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Gr. 12 HISTORY REVISION: THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT

REVISION: THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT

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The Black Power Movement: A State of the Field

Peniel E. Joseph is a professor of history at Tufts University.

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Peniel E. Joseph, The Black Power Movement: A State of the Field, Journal of American History , Volume 96, Issue 3, December 2009, Pages 751–776, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/96.3.751

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“By all rights, there no longer should be much question about the meaning—at least the intended meaning—of Black Power,” the journalist Charles Sutton observed in January 1967. “Between the speeches and writings of Stokely Carmichael, chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( sncc ),” Sutton continued, “the explanations of Floyd McKissick, director of the Congress of Racial Equality ( core ), and the writings of more than a score of scholars and commentators, the slogan and its various assumptions have been fairly thoroughly examined.” 1

Clearly Sutton was wrong. Despite efforts to define it both then and today, “black power” exists in the American imagination through a series of iconic, yet fleeting images—ranging from gun-toting Black Panthers to black-gloved sprinters at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics—that powerfully evoke the era's confounding mixture of triumph and tragedy. Indeed, the iconography of Stokely Carmichael in Greenwood, Mississippi, Black Panthers marching outside an Oakland, California, courthouse, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation's wanted poster for Angela Davis serves as a kind of visual shorthand to understanding the history of the era, but such images tell us very little about the movement that birthed them.

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The Black power movement : rethinking the civil rights-Black power era

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White Supremacy’s Horcrux and Why the Black Power Movement Almost Destroyed It

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Written to recapture the original purpose of Africana Studies, this analytic essay starts with an observation of US social movements of the 1950s and 1960s. Our culture highlights that which is associated with the classical Civil Rights Movement, when Africans called themselves Negro and freedom was equated with integrating into white society. What is left silent or disparaged is the subsequent Black Power Movement, in which Africans called themselves Black and understood freedom as regrouping on an independent, often African-centered basis. This pattern of highlighting Negro integrationists and vilifying Black separatists remains a refrain in the way US history is told. The author posits the notions of Negro and Black not simply as identity labels, but as subconscious orientations where antiblackness functions as the pathological source fueling White supremacy’s genocidal nature. This explains why White supremacy must erase blackness, prop up Negro-ness, and silence or disparage the Black Power Movement, whose affirmation of blackness carried the seeds of White supremacy’s destruction.

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Watson, M.D. White Supremacy’s Horcrux and Why the Black Power Movement Almost Destroyed It. J Afr Am St 26 , 221–247 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-022-09585-3

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The Black Power Movement

2021, The History of Black Studies

The Black Power Movement represents one of the most important and controversial social and political movements in postwar American history. This graduate redings course examines how the movement for black political self-determination during the 1960s and 1970s transformed American race relations, accelerated the pace of black elected officials nationally, erected new educational, social, political, and cultural institutions nationwide and redefined black politics, identity, and culture. We will also explore the movement’s critique of, and participation in, civil rights struggles; its reimagining of American Democracy; efforts to gain political and economic power within America society while redrawing the landscape of race relations.

Related Papers

Nance M Musinguzi

My research paper will discuss the elements of black consciousness and the unification of the African Diaspora through the establishment of the Black Power Movement, particularly focusing on the ideologies and teachings of black revolutionary leaders Malcolm X and Stockley Carmichael. I look to examine how the discovery of an ethnic identity can reshape the attitudes of black-Americans, specifically on the ideas of American citizenship, privilege and nationalist ideology. Does the prior memory of one’s being still remain – whether embraced or rejected – or does the embrace of a newfound identity override its remnants? What do nationalism and its historical rooting in Pan-Africanism do to this renewed identity? How has the definition of blackness been refined over the course of 15 years during this era of ethnic rebirth? As Carmichael stated, “We must do as Brother Malcolm says, we should examine history” in redefining and reclaiming the essence of blackness. The end goal of the Movement was to encourage black youth in America to adopt the black nationalist principles to transcend political, economic and social barriers and to empower the self through a revamped image of the Afro-American, the re-invention of the meaning of blackness, particularly against antitheses of normative societal expectations of the black community. Thus, through the re-examination of history, Malcolm X and Stockley Carmichael ignited black youth to redefine the ideals of “blackness” through empowerment by means of the Black Power Movement and ideas of black consciousness, in addition to restoring the essence of the Black experience within an American construct utilizing political power, shifting attitudes and thoughts of the black-American identity.

Fabio Cesar Silva Rojas

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Asafa Jalata

Ideas in Unexpected Places: Reimagining Black Intellectual History

Keith Claybrook

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Journal of African American Studies 16(1): 1-20

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Civil Rights Movement 1950 to 1970 essay: Black Power Movement History Grade 12

Civil Rights Movement 1950 to 1970 essay: Black Power Movement History Grade 12 memo and answer guide.

CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE 1970s: BLACK POWER MOVEMENT

Explain to what extent did Black Power Movement influence the actions of African Americans in the 1960s. Use relevant examples to support your line of argument.

[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical and interpretative skills.]

Candidates should indicate to what extent the Black Power Movement influenced the actions of African Americans in the 1960s. Candidates should use relevant examples to support their line of argument.

MAIN ASPECTS

Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:

Introduction: Candidates should indicate to what extent the Black Power Movement influenced the actions of African Americans in the 1960s.

ELABORATION

Origins of the Movement:

• The Black Power Movement came out of dissatisfaction with the Civil Rights Movements.
• The Civil Rights Movement had focused on black and white Americans working together but inequalities remained. African Americans still faced poverty and racial discrimination.
• Some African American were disappointed with the Civil Rights Movement and believed that King was too moderate
• They wanted change in the USA to happen faster and they were prepared to use violence to do this.
• Black Power Movement promoted black pride, unity and self- reliance
• Black nationalists believed that the use of force was justified in order to gain social, political and economic power for Black Americans

Role of Malcolm X:

• Malcolm X, leading figure in the Black Power Movement, powerful speaker and dedicated human rights activist
• In 1952 he became a leading member of the nation of Islam, a black Muslim group which believed that white society was holding African Americans back and they desired separation of races
• Eloquence and charisma attracted many new members to this organisation membership grew from 500 in 1952 to 30 000 in 1963
• Promoted the use of violence to achieve the aims of Black Power
• Challenged the peaceful approach of Martin Luther King Jnr
• After a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1963-1964, Malcolm X changed his ideas about integration as he had seen how Muslims of all nationalities and races could live together peacefully
• Founded the Organisation of Afro-American unity in 1964. He became less militant and adopted views that were not popular with black nationalists

The Black Panther

• Huey Newton and Bobby Searle formed the Black Panther Party (BPP) for Self Defence in 1966
• They aimed to protect African American neighbourhoods from police brutality and racism
• The Black Panthers promoted African Americans carrying guns to defend themselves
• The idea of Black Power scared many white Americans
• The BPP started programmes to help ease poverty in Black communities such as Free Breakfast for Children, feeding thousands of poor and hungry black children everyday
• Clinics where adults and children could get free medical care
• A tutoring scheme to help black children succeed at school
• The BPP drew up a ten-point programme that included the following demands:
• Full employment and an end to capitalism that preyed on the African American community
• Descent housing and education for African Americans
• An end to police brutality
• The Black panthers were very popular in the 1960s as they were involved in defending the rights of both workers and ethnic minorities like the African American communities in the ghettoes

The role of Stokely Carmichael

• Stokely Carmichael joined the Civil Rights Movement when he saw the bravery of those involved in a sit-in
• Became a member of SNCC and a Freedom Rider
• His commitment to Martin Luther King’s passive resistance ideals changed in 1966 after James Meredith, a civil rights activist engaged in a peaceful protest march, was shot
• Carmichael and other activists continued on the march to honour Meredith and during the march he was arrested
• When he was released from jail, Carmichael made a famous speech using the term ‘Black Power’ for the first time and he urged African Americans to take pride in being black
• He was in favour of African dress and Afro hairstyles
• He wanted African Americans to recognise their heritage and build a sense of community
• He also adopted the slogan ‘Black is beautiful’ which promoted pride in being black
• Carmichael started to criticise other leaders, like King, and how they wanted to work with whites
• He later left the SNCC and joined the BPP where he promoted the Black Power Movement as a leader, speaker and writer
• He later wrote a book linking Black Power to Pan-Africanism
• Any other relevant answer Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with relevant conclusion

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