a severe worldwide economic downturn triggered by a stock market crash, bank failures, and reduced consumer spending.

Cause and effect thesis statement

Purpose : To demonstrate a cause and its resulting effect.

Example : Overuse of smartphones can lead to impaired sleep patterns, reduced face-to-face social interactions, and increased levels of anxiety.

Compare and contrast thesis statement

Purpose : To highlight similarities and differences between two subjects.

Example : "While both novels '1984' and 'Brave New World' delve into dystopian futures, they differ in their portrayal of individual freedom, societal control, and the role of technology."

When you write a thesis statement , it's important to ensure clarity and precision, so the reader immediately understands the central focus of your work.

What is the difference between a thesis and a thesis statement?

While both terms are frequently used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings.

A thesis refers to the entire research document, encompassing all its chapters and sections. In contrast, a thesis statement is a brief assertion that encapsulates the central argument of the research.

Here’s an in-depth differentiation table of a thesis and a thesis statement.

Now, to craft a compelling thesis, it's crucial to adhere to a specific structure. Let’s break down these essential components that make up a thesis structure

15 components of a thesis structure

Navigating a thesis can be daunting. However, understanding its structure can make the process more manageable.

Here are the key components or different sections of a thesis structure:

Your thesis begins with the title page. It's not just a formality but the gateway to your research.

Here, you'll prominently display the necessary information about you (the author) and your institutional details.

• Title of your thesis
• Your full name
• Your department
• Your institution and degree program
• Your submission date
• Your Supervisor's name (in some cases)
• Your Department or faculty (in some cases)
• Your University's logo (in some cases)
• Your Student ID (in some cases)

In a concise manner, you'll have to summarize the critical aspects of your research in typically no more than 200-300 words.

This includes the problem statement, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. For many, the abstract will determine if they delve deeper into your work, so ensure it's clear and compelling.

Acknowledgments

Research is rarely a solitary endeavor. In the acknowledgments section, you have the chance to express gratitude to those who've supported your journey.

This might include advisors, peers, institutions, or even personal sources of inspiration and support. It's a personal touch, reflecting the humanity behind the academic rigor.

Table of contents

A roadmap for your readers, the table of contents lists the chapters, sections, and subsections of your thesis.

By providing page numbers, you allow readers to navigate your work easily, jumping to sections that pique their interest.

List of figures and tables

Research often involves data, and presenting this data visually can enhance understanding. This section provides an organized listing of all figures and tables in your thesis.

It's a visual index, ensuring that readers can quickly locate and reference your graphical data.

Introduction

Here's where you introduce your research topic, articulate the research question or objective, and outline the significance of your study.

• Present the research topic : Clearly articulate the central theme or subject of your research.
• Background information : Ground your research topic, providing any necessary context or background information your readers might need to understand the significance of your study.
• Define the scope : Clearly delineate the boundaries of your research, indicating what will and won't be covered.
• Literature review : Introduce any relevant existing research on your topic, situating your work within the broader academic conversation and highlighting where your research fits in.
• State the research Question(s) or objective(s) : Clearly articulate the primary questions or objectives your research aims to address.
• Outline the study's structure : Give a brief overview of how the subsequent sections of your work will unfold, guiding your readers through the journey ahead.

The introduction should captivate your readers, making them eager to delve deeper into your research journey.

Literature review section

Your study correlates with existing research. Therefore, in the literature review section, you'll engage in a dialogue with existing knowledge, highlighting relevant studies, theories, and findings.

It's here that you identify gaps in the current knowledge, positioning your research as a bridge to new insights.

To streamline this process, consider leveraging AI tools. For example, the SciSpace literature review tool enables you to efficiently explore and delve into research papers, simplifying your literature review journey.

Methodology

In the research methodology section, you’ll detail the tools, techniques, and processes you employed to gather and analyze data. This section will inform the readers about how you approached your research questions and ensures the reproducibility of your study.

Here's a breakdown of what it should encompass:

• Research Design : Describe the overall structure and approach of your research. Are you conducting a qualitative study with in-depth interviews? Or is it a quantitative study using statistical analysis? Perhaps it's a mixed-methods approach?
• Data Collection : Detail the methods you used to gather data. This could include surveys, experiments, observations, interviews, archival research, etc. Mention where you sourced your data, the duration of data collection, and any tools or instruments used.
• Sampling : If applicable, explain how you selected participants or data sources for your study. Discuss the size of your sample and the rationale behind choosing it.
• Data Analysis : Describe the techniques and tools you used to process and analyze the data. This could range from statistical tests in quantitative research to thematic analysis in qualitative research.
• Validity and Reliability : Address the steps you took to ensure the validity and reliability of your findings to ensure that your results are both accurate and consistent.
• Ethical Considerations : Highlight any ethical issues related to your research and the measures you took to address them, including — informed consent, confidentiality, and data storage and protection measures.

Moreover, different research questions necessitate different types of methodologies. For instance:

• Experimental methodology : Often used in sciences, this involves a controlled experiment to discern causality.
• Qualitative methodology : Employed when exploring patterns or phenomena without numerical data. Methods can include interviews, focus groups, or content analysis.
• Quantitative methodology : Concerned with measurable data and often involves statistical analysis. Surveys and structured observations are common tools here.
• Mixed methods : As the name implies, this combines both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.

The Methodology section isn’t just about detailing the methods but also justifying why they were chosen. The appropriateness of the methods in addressing your research question can significantly impact the credibility of your findings.

Results (or Findings)

This section presents the outcomes of your research. It's crucial to note that the nature of your results may vary; they could be quantitative, qualitative, or a mix of both.

Quantitative results often present statistical data, showcasing measurable outcomes, and they benefit from tables, graphs, and figures to depict these data points.

Qualitative results , on the other hand, might delve into patterns, themes, or narratives derived from non-numerical data, such as interviews or observations.

Regardless of the nature of your results, clarity is essential. This section is purely about presenting the data without offering interpretations — that comes later in the discussion.

In the discussion section, the raw data transforms into valuable insights.

Start by revisiting your research question and contrast it with the findings. How do your results expand, constrict, or challenge current academic conversations?

Dive into the intricacies of the data, guiding the reader through its implications. Detail potential limitations transparently, signaling your awareness of the research's boundaries. This is where your academic voice should be resonant and confident.

Practical implications (Recommendation) section

Based on the insights derived from your research, this section provides actionable suggestions or proposed solutions.

Whether aimed at industry professionals or the general public, recommendations translate your academic findings into potential real-world actions. They help readers understand the practical implications of your work and how it can be applied to effect change or improvement in a given field.

When crafting recommendations, it's essential to ensure they're feasible and rooted in the evidence provided by your research. They shouldn't merely be aspirational but should offer a clear path forward, grounded in your findings.

The conclusion provides closure to your research narrative.

It's not merely a recap but a synthesis of your main findings and their broader implications. Reconnect with the research questions or hypotheses posited at the beginning, offering clear answers based on your findings.

Reflect on the broader contributions of your study, considering its impact on the academic community and potential real-world applications.

Lastly, the conclusion should leave your readers with a clear understanding of the value and impact of your study.

References (or Bibliography)

Every theory you've expounded upon, every data point you've cited, and every methodological precedent you've followed finds its acknowledgment here.

In references, it's crucial to ensure meticulous consistency in formatting, mirroring the specific guidelines of the chosen citation style .

Proper referencing helps to avoid plagiarism , gives credit to original ideas, and allows readers to explore topics of interest. Moreover, it situates your work within the continuum of academic knowledge.

To properly cite the sources used in the study, you can rely on online citation generator tools  to generate accurate citations!

Here’s more on how you can cite your sources.

Often, the depth of research produces a wealth of material that, while crucial, can make the core content of the thesis cumbersome. The appendix is where you mention extra information that supports your research but isn't central to the main text.

Whether it's raw datasets, detailed procedural methodologies, extended case studies, or any other ancillary material, the appendices ensure that these elements are archived for reference without breaking the main narrative's flow.

For thorough researchers and readers keen on meticulous details, the appendices provide a treasure trove of insights.

Glossary (optional)

In academics, specialized terminologies, and jargon are inevitable. However, not every reader is versed in every term.

The glossary, while optional, is a critical tool for accessibility. It's a bridge ensuring that even readers from outside the discipline can access, understand, and appreciate your work.

By defining complex terms and providing context, you're inviting a wider audience to engage with your research, enhancing its reach and impact.

Remember, while these components provide a structured framework, the essence of your thesis lies in the originality of your ideas, the rigor of your research, and the clarity of your presentation.

As you craft each section, keep your readers in mind, ensuring that your passion and dedication shine through every page.

Thesis examples

To further elucidate the concept of a thesis, here are illustrative examples from various fields:

Example 1 (History): Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the ‘Noble Savage’ on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807 by Suchait Kahlon.

Example 2 (Climate Dynamics): Influence of external forcings on abrupt millennial-scale climate changes: a statistical modelling study by Takahito Mitsui · Michel Crucifix

Checklist for your thesis evaluation

Evaluating your thesis ensures that your research meets the standards of academia. Here's an elaborate checklist to guide you through this critical process.

Content and structure

• Is the thesis statement clear, concise, and debatable?
• Does the introduction provide sufficient background and context?
• Is the literature review comprehensive, relevant, and well-organized?
• Does the methodology section clearly describe and justify the research methods?
• Are the results/findings presented clearly and logically?
• Does the discussion interpret the results in light of the research question and existing literature?
• Is the conclusion summarizing the research and suggesting future directions or implications?

Clarity and coherence

• Is the writing clear and free of jargon?
• Are ideas and sections logically connected and flowing?
• Is there a clear narrative or argument throughout the thesis?

Research quality

• Is the research question significant and relevant?
• Are the research methods appropriate for the question?
• Is the sample size (if applicable) adequate?
• Are the data analysis techniques appropriate and correctly applied?
• Are potential biases or limitations addressed?

Originality and significance

• Does the thesis contribute new knowledge or insights to the field?
• Is the research grounded in existing literature while offering fresh perspectives?

Formatting and presentation

• Is the thesis formatted according to institutional guidelines?
• Are figures, tables, and charts clear, labeled, and referenced in the text?
• Is the bibliography or reference list complete and consistently formatted?
• Are appendices relevant and appropriately referenced in the main text?

Grammar and language

• Is the thesis free of grammatical and spelling errors?
• Is the language professional, consistent, and appropriate for an academic audience?
• Are quotations and paraphrased material correctly cited?

Feedback and revision

• Have you sought feedback from peers, advisors, or experts in the field?
• Have you addressed the feedback and made the necessary revisions?

Overall assessment

• Does the thesis as a whole feel cohesive and comprehensive?
• Would the thesis be understandable and valuable to someone in your field?

Ensure to use this checklist to leave no ground for doubt or missed information in your thesis.

After writing your thesis, the next step is to discuss and defend your findings verbally in front of a knowledgeable panel. You’ve to be well prepared as your professors may grade your presentation abilities.

Preparing your thesis defense

A thesis defense, also known as "defending the thesis," is the culmination of a scholar's research journey. It's the final frontier, where you’ll present their findings and face scrutiny from a panel of experts.

Typically, the defense involves a public presentation where you’ll have to outline your study, followed by a question-and-answer session with a committee of experts. This committee assesses the validity, originality, and significance of the research.

The defense serves as a rite of passage for scholars. It's an opportunity to showcase expertise, address criticisms, and refine arguments. A successful defense not only validates the research but also establishes your authority as a researcher in your field.

Here’s how you can effectively prepare for your thesis defense .

Now, having touched upon the process of defending a thesis, it's worth noting that scholarly work can take various forms, depending on academic and regional practices.

One such form, often paralleled with the thesis, is the 'dissertation.' But what differentiates the two?

Dissertation vs. Thesis

Often used interchangeably in casual discourse, they refer to distinct research projects undertaken at different levels of higher education.

To the uninitiated, understanding their meaning might be elusive. So, let's demystify these terms and delve into their core differences.

Here's a table differentiating between the two.

Wrapping up

From understanding the foundational concept of a thesis to navigating its various components, differentiating it from a dissertation, and recognizing the importance of proper citation — this guide covers it all.

As scholars and readers, understanding these nuances not only aids in academic pursuits but also fosters a deeper appreciation for the relentless quest for knowledge that drives academia.

It’s important to remember that every thesis is a testament to curiosity, dedication, and the indomitable spirit of discovery.

Good luck with your thesis writing!

Frequently Asked Questions

A thesis typically ranges between 40-80 pages, but its length can vary based on the research topic, institution guidelines, and level of study.

A PhD thesis usually spans 200-300 pages, though this can vary based on the discipline, complexity of the research, and institutional requirements.

To identify a thesis topic, consider current trends in your field, gaps in existing literature, personal interests, and discussions with advisors or mentors. Additionally, reviewing related journals and conference proceedings can provide insights into potential areas of exploration.

The conceptual framework is often situated in the literature review or theoretical framework section of a thesis. It helps set the stage by providing the context, defining key concepts, and explaining the relationships between variables.

A thesis statement should be concise, clear, and specific. It should state the main argument or point of your research. Start by pinpointing the central question or issue your research addresses, then condense that into a single statement, ensuring it reflects the essence of your paper.

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How to write a thesis statement + examples

What is a thesis statement?

Is a thesis statement a question, how do you write a good thesis statement, how do i know if my thesis statement is good, examples of thesis statements, helpful resources on how to write a thesis statement, frequently asked questions about writing a thesis statement, related articles.

A thesis statement is the main argument of your paper or thesis.

The thesis statement is one of the most important elements of any piece of academic writing . It is a brief statement of your paper’s main argument. Essentially, you are stating what you will be writing about.

You can see your thesis statement as an answer to a question. While it also contains the question, it should really give an answer to the question with new information and not just restate or reiterate it.

Your thesis statement is part of your introduction. Learn more about how to write a good thesis introduction in our introduction guide .

A thesis statement is not a question. A statement must be arguable and provable through evidence and analysis. While your thesis might stem from a research question, it should be in the form of a statement.

Tip: A thesis statement is typically 1-2 sentences. For a longer project like a thesis, the statement may be several sentences or a paragraph.

A good thesis statement needs to do the following:

• Condense the main idea of your thesis into one or two sentences.
• Answer your project’s main research question.
• Clearly state your position in relation to the topic .
• Make an argument that requires support or evidence.

Once you have written down a thesis statement, check if it fulfills the following criteria:

• Your statement needs to be provable by evidence. As an argument, a thesis statement needs to be debatable.
• Your statement needs to be precise. Do not give away too much information in the thesis statement and do not load it with unnecessary information.
• Your statement cannot say that one solution is simply right or simply wrong as a matter of fact. You should draw upon verified facts to persuade the reader of your solution, but you cannot just declare something as right or wrong.

As previously mentioned, your thesis statement should answer a question.

If the question is:

What do you think the City of New York should do to reduce traffic congestion?

A good thesis statement restates the question and answers it:

In this paper, I will argue that the City of New York should focus on providing exclusive lanes for public transport and adaptive traffic signals to reduce traffic congestion by the year 2035.

Here is another example. If the question is:

How can we end poverty?

A good thesis statement should give more than one solution to the problem in question:

In this paper, I will argue that introducing universal basic income can help reduce poverty and positively impact the way we work.

• The Writing Center of the University of North Carolina has a list of questions to ask to see if your thesis is strong .

A thesis statement is part of the introduction of your paper. It is usually found in the first or second paragraph to let the reader know your research purpose from the beginning.

In general, a thesis statement should have one or two sentences. But the length really depends on the overall length of your project. Take a look at our guide about the length of thesis statements for more insight on this topic.

Here is a list of Thesis Statement Examples that will help you understand better how to write them.

Every good essay should include a thesis statement as part of its introduction, no matter the academic level. Of course, if you are a high school student you are not expected to have the same type of thesis as a PhD student.

Here is a great YouTube tutorial showing How To Write An Essay: Thesis Statements .

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How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement: 4 Steps + Examples

What’s Covered:

What is the purpose of a thesis statement, writing a good thesis statement: 4 steps, common pitfalls to avoid, where to get your essay edited for free.

When you set out to write an essay, there has to be some kind of point to it, right? Otherwise, your essay would just be a big jumble of word salad that makes absolutely no sense. An essay needs a central point that ties into everything else. That main point is called a thesis statement, and it’s the core of any essay or research paper.

You may hear about Master degree candidates writing a thesis, and that is an entire paper–not to be confused with the thesis statement, which is typically one sentence that contains your paper’s focus. 

Read on to learn more about thesis statements and how to write them. We’ve also included some solid examples for you to reference.

Typically the last sentence of your introductory paragraph, the thesis statement serves as the roadmap for your essay. When your reader gets to the thesis statement, they should have a clear outline of your main point, as well as the information you’ll be presenting in order to either prove or support your point. 

The thesis statement should not be confused for a topic sentence , which is the first sentence of every paragraph in your essay. If you need help writing topic sentences, numerous resources are available. Topic sentences should go along with your thesis statement, though.

Since the thesis statement is the most important sentence of your entire essay or paper, it’s imperative that you get this part right. Otherwise, your paper will not have a good flow and will seem disjointed. That’s why it’s vital not to rush through developing one. It’s a methodical process with steps that you need to follow in order to create the best thesis statement possible.

Step 1: Decide what kind of paper you’re writing

When you’re assigned an essay, there are several different types you may get. Argumentative essays are designed to get the reader to agree with you on a topic. Informative or expository essays present information to the reader. Analytical essays offer up a point and then expand on it by analyzing relevant information. Thesis statements can look and sound different based on the type of paper you’re writing. For example:

• Argumentative: The United States needs a viable third political party to decrease bipartisanship, increase options, and help reduce corruption in government.
• Informative: The Libertarian party has thrown off elections before by gaining enough support in states to get on the ballot and by taking away crucial votes from candidates.
• Analytical: An analysis of past presidential elections shows that while third party votes may have been the minority, they did affect the outcome of the elections in 2020, 2016, and beyond.

Step 2: Figure out what point you want to make

Once you know what type of paper you’re writing, you then need to figure out the point you want to make with your thesis statement, and subsequently, your paper. In other words, you need to decide to answer a question about something, such as:

• What impact did reality TV have on American society?
• How has the musical Hamilton affected perception of American history?
• Why do I want to major in [chosen major here]?

If you have an argumentative essay, then you will be writing about an opinion. To make it easier, you may want to choose an opinion that you feel passionate about so that you’re writing about something that interests you. For example, if you have an interest in preserving the environment, you may want to choose a topic that relates to that. 

If you’re writing your college essay and they ask why you want to attend that school, you may want to have a main point and back it up with information, something along the lines of:

“Attending Harvard University would benefit me both academically and professionally, as it would give me a strong knowledge base upon which to build my career, develop my network, and hopefully give me an advantage in my chosen field.”

Step 3: Determine what information you’ll use to back up your point

Once you have the point you want to make, you need to figure out how you plan to back it up throughout the rest of your essay. Without this information, it will be hard to either prove or argue the main point of your thesis statement. If you decide to write about the Hamilton example, you may decide to address any falsehoods that the writer put into the musical, such as:

“The musical Hamilton, while accurate in many ways, leaves out key parts of American history, presents a nationalist view of founding fathers, and downplays the racism of the times.”

Once you’ve written your initial working thesis statement, you’ll then need to get information to back that up. For example, the musical completely leaves out Benjamin Franklin, portrays the founding fathers in a nationalist way that is too complimentary, and shows Hamilton as a staunch abolitionist despite the fact that his family likely did own slaves. 

Step 4: Revise and refine your thesis statement before you start writing

Read through your thesis statement several times before you begin to compose your full essay. You need to make sure the statement is ironclad, since it is the foundation of the entire paper. Edit it or have a peer review it for you to make sure everything makes sense and that you feel like you can truly write a paper on the topic. Once you’ve done that, you can then begin writing your paper.

When writing a thesis statement, there are some common pitfalls you should avoid so that your paper can be as solid as possible. Make sure you always edit the thesis statement before you do anything else. You also want to ensure that the thesis statement is clear and concise. Don’t make your reader hunt for your point. Finally, put your thesis statement at the end of the first paragraph and have your introduction flow toward that statement. Your reader will expect to find your statement in its traditional spot.

If you’re having trouble getting started, or need some guidance on your essay, there are tools available that can help you. CollegeVine offers a free peer essay review tool where one of your peers can read through your essay and provide you with valuable feedback. Getting essay feedback from a peer can help you wow your instructor or college admissions officer with an impactful essay that effectively illustrates your point.

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Thesis Format – Templates and Samples

Table of contents.

Thesis Format

Thesis format refers to the structure and layout of a research thesis or dissertation. It typically includes several chapters, each of which focuses on a particular aspect of the research topic .

The exact format of a thesis can vary depending on the academic discipline and the institution, but some common elements include:

Introduction

Literature review, methodology.

The title page is the first page of a thesis that provides essential information about the document, such as the title, author’s name, degree program, university, and the date of submission. It is considered as an important component of a thesis as it gives the reader an initial impression of the document’s content and quality.

The typical contents of a title page in a thesis include:

• The title of the thesis: It should be concise, informative, and accurately represent the main topic of the research.
• Author’s name: This should be written in full and should be the same as it appears on official university records.
• Degree program and department: This should specify the type of degree (e.g., Bachelor’s, Master’s, or Doctoral) and the field of study (e.g., Computer Science, Psychology, etc.).
• University: The name of the university where the thesis is being submitted.
• Date of submission : The month and year of submission of the thesis.
• Other details that can be included on the title page include the name of the advisor, the name of the committee members, and any acknowledgments.

In terms of formatting, the title page should be centered horizontally and vertically on the page, with a consistent font size and style. The page margin for the title page should be at least 1 inch (2.54 cm) on all sides. Additionally, it is common practice to include the university logo or crest on the title page, and this should be placed appropriately.

Title of the Thesis in Title Case by Author’s Full Name in Title Case

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Department Name at the University Name

Month Year of Submission

An abstract is a brief summary of a thesis or research paper that provides an overview of the main points, methodology, and findings of the study. It is typically placed at the beginning of the document, after the title page and before the introduction.

The purpose of an abstract is to provide readers with a quick and concise overview of the research paper or thesis. It should be written in a clear and concise language, and should not contain any jargon or technical terms that are not easily understood by the general public.

Here’s an example of an abstract for a thesis:

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health among Adolescents

This study examines the impact of social media on mental health among adolescents. The research utilized a survey methodology and collected data from a sample of 500 adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years. The findings reveal that social media has a significant impact on mental health among adolescents, with frequent use of social media associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. The study concludes that there is a need for increased awareness and education on the risks associated with excessive use of social media, and recommends strategies for promoting healthy social media habits among adolescents.

In this example, the abstract provides a concise summary of the thesis by highlighting the main points, methodology, and findings of the study. It also provides a clear indication of the significance of the study and its implications for future research and practice.

A table of contents is an essential part of a thesis as it provides the reader with an overview of the entire document’s structure and organization.

Here’s an example of how a table of contents might look in a thesis:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………..1

A. Background of the Study………………………………………..1

B. Statement of the Problem……………………………………….2

C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………..3

D. Research Questions…………………………………………….4

E. Significance of the Study………………………………………5

F. Scope and Limitations………………………………………….6

G. Definition of Terms……………………………………………7

II. LITERATURE REVIEW. ………………………………………………8

A. Overview of the Literature……………………………………..8

B. Key Themes and Concepts………………………………………..9

C. Gaps in the Literature………………………………………..10

D. Theoretical Framework………………………………………….11

III. METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………12

A. Research Design………………………………………………12

B. Participants and Sampling……………………………………..13

C. Data Collection Procedures…………………………………….14

D. Data Analysis Procedures………………………………………15

IV. RESULTS …………………………………………………………16

A. Descriptive Statistics…………………………………………16

B. Inferential Statistics…………………………………………17

V. DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………18

A. Interpretation of Results………………………………………18

B. Discussion of Finding s …………………………………………19

C. Implications of the Study………………………………………20

VI. CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………21

A. Summary of the Study…………………………………………..21

B. Limitations of the Study……………………………………….22

C. Recommendations for Future Research……………………………..23

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………….24

APPENDICES …………………………………………………………….26

As you can see, the table of contents is organized by chapters and sections. Each chapter and section is listed with its corresponding page number, making it easy for the reader to navigate the thesis.

The introduction is a critical part of a thesis as it provides an overview of the research problem, sets the context for the study, and outlines the research objectives and questions. The introduction is typically the first chapter of a thesis and serves as a roadmap for the reader.

Here’s an example of how an introduction in a thesis might look:

Introduction:

The prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly in recent decades, with more than one-third of adults in the United States being classified as obese. Obesity is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. Despite significant efforts to address this issue, the rates of obesity continue to rise. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between lifestyle behaviors and obesity in young adults.

The study will be conducted using a mixed-methods approach, with both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The research objectives are to:

• Examine the relationship between lifestyle behaviors and obesity in young adults.
• Identify the key lifestyle factors that contribute to obesity in young adults.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of current interventions aimed at preventing and reducing obesity in young adults.

The research questions that will guide this study are:

• What is the relationship between lifestyle behaviors and obesity in young adults?
• Which lifestyle factors are most strongly associated with obesity in young adults?
• How effective are current interventions aimed at preventing and reducing obesity in young adults?

By addressing these research questions, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the factors that contribute to obesity in young adults and to inform the development of effective interventions to prevent and reduce obesity in this population.

A literature review is a critical analysis and evaluation of existing literature on a specific topic or research question. It is an essential part of any thesis, as it provides a comprehensive overview of the existing research on the topic and helps to establish the theoretical framework for the study. The literature review allows the researcher to identify gaps in the current research, highlight areas that need further exploration, and demonstrate the importance of their research question.

April 9, 2023:

A search on Google Scholar for “Effectiveness of Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic” yielded 1,540 results. Upon reviewing the first few pages of results, it is evident that there is a significant amount of literature on the topic. A majority of the studies focus on the experiences and perspectives of students and educators during the transition to online learning due to the pandemic.

One recent study published in the Journal of Educational Technology & Society (Liu et al., 2023) found that students who were already familiar with online learning tools and platforms had an easier time adapting to online learning than those who were not. However, the study also found that students who were not familiar with online learning tools were able to adapt with proper support from their teachers and institutions.

Another study published in Computers & Education (Tang et al., 2023) compared the academic performance of students in online and traditional classroom settings during the pandemic. The study found that while there were no significant differences in the grades of students in the two settings, students in online classes reported higher levels of stress and lower levels of satisfaction with their learning experience.

Methodology in a thesis refers to the overall approach and systematic process that a researcher follows to collect and analyze data in order to answer their research question(s) or achieve their research objectives. It includes the research design, data collection methods, sampling techniques, data analysis procedures, and any other relevant procedures that the researcher uses to conduct their research.

For example, let’s consider a thesis on the impact of social media on mental health among teenagers. The methodology for this thesis might involve the following steps:

Research Design:

The researcher may choose to conduct a quantitative study using a survey questionnaire to collect data on social media usage and mental health among teenagers. Alternatively, they may conduct a qualitative study using focus group discussions or interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the experiences and perspectives of teenagers regarding social media and mental health.

Sampling Techniques:

The researcher may use random sampling to select a representative sample of teenagers from a specific geographic location or demographic group, or they may use purposive sampling to select participants who meet specific criteria such as age, gender, or mental health status.

Data Collection Methods:

The researcher may use an online survey tool to collect data on social media usage and mental health, or they may conduct face-to-face interviews or focus group discussions to gather qualitative data. They may also use existing data sources such as medical records or social media posts.

Data Analysis Procedures:

The researcher may use statistical analysis techniques such as regression analysis to examine the relationship between social media usage and mental health, or they may use thematic analysis to identify key themes and patterns in the qualitative data.

Ethical Considerations: The researcher must ensure that their research is conducted in an ethical manner, which may involve obtaining informed consent from participants, protecting their confidentiality, and ensuring that their rights and welfare are respected.

In a thesis, the “Results” section typically presents the findings of the research conducted by the author. This section typically includes both quantitative and qualitative data, such as statistical analyses, tables, figures, and other relevant data.

Here are some examples of how the “Results” section of a thesis might look:

Example 1: A quantitative study on the effects of exercise on cardiovascular health

In this study, the author conducts a randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of exercise on cardiovascular health in a group of sedentary adults. The “Results” section might include tables showing the changes in blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and other relevant indicators in the exercise and control groups over the course of the study. The section might also include statistical analyses, such as t-tests or ANOVA, to demonstrate the significance of the results.

Example 2: A qualitative study on the experiences of immigrant families in a new country

In this study, the author conducts in-depth interviews with immigrant families to explore their experiences of adapting to a new country. The “Results” section might include quotes from the interviews that illustrate the participants’ experiences, as well as a thematic analysis that identifies common themes and patterns in the data. The section might also include a discussion of the implications of the findings for policy and practice.

A thesis discussion section is an opportunity for the author to present their interpretation and analysis of the research results. In this section, the author can provide their opinion on the findings, compare them with other literature, and suggest future research directions.

For example, let’s say the thesis topic is about the impact of social media on mental health. The author has conducted a survey among 500 individuals and has found that there is a significant correlation between excessive social media use and poor mental health.

In the discussion section, the author can start by summarizing the main findings and stating their interpretation of the results. For instance, the author may argue that excessive social media use is likely to cause mental health problems due to the pressure of constantly comparing oneself to others, fear of missing out, and cyberbullying.

Next, the author can compare their results with other studies and point out similarities and differences. They can also identify any limitations in their research design and suggest future directions for research.

For example, the author may point out that their study only measured social media use and mental health at one point in time, and it is unclear whether one caused the other or whether there are other confounding factors. Therefore, they may suggest longitudinal studies that follow individuals over time to better understand the causal relationship.

Writing a conclusion for a thesis is an essential part of the overall writing process. The conclusion should summarize the main points of the thesis and provide a sense of closure to the reader. It is also an opportunity to reflect on the research process and offer suggestions for further study.

Here is an example of a conclusion for a thesis:

After an extensive analysis of the data collected, it is evident that the implementation of a new curriculum has had a significant impact on student achievement. The findings suggest that the new curriculum has improved student performance in all subject areas, and this improvement is particularly notable in math and science. The results of this study provide empirical evidence to support the notion that curriculum reform can positively impact student learning outcomes.

In addition to the positive results, this study has also identified areas for future research. One limitation of the current study is that it only examines the short-term effects of the new curriculum. Future studies should explore the long-term effects of the new curriculum on student performance, as well as investigate the impact of the curriculum on students with different learning styles and abilities.

Overall, the findings of this study have important implications for educators and policymakers who are interested in improving student outcomes. The results of this study suggest that the implementation of a new curriculum can have a positive impact on student achievement, and it is recommended that schools and districts consider curriculum reform as a means of improving student learning outcomes.

References in a thesis typically follow a specific format depending on the citation style required by your academic institution or publisher.

Below are some examples of different citation styles and how to reference different types of sources in your thesis:

In-text citation format: (Author, Year)

Reference list format for a book: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.

Example: In-text citation: (Smith, 2010) Reference list entry: Smith, J. D. (2010). The art of writing a thesis. Cambridge University Press.

Reference list format for a journal article: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page range.

Example: In-text citation: (Brown, 2015) Reference list entry: Brown, E., Smith, J., & Johnson, L. (2015). The impact of social media on academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108(3), 393-407.

In-text citation format: (Author page number)

Works Cited list format for a book: Author. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of publication.

Example: In-text citation: (Smith 75) Works Cited entry: Smith, John D. The Art of Writing a Thesis. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Works Cited list format for a journal article: Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, date, pages.

Example: In-text citation: (Brown 394) Works Cited entry: Brown, Elizabeth, et al. “The Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance.” Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 108, no. 3, 2015, pp. 393-407.

Chicago Style

In-text citation format: (Author year, page number)

Bibliography list format for a book: Author. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Example: In-text citation: (Smith 2010, 75) Bibliography entry: Smith, John D. The Art of Writing a Thesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Bibliography list format for a journal article: Author. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (date): page numbers.

Example: In-text citation: (Brown 2015, 394) Bibliography entry: Brown, Elizabeth, John Smith, and Laura Johnson. “The Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance.” Journal of Educational Psychology 108, no. 3 (2015): 393-407.

Reference list format for a book: [1] A. A. Author, Title of Book. City of Publisher, Abbrev. of State: Publisher, year.

Example: In-text citation: [1] Reference list entry: A. J. Smith, The Art of Writing a Thesis. New York, NY: Academic Press, 2010.

Reference list format for a journal article: [1] A. A. Author, “Title of Article,” Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Month year.

Example: In-text citation: [1] Reference list entry: E. Brown, J. D. Smith, and L. Johnson, “The Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance,” Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 393-407, Mar. 2015.

An appendix in a thesis is a section that contains additional information that is not included in the main body of the document but is still relevant to the topic being discussed. It can include figures, tables, graphs, data sets, sample questionnaires, or any other supplementary material that supports your thesis.

Here is an example of how you can format appendices in your thesis:

• Title page: The appendix should have a separate title page that lists the title, author’s name, the date, and the document type (i.e., thesis or dissertation). The title page should be numbered as the first page of the appendix section.
• Table of contents: If you have more than one appendix, you should include a separate table of contents that lists each appendix and its page number. The table of contents should come after the title page.
• Appendix sections: Each appendix should have its own section with a clear and concise title that describes the contents of the appendix. Each section should be numbered with Arabic numerals (e.g., Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc.). The sections should be listed in the table of contents.
• Formatting: The formatting of the appendices should be consistent with the rest of the thesis. This includes font size, font style, line spacing, and margins.
• Example: Here is an example of what an appendix might look like in a thesis on the topic of climate change:

Appendix 1: Data Sources

This appendix includes a list of the primary data sources used in this thesis, including their URLs and a brief description of the data they provide.

Appendix 2: Survey Questionnaire

This appendix includes the survey questionnaire used to collect data from participants in the study.

Appendix 3: Additional Figures

This appendix includes additional figures that were not included in the main body of the thesis due to space limitations. These figures provide additional support for the findings presented in the thesis.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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25 Thesis Statement Examples That Will Make Writing a Breeze

Understanding what makes a good thesis statement is one of the major keys to writing a great research paper or argumentative essay. The thesis statement is where you make a claim that will guide you through your entire paper. If you find yourself struggling to make sense of your paper or your topic, then it's likely due to a weak thesis statement.

Let's take a minute to first understand what makes a solid thesis statement, and what key components you need to write one of your own.

A thesis statement always goes at the beginning of the paper. It will typically be in the first couple of paragraphs of the paper so that it can introduce the body paragraphs, which are the supporting evidence for your thesis statement.

Your thesis statement should clearly identify an argument. You need to have a statement that is not only easy to understand, but one that is debatable. What that means is that you can't just put any statement of fact and have it be your thesis. For example, everyone knows that puppies are cute . An ineffective thesis statement would be, "Puppies are adorable and everyone knows it." This isn't really something that's a debatable topic.

Something that would be more debatable would be, "A puppy's cuteness is derived from its floppy ears, small body, and playfulness." These are three things that can be debated on. Some people might think that the cutest thing about puppies is the fact that they follow you around or that they're really soft and fuzzy.

All cuteness aside, you want to make sure that your thesis statement is not only debatable, but that it also actually thoroughly answers the research question that was posed. You always want to make sure that your evidence is supporting a claim that you made (and not the other way around). This is why it's crucial to read and research about a topic first and come to a conclusion later. If you try to get your research to fit your thesis statement, then it may not work out as neatly as you think. As you learn more, you discover more (and the outcome may not be what you originally thought).

Additionally, your thesis statement shouldn't be too big or too grand. It'll be hard to cover everything in a thesis statement like, "The federal government should act now on climate change." The topic is just too large to actually say something new and meaningful. Instead, a more effective thesis statement might be, "Local governments can combat climate change by providing citizens with larger recycling bins and offering local classes about composting and conservation." This is easier to work with because it's a smaller idea, but you can also discuss the overall topic that you might be interested in, which is climate change.

So, now that we know what makes a good, solid thesis statement, you can start to write your own. If you find that you're getting stuck or you are the type of person who needs to look at examples before you start something, then check out our list of thesis statement examples below.

Thesis statement examples

A quick note that these thesis statements have not been fully researched. These are merely examples to show you what a thesis statement might look like and how you can implement your own ideas into one that you think of independently. As such, you should not use these thesis statements for your own research paper purposes. They are meant to be used as examples only.

• Vaccinations Because many children are unable to vaccinate due to illness, we must require that all healthy and able children be vaccinated in order to have herd immunity.
• Educational Resources for Low-Income Students Schools should provide educational resources for low-income students during the summers so that they don't forget what they've learned throughout the school year.
• School Uniforms School uniforms may be an upfront cost for families, but they eradicate the visual differences in income between students and provide a more egalitarian atmosphere at school.
• Populism The rise in populism on the 2016 political stage was in reaction to increasing globalization, the decline of manufacturing jobs, and the Syrian refugee crisis.
• Public Libraries Libraries are essential resources for communities and should be funded more heavily by local municipalities.
• Cyber Bullying With more and more teens using smartphones and social media, cyber bullying is on the rise. Cyber bullying puts a lot of stress on many teens, and can cause depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts. Parents should limit the usage of smart phones, monitor their children's online activity, and report any cyber bullying to school officials in order to combat this problem.
• Medical Marijuana for Veterans Studies have shown that the use of medicinal marijuana has been helpful to veterans who suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Medicinal marijuana prescriptions should be legal in all states and provided to these veterans. Additional medical or therapy services should also be researched and implemented in order to help them re-integrate back into civilian life.
• Work-Life Balance Corporations should provide more work from home opportunities and six-hour workdays so that office workers have a better work-life balance and are more likely to be productive when they are in the office.
• Teaching Youths about Consensual Sex Although sex education that includes a discussion of consensual sex would likely lead to less sexual assault, parents need to teach their children the meaning of consent from a young age with age appropriate lessons.
• Whether or Not to Attend University A degree from a university provides invaluable lessons on life and a future career, but not every high school student should be encouraged to attend a university directly after graduation. Some students may benefit from a trade school or a "gap year" where they can think more intensely about what it is they want to do for a career and how they can accomplish this.
• Studying Abroad Studying abroad is one of the most culturally valuable experiences you can have in college. It is the only way to get completely immersed in another language and learn how other cultures and countries are different from your own.
• Women's Body Image Magazines have done a lot in the last five years to include a more diverse group of models, but there is still a long way to go to promote a healthy woman's body image collectively as a culture.
• Cigarette Tax Heavily taxing and increasing the price of cigarettes is essentially a tax on the poorest Americans, and it doesn't deter them from purchasing. Instead, the state and federal governments should target those economically disenfranchised with early education about the dangers of smoking.
• Veganism A vegan diet, while a healthy and ethical way to consume food, indicates a position of privilege. It also limits you to other cultural food experiences if you travel around the world.
• University Athletes Should be Compensated University athletes should be compensated for their service to the university, as it is difficult for these students to procure and hold a job with busy academic and athletic schedules. Many student athletes on scholarship also come from low-income neighborhoods and it is a struggle to make ends meet when they are participating in athletics.
• Women in the Workforce Sheryl Sandberg makes a lot of interesting points in her best-selling book, Lean In , but she only addressed the very privileged working woman and failed to speak to those in lower-skilled, lower-wage jobs.
• Assisted Suicide Assisted suicide should be legal and doctors should have the ability to make sure their patients have the end-of-life care that they want to receive.
• Celebrity and Political Activism Although Taylor Swift's lyrics are indicative of a feminist perspective, she should be more politically active and vocal to use her position of power for the betterment of society.
• The Civil War The insistence from many Southerners that the South seceded from the Union for states' rights versus the fact that they seceded for the purposes of continuing slavery is a harmful myth that still affects race relations today.
• Blue Collar Workers Coal miners and other blue-collar workers whose jobs are slowly disappearing from the workforce should be re-trained in jobs in the technology sector or in renewable energy. A program to re-train these workers would not only improve local economies where jobs have been displaced, but would also lead to lower unemployment nationally.
• Diversity in the Workforce Having a diverse group of people in an office setting leads to richer ideas, more cooperation, and more empathy between people with different skin colors or backgrounds.
• Re-Imagining the Nuclear Family The nuclear family was traditionally defined as one mother, one father, and 2.5 children. This outdated depiction of family life doesn't quite fit with modern society. The definition of normal family life shouldn't be limited to two-parent households.
• Digital Literacy Skills With more information readily available than ever before, it's crucial that students are prepared to examine the material they're reading and determine whether or not it's a good source or if it has misleading information. Teaching students digital literacy and helping them to understand the difference between opinion or propaganda from legitimate, real information is integral.
• Beauty Pageants Beauty pageants are presented with the angle that they empower women. However, putting women in a swimsuit on a stage while simultaneously judging them on how well they answer an impossible question in a short period of time is cruel and purely for the amusement of men. Therefore, we should stop televising beauty pageants.
• Supporting More Women to Run for a Political Position In order to get more women into political positions, more women must run for office. There must be a grassroots effort to educate women on how to run for office, who among them should run, and support for a future candidate for getting started on a political career.

Still stuck? Need some help with your thesis statement?

If you are still uncertain about how to write a thesis statement or what a good thesis statement is, be sure to consult with your teacher or professor to make sure you're on the right track. It's always a good idea to check in and make sure that your thesis statement is making a solid argument and that it can be supported by your research.

After you're done writing, it's important to have someone take a second look at your paper so that you can ensure there are no mistakes or errors. It's difficult to spot your own mistakes, which is why it's always recommended to have someone help you with the revision process, whether that's a teacher, the writing center at school, or a professional editor such as one from ServiceScape .

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Contoh Draft Skripsi: Panduan Lengkap untuk Menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir

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Pendahuluan

Halo Sobat Gonel! Sebagai mahasiswa, menyelesaikan tugas akhir atau skripsi merupakan salah satu tugas yang wajib dilakukan sebelum lulus. Namun, seringkali banyak mahasiswa yang merasa kesulitan dalam menulis skripsi dan membutuhkan contoh draft skripsi sebagai panduan. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini akan membahas secara detail contoh draft skripsi dan bagaimana cara menyelesaikan tugas akhir dengan baik.

Pertama-tama, mari kita bahas manfaat dari memiliki contoh draft skripsi. Dengan memiliki contoh, mahasiswa dapat melihat struktur dan format penulisan yang tepat, mempelajari cara membuat proposal, menyusun daftar isi, menulis latar belakang, merumuskan masalah, menyusun kerangka teori, melakukan analisis data, dan menulis kesimpulan. Namun, seperti halnya keuntungan, pasti ada juga kekurangan. Mari kita bahas bersama-sama.

Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Contoh Draft Skripsi

Dari tabel di atas, kita bisa melihat bahwa contoh draft skripsi memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan yang perlu diperhatikan. Oleh karena itu, penting bagi mahasiswa untuk menggunakan contoh secara bijak dan tidak hanya meniru, namun juga mengembangkan ide dan gagasannya sendiri.

Contoh Draft Skripsi: Penjelasan Rinci

Setelah membahas manfaat dan kelebihan kekurangan contoh draft skripsi, mari kita lihat contoh draft skripsi secara rinci. Berikut adalah hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan saat menulis skripsi:

1. Judul Skripsi

Judul skripsi harus jelas, menarik, dan relevan dengan tema yang akan dibahas. Pastikan judul skripsi dapat menjawab masalah atau memberikan solusi atas permasalahan yang ada.

2. Proposal Skripsi

Proposal skripsi diperlukan untuk mengajukan topik penelitian yang akan dibahas pada skripsi. Proposal skripsi harus memuat latar belakang masalah, rumusan masalah, tujuan dan manfaat penelitian, kerangka pemikiran, dan metodologi penelitian.

3. Daftar Isi

Daftar isi harus memuat semua bab dan sub-bab yang akan dibahas pada skripsi. Pastikan daftar isi mengikuti struktur dan format penulisan yang sesuai dengan panduan akademik yang berlaku.

4. Latar Belakang Masalah

Latar belakang masalah harus memuat kondisi terkini tentang masalah yang akan dibahas pada skripsi. Pastikan latar belakang masalah mencakup hasil penelitian terbaru, kebutuhan masyarakat, dan fenomena yang terjadi di lingkungan sekitar.

5. Rumusan Masalah

Rumusan masalah harus mengemukakan pertanyaan atau permasalahan yang akan dijawab pada skripsi. Pastikan rumusan masalah dapat menjawab latar belakang masalah dan membantu dalam proses penelitian.

6. Kerangka Pemikiran

Kerangka pemikiran harus memuat teori atau konsep yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian. Pastikan kerangka pemikiran dapat menjelaskan hubungan antara variabel dan memberikan arah bagi penelitian.

7. Metodologi Penelitian

Metodologi penelitian harus memuat teknik dan prosedur yang digunakan dalam penelitian. Pastikan metodologi penelitian dapat menjawab rumusan masalah dan membantu dalam mengumpulkan data secara tepat dan akurat.

Tabel Informasi Contoh Draft Skripsi

Faq contoh draft skripsi, 1. apakah contoh draft skripsi harus sama dengan topik skripsi saya.

Tidak harus sama persis, namun contoh draft skripsi dapat digunakan sebagai referensi dalam menyusun topik skripsi yang relevan dengan bidang ilmu yang dipelajari.

2. Darimana saya bisa mendapatkan contoh draft skripsi?

Contoh draft skripsi bisa diperoleh dari perpustakaan kampus, internet, atau dari pembimbing skripsi.

3. Apa saja yang harus diperhatikan dalam menulis proposal skripsi?

Proposal skripsi harus memuat latar belakang masalah, rumusan masalah, tujuan dan manfaat penelitian, kerangka pemikiran, dan metodologi penelitian.

4. Berapa banyak bab yang harus ada pada skripsi?

Banyaknya bab pada skripsi tergantung pada kebijakan dari kampus masing-masing. Namun, umumnya terdiri dari 5-7 bab.

5. Apa saja yang harus diperhatikan dalam menulis latar belakang masalah?

6. apa itu rumusan masalah.

Rumusan masalah adalah pertanyaan atau permasalahan yang akan dijawab pada skripsi. Rumusan masalah harus dapat menjawab latar belakang masalah dan membantu dalam proses penelitian.

7. Apa yang dimaksud dengan kerangka pemikiran?

Kerangka pemikiran adalah teori atau konsep yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian. Pastikan kerangka pemikiran dapat menjelaskan hubungan antara variabel dan memberikan arah bagi penelitian.

8. Bagaimana cara melakukan analisis data pada skripsi?

Analisis data dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak statistik seperti SPSS atau Excel. Pastikan analisis data dapat menjawab rumusan masalah dan membantu dalam mengambil kesimpulan.

9. Apa yang harus diperhatikan dalam menulis kesimpulan?

Kesimpulan harus memuat jawaban dari rumusan masalah, mencakup hasil penelitian, saran dan rekomendasi untuk penelitian selanjutnya, serta mencerminkan kontribusi yang diberikan pada bidang ilmu yang dipelajari.

10. Apa itu daftar pustaka?

Daftar pustaka adalah daftar referensi yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi. Pastikan daftar pustaka mengikuti format yang sesuai dengan panduan yang berlaku.

11. Berapa banyak referensi yang harus disertakan dalam daftar pustaka?

Banyaknya referensi yang harus disertakan dalam daftar pustaka tergantung pada kebijakan dari kampus masing-masing. Namun, umumnya minimal 10-15 referensi.

12. Bagaimana cara mencantumkan referensi dalam daftar pustaka?

Referensi harus dicantumkan secara lengkap dengan mencakup nama pengarang, tahun terbit, judul buku, penerbit, dan tempat terbit. Format penulisan referensi juga harus sesuai dengan panduan yang berlaku.

13. Apa yang harus diperhatikan dalam melakukan revisi skripsi?

Pastikan revisi skripsi mencakup perbaikan pada kesalahan ejaan, tata bahasa, perbaikan pada struktur kalimat atau paragraf, serta penyempurnaan isi berdasarkan saran dari pembimbing atau penguji.

Setelah membaca artikel ini, Sobat Gonel semakin paham tentang contoh draft skripsi dan bagaimana cara menyelesaikan tugas akhir dengan baik. Meskipun ada kelebihan dan kekurangan dalam menggunakan contoh draft skripsi, penting bagi mahasiswa untuk menggunakan contoh secara bijak dan tidak hanya meniru, namun juga mengembangkan ide dan gagasannya sendiri. Selamat menyelesaikan tugas akhir!

Jangan lupa untuk membagikan artikel ini kepada teman-temanmu yang sedang menyelesaikan skripsi. Semoga bermanfaat dan sukses selalu untuk Sobat Gonel!

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Bingung Membuat Draft Proposal Skripsi? Ini Contohnya

Contoh Draf Proposal yang baik dan urut kemungkinan sama antar kampus dan jurusan. Pastikan lolos dahulu proposal skripsi supaya proses selanjutnya aman dan lancar.

Menjadi mahasiswa semester akhir memang rasanya nano-nano. Dimana masa-masa inilah kamu akan merasakan panik, takut, khawatir dan semangat bahkan ada juga yang merasa stress. Banyak ketakutan dan kekhawatiran masalah penulisan skripsi. Mungkin kamu salah satu yang merasakan perasaan seperti ini? 

Tenang! Karena saat mengerjakan tugas akhir kuliah tidak semenakutkan yang kamu bayangkan kok. Berbicara masalah tugas akhir kuliah seperti membuat skripsi, ada satu tahap yang harus kamu buat sebelumnya. 

Yap, betul sekali, kamu harus membuat draf proposal skripsi. Buat kamu yang masih bingung, seperti apa sih draft proposal? Tenang di artikel ini akan dibuat contoh draft proposal skripsi. 

Contoh draft proposal skripsi secara singkat dapat dibuat seperti contoh di atas. 

• 1.1 Latar Belakang
• 1.2 Rumusan Masalah
• 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian
• 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian
• 2.1 Kajian Teoritis
• 2.2 Kerangka Berpikir
• 2.3 Hipotesis Penelitian

3.1 Lokasi Penelitian

3.2 Waktu Penelitian

3.3 Populasi dan Sampel

3.4 Teknik Pengumpulan Data

3.5 Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas

3.6 Teknik Analisis Data

Dari contoh draf proposal di atas dapat dilihat bahwa draf proposal seperti daftar isi. Draf ini juga seperti outline yang berfungsi memetakan dan memudahkan penulis/peneliti untuk menyusun laporan. Dari contoh draft proposal di atas,, kamu tinggal mengembangkan per sub bab.

Rekomendasi Buku Penelitian dan Skripsi

Dapatkan Buku-Buku Penelitian Lainnya di Buku Penelitian

Meskipun contoh draf proposal tidak jauh berbeda dengan draf penelitian lain. Namun jika dikembangkan dari hasil penelitian, akan jauh berbeda. Karena yang membedakan adalah bagian isi atau tema penelitian yang hendak diangkat. Nah, untuk lebih jelasnya, berikut contoh draf proposal yang versi dijelaskan per bab. 

Download PDF: Contoh Draft Proposal Skripsi

Bab I Pendahuluan

1.1 Latar belakang 

Pilihan aspirasi karir yang stereotip gender pada anak terjadi ketika mereka memilih aspirasi karir yang sesuai dengan peran gendernya. Hal ini terjadi karena anak-anak melihat bahwa segala yang ada disekelilingnya mengikuti prinsip stereotip gender. Pilihan mainan pada anak-anak juga berimbas pada pilihan aspirasi karir. Hal ini karena mainan pada hakikatnya adalah cerminan benda-benda yang digunakan oleh orang dewasa dalam menjalankan karirnya. 

Pemahaman anak tentang aspirasi karir yang stereotip gender berhubungan dengan regulasi atau pengaturan diri pada norma yang ideal tentang peran gender. Hal ini karena anak-anak sebagai pengamat yang jeli (bandura, 1998). Ketika orang dewasa menolak sesuatu yang berlawanan dengan stereotip gender, maka anak juga akan menirunya. 

Regulasi diri anak tumbuh karena interaksi dengan orang tua, teman sebaya, lingkungan sosial. Semakin dewasa, regulasi diri anak bersifat internal, karena sudah memiliki pemikiran dan pilihannya sendiri. 

Melihat akan hal itu, proposal ini akan meneliti lebih lanjut, sebenarnya apa yang mempengaruhi regulasi diri anak-anak terhadap pilihan karir.

1.2 Rumusan masalah 

Apakah ada hubungan (positif/negatif) regulasi diri eksternal mempengaruhi pilihan aspirasi karir yang stereotip gender pada anak usia 6-7 tahun?

1.3 Manfaat penelitian 

Manfaat pertama, penelitian ini diharapkan mampu memberikan sumbanagn pengetahuan khususnya psikologi perkembangan anak. 

Manfaat kedua, untuk mengetahui lebih dalam faktor yang mempengaruhi aspek eksternal. Karena aspek eksternal menjadi begitu kuat pada anak-anak kelas 1 sd. 

Manfaat ketiga, memberikan sumbangsan pengetahuan khususnya untuk psikologi perkembangan anak dan bermanfaat bagi orangtua dan guru dalam menghadapi anak-anak yang stereotip gender dalam pemilihan aspirasi karir, karena keterpaksaan. 

Bab II kajian teori

2.1 Kajian teoritis 

A. Pilihan aspirasi karir yang stereotip gender 

1. Perspektif teori 

Stereotip peran gender adalah pengkategorian berdasarkan alasan kesesuaian dengan peran gender. Seorang anak laki-laki akan memilih (aspirasi karir) yang bersifat maskulin. Sementara anak perempuan memiliki aspirasi karir yang bersifat feminin. Pengkategorian itu akan dinetralisir pada hal-hal lain. 

Jung mengaitkan sisi feminin kepribadian pria dan sisi maskulin kepribadian wanita dengan arkhetipe-arkhetipe. Arketipe feminin laki-laki disebut anima, arketipe maskulin wanita disebut animus. Masing-masing jenis menunjukan ciri-ciri lawan jenisnya, tetapi mereka juga berperan sebagai gambaran kolektif yang memotivasi masing-masing jenis tertarik dan memahami anggota lawan jenisnya

… 

B. Orangtua 

Orangtua adalah orang terdekat dan orang yang paling sering ditemui oleh anak-anak. Bahkan anak semenjak lahir, orang paling dekat adalah orangtua. Semua kebutuhan yang diperlukan anak mampu dikuasai oleh orangtua. Alam bawah sadar, segala sesuatu yang diberikan secara berulang-ulang dan terus menerus akan menjadi sebuah watak, dan sifat yang kemudian tercermin dalam sebuah perilaku.

2.2. Hipotesis 

Hipotesis adalah kesimpulan sementara mengenai hasil penelitian. Berikut hipotesis yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini.

Hipotesis pada penelitian ini ada hubungan negatif antara regulasi diri anak dengan pilihan aspirasi karirnya. Semakin eksternal regulasi diri anak usia 6-7 tahun, maka pilihan aspirasi karirnya semakin stereotip gender. 

BAB III Metode Penelitian

Metode penelitian yang digunakan menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif, dimana data yang dikumpulkan dan analisis berupa angka. Kemudian, metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei. 

Lokasi penelitian berlokasi di SD Tukangan Yogyakarta, kelas 1 SD.

Waktu penelitian dilakukan pada 1 Agustus 2022.

Populasi yang digunakan merupakan anak SD kelas 1 di SD Tukangan sebanyak 60 Siswa. Sementara sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 30 responden. 

Untuk mendapatkan yang diharapkan, peneliti menyebarkan kuesioner dan alat tes yang sudah dibuat. kuesioner dilengkapi dengan skala jawaban, yang meliputi sangat setuju (SS), Setuju (S), Tidak Setuju (TS) dan Sangat Tidak Setuju (STS)

Uji validitas dengan mengukur korelasi berdasarkan masing-masing pertanyaan. Berikut rumusnya.

Adapun untuk pengujian reliabilitas akan menggunakan rumus Alfa Cronbach, dengan bantuan program SPSS

Keterangan : 

Sementara untuk teknik analisis data, penelitian akan menggunakan regresi sederhana. Berikut adalah rumusnya 

Y : Variable Dependen 

X : Variabel independen 

a : Konstanta 

b : Koefisien regresi 

Dengan 

Itulah contoh draf proposal yang menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif. Mungkin ada diantara kamu yang masih kurang paham, terkait bagaimana cara mengambil data di lapangan, bagaimana menentukan sampel dan bagaimana cara perhitungan statistiknya. Kamu tidak perlu khawatir. 

Karena di semester akhir aka nada mata kuliah metodologi penelitian. Di sana kamu akan mempelajari lebih mendalam bagaimana membuat contoh draf proposal, hingga bagaimana membuat skripsi. Satu yang pasti, tidak ada yang sulit. 

Jika kamu menginginkan hasil penelitiannya mudah, maka mulai sekarang bisa mengubah pola pikir menjadi mudah. Semoga contoh draf proposal ini bermanfaat. (Irukawa Elisa)

Artikel Penting Terkait Penelitian

• Contoh Kata Pengantar Proposal Penelitian
• Cara Merumuskan Hipotesis Penelitian
• Teknik Pengambilan Sampel dalam Penelitian
• Perbedaan Penelitian Skripsi Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif

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Home » Cara Menyusun Proposal Tesis yang Baik dan Benar

Cara Menyusun Proposal Tesis yang Baik dan Benar

• Oktober 10, 2022
• No Comments

Salah satu syarat kelulusan yang harus ditempuh calon mahasiswa Strata 2 atau S2 adalah menyusun tesis. Untuk memperoleh derajat kesarjanaan sebagai magister, mahasiswa harus menyelesaikan kuliahnya dengan membuat tesis. Tetapi sebelum menyusun tesis, yang harus dilakukan mahasiswa adalah menyusun proposal tesis.

Proposal tesis yang harus disusun sebelum menyusun tesis merupakan langkah awal bagi mahasiswa program magister untuk menyelesaikan tugas akhirnya. Proposal tesis dapat dikatakan sebagai rencana sebelum penelitian berlangsung yang akan dilaksanakan karena baru berupa rencana, sehingga proposal bisa diterima, diperbaiki, diganti, atau bahkan ditolak.

Untuk dapat mengetahui bagaimana cara menyusun proposal tesis yang baik dan benar, maka mahasiswa harus memahami teknis sistematika proposal tesis tersebut. Biasanya, setiap kampus memiliki pakem atau aturan yang berbeda-beda mengenai cara menyusun proposal tesis.

Meski setiap kampus memiliki pakem atau aturan yang berbeda-beda mengenai cara menyusun proposal tesis, akan tetapi cara menyusun proposal tesis secara umum akan dibahas di bawah ini dan akan dijelaskan secara gamblang. Tapi yang perlu diketahui bahwa tujuan dari cara menyusun proposal tesis rata-rata sama.

Di dalam cara menyusun proposal tesis, proposal tesis harus dibuat dengan memuat hal-hal pokok mengenai latar belakang masalah, identifikasi masalah, rumusan masalah, penelitian rujukan, kerangka teoretis dan kerangka pemikiran, hipotesis, metodologi yang berupa desain, sampel, waktu dan tempat, teknik pengumpulan dan analisis data.

Cara Menyusun Proposal Tesis

Setelah memahami mengenai pendahuluan dan mengapa penting mengetahui cara menyusun proposal tesis, kini Anda akan mendapat pengetahuan dan informasi mengenai bagaimana cara menyusun proposal tesis yang baik dan benar. Pada dasarnya, proposal tesis merupakan sebuah proposal penelitian yang harus dibuat dengan mengedepankan validitas.

Cara menyusun proposal tesis harus dipahami dan dipelajari dengan benar agar Anda yang akan menyusun proposal tesis benar-benar memahami langkah-langkah dan isi di dalam proposal tesis tersebut. Oleh sebab itu, Anda harus mengetahui dan membaca panduan atau arahan cara menyusun proposal tesis.

Di bawah ini, akan dijelaskan bagaimana cara menyusun proposal tesis yang baik dan benar yang disajikan lengkap dengan gambaran dan garis-garis besar cara penulisan proposal tesis dan tesis serta bagaimana standar minimal yang harus dilakukan oleh penulis dalam penyusunan tesis.

Hal ini karena proposal tesis sebagai langkah awal seorang mahasiswa yang menempuh pendidikan magister untuk menyelesaikan tugas akhir atau sebagai pengantar membuat tesis sebagai syarat kelulusan mahasiswa magister. Cara membuat proposal tesis ini harus dipelajari dan juga diterapkan sesuai dengan aturan yang berlaku.

Apa Itu Tesis?

Sebelum membahas dan mengetahui cara menyusun proposal tesis, tentu saja Anda juga harus tahu apa itu tesis. Meski sudah harus menempuh dan menulisnya, tapi tak banyak yang tahu pengertian tesis sehingga kebingungan saat diminta membuat atau menulis syarat-syarat sebelum diciptakannya tesis.

Dalam Wikipedia, pengertian tesis adalah pernyataan atau teori yang didukung oleh argumen yang dikemukakan dalam karya tulis ilmiah agar mendapatkan gelar kesarjanaan pada perguruan tinggi. Tesis juga dapat berarti sebuah karya tulis ilmiah resmi akhir untuk seorang mahasiswa.

Adanya tesis merupakan bukti kemampuan mahasiswa yang bersangkutan dalam penelitian dan pengembangan ilmiah pada bidang keilmuan dalam ilmu pendidikan sesuai ilmu yang telah dipelajari. Tesis bisa diartikan juga sebagai salah satu karya ilmiah tertulis yang disusun secara individual berdasarkan hasil penelitian empiris.

Kemudian hasil penelitian empiris dalam tesis disusun untuk dijadikan bahan kajian akademis. Di dalam tesis, terdapat pernyataan atau teori yang didukung oleh berbagai argumen untuk dapat dikemukakan dan merupakan hasil dari studi yang sistematis atas masalah.

Tesis biasanya memiliki atau mengandung metode pengumpulan, analisis dan pengolahan data, dan menyajikan kesimpulan serta ada tahap untuk mengajukan rekomendasi di dalamnya. Semakin baik kualitas sebuah tesis yang dibuat, maka semakin terbukti pula kemampuan seorang mahasiswa yang menyusunnya dalam menguasai disiplin ilmu yang ditekuninya.

Seorang mahasiswa diminta untuk menyusun tesis tentu saja karena tesis memiliki fungsi. Pada dasarnya, tesis memang disusun sebagai syarat kelulusan atau menjadi bukti tentang kemampuan seorang mahasiswa menguasai ilmu disiplin yang dipelajarinya di perguruan tinggi.

Akan tetapi, menurut Soehardjono (2006), tesis memiliki empat fungsi penting:

– akademis atau pendidikan

– proses pembelajaran

– pengembangan profesi,

– penunjang proses pembelajaran.

Dengan adanya komponen di atas, sebelum menyusun skripsi seorang mahasiswa lebih dulu harus melakukan penelitian. Penelitian tersebut harus berlangsung secara sistematis dan teratur dan biasanya sistematikanya diatur dalam proposal tesis. Oleh sebab itu sebelum menulis tesis, Anda harus memahami cara menyusun proposal tesis.

Di bawah ini akan dijelaskan mengenai apa saja yang terdapat di dalam isi proposal tesis dan bagaimana saja cara menyusun proposal tesis.

Instrumen Penelitian: Pengertian,Jenis-Jenis,dan Contoh Lengkap

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Jenis Data Penelitian yang Perlu Anda Ketahui 

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Isi Proposal Tesis

Sebelum mengetahui cara menyusun proposal tesis, Anda harus mengenal dulu isi proposal tesis. Pada dasarnya proposal tesis terdiri dari tiga bagian pokok, yaitu: (1) bagian awal, (2) bagian utama, dan (3) bagian akhir.

1. Bagian Awal

Bagian awal pada isi proposal tesis adalah halaman sampul yang memuat: judul, maksud usulan penelitian, lambang universitas, nama dan nomor induk mahasiswa, instansi yang bersangkutan, dan waktu pengajuannya.

Bagian-bagian tersebut ditulis dengan sistematika yaitu:

a. Judul penelitian dibuat singkat dan jelas dan menunjukkan dengan tepat mengenai isi atau masalah yang akan diteliti dan tidak membuka peluang adanya berbagai penafsiran.

b. Maksud usulan penelitian atau maksud usulan proposal tesis ditulis di bagian bawah judul dengan font yang lebih kecil.

c. Lambang universitas diletakkan pada bagian tengah di antara judul dan maksud usulan dengan nama penyusun dan identitas penyusun lainnya.

d. Nama mahasiswa ditulis lengkap sesuai dengan ijazah Strata 1 tetapi tanpa menuliskan derajat kesarjanaannya. Jangan lupa untuk mencantumkan nomor mahasiswa atau nomor induk mahasiswa di bagian bawah nama

e. Instansi yang dituju ditulis di bagian bawah identitas mahasiswa

f. Waktu pengajuan ditulis dengan menuliskan tahun berapa proposal tesis tersebut dibuat.

2. Bagian Utama

Setelah mengetahui cara menyusun proposal tesis pada bagian awal, harus diketahui juga cara menyusun proposal tesis pada bagian utama. Pada bagian utama, terdapat beberapa unsur yang harus ditulis sebagai berikut.

a. Latar Belakang

Latar belakang pada proposal tesis berisi mengenai landasan konseptual dan hubungannya dengan landasan kontekstual pada penelitian.

b. Rumusan Masalah

Di dalam rumusan masalah, memuat paparan landasan konseptual dan kontekstual. Dalam menulis rumusan masalah, mahasiswa diharapkan dapat menjawab dengan jelas berbagai pertanyaan di dalam rumusan masalah, misalnya “apa yang menjadi masalah?” atau “mengapa masalah tersebut menarik pada penelitian saya?”, dan sebagainya.

c. Tujuan Penelitian

Di bagian ini, memuat mengenai pertanyaan penelitian berdasarkan rumusan masalah. Tujuan penelitian tersebut biasanya selaras dengan pertanyaan penelitian yang ditulis secara ringkas, padat, dan jelas.

d. Metode Penelitian

Metode penelitian memuat secara ringkas tentang penjelasan metode penelitian yang akan digunakan.

e. Batasan Penelitian

Batasan penelitian memuat tentang batasan penelitian sebagai konsekuensi dari fokus penelitian.

f. Manfaat Penelitian

Di dalam manfaat penelitian, berisi mengenai manfaat bagi akademisi atau praktisi mengenai penelitian yang akan dilakukan oleh peneliti.

g. Tinjauan Pustaka

Tinjauan pustaka menjadi bagian yang paling panjang karena berisi mengenai uraian tentang alur pikiran dan perkembangan keilmuan topik kajian yang akan dibahas. Sebuah penelitian tentu saja tidak berdiri sendiri melainkan harus berkaitan dengan hasil penelitian sebelumnya.

Oleh sebab itu, pada tinjauan pustaka ini akan dituliskan penelitian terdahulu dan dielaborasikan pada peneliti terdahulu mengenai penelitian yang berkaitan dengan masalah yang dikaji mahasiswa program magister, sehingga akan memberikan gambaran mengenai perkembangan pengetahuan yang mendasari adanya penulisan proposal tesis.

Perlu diketahui bahwa tinjauan pustaka bukan berisi mengenai uraian metode atau dasar-dasar teori yang sudah lazim digunakan, akan tetapi berisi mengenai urutan perkembangan cabang pengetahuan yang akan diteliti dan berisi mengenai ulasan atau kesimpulan pada penelitian terdahulu.

h. Metode Penelitian

Di bagian ini, diuraikan mengenai bahan atau materi penelitian, alat yang digunakan untuk penelitian, jalan penelitian, variabel, dan data yang dikumpulkan, serta tujuan dari bagian ini adalah memberikan informasi mengenai metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data.

i. Jadwal dan Anggaran Penelitian

Pada penelitian ini, berisi tentang: (1) tahap penelitian, (2) rincian kegiatan pada setiap tahap, dan (3) waktu serta biaya yang diperlukan untuk melaksanakan setiap tahap penelitian.

3. Bagian Akhir

Pada bagian akhir, memuat mengenai daftar pustaka dan lampiran

a. Daftar Pustaka

Pada daftar pustaka memuat tentang pustaka yang diacu dalam usulan penelitian dan  disusun ke bawah sesuai dengan abjad.

b. Lampiran

Pada bagian lampiran, berisi tentang keterangan atau informasi yang diperlukan pada pelaksanaan penelitian, misalnya kuesioner dan sifatnya hanya untuk melengkapi usulan penelitian.

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Desain Penelitian: Pengertian,Jenis,dan Contoh Lengkap

Setelah memahami apa saja isi proposal penelitian, selanjutnya akan dijelaskan beberapa cara menyusun proposal tesis di bawah ini. 

1. Latar Belakang

Cara menyusun proposal tesis yakni pada bagian latar belakang adalah dituliskan mengenai uraian berbagai hal-hal yang dianggap penting untuk dapat ditinjau dari segi pengembangan ilmu dan berbagai pandangan atau rasionalitas peneliti tentang pentingnya penelitian tersebut.

Untuk mempertajam kajian yang akan dilakukan, peneliti perlu memberi berbagai pertanyaan di dalam latar belakang mengenai apa akar masalah penelitiannya dan mendapatkan dengan jelas jawaban dari pertanyaan tersebut menggunakan pendekatan. Biasanya, pendekatan digunakan untuk dapat memecahkan akar masalah dan didukung dengan pustaka yang relevan.

Selain itu, perlu disampaikan mengenai keaslian dari penelitian yang menunjukkan mengenai hasil paparan atau hasil penelusuran atau tracking mengenai penelitian sejenis terbaru yang pernah dilakukan oleh peneliti terdahulu. Dengan demikian, maka pemaparan hasil penelitian terdahulu sebagai pembeda yang menunjukkan perbedaan penelitian ini dan penelitian sebelumnya.

2. Landasan Teori

Pada bab landasan teori, memuat tiga hal yakni tinjauan pustaka, kerangka berpikir, dan juga hipotesis. Cara menyusun proposal tesis yakni landasan teori ini harus memuat tiga hal tersebut.

a. Tinjauan Pustaka

Tinjauan pustaka merupakan uraian secara sistematis mengenai kajian teori yang mendukung penelitian yang akan dilakukan. Oleh sebab itu, peneliti harus mampu menyampaikan landasan teori yang akan diteliti sebagai pijakan dalam melakukan pendekatan masalah penelitian.

Perlu dipaparkan di dalam tinjauan pustaka mengenai pendekatan masalah penelitian secara teoretis ( theoretical approach ), agar memiliki dasar dalam penyusunan kerangka berpikir sehingga dapat menarik kesimpulan secara deduktif dan kemudian menjadi sebuah hipotesis penelitian.

Pustaka yang digunakan di dalam tinjauan pustaka ini wajib atau harus memenuhi standar ilmiah dan kemutakhiran ( recently ). Artinya, penggunaan sumber pustaka di dalam tinjauan penelitian ini secara berkala, jurnal ilmiah, dan publikasi hasil penelitian baru harus lebih diutamakan.

Semua sumber pustaka yang digunakan harus didokumentasikan baik dalam teks karangan maupun pada bagian daftar pustaka dengan sistem nama dan tahun.

b. Kerangka Berpikir

Bagian selanjutnya yakni cara membuat proposal penelitian dengan bagian kerangka berpikir. Kerangka berpikir memuat tentang dasar pemikiran peneliti dalam memecahkan akar masalah penelitian, sehingga harus disusun sendiri oleh peneliti. Argumen peneliti dalam memaparkan kerangka berpikir harus berlandaskan dengan teori dan hasil penelitian sebelumnya yang sudah dipaparkan pada tinjauan pustaka.

Isi kerangka berpikir memuat tentang masalah atau kejadian yang terjadi dan berhasil diamati oleh peneliti, akar masalah yang merupakan hakikat atau inti masalah, alternatif pendekatan masalah , dan hasil berupa temuan-temuan penting tentang hasil penelitian yang menjadi jawaban dari akar masalah.

Argumentasi logis sebagai alternatif pemecahan masalah ini harus disampaikan dengan jelas dan sistematis. Kerangka berpikir juga harus dilengkapi dengan bagian alur penelitian yang memuat mengenai arti penting masalah, akar masalah, alternatif pemecahan masalah, metode penelitian atau pendekatan sebagai solusi masalah, dan hasil penelitian.

c. Hipotesis

Hipotesis berisi mengenai pernyataan yang belum dibuktikan secara empiris, sehingga harus memuat tentang pernyataan singkat sebagai jawaban atau kesimpulan sementara terhadap akar masalah pada penelitian. Hipotesis disusun berdasarkan hasil kajian teori atau pengetahuan yang relevan, sehingga bukan sekadar perkiraan atau dugaan semata.

3. Metode Penelitian

Metode penelitian memuat mengenai tiga uraian, yaitu: tempat penelitian, waktu penelitian, dan tatalaksana penelitian.

a. Tempat penelitian

Tempat penelitian menjelaskan tempat penelitian dilaksanakan, berkaitan dengan identitas administratif dan berbagai hal mengenai karakter lingkungan penelitian.

b. Waktu penelitian  

Waktu penelitian memuat tentang uraian cara melaksanakan penelitian dan menuliskan detail hari, tanggal, bulan, dan tahun. Pada bagian ini, cara menyusun proposal penelitian harus ditulis secara rinci tentang tahap penelitian dan perkiraan durasi waktu yang dibutuhkan masing-masing tahap.

Disajikan pula jadwal penelitian dengan bentuk matriks agar durasi dan waktu untuk menjalankan tahapan demi tahapan penelitian tetap tersistematis dan terarah.

c. Tatalaksana penelitian

Tatalaksana penelitian ini memuat tentang uraian cara melaksanakan penelitian yang mencakup mengenai: jenis rancangan penelitian, bahan penelitian, macam perlakuan, populasi dan sampel penelitian, variabel penelitian dan prosedur pengumpulan data, serta teknis analisis data.

Di dalam tatalaksana penelitian ini, harus dapat menyampaikan berbagai prinsip yang mendasari pemilihan metode serta menjelaskan secara rinci tentang prosedur kerja pada setiap tahapan yang jelas untuk seluruh aspek kajian yang akan dilaksanakan.

4. Daftar Pustaka

Cara menyusun proposal penelitian yakni pada bagian daftar pustaka ini adalah menyusun berbagai rujukan atau pustaka yang sudah tertulis atau dipakai di dalam proposal penelitian tersebut. Tetapi dalam penyusunan daftar pustaka ini, ada aturan yang harus ditaati.

Dokumentasi rujukan atau pustaka yang akan ditulis pada daftar pustaka ditulis berdasarkan urutan abjad nama penulis dan tahunnya. Nama penulis diletakkan di bagian depan, sedangkan nama berikutnya ditulis inisial yang diletakkan dibelakang atau dibalik. Jika penulis lebih dari dua orang, maka penulisan sumber acuan di teks karangan cukup ditulis dengan nama akhir penulis pertama ditambah et al., namun dalam daftar pustaka, semua nama penulis harus ditulis dan disebutkan secara lengkap.

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Contoh Draft Proposal Untuk Penelitian

Sebelum benar-benar mengerjakan skripsi, tesis, ataupun disertasi, kamu pasti diharuskan untuk menyetorkan proposal penelitian dahulu, bukan? Pembuatannya harus dikerjakan dengan baik karena itu akan menentukan apakah penelitian yang ingin kamu lakukan disetujui atau tidak.

Nah , jika kamu merasa kesulitan untuk menyusun proposal, berikut ini akan ada contoh proposal penelitian yang berjudul “Pengaruh Intensitas Penggunaan E-Commerce Shopee terhadap Perilaku Konsumtif Mahasiswi di Universitas ABC.”

• 1.1 Latar Belakang
• 1.2 Rumusan Masalah
• 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian
• 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian
• 2.1 Kajian Teoritis
• 2.2 Kerangka Berpikir
• 2.3 Hipotesis Penelitian
• 3.1 Lokasi Penelitian
• 3.2 Waktu Penelitian
• 3.3 Populasi dan Sampel
• 3.4 Teknik Pengumpulan Data
• 3.5 Uji Validitas dan Reabilitas
• 3.6 Teknik Analisis Data
• 4 Pemahaman Akhir

Bab I Pendahuluan

Latar Belakang

Internet sebagai salah satu bentuk kecanggihan dalam teknologi telah memberikan banyak perubahan pada kehidupan manusia. Tidak terkecuali perubahan dalam hal kegiatan berbelanja. Sesuai data yang dikeluarkan oleh Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII) di tahun 2016, pengguna internet lebih banyak menggunakan internet untuk mengakses marketplace atau e-commerce sebesar 62%. Angka tersebut jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pengguna internet yang mengakses sosial media.

Hasil survei tersebut juga sejalan dengan survei yang dikeluarkan oleh Nielsen (2008), jika 85% masyarakat global mengakses internet untuk berbelanja. Diketahui intensitas penggunaan masyarakat terhadap penggunaan e-commerce tertentu juga bisa berdampak pada perilaku konsumtif seorang konsumen.

Salah satu e-commerce yang cukup populer di tengah masyarakat Indonesia adalah Shopee. Menurut TheAsianParent, Shopee telah menjadi platform belanja di kalangan para wanita yaitu sebesar 73%. Penggunaan Shopee sendiri cukup populer terutama di kalangan mahasiswi.

Melihat akan fakta tersebut, melakukan penelitian dalam hal pengaruh intensitas penggunaan Shopee pada perilaku konsumtif masyarakat sangat diperlukan. Dalam hal ini, penelitian akan lebih berfokus pada mahasiswi di Universitas ABC, mengingat penelitian dalam subjek ini belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnya di universitas tersebut.

Rumusan Masalah

Berdasarkan dengan latar belakang masalah yang telah dipaparkan, rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah:

• Bagaimana pengaruh intensitas penggunaan e-commerce Shopee terhadap perilaku konsumtif mahasiswi di universitas ABC?

Tujuan Penelitian

Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah pengaruh intensitas penggunaan e-commerce Shopee terhadap perilaku konsumtif mahasiswi di universitas ABC.

Manfaat Penelitian

Manfaat Teoritis

Penelitian ini dapat memberikan tambahan ilmu di bidang ilmu komunikasi dalam hal penggunaan internet dan perilaku konsumtif mahasiswi.

Manfaat Praktis

• Penelitian ini dapat berguna bagi lembaga pemasaran mengenai tingkat konsumsi kalangan mahasiswi dalam penggunaan e-commerce .
• Penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber informasi bagi masyarakat akan intensitas penggunaan e-commerce yang dapat memengaruhi perilaku konsumtif.

BAB II Kajian Teori

Kajian teoritis.

Menurut Hazim (2005), intensitas merupakan tenaga yang dikerahkan berkenaan dengan suatu usaha. Dalam kata lain, intensitas berupa usaha yang dilakukan dengan penuh semangat untuk mencapai suatu tujuan tertentu.

• Perilaku Konsumtif

Perilaku konsumtif didefinisikan sebagai kegiatan yang dilakukan individu demi mendapatkan suatu barang atau jasa (Handoko & Swastha, 1982). Disamping itu, Rasmini (dalam Lestari, 2006) juga menjelaskan jika perilaku konsumtif adalah kecenderungan oleh individu untuk membeli barang atau jasa yang nilainya tidak begitu dibutuhkan.

Segala jenis perdagangan atau perniagaan barang maupun jasa yang menggunakan media elektronik disebut dengan e-commerce . Jenis e-commerce sendiri dibedakan menjadi Business to Consumer (B2C) dan Business to Business (B2B).

Kerangka Berpikir

Hipotesis Penelitian

Hipotesis merupakan simpulan sementara mengenai hasil penelitian. Adapun hipotesis dalam penelitian ini adalah:

Ha: Ada pengaruh antara mengakses Shopee terhadap perilaku konsumtif mahasiswi Universitas ABC.

Ho: Tidak ada pengaruh antara mengakses Shopee terhadap perilaku konsumtif mahasiswi Universitas ABC.

BAB III Metode Penelitian

Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dimana data yang dikumpulkan dan dianalisis berupa angka. Kemudian, metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei dengan penyebaran kuisioner.

Lokasi Penelitian

Lokasi penelitian berlokasikan di Surabaya tepatnya di Universitas ABC.

Waktu Penelitian

Penelitian dilakukan mulai dari bulan April 2020 hingga Juni 2020.

Populasi dan Sampel

Populasi yang digunakan merupakan jumlah keseluruhan dari mahasiswi aktif di Universitas ABC sejumlah 1700 mahasiswi. Sementara itu, sampel yang didapatkan sebanyak 90 responden.

Teknik Pengumpulan Data

Untuk mendapatkan data yang diharapkan, peneliti menyebarkan kuisioner secara online kepada mahasiswi di lingkungan Universitas ABC. Kuisioner tersebut berisi pertanyaan seputar intensitas penggunaan Shopee dan perilaku konsumtif mahasiswi selama menggunakan e-commerce tersebut. Kuisioner dilengkapi dengan skala jawaban Sangat Setuju (SS), Setuju (S), Tidak Setuju (TS), dan Sangat Tidak Setuju (STS).

Uji Validitas dan Reabilitas

Uji validitas dilakukan dengan mengukur korelasi antar masing-masing pertanyaan dengan menggunakan rumus berikut.

Kemudian, ujia reabilitas dilakukan dengan menggunakan rumus Alfa Cronbach dengan bantuan program SPSS for Windows.

Baca juga: Contoh Penutup Makalah

Teknik Analisis Data

Untuk teknik analisis data, penelitian ini  menggunakan analisis regresi sederhana dengan rumus sebagaimana berikut.

Pemahaman Akhir

Proposal penelitian adalah langkah awal yang sangat penting sebelum melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut seperti skripsi, tesis, atau disertasi. Proposal penelitian harus disusun dengan baik karena akan menentukan apakah penelitian yang diinginkan disetujui atau tidak. Dalam contoh proposal penelitian yang berjudul “Pengaruh Intensitas Penggunaan E-Commerce Shopee terhadap Perilaku Konsumtif Mahasiswi di Universitas ABC,” peneliti menyajikan latar belakang masalah, rumusan masalah, tujuan penelitian, dan manfaat penelitian.

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh meningkatnya penggunaan internet dan e-commerce dalam kegiatan berbelanja, khususnya di kalangan mahasiswi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh intensitas penggunaan e-commerce Shopee terhadap perilaku konsumtif mahasiswi di Universitas ABC. Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah memberikan tambahan ilmu di bidang ilmu komunikasi tentang penggunaan internet dan perilaku konsumtif, serta memberikan informasi bagi lembaga pemasaran dan masyarakat tentang pengaruh intensitas penggunaan e-commerce pada perilaku konsumtif.

Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode survei dan penyebaran kuisioner online. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh mahasiswi aktif di Universitas ABC, dan sampel yang diambil sebanyak 90 responden. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa angka dan dianalisis menggunakan analisis regresi sederhana untuk menguji hubungan antara intensitas penggunaan Shopee dengan perilaku konsumtif mahasiswi.

Hasil penelitian akan menghasilkan hipotesis yang dapat digunakan sebagai simpulan sementara mengenai pengaruh intensitas penggunaan e-commerce Shopee terhadap perilaku konsumtif mahasiswi di Universitas ABC. Semoga penelitian ini dapat memberikan kontribusi dan manfaat bagi bidang ilmu komunikasi dan lembaga pemasaran dalam memahami pola perilaku konsumtif dalam penggunaan e-commerce di kalangan mahasiswi.

Demikian contoh draft proposal dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Dengan membaca contoh diatas, diharapkan bisa membantumu dalam menyusun dengan baik ya.

Daftar Pustaka

Data Statistik Pengguna Internet di Indonesia. apjii.or.id . Diakses pada tanggal 14 Mei 2020.

Handoko, T. H., & Swasta, B. (2008). Perilaku Konsumen . Yogyakarta BPFE.

Hazim, N. (2005). Teknologi Pembelajaran . Jakarta: UT Pustekom IPTPI.

Lestari, S. (2006). Hubungan Antara Harga Diri dan Konformitas dengan Perilaku Konsumtif terhadap Produk Fashion pada Remaja Putri . Skripsi. Surakarta: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.

Nielsen, A. C. (2008). Trends In Online Shopping .

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