assignment operator in sql server

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= (Assignment Operator) (Transact-SQL)

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The equal sign (=) is the only Transact-SQL assignment operator. In the following example, the @MyCounter variable is created, and then the assignment operator sets @MyCounter to a value returned by an expression.

The assignment operator can also be used to establish the relationship between a column heading and the expression that defines the values for the column. The following example displays the column headings FirstColumnHeading and SecondColumnHeading . The string xyz is displayed in the FirstColumnHeading column heading for all rows. Then, each product ID from the Product table is listed in the SecondColumnHeading column heading.

Operators (Transact-SQL) Compound Operators (Transact-SQL) Expressions (Transact-SQL)

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How to use Assignment Operator in SQL Server - SQL Server / TSQL Tutorial Part 128

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SQL SERVER – Compound Assignment Operators – A Simple Example

SQL SERVER 2008 has introduced a new concept of Compound Assignment Operators. Compound Assignment Operators are available in many other programming languages for quite some time. Compound Assignment Operators are operated where variables are operated upon and assigned in the same line. Compound-assignment operators provide a shorter syntax for assigning the result of an arithmetic or bitwise operator. They perform the operation on the two operands before assigning the result to the first operand.

Let us see the following operation without using Compound Assignment Operators.

Above operation can be done using Compound Assignment Operators as demonstrated in following script.

Here is the table of all the compound operators in SQL Server.

Reference: Pinal Dave ( https://blog.sqlauthority.com )

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Compound Assignment Operators in SQL Server 2008

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Microsoft SQL Server Variables Compound assignment operators

Fastest entity framework extensions.

Supported compound operators:

+= Add and assign -= Subtract and assign *= Multiply and assign /= Divide and assign %= Modulo and assign &= Bitwise AND and assign ^= Bitwise XOR and assign |= Bitwise OR and assign

Example usage:

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We have seen and used compound assignment operators in procedural languages like C++ and C# etc. Now this Compound Assignment Operator feature and enhancement is introduced in SQL Server 2008.

What is compound assignment operator?

Compound assignment operator means an operator combined with another operator.

The compound assignment operators that are supported in SQL Server 2008 are:

Compound Assignment Operator – Add and Assign Example

Let’s use the Add and assign compound assignment operator as shown below.

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 10 –using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable+=100 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

MyResult 110 (1 row(s) affected)

In the above example, the compound assignment operator added the value 100 to the existing value of the variable @myvariable and assigned the resulting value to @myvariable.

This could also be re-written as shown below.

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 10 –Not using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable=@myvariable+100 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

Compound Assignment Operator – Subtract and Assign Example

Let’s use the Subtract and assign compound assignment operator as shown below.

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 10 –using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable-=3 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

MyResult 7 (1 row(s) affected)

In the above example, the compound assignment operator subtracted the value 3 from the existing value of the variable @myvariable and assigned the resulting value to @myvariable.

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 10 — Not using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable=@myvariable-3 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

Compound Assignment Operator – Multiply and assign Example

Let’s use the Multiply and assign compound assignment operator as shown below.

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 10 –using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable*=5 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

MyResult 50 (1 row(s) affected)

In the above example, the compound assignment operator multiplied the value 5 with the existing value of the variable @myvariable and assigned the resulting value to @myvariable.

This could also be re-written as shown below

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 10 — Not using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable=@myvariable*5 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

Compound Assignment Operator – Divide and Assign Example

Let’s use the Divide and assign compound assignment operator as shown below.

Declare @myvariable decimal(5,2) Set @myvariable = 5 –using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable/=2 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

MyResult 2.50 (1 row(s) affected)

In the above example, the compound assignment operator divided the existing value of the variable @myvariable byt the value of 2 and assigned the resulting value to @myvariable.

Declare @myvariable decimal(5,2) Set @myvariable = 5 — Not using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable=@myvariable/2 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

Let’s use the Modulus and assign compound assignment operator as shown below.

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 5 –using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable %=2 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

MyResult 1 (1 row(s) affected)

In the above example, the compound assignment operator divided the existing value of the variable by the value of 2 and the reminded value is assigned as the value to @myvariable.

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 5 — Not using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable=@myvariable%2 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

Compound Assignment Operator – Bit Wise Operators

Let’s use the compound bit wise AND assignment operator as shown below.

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 100 –using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable &=1000 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

MyResult 96 (1 row(s) affected)

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 100 –Not using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable=@myvariable&1000 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

Let’s use the compound bit wise OR assignment operator as shown below.

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 100 –using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable |=1000 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

MyResult 1004 (1 row(s) affected)

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 100 –Not using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable=@myvariable|1000 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

Let us use the compound bit wise XOR assignment operator as shown below.

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 100 –using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable ^=1000 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

MyResult 908 (1 row(s) affected)

Declare @myvariable int Set @myvariable = 100 –Not using Compound assignment operator Set @myvariable=@myvariable^1000 Select @myvariable as MyResult Go

This article has illustrated the use of Compound Assignment Operator that is going to be supported in SQL Server 2008.

Note: Examples in this article used SQL Server 2008 CTP6

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Arithmetic Operators in SQL Server

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Arithmetic Operators in SQL Server with Examples

In this article, I am going to discuss the Arithmetic operators in SQL Server with Examples. Please read our previous article where we discussed the Assignment Operator with examples. At the end of this article, you will understand what are arithmetic operators and how to use different types of arithmetic operators in SQL Server with examples. 

What are Arithmetic Operators in SQL Server?

Arithmetic operators are used to performing mathematical calculations such as Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division on the given operand values. That means these operators are used to perform mathematical operations on two expressions of the same or different data types of numeric data. These different arithmetic operators are as follows:

• + (Addition Operator)
• – (Minus Operator)
• * (Multiplication Operator)
• / (Division Operator)
• % (Modulo Operator)

Arithmetic Operators Example:

Similar to basic arithmetic calculations, arithmetic operators in SQL Server also have the Operator Precedence.

How arithmetic operators are evaluated in SQL Server?

If the arithmetic expression contains more than one operator, the multiplication operator, and division operator are evaluated first, and then the addition and minus operator are evaluated. When two operators have the same priority, the expression is evaluated from left to right. Parentheses can be used to force an operation to take priority over any other operators. Parentheses are also used to improve code readability.

Arithmetic Operators with complex queries:

We may not always want to retrieve the data as it is. In some scenarios, we may want to display our data with certain calculations. Let us understand how to use arithmetic operators with such complex SQL Queries. We are going to use the following Employee table to understand this.

Please use the below script to create and populate the Employee table with the required data.

Example: arithmetic operators in sql server.

The below SQL Server example calculates the employee’s salary after the addition of 10%.

It is always advisable to specify the original column without any change (salary) in addition to the column with the calculation (salary *1.1) in order to make the difference. It is also possible to perform any mathematical calculation as shown in the below example.

If we want to provide the order precedence then simply use round brackets as shown in the below example

Note: SQL Server syntax Ignores blank spaces before and after the arithmetic operator. Along with, i n SQL Server we can also use arithmetic operators on multiple columns:

Arithmetic Operations on String Values in SQL Server

In SQL Server it is not possible to perform any calculations on String values (such as Varchar or Char). The following SQL statement will give you an error.

SELECT ID, Name + 100 FROM Employee Error: Conversion failed when converting the varchar value ‘Some String Value’ to data type int.

Arithmetic Operations on Date Values

In SQL Server the plus (+) and minus (-) operators can be used to perform arithmetic operations on Date values. These operators will allow you to add or subtract days.

SELECT GETDATE() + 1 Gives Current date + 1 day SELECT GETDATE() – 1 Gives Current date – 1 day

In SQL Server It is not possible to use Multiplication or Division on Date values. The following examples will give you errors.

SELECT GETDATE() * 5 SELECT GETDATE() / 5 Error: Implicit conversion from data type DateTime to int is not allowed. Use the CONVERT function to run this query.

Note: In SQL Server a NULL value is a value that indicates an empty field in a table. This value does not equal zero (0), nor does it equals space (‘ ‘); When we performed a certain calculation on a column that contains NULL values, then it returns NULL.

In the next article , I am going to discuss the Comparison Operators in SQL Server . Here, in this article, I try to explain the Arithmetic Operators in SQL Server with Examples. I hope you enjoy this article. 

About the Author: Pranaya Rout

Pranaya Rout has published more than 3,000 articles in his 11-year career. Pranaya Rout has very good experience with Microsoft Technologies, Including C#, VB, ASP.NET MVC, ASP.NET Web API, EF, EF Core, ADO.NET, LINQ, SQL Server, MYSQL, Oracle, ASP.NET Core, Cloud Computing, Microservices, Design Patterns and still learning new technologies.

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SQL Server AND Operator

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Logical operators are used for combining multiple boolean expressions which are combinations of results of multiple conditions which are formed by the comparators. Some of the logical operators are AND , OR , EXISTS , IN , LIKE , BETWEEN, etc, Logical operators are frequently used and very handy for testing multiple conditions. It is also used for combining multiple boolean expressions and it returns true only when all the conditions are true. It is used with the WHERE clause by specifying multiple boolean expressions that return any one of the following values True , False , or Unknown. In this article, you will get a clear understanding of the AND Operator.

AND Operator Table

Explanation: This table specifies that you will get the True as a result when both conditions are executed as correct, otherwise it will give you False even one of two conditions is True . No worries we will help you to understand about AND Operator using the below examples.

Explanation: condition1 and condition2 are conditions that return boolean values on evaluation.

How to Use the AND Operator Step by Step

For Understanding the AND Operator in SQL Server we need a table for performing operations or queries. So here we have a CoursesActive table. If you don’t know how to create table in SQL Server then you can refer to this for How to Create a Table in SQL Server .

The Result Looks Like:

CoursesActive Table

Example Using AND Operator

Let’s say we have to retrieve the course names from the “ CoursesActive ” table where the course cost is greater than 2000 and the number of students enrolled exceeds 200,000 .

After Query Run Our Table Looks

Explanation : In this query we have checked the two conditions one with the courseCost>2000 and the other is studentsEnrolled>200000 the courses with both the conditions true are only 3 records.

Using AND Operator with Aggregative Function

Let’s say we have to fetch all details from the “ CoursesActive ” table where the course cost exceeds 1000 and the course name contains the term ‘ java ‘ ( case-insensitive ).

Explanation: In this query we have used two condition with the AND operator one of the condition is courseCost > 1000 and the other is courseName consisting of the name java , we have used the LIKE operator to check if there exists java in the courseName the rows with the both the conditions true are only these two in the result.

Using AND Operator With Other Logical Operator

Let’s say we have to retrieve the rows from the “CoursesActive” table where the courseId is greater than 1006 and the courses whose courseCost is greater than 2000 or the courses in which there are more than 1,00,000 students enrolled.

The result looks like:

Explanation: In this query we have used both AND and OR logical operators where the first condition is courseId> 1005 and the second operand is logical expression with OR and returns true when either of two conditions courseCost > 2000 or the studentsEnrolled <100000 is true.

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How to work with Dapper and SQLite in ASP.NET Core

Lightweight and fast sqlite shines as a development companion. learn how to take advantage of it in asp.net core..

When developing database-driven .NET and .NET Core, regardless of the database we intend to deploy in the end, we will often want to work with a database engine that is lightweight and fast, in order to execute tests quickly and speed up development. Here SQLite is an ideal choice.

You can use SQLite to gain both faster data access and a smaller footprint. The SQLite database is usually stored as a single disk file, although it can also work as an in-memory database. However, unlike an in-memory database, SQLite allows you to query data without having to load the entire data set in memory.

Dapper—the open-source and lightweight “micro ORM” I’ve written about often — supports many databases including SQL Server, MySQL, SQLite, SQL CE, and Firebird. By using Dapper in your applications, you can simplify data access while ensuring high performance. In this article, we’ll examine how to work with a SQLite database using Dapper in ASP.NET Core applications.

To use the code examples provided in this article, you should have Visual Studio 2022 installed in your system. If you don’t already have a copy, you can download Visual Studio 2022 here .

Create an ASP.NET Core Web API project in Visual Studio 2022

To create an ASP.NET Core Web API project in Visual Studio 2022, follow the steps outlined below.

• Launch the Visual Studio 2022 IDE.
• Click on “Create new project.”
• In the “Create new project” window, select “ASP.NET Core Web API” from the list of templates displayed.
• Click Next.
• In the “Configure your new project” window, specify the name and location for the new project. Optionally check the “Place solution and project in the same directory” check box, depending on your preferences.
• In the “Additional Information” window shown next, select “.NET 8.0 (Long Term Support)” as the framework version. Ensure that the check box that says “Use controllers” is unchecked since we’ll not be using controllers in this project.
• Elsewhere in the “Additional Information” window, leave the “Authentication Type” set to “None” (the default) and make sure the check boxes “Enable Open API Support,” “Configure for HTTPS,” and “Enable Docker” remain unchecked. We won’t be using any of those features here.
• Click Create.

We’ll use this ASP.NET Core Web API project to work with the code examples given in the sections below.

Install the Dapper and SQLite NuGet packages

In this example, we’ll use Dapper to connect to and work with a SQLite database. Hence, we’ll need to install both Dapper and SQLite NuGet packages in the project. To do this, select the project in the Solution Explorer window, then right-click and select “Manage NuGet Packages.”

In the NuGet Package Manager window, search for the Dapper and Microsoft.Data.Sqlite packages and install them. Alternatively, you can install the packages via the NuGet Package Manager console by entering the command below.

Create a new DbContext in EF Core

The DbContext is an integral component of Entity Framework Core that represents a connection session with the database. Create a new class named CustomDbContext by extending the DbContext class of EF Core and enter the following code in there.

Create a SQLite database

To create a new SQLite database, all you have to do is create a new instance of the SqliteConnection class and pass your name for the database as a parameter to its constructor as shown below.

Note the usage of the _ (underscore) literal on the left side of the assignment operator. This is also known as a discard and is used to inform the compiler that even if the method returns a value, you do not want to use it.

Once the SQLite database has been created, you can use the following code snippet to create a table in the database.

Figure 1 shows the database and its table created in the DBBrowser of SQLiteStudio .

Figure 1. Our new SQLite database and table.

The following class named CustomDataContext contains the complete code for creating a SQLite database and a table inside it.

You can call the CreateDatabase method of the CustomDataContext class and pass the name of the SQLite database you want to create using the following piece of code.

Create an Author repository and interface in ASP.NET Core

Let us now create a repository, named Author, that will comprise two types: the IAuthorRepository interface and the AuthorRepository class. Each of these types will use the Author class as a model. The source code of the Author model class is given below.

Next, create a new interface named IAuthorRepository and replace the generated code with the following code listing.

The AuthorRepository class will implement each of the methods of the IAuthorRepository interface as shown below.

Register dependencies in ASP.NET Core

Next, you should register the dependencies with the request processing pipeline so that you can use dependency injection to create these instances wherever you need them. The following code shows how you can register instances of the CustomDataContext and AuthorRepository in the Program.cs file.

Create HTTP endpoints in ASP.NET Core

You can now use the following code to create the endpoints to perform CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations in the database.

And that’s all you need to do. You can now invoke the endpoints as needed. For example, you can invoke the HTTP Get endpoint /authors to display all author records in the web browser as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Displaying the author records in the web browser.

SQLite is lightweight, fast, and easy to use, but it has certain downsides as well. It is not scalable or suitable for storing massive volumes of data. For large-scale data storage and high-traffic applications that serve many concurrent users, you should consider a client/server database such as SQL Server or MySQL. But SQLite shines as a development companion—and for use in desktop, mobile, IoT, and embedded applications.

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Joydip Kanjilal is a Microsoft MVP in ASP.NET, as well as a speaker and author of several books and articles. He has more than 20 years of experience in IT including more than 16 years in Microsoft .NET and related technologies.

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