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- How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates
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How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates
Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.
What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .
There are five key steps to writing a literature review:
- Search for relevant literature
- Evaluate sources
- Identify themes, debates, and gaps
- Outline the structure
- Write your literature review
A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.
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Table of contents
What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.
- Quick Run-through
- Step 1 & 2
When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:
- Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
- Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
- Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
- Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
- Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.
Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.
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Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.
- Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
- Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
- Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
- Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)
You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.
Download Word doc Download Google doc
Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .
If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .
Make a list of keywords
Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.
- Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
- Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
- Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth
Search for relevant sources
Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:
- Your university’s library catalogue
- Google Scholar
- Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
- Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
- EconLit (economics)
- Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)
You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.
Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.
You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.
For each publication, ask yourself:
- What question or problem is the author addressing?
- What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
- What are the key theories, models, and methods?
- Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
- What are the results and conclusions of the study?
- How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
- What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?
Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.
You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.
Take notes and cite your sources
As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.
It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.
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To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:
- Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
- Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
- Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
- Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
- Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?
This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.
- Most research has focused on young women.
- There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
- But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.
There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).
Chronological
The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.
Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.
If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.
For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.
Methodological
If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:
- Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
- Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
- Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources
Theoretical
A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.
You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.
Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.
The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.
Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.
As you write, you can follow these tips:
- Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
- Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
- Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
- Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts
In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.
When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !
This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.
Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.
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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
- Sampling methods
- Simple random sampling
- Stratified sampling
- Cluster sampling
- Likert scales
- Reproducibility
Statistics
- Null hypothesis
- Statistical power
- Probability distribution
- Effect size
- Poisson distribution
Research bias
- Optimism bias
- Cognitive bias
- Implicit bias
- Hawthorne effect
- Anchoring bias
- Explicit bias
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .
It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.
There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:
- To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
- To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
- To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
- To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
- To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic
Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.
The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .
A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .
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Top 10 Questions for a Complete Literature Review
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An excellent literature review integrates information in such a way that it provides a new framework to build upon. It is a way of contextualizing your work and showcasing a bigger picture before you pin down to your research problem. It not only highlights principle issues in your field but also provides new perspectives on the research topic. Careful skimming of literature introduces the readers to relevant terminologies frequently used in context of their work. Literature review assists in recognizing related research findings and relevant theories. Furthermore, it aids in pinpointing the methodologies that one may adopt for research.
5 Steps to Begin the Literature Review
There are five steps that one should follow before preparing to conduct the literature review :
- Identify all the literature relevant to your topic of interest. Explore all the different types of literature including theoretical literature, applied literature, literature that talks about research methods, or a combination thereof.
- Using multiple keywords and strategies capture the most accurate and relevant data. Conduct an extensive search in multi-disciplinary databases.
- Group your findings into a detailed summary of what is known and what needs to be explored.
- Identify existing gaps or any unresolved issues
- Formulate broad questions that warrant further research
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How to Best Critique a Research paper
For extracting maximum information from a research paper , researchers must ask the following questions!
- Has the author formulated an appropriate research question based on the problem/issue?
- Is the research question clearly defined in terms of its scope and relevance?
- Was there an alternative or better perspective to approach the research question?
- What is the author’s orientation towards the research problem – is it a critical analysis or interpretation based?
- Has the author extensively evaluated the literature considering both latest and relevant articles?
- How has the author defined the basic components (population, interventions, outcomes) of the study? Are the measurements valid, accurate and statistically significant? Are the conclusions based accurate interpretations of the data?
- Is there an objective based, unbiased reasoning provided for the problem statement or is the author merely attempting to prove his/her preconceived beliefs and opinions?
- How does this article contribute to your understanding of the research problem?
- What are the strengths, limitations and shortcomings of the study?
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10 Questions for a Comprehensive Literature Review
1. Do I have clearly defined research aims prior to commencing the review?
It is important to choose a focused question that can efficiently direct your search. It can assist you to create a list of keywords related to your research problem. Furthermore, it helps in identifying relevant databases to search for related journals and articles.
2. Have I correctly identified all the sources that will help me define my problem statement or research question?
Literature is not limited to journal articles, thesis, and dissertations. One should also refer to credible internet sources, conference proceedings that provide latest unpublished papers, as well as government and corporate reports. Books, although do not have latest information, can serve as a good starting point to read background information.
3. Have I considered all kinds of literature – including both qualitative and quantitative research articles?
An exhaustive literature survey helps you position your research within the context of existing literature effectively creating a case as to why further study is necessary. Your search has to be robust enough to ensure that you have browsed through all the relevant and latest articles. Rather than reading everything, researchers must refer and follow the most relevant work!
4. Do I have enough empirical or theoretical evidence to support my hypothesis?
Discovering new patterns and trends becomes easy if you gather credible evidence from earlier works. Furthermore, it helps in rationalizing the significance of your study.
5. Have I identified all the major inconsistencies or other shortcomings related to my research topic?
Researchers should not only refer to articles that present supporting evidence but also focus on those that provide inconclusive or contradictory information. It helps to identify any open questions left by researchers in previous studies.
6. Is my relationship diagram ready?
A relationship diagram is an effective way of recognizing links between different elements of a complex research topic. It is an immensely important tool that helps in clarifying and structuring research specific findings and interpretations at various stages of the project. It is an effective way of representing your current understanding of the research topic. In addition, a good relationship diagram can help you find new insights owing to a clear picture of all the probable relationships between key concepts, variables and key factors.
7. Have I gathered sufficient evidence from the literature about the accuracy and validity of the designs or methods that I plan to use in my experiments?
It is paramount to use methodologies and research techniques that have scientific reliability. Moreover, since methods especially used in qualitative research are often more subjective, it becomes crucial for researchers to reflect on the approach and explain the criteria for selecting a particular method.
8. Have I identified the purpose for which articles have been shortlisted for literature review?
You can expedite your literature writing process if you tag your articles based on its purpose of inclusion in the review report. Following are the tags that can be added to articles:
- Show how latest developments or develop a theoretical base to your study
- Demonstrate limitations, inconsistencies or shortcomings of previous studies
- Critique or support certain methods or findings
- Replicate the study in a different setting (region/population)
- Indicate how the study supports or contradicts your findings
- Use it as a reference to further build your research
- Provide a general understanding of concerns relevant to your research topic
9. Have I recorded all the bibliographic information regarding my information sources?
Recording and cataloguing your bibliographical details and references is absolutely crucial for every researcher. You may use commercial software such as Reference manager, End Note, and Pro Cite to manage your references. Furthermore, you may also keep a record of keyword searches that you have performed.
10. Will my literature review reflect a report that is created after a through critical analysis of the literature?
An excellent literature review must be structured, logical, and coherent. It is a great opportunity to demonstrate that you have critically analyzed and understood the relevant body of literature underpinning your research. It is important to structure your literature into appropriate sections that discuss themes or presents trends. Grouping your literature helps in indicating relationships and making comparisons.
Still have more queries related to literature review and synthesis? Post your queries here and our experts will be happy to answer them! You can also visit our Q&A forum for frequently asked questions related to research writing and publishing answered by our team that comprises subject-matter experts, eminent researchers, and publication experts.
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How to Conduct a Literature Review (Health Sciences and Beyond)
- What is a Literature Review?
The Research Questions
- Selection Criteria
- Database Search
- Documenting Your Search
- Organize Key Findings
- Reference Management
Background vs. Foreground Questions
You may need to find answers to background questions (i.e. about general knowledge) before seeking answers to foreground questions (i.e. about specific knowledge, such as information that might inform a clinical decision).
The research questions on this page are for foreground questions.
A well-formulated research question:
- starts your entire search process
- provides focus for your searches
- guides the selection of literature sources
Question formats are helpful tools researchers can use to structure a question that will facilitate a focused search. Such formats include: PICO , PEO , SPIDER , and COSMIN . Other formats can be found here .
The PICO format is commonly used in evidence-based clinical practice. This format creates a "well-built" question that identifies four concepts: (1) the P atient problem or P opulation, (2) the I ntervention, (3) the C omparison (if there is one), and (4) the O utcome(s) .
Example : In adults with recurrent furunculosis (skin boils), do prophylactic antibiotics, compared to no treatment, reduce the recurrence rate? ( Cochrane Library Tutorial, 2005 )
adults with recurrent furunculosis | |
prophylactic antibiotics | |
no treatment | |
reduction in recurrence rate |
The PEO question format is useful for qualitative research questions. Questions based on this format identify three concepts: (1) P opulation, (2) E xposure, and (3) O utcome(s) .
Example: In infants, is there an association between exposure to soy milk and the subsequent development of peanut allergy ( Levine, Ioannidis, Haines, & Guyatt, 2014 )?
infants | |
exposure to soy milk | |
peanut allergy |
The SPIDER question format was adapted from the PICO tool to search for qualitative and mixed-methods research. Questions based on this format identify the following concepts: (1) S ample, (2) P henomenon of I nterest, (3) D esign, (4) E valuation, and (5) R esearch type .
Example: What are young parents’ experiences of attending antenatal education?
young parents | |
of | antenatal education |
questionnaire, survey, interview, focus group, case study, or observational study | |
experiences | |
qualitative or mixed method |
Search for ( S AND P of I AND ( D OR E ) AND R ) ( Cooke, Smith, & Booth, 2012 ).
The COSMIN ( CO nsensus-based S tandards for the selection of health status M easurement IN struments ) format is used for systematic review of measurement properties. Questions based on this format identify (1) the construct or the name(s) of the outcome measurement instrument(s) of interest, (2) the target population, (3) the type of measurement instrument of interest, and (4) the measurement properties on which the review focuses.
Visit the COSMIN website to view the COSMIN manual and checklist.
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Research guidance, Research Journals, Top Universities
Top 20 MCQs on literature review with answers
MCQs on literature review : The primary purpose of literature review is to facilitate detailed background of the previous studies to the readers on the topic of research.
In this blog post, we have published 20 MCQs on Literature Review (Literature Review in Research) with answers.
20 Multiple Choice Questions on Literature Review
1. Literature is a
Written Record
Published Record
Unpublished Record
All of these
2. Which method of literature review involves a non-statistical method to present data having the feature of systematic Method too?
Narrative Method
Systematic Method
Meta-Analysis Method of Literature Review
Meta-Synthesis Method of Literature Review
3. Comparisons of non-statistical variables are performed under which method of literature review?
4. Literature review is not similar to
Annotated Bibliography
5. APA Style, MLA Style, Chicago Manual, Blue Book, OSCOLA are famously known as
Citation Manuals
Directories
Abbreviation Manuals
6. Literature collected is reviewed and preferably arranged
Alphabetically
Chronologically
None of these
7. Literature collected for review includes
Primary and Secondary Sources
Secondary and Tertiary Sources
Primary and Tertiary Sources
8. Literature includes
Previous Studies
Scholarly publications
Research Findings
9. No time frame is set to collect literature in which of the following method of compiling reviews?
Traditional Method
10. Which method of the literature review is more reliable for drawing conclusions of each individual researcher for new conceptualizations and interpretations?
11. The main purpose of finalization of research topics and sub-topics is
Collection of Literature
Collection of Questions
Collection of Statistics
Collection of Responses
12. Literature review is basically to bridge the gap between
Newly established facts
Previously established facts
Facts established time to time
Previous to current established facts
13. The last step in writing the literature review is
Developing a Final Essay
Developing a Coherent Essay
Developing a Collaborated Essay
Developing a Coordinated Essay
14. The primary purpose of literature review is to facilitate detailed background of
Present Studies
Previous studies
Future Studies
15. Narrative Literature Review method is also known as
Advanced Method
Scientific Method
16. Which method of literature review starts with formulating research questions?
17. Which method of literature review involves application of clinical approach based on a specific subject.
18. Which literature review involves timeline based collection of literature for review
19. Which method of literature review involves application of statistical approach?
20. Which literature review method involves conclusions in numeric/statistical form?
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MCQs on literature review with answers PDF | Research methods multiple choice questions | Literature review questions and answers
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Literature Review for Nursing
- Understanding and Critically Appraising the Literature Review
Key Questions for a Literature Review
- P I C O (T)
- How To Handouts
Assistant Director of Library Services
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A literature review should try to answer questions such as :
1. Who are the key researchers on this topic?
2. What has been the focus of the research efforts so far and what is the current status?
3. How have certain studies built on prior studies? Where are the connections? Are there new interpretations of the research?
4. Have there been any controversies or debate about the research? Is there consensus? Are there any contradictions?
5. Which areas have been identified as needing further research ? Have any pathways been suggested?
6. How will your topic uniquely contribute to this body of knowledge?
7. Which methodologies have researchers used and which appear to be the most productive?
8. What sources of information or data were identified that might be useful to you?
9. How does your particular topic fit into the larger context of what has already been done?
10. How has the research that has already been done help frame your current investigation?
Examples of Literature Reviews
Example of a literature review at the beginning of an article:
Prevalence and Correlates of Strength Exercise Among Breast, Prostate, and Colorectal Cancer Survivors.
Example of a comprehensive review of the literature:
An exploration of bullying behaviours in nursing: a review of the literature.
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IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW SHOULD… • Be organized around a thesis statement or research question(s) • Develop your understanding of the literature in a field(s) of study • Synthesize results into a narrative summary of what is known and not known on your topic • Identify areas of controversy • Formulate questions for future research
in undertaking a traditional or narrative review of the Table 2. The literature review process • Selecting a review topic • Searching the literature • Gathering, reading and analysing the literature • Writing the review • References literature {Table 2). The first step involves identifying the subject ofthe literature review.
Get Literature Review Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ Quiz) with answers and detailed solutions. Download these Free Literature Review MCQ Quiz Pdf and prepare for your upcoming exams Like Banking, SSC, Railway, UPSC, State PSC.
lls the reader, and why it is necessary.3.2 Evaluate the nine basic steps taken to wr. te a well-constructed literature review.3.3 Conduct an electronic search using terms, phrases, Boolean operators, and filters.3.4 Evaluate and identify the parts of an empirical research journal article, and use that kn.
Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.
Statement of scope of literature review: Note your selection criteria for the review. Hint of how you will organize the literature and your discussion of it. Regional focus. Data range, sample. Chronological. Tip: Organize studies according to "common denominators". Linkage II: Link studies to one another; stress relatedness of research on ...
Sue's example illustrates that carrying out a comprehensive literature review is a required step in any research project. First, a researcher cannot conduct the study. 1. without gaining a deep understanding of the research topic and learning from the work of other scholars and researchers in the field (Creswell, 2018).
Preparing to WriteChapter 2: The Literature ReviewA literature review is a section of your thesis or dissertation in. hich you discuss previous research on your subject. Following your Chapter 1, your literature review begins as you try to answer your larger research question: Wh. has looked at what, why, and what have they found? It allows you ...
Conducting Your Literature Review. 3. A. literature reviewis an overview of the available research for a specific scientific topic. Literature reviews summarize existing research to answer a review question, provide the context for new research, or identify important gaps in the existing body of literature. We now have access to lots of ...
literature review is an aid to gathering and synthesising that information. The pur-pose of the literature review is to draw on and critique previous studies in an orderly, precise and analytical manner. The fundamental aim of a literature review is to provide a comprehensive picture of the knowledge relating to a specific topic.
It is important to define what a literature review is before discussing issues . associated with developing a literature review. While we focus on the outcome (i.e., a literature review), to achieve this, one needs to undertake a process of read-ing, synthesizing, and interpreting the existing work in an area (Levy & Ellis, 2006).
y, and critical evaluation of scholarly works on a certain topic. A literature review combines both summary (a recap of important information) and synthesis (a reorganization of tha. information which reflects your approach to a research problem). You may be asked to write a literature review on a certain topic for a class, or you may need to ...
Some large-scale literature reviews (sometimes called meta-analytic reviews, integrative reviews, or systematic reviews) use a large body of existing research to answer a pressing question in a field or to make an evidence-based recommendation. CONCERNS TO ADDRESS in a literature review often start with the questions below. Keep in
Careful skimming of literature introduces the readers to relevant terminologies frequently used in context of their work. Literature review assists in recognizing related research findings and relevant theories. Furthermore, it aids in pinpointing the methodologies that one may adopt for research. 5 Steps to Begin the Literature Review
Question. 5 answers. May 6, 2023. During the research with mixed methods, for example, we combine two methods between qualitative approach with case study method and study literature review. We ...
A literature review is a compilation, classification, and evaluation of what other researchers have written on a particular topic. A literature review normally forms part of a research thesis but it can also stand alone as a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to: Place each work in the context of its ...
A good research question is manageable in scope - not too broad, but not too narrow. If your topic is too broad, you may become overwhelmed with the amount of information and find it difficult to organize your ideas. If your topic is too narrow, you may not be able to find enough information to include in your literature review.
The COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments) format is used for systematic review of measurement properties.Questions based on this format identify (1) the construct or the name(s) of the outcome measurement instrument(s) of interest, (2) the target population, (3) the type of measurement instrument of interest, and (4) the measurement ...
MCQs on literature review: The primary purpose of literature review is to facilitate detailed background of the previous studies to the readers on the topic of research.. In this blog post, we have published 20 MCQs on Literature Review (Literature Review in Research) with answers.. 20 Multiple Choice Questions on Literature Review. 1. Literature is a ...
Goals of a Literature Review A literature review can be conducted to: • Assess an evidence base; • Identify research gaps; and/or • Synthesize and document the base of existing knowledge so that the contribution of new work is evident. For example, in 2015, EPAR conducted a literature review (EPAR Technical Report #293) to answer the
Background: Question Answering (QA) systems enable users to retrieve exact answers for questions. posed in natural language. Objective: This study aims at identifying QA techniques, tools and ...
A literature review should try to answer questions such as: 1. Who are the key researchers on this topic? 2. What has been the focus of the research efforts so far and what is the current status? 3. How have certain studies built on prior studies? Where are the connections? Are there new interpretations of the research? 4.
SOURCE: "'Who Killed My Daughter?': Lois Duncan (and Delacorte) Search for an Answer," in Publishers Weekly, Vol. 239, April 20, 1992, p.19. [Below, Simson reviews Who Killed My Daughter?]"Don't ...