soil pollution ppt presentation download

Soil and Agriculture

Lesson 12.1 Soil

About 38% of Earth’s land surface is used for agriculture.

• Explain 3 processes by which soil forms
• Describe the horizons that make up a soil profile
• List the four characteristics used to classify soil

Soil Composition

• Soil is made up of disintegrated rock, remains and waste of organisms, water, gases, nutrients, and microorganisms.
• Renewable resource
• If depleted of nutrients, it takes a very long time (generations) to reform

Factors That Influence Soil Formation

• Forms faster in warm climates with high precipiation
• Worms and burrowing animals aerate and mix soil speeding up decomposition
• Plants add organic matter
• Affect soils exposure to sun, wind and water
• Steep slopes increase runoff and erosion
• Parent material
• The chemical and physical makeup of whatever substance the soil comes from affects its formation
• Soil takes many years (even millennia in some cases) to form

Soil Formation

• 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, 50% air/water
• Occurs during primary succession
• Parent material is the base geological material in a particular location
• Ex: lava, volcanic ash, rock, sand, bedrock, etc.
• Bedrock is the continuous mass of solid rock that makes up Earth’s crust.
• Weathering: Physical and chemical breaking of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces
• Physical – result of anything touching a rock such as wind and rain and changes in temperature
• Chemical – when water or other substances break down parent material transforming it into a new material
• Erosion and deposition: Pick-up, transport, and �drop-off of material from one place to another
• Decomposition: Breakdown of waste, organisms, and organic material into simple molecules
• Ex: when leaves fall off trees and are broken down by decomposers and detritivores
• Humus – dark, spongy, crumbly mass of material made up of complex organic compounds

Soil Horizons

• Soil horizons are distinct layers of soil.
• A cross-section �of soil horizons is a �soil profile.

Did You Know? In general, organic matter is concentrated in the O and A horizons, making them the most critical for agriculture.

• Has the most plant nutrients available
• Home to most of the organisms that live in soil
• Lower Horizons
• As you move downward through soil, particle size increases and organic matter decreases
• Leaching transports minerals downward
• Think of coffee grounds in a filter to understand how leaching works
• Leaching may carry substances into ground water which could pose a threat to human health

Soil Characteristics

• U.S. soil scientists define 12 major soil groups.
• Soil groups are further classified according to properties such as color, structure, pH, and texture.
• Soil texture is based on particle size.
• Color – reveals details about its composition and fertility
• dark soil = rich in nutrients, pale soil = nutrient poor
• Texture – influences soils workability, indicates how porous soil is
• Loam – soil with a relatively even mixture of sand, clay and silt
• Structure – arrangement of soil particles
• “clumpiness”
• pH – how acidic/alkaline soil is
• Affects ability to support plant growth
• Affected by acid rain and leaching

Lesson 12.2 Soil Degradation and Conservation

Some estimates predict that 50 million people could be displaced in the next 10 years due to desertification, a form of soil degradation.

A dust storm near Stratford, Texas, in 1935

• Describe some practices that can lead to soil erosion and some that can preserve it
• Describe the causes and effects of desertification
• Discuss the activities of U.S. and International agricultural organizations
• Explain how irrigation and pesticide use can cause soil pollution
• The process by which material, such as topsoil, is moved from one place to another
• Caused by natural processes and human activities
• Often occurs faster than soil is formed, depleting fertile topsoil
• Crops, trees, and other plant communities protect soil from erosion.

Did You Know? More than 19 billion hectares (47 billion acres) of the world’s croplands suffer from erosion and other forms of soil degradation resulting from human activities.

Farming Practices That �Reduce Erosion

• Intercropping: Different crops mixed together
• Helps slow erosion
• Reduces plant vulnerability to insects and disease
• Crop rotation: Crops are alternated.
• Can return nutrients to the soil
• Breaks disease and pest cycles
• Cover crops – farmers plant crops to reduce erosion after a field has been harvested and before the next season’s planting

Farming Practices that Reduce Erosion

• Shelterbelts: Tall plants block wind.
• Conservation tillage: Soil turnover is reduced.
• Require high amounts of weed-killer and fertilizer
• Improve soil quality and reduce erosion
• Terracing: Steep slopes turned into “steps”
• Only sustainable way to farm mountains
• Contour farming: Planting perpendicular to hill’s slope
• Reduces soil erosion
• Crops act as a dam that catches soil before it is washed away

Ranching Practices

• Ranching is the raising and grazing of livestock.
• Overgrazing occurs when animals eat the grasses faster than they can grow back
• Range managers encourage grazing limits and enforce them on publicly owned land.

Forestry Practices

• Forestry practices, such as clear-cutting, can increase erosion.
• Today, practices that reduce soil erosion, such as selective logging, are increasingly common.

Desertification

• Loss of more than �10% of soil productivity
• Causes: soil compaction, �erosion, overgrazing, �drought, or other factors
• Arid and semi-arid lands �are most prone.
• Affects large amounts of Earth’s land areas—up to one third, according to one estimate
• The Dust Bowl was a major desertification event in the 1930s.

Area affected by the Dust Bowl

Soil Conservation Efforts

• U.S. Soil Conservation Act (1935): Established the Soil Conservation Service, today called the Natural Resources Conservation Service
• Farmer-Centered Agricultural Resource Management Program (FARM): A United Nations effort that focuses on resource challenges in developing nations

Soil Pollution

• Irrigation – the providing of water other than precipitation to crops
• Pesticides – chemicals that kill organisms that attack or compete with plants we value
• Toxic pesticides can remain in soil for a long time, eventually filtering to groundwater and evaporate into the air
• Too much, or carelessly timed irrigation can waterlog crops and lead to salinization —a buildup of salts in upper soil horizons.
• In dry areas, evaporating water from topsoil pulls water up from lower horizons, carrying dissolved salts
• Irrigation water also contains dissolved salts
• Salinization is prevented by
• not planting crops that need a lot of water in dry areas
• Irrigating with water with low dissolved salts
• During irrigation, provide no more water than the crops need as close to the roots as possible

Did You Know? Salinization costs farmers $11 billion in crop income a year worldwide.

Lesson 12.3 Agriculture

Humans have been practicing agriculture for about 10,000 years.

• Discuss the beginnings of agriculture
• Explain the importance of industrial agriculture and the green revolution
• Identify different types of pest control
• Explain the importance of pollinators to agriculture

The Beginnings of Agriculture

• People were hunter-gatherers through most of human history, until agriculture developed about 10,000 years ago when climate became warmer

Selective Breeding and Settlement

• In early agriculture, people began planting seeds from plants they liked most, a form of selective breeding.
• Crop cultivation enabled people to settle permanently, often near water sources, and raise livestock.
• Agriculture and livestock provided a stable food supply, which allowed the development of modern civilization.

Traditional Agriculture

• Agriculture “powered” by people and animals
• Does not require fossil fuels
• Practiced widely until the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Agriculture

• Agriculture that requires the use of fossil fuels
• Involves mechanized farming technology, manufactured chemicals pesticides, synthetic fertilizers and large-scale irrigation
• To be efficient, large areas are planted with a single crop in a monoculture.
• Monocultures reduce biodiversity and risk catastrophic crop fail

Did You Know? Today, more than �25% of the world’s croplands support industrial agriculture.

The Green Revolution

• Introduced new technology, crop varieties, and farming practices to the developing world in the mid- to late 1900s
• “Green” refers to covered in plants, not environmentally friendly
• Increased crop yields and saved millions of people from starvation in India and Pakistan because developed nations shared their farming technology with developing nations such as new crop strains, pesticides, fertilizers, irrigation, etc.
• Prevented some deforestation and habitat loss by increasing yields on cultivated land
• Led to a 7000% increase in energy used by agriculture
• Worsened erosion, salinization, desertification, eutrophication, and pollution
• Use of fossil fuel powered machinery increased air pollution and contributed to global warming

Pests and Weed Control

• Pests: damages plants that are valuable to us
• Weeds: competes with our plants
• Chemical pesticides: Effective and cheap, but can lead to resistance
• Integrated pest management: Increasingly popular solution, combines chemical and biological �pest-control methods

Cactus moth larvae are used to control prickly pear cactus, but also threaten many rare, native cacti around the world.

Pest and Weed Control

• Biological pest control: purposeful introduction of organisms that eat pests/weeds to environment
• Bt – naturally occurring soil bacterium, produces protein that kills caterpillars and fly/beetle larvae
• Benefits: permanent, requires no maintenance, environmentally harmless
• Costs: introduced organisms may become invasive, may harm nontargeted organisms

Pollinators

• Pollination is the process by which plants reproduce sexually.
• Agriculture relies on pollinators, such as insects.
• Native and domesticated pollinator populations have declined due to pesticide use, parasites, and other as-of-yet unknown causes.

Did You Know? Bees and other insects pollinate 800 species of cultivated plants.

Lesson 12.4 Food Production

Each year, Earth gains 75 million people and loses 5–7 million hectares of productive cropland.

• Explain why the world needs to grow more food and to grow it sustainably
• Discuss genetically modified food
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of industrial food production
• Discuss sustainable agriculture

Food Security

• Arable land – land suitable for farming
• Since 1960, our ability to produce food has grown faster than the human population
• but 1 billion people are hungry worldwide
• may not always be the case in the future though
• Malnutrition and undernourishment are most common in the developing world.
• Malnutrition – a shortage of nutrients that the body needs
• Agriculture scientists and policymakers are working toward food security—the guarantee of an adequate food supply for all people at all times.

Genetically Modified Organisms

• Genetically Modified Organisms (GM) - Organisms that have had their DNA modified
• Genetic Engineering – any process in which scientists directly manipulate an organism’s DNA
• Commonly engineered traits include rapid growth, pest resistance, and frost tolerance.
• In the United States, 85% of corn and 90% of soybean, cotton, and canola crops come from GM strains.
• Biotechnology – the use of genetic engineering to introduce new genes into organisms to produce more valuable products

Risks and Benefits of GM Crops

• Potential for “superpests” that are resistant to pest-resistant crops
• Contamination of non-GM plants
• Foods may be dangerous for people to eat
• Insect-resistant crops reduce the need for insecticides.
• Herbicide-resistant crops encourage tillage conservation.

Industrial Food Production: Feedlots

• Alternative to open grazing in which energy-rich food is delivered to a concentrated group of livestock or poultry
• Benefits: Reduces soil degradation and fertilizer use
• Costs: Requires antibiotic use; potential for water contamination and animal stress; steroid use in cattle; overcrowding stresses animals

Industrial Food Production: Aquaculture

• Fish farming in a controlled environment
• Benefits: Can be sustainable; reduces �by-catch; reduces fossil fuel use
• Costs: More difficult to control spread �of diseases; produces a lot of waste; �potential for farm-raised animals �to escape into wild

Did You Know? Aquaculture is the fastest-growing type of food production.

Effects of Plant Diversity

• GM plants may pollinate wild strains of plants, outcompete them and force them into extinction
• If all species of a plant are genetically the same, one pest can wipe out an entire plant species
• We have already lost genetic diversity in our crop plants
• Market forces discourage diversity
• Seed banks – organizations that preserve seeds of diverse plants as a kind of insurance policy against global crop collapse

Sustainable Agriculture

• Does not deplete soil faster than it forms
• Does not reduce the amount or quality of soil, water, and genetic diversity essential to long-term crop and livestock production
• Organic agriculture is sustainable agriculture that does not use synthetic chemicals.
• Local, small-scale agriculture reduces the use of fossil fuels and chemicals used for transportation and storage.

Did You Know? Organic food purchases increased 200% from 1999 to 2008.

What It Means to be “Organic”

• Can’t be genetically engineered, treated with radiation, produced in synthetic fertilizer
• No use of sewage sludge
• Use of pesticide is prohibited
• Must be fed 100% organic feed
• Use of hormones and antibiotics is prohibited
• Animals must have access to outdoors

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SOIL pollution.

Published by Harriet Pierce Modified over 9 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "SOIL pollution."— Presentation transcript:

What are we Doing to Our Planet?

Human Impact How we affect our Earth’s surface. Agriculture  Farming and raising animals.  Farming can change the type of land, depending on the farming.

AH 2010 AD Amal Alghamdi 346 MIC. Identification The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, resulting in.

Why is Pollution Bad for the Earth?

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Solutions and Pollution Brenna Searcy. Essential Question  How do foreign substances cause pollution?

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Non-renewable & Renewable Resources.

SUPERVISION Prof. Dr. Mervat Salah

In the summer of 1969, the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland contained so much chemical waste that it caught on fire. This really got people’s attention. Water.

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Lecture 14 Soil Pollution:

Sep 05, 2012

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Lecture 14 Soil Pollution:. Soil Pollution: The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment .

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• environmental problems
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• immediate danger
• biochemical oxygen demand

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Lecture 14Soil Pollution: • Soil Pollution: • The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, • resulting in a change of the soil quality, • which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment. Ill. EPA employees wearing level "C" protective gear take soil sample in south Chicago's "cluster sites" area. Source: Ill. EPA.

wearing level “B" protective gear • Soil contaminants are spilled onto the surface through many different activities. • Most of these are the result of accidents involving the vehicles that are transporting waste material from site of origin to a disposal site. wearing level “A" protective gear Much good agricultural land is threatened by chemical pollution, particularly - as here in China - by waste products from urban centres. Chemical degradation is responsible for 12 per cent of global soil degradation Source: UNEP, Zehng Zhong Su, China, Still Pictures Drilling to determine pollution extent wearing level “D" protective gear

Others involve accidents involving vehicles (automobiles, trucks and airplanes) not transporting wastes, but carrying materials, including fuel, that when spilled contaminate the soil.

Washington state New York • Other spills are the direct action of humans pouring potentially toxic materials (solvents, paints, household cleaning agents, oil, etc.) onto the soil surface rather than disposing these materials by more appropriate means. • Illegal dumping is the disposal of waste in unauthorized areas.  • It is also known as “open dumping”, “fly dumping”, and “mid-night dumping”.  • Illegal dumps occur most often along isolated roadsides in remote areas of the country.  • Materials often found in illegal dumps include large household appliances, tires, excess building materials, old furniture, oil, household chemicals, and common household refuse. • Video clip of dumping - http://www.dnr.mo.gov/videos.htm Iowa Missouri Virginia

Seattle, WA Pollutant on soil surface • When any liquid pollutant is on or just below the ground surface for any period of time, one of three things could happen to it, if it is not cleaned up first. • 1- pollutant might be washed away by precipitation, causing little or no harm to the ground on which it was found. • pollutants will simply accumulate somewhere else) Waco, Tx

2- the pollutant, if volatile, could evaporate, again causing little harm to the soil (however, not a solution to the bigger pollution problem, as it might become a source of air pollution). • 3- pollutant could infiltrate through the unsaturated soil, in much the same way as ground water.

Agricultural practices, including the use of agricultural chemicals, are another primary source of pollution on or near the ground surface. • Most agricultural chemicals are water-soluble nitrates and phosphates that are applied to fields, lawns and gardens to stimulate the growth of crops, grass and flowers.

Ag Chemicals • When not used by the plants the nutrients can enter streams and lakes during the run-off or leaching events. • Once in a body of water, these nutrients continue to promote the growth of plants, the resulting plant detritus is food for micro-organisms, and as the population of such organisms grows, the supply of oxygen in the water is depleted.

Algae in streams • "Biochemical Oxygen Demand", or "BOD". • Water is capable of supporting a large population of bacteria and the bacteria will have a high demand for oxygen. • Soon the oxygen supply is depleted by the bacteria and other organisms in the water now lack oxygen (fish kills)

Soil Pollution • Information needed to clean up materials added to soil include: • 1)Kind of material - organic or inorganic - is the material biodegradable, is the material dangerous to animals and humans, • 2)how much material was added to the soil, will it overload the organisms in the soil; • 3)C:N ratio of the material, are additional nutrients needed ( N & P)

Soil Pollution • 4)Kind of Soil - will the soil be able to handle the material before groundwater is contaminated, • 5)Growing conditions for the soil organisms - is it too cold, too wet etc. • 6)How long has the material been on the site - is there evidence of environmental problems, is it undergoing decomposition. • 7)Immediate danger to people and the environment - Urgency of the situation.

Bioremediation A treatment process that uses microorganisms (yeast, fungi, or bacteria) to break down, or degrade, hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic substances (carbon dioxide and water)

Conditions that favor Bioremediation • Temperature favorable for organisms • Water available (near field capacity) • Nutrients (N, P, K) in adequate supply • C:N ratio of material < 30:1 • Material added is similar to naturally occurring organic material • Oxygen in sufficient quantity

Biostimulation (stimulates biological activity) Bioventing(Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated zone – good for midweight petroleum, jet fuel) Biosparging(Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated and saturated zones) Bioaugmentation (inoculates soil with microbes) In-situ-Bioremediation • Less expensive • Creates less dust • Less possibility of contaminant release into environment • Good for large volumes • Slower • Doesn’t work well in clays or highly layered subsurfaces

Biostimulation cont. Biosparging

Ex-situ -Bioremediation • Easier to control • Used to treat wider range of contaminants and soil types • Costly • Faster • Slurry-phase • Soil combined with water/additives in tank, microorganisms, nutrients, oxygen added • Solid-phase • Land-farming: soil put on pad, leachate collected • Soil biopiles: soil heaped, air added • Composting: biodegradable waste mixed with bulking agent • Land Applied – waste added directly to soil which is later planted to a crop.

Slurry, Solid Phase, & Land Applied

Using Plants for pollution cleanup • Scientists are studying how plants can be used to bind up soil pollution found at national nuclear laboratories and nuclear power plants, where radioactive and other toxic wastes may reach groundwater. • Plants, soil, and microbes in the soil work together to determine which metals and nutrients plants take up from the soil. • Some plants excrete a variety of different chemicals into the soil, some of which act as signals to soil organisms. • The challenge is to find out how plants release these chemicals and how these chemicals interact with microbes and soil. • Eventually scientists may be able to induce plants to release the chemicals that immobilize wastes in the soil. • Source: UC Davis Magazine Spring 2002 • Teresa Fan at UC Davis is studying how plants can be used to remove toxic wastes from soil.

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BUTER BURN -Just how does a city go about cleaning up after a flood of melted butter? • "You hire somebody else to do it, that's how," joked Tom MacAulay, New Ulm's assistant city manager, two days after a dramatic fire destroyed much of the Associated Milk Producers Inc. (AMPI) butter-packaging plant in town, sending an estimated 1 million pounds of hot, liquid butter pouring onto nearby streets and sidewalks. • On Friday, a day after the great butter cleanup began, city and private construction crews were still going about the tricky task of removing the goo and the grease from streets, sidewalks and sewer lines. Despite steady progress, the going was slow. • "It's not everyday you get a challenge like this," MacAulay said. "It's pretty nasty." • A day earlier, crews using bobcats and tractors scooped up much of the butter that had hardened in the December cold, dumping chunk after frozen chunk into dump trucks, which hauled the grease to a nearby landfill to break down and decompose. • Boom blocks butter.

All told, an estimated $6 million worth of butter -- about half of what was stored at the plant the night of the fire -- spilled and was removed. • Yet for all the progress, much work remained Friday. • Butter that spilled into the city's storm sewer system stuck to the lining of the pipes, which will need to be jet sprayed and cleaned. And though First North Street -- where much of the butter pooled -- had been stripped clean of the worst of it, a good quarter-inch of slime remained on the pavement, even if it couldn't be seen. • "You cannot scrape all that butterfat off the street," said Tom Patterson, the city's street commissioner. "And it's even more dangerous if you can't see it." • Patterson said crews plan to cover the street with sand -- some of which was piled into a berm to stem the flow of the butter at the height of the fire -- in coming days in hopes of absorbing the remaining grease. At some point, he said, the city hopes to sweep the street clean, scoop up the sand and deposit it in a landfill, allowing the street to be reopened for traffic. • "It's something you just never would guess we'd be dealing with," Patterson said. "This is all new to everybody."

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• Preferences

SOIL pollution - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SOIL pollution

Causes of soil pollution with the rise of concrete buildings and roads, one part of the earth that we rarely see is the soil. it has many different names, such as ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• With the rise of concrete buildings and roads, one part of the Earth that we rarely see is the soil. It has many different names, such as dirt, mud and ground. However, it is definitely very important to us. The plants that feed us grow in soil and keeping it healthy is essential to maintaining a beautiful planet. However, like all other forms of nature, soil also suffers from pollution. The pollution of soil is a common thing these days, and it happens due to the presence of man made elements.
• such as harmful gases and chemicals, agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides are the most common causes of soil pollution.
• Unhealthy waste management techniques, which are characterized by release of sewage into the large dumping grounds and nearby streams or rivers.
• Oil leaks can happen during storage and transport of chemicals. This can be seen at most of the fuel stations. The chemicals present in the fuel deteriorates the quality of soil and make them unsuitable for cultivation.
• Pollutants present in the air mixes up with the rain and fall. The polluted water could dissolve away some of the important nutrients found in soil and change the structure of the soil.
•   Chemical utilization has gone up tremendously since technology provided us with modern pesticides and fertilizers. They are full of chemicals that are not produced in nature and cannot be broken down by it. As a result, they seep into the ground after they mix with water and slowly reduce the fertility of the soil.
• Soil pollution is a result of many activities and experiments done by mankind which end up contaminating the soil. Some of the main and most important effects are
• Rops and plants grown on polluted soil absorb much of the pollution and then pass these on to us. Foul smell due to industrial chemicals and gases might result in headaches, fatigue, nausea, etc., in many people.
• It is the cause of the death of many soil organisms (e.g. earthworms)
• The ecological balance of any system gets affected due to the widespread contamination of the soil. Most plants are unable to adapt when the chemistry of the soil changes so radically in a short period of time.
• The emission of toxic and foul gases from landfills pollutes the environment.
• Loss of soil and natural nutrients present in it. Plants also would not thrive in such soil, which would further result in soil erosion.
• The toxic chemicals present in the soil can decrease soil fertility and therefore decrease in the soil yield.
• The effects of pollution on soil are quite alarming and can cause huge disturbances in the ecological balance and health of living creatures on earth.

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