dissertation on locus of control

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Editorial: Locus of Control: Antecedents, Consequences and Interventions Using Rotter's Definition

Stephen nowicki.

1 Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States

Yasmin Iles-Caven

2 Bristol Medical School, Public Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Ari Kalechstein

3 Executive Mental Health, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, United States

Jean Golding

Locus of control (LOC) is at the same time, one of the most popular and yet one of the most misused personality attributes in the social sciences. It was introduced into psychology in 1966 by Julian Rotter who conceptualized it as a generalized expectancy within his Social Learning Theory and defined it as follows:

“Internal vs. external control refers to the degree to which persons expect that a reinforcement or an outcome of their behavior is contingent on their own behavior or personal characteristic vs. the degree to which persons expect that the reinforcement or outcome is a function of chance, luck, or fate, is under the control of powerful others or is simply unpredictable. Such expectancies may generalize along a gradient based on the degree of semantic similarity of the situational cues.” (Rotter, 1966 ).

Although the number of studies with LOC as a major variable reaches into the thousands and research continues at a brisk pace up to the present day across disciplines, the way in which investigators have eroded, ignored, and misapplied Rotter's original definition of LOC is cause for scientific concern. Without an agreed upon definition of LOC and reliable ways of measuring it based on that definition, generalization across studies becomes difficult if not impossible.

The purpose of studies completed within this topic was to use Rotter's definition of LOC and measures of LOC consistent with that definition to investigate (1) the stability and change of children's and adults' LOC over time; Nowicki et al.(a) ; (2) antecedents of children's and adults' LOC [ Carton et al. ; Nowicki et al.(b) ]; (3) the association of parents' prenatal LOC with children's academic and social outcomes [ Golding, Gregory, Ellis, Nunes, et al. ; Nowicki et al.(c) ; Golding, Gregory, Ellis, Iles-Caven, et al. ]; (4) the association between change in parents LOC over time (6 years) and children's social success or failure [ Nowicki et al.(d) ; Nowicki et al.(e) ]; (5) the associations of children's LOC and internalizing and externalizing problems ( Flores et al. ); depression ( Costantini et al. ; Sullivan et al. ) and epilepsy ( Wolf et al. ); and (6) the viability of interventions focused on changing LOC ( Tyler et al. ).

Researchers within this topic gathered data by using construct valid tests for adults and children developed to be consistent with Rotter's definition of LOC as a generalized expectancy. Although some past studies have used measures of LOC that were dubious (e.g., one or two items plucked from a non-LOC scale) to evaluate the validity of LOC, the present studies were among the first to produce longitudinal information about the stability over time of LOC in children and adults (more stable in adults than children) and the impact of prenatal parental LOC on children's subsequent outcomes. Researchers also found that the greater the degree of externality in prenatal parents' LOC, the more negative were the children's outcomes in sleeping, eating, and emotional lability early in life and social/emotional adjustment and cognitive performance later in childhood. The association of prenatal parental LOC with children's outcomes was further supported by findings showing a significant association between parents' change toward internality over time (6 years) and more positive social and academic outcomes in their children when compared to parent child outcomes associated with parent LOC that remained the same or became more external over time.

Findings that parents' LOC is associated with children's outcomes suggests looking at the possibility that interventions focused on changing parental externality before children are born may be worthwhile. Support for this possibility was found in results indicating parental change toward internality was associated with positive child outcomes (as reflected in children's personal and social outcomes as rated by teachers). Results from another study indicated improvements in the parental relationship and improvement in their economic conditions were associated with parents becoming more internal. Although, cause and effect cannot be assigned, the findings suggest future research should be directed at evaluating if strengthening the parental dyad relationship and improving the family financial situations would result in parents changing toward internality and children's outcomes becoming more positive.

Other topic studies revealed more about possible parental behaviors, attitudes and actions related to children's LOC. Since, the last review of parental antecedents of children's LOC was published over a quarter century ago, a recent update was needed. What it found was that parents disciplinary actions characterized by authoritative approaches and parents more often contingently reinforcing their children's behavior/outcome sequences (as observed in laboratory interactions) are associated with greater internality. However, since there have been only a few observational studies of parent child interactions there is a need for more investigations spanning children at different ages of development.

A final set of studies within the LOC topic gathered information on associations between children's LOC and their personal, social, and physical outcomes. A longitudinal study of Spanish speaking children in northern Chile produced similar associations between children's externality and a greater frequency of internalizing and externalizing problems to those found previously with English speaking participants. Other studies revealed how internal LOC acts as a mediator to buffer against the development of depression in young high-risk children from compromised environments; a result found in high-risk adolescent children as well. Considering the LOC, depression association, the topic study that focused on a strength-based intervention with offenders to improve their LOC may have relevance for other populations of children. In any case, there is a general need for research to illuminate LOC antecedents as possible targets for inclusion in intervention programs to help children develop internality as a way to prevent depression.

A final study dealt with the impact of a chronic disease, in this case epilepsy, on children's LOC. When children experience a serious disease and/or disability like epilepsy they may erroneously “learn” to be more helpless than they actually are to deal with the affliction and its consequences. Children need the help of caretakers to learn the full impact of what outcomes their behavior is tied to so they can be active participants not only in their treatment, but in shaping their lives outside of treatment.

The take home message from this set of studies is that LOC as defined by Rotter and measured with scales consistent with his definition remains an important construct. The degree to which individuals view the connection between what they do and what happens to them appears to have relevance for parents expecting a child and in children dealing with social interactions, academic achievement, and/or chronic mental or physical disease. Because of the findings, more research closely tied to Rotter's social learning theory is needed to identify relevant antecedents of LOC expectancies and valid interventions to help children and adults learn to develop the full extent of their internality.

Author Contributions

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

Many of this topics' content is based on data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).

Funding. The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust (Grant ref: 217065/Z/19/Z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. The authors will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website ( http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf ). This research was specifically funded by the John Templeton Foundation (Grant ref: 58223). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of this manuscript.

• Rotter J. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement . Psychol. Monogr. 80 , 1–28. 10.1037/h0092976 [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]

Locus of Control Theory In Psychology: Definition & Examples

Gabriel Lopez-Garrido

Undergraduate at Harvard University

Political Science and Psychology

Gabriel Lopez-Garrido is currently in his final year at Harvard University. He is pursuing a Bachelor's degree with a primary focus on Political Science (Government) and a minor in Psychology.

Learn about our Editorial Process

Saul Mcleod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul Mcleod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

On This Page:

Take-home Messages

• The term ‘Locus of control’ refers to how much control a person feels they have in their own behavior. A person can either have an internal or external locus of control (Rotter, 1954).
• People with a high internal locus of control perceive themselves as having much personal control over their behavior and are, therefore, more likely to take responsibility for their behavior. For example, I did well on the exams because I revised extremely hard.
• In contrast, a person with a high external locus of control perceives their behaviors as a result of external influences or luck – e.g., I did well on the test because it was easy.
• Research has shown that people with an internal locus of control tend to be less conforming and obedient (i.e., more independent). Rotter proposes that people with an internal locus of control are better at resisting social pressure to conform or obey, perhaps because they feel responsible for their actions.
• Locus of control is an important term to know in almost every branch of the psychology community. This is mainly because it can be applied in many aspects of daily life; whether the locus is external or internal, it will – by definition – affect your mind, body, and even actions.
• Fields like educational psychology, clinical psychology, and even health psychology have all made strides in researching the phenomenon to understand more about how one can control or improve one’s locus of control.
• Experts in the field of psychology often disagree with each other regarding whether differences should be attributed based on cultural differences or whether a more worldwide measure of locus of control will be more helpful when it comes to practical application.

Internal vs. External Locus of Control

Locus of control is how much individuals perceive that they themselves have control over their own actions as opposed to events in life occurring instead because of external forces. It is measured along a dimension of “high internal” to “high external”.

The concept was created by Julian B. Rotter in 1954, and it quickly became a central concept in the field of personality psychology.

An individual’s “locus” (plural “loci”) is conceptualized as internal (a conviction that one can handle one’s own life) or external (a conviction that life is constrained by outside factors which the individual can’t impact or that possibility or destiny controls their lives). There is a continuum, with most people lying in between.

A high internal perceive themselves as having a great deal of personal control and therefore are more inclined to take personal responsibility for their behavior, which they see are being a product of their own effect. High external perceive their behavior as being caused more by external forces or luck.

It is also worth mentioning that the term locus of control is not to be confused with attributional style . Locus of control refers to an idea connected with anticipations about the future, while attributional style is a concept that is instead concerned with finding explanations for past outcomes.

People with an internal locus of control accept occasions in their day-to-day existence as controllable. To be more specific, this means that they can recognize instances where destiny is controllable: for instance, an individual is taking a test for a driver’s license.

A person with an internal locus of control will attribute whether they pass or fail the exam due to their own capabilities. This individual would praise their own abilities if they passed the test and would also recognize the need to improve their own driving if they had instead failed the exam.

An individual with an external locus of control would perceive the same event differently. This individual would be more likely to blame other factors such as the weather, their current condition, or even the exam itself as an excuse rather than accept that the exam went the way it did because of personal decisions.

Rather than accept that part of the blame rests on them, the event is instead attributed to occur because of uncontrollable forces (destiny/fate/etc.).

Locus of control is one of the four elements of center self-assessments – one’s principal examination of oneself – alongside neuroticism , self-viability, and self-esteem.

The idea of center self-assessments was first inspected by Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997), and since has demonstrated to foresee a few work results, explicitly, work fulfillment and occupation performance.

In a subsequent report, Judge et al. (2002) contended that locus of control, neuroticism, self-viability, and confidence elements might all influence each other.

How it Works

The first recorded trace of the term Locus of Control comes from Julian B. Rotter’s work (1954) based on the social learning theory of personality. It is a great example of a generalized expectancy related to problem-solving, a strategy that applies to a wide variety of situations.

In 1966 Rotter distributed an article in Psychological Monographs that summed up around a decade of extensive research (by Rotter and his understudies), with most of this work actually never being published beforehand.

It is speculated that Locus of Control may have come beforehand as a term coined by a psychologist by the name of Alfred Adler . The evidence for this is lacking, however, so the main bulk of the credit for the concept lies in Rotter and his understudies” early works.

One of these understudies was William H. James. This psychologist would later go on to produce his own work in the field, but while he was under the tutelage of Rotter, he wanted to study what he denoted as “expectancy shifts.”

These “expectancy shifts” can be classified as follows:

Typical Expectancy Shifts

Typical expectancy shifts derive from the belief that success (or failure) will be the determining notion for whatever activity/action is preceded next (that is to say, if one succeeds at something, then the expectancy is that they will succeed again).

Let’s say – for example – that during a basketball game, a player shoots a basketball and scores a point. After attempting this three times and scoring all three, the player might come to believe that (due to the fact the player has been continuously successful) if they continue to shoot, they will continue to score.

Atypical Expectancy Shifts

Atypical expectancy shifts, which derive from the belief that success (or a failure) will not have any determining notion for whichever activity/action that follows it (that is to say, if one succeeds at an activity, then the expectancy for the subsequent one is independent of this result; one could fail or succeed).

To give an example of this, picture someone who is at a casino. This individual places a bet on the ball, landing on a red number in the roulette wheel.

After three spins of the wheel, the ball has landed once in a red number, once in a black number, and finally once in a green number. The individual will (hopefully) most likely come to the conclusion that the result of the spin is independent of the last result, with each individual spin being a stand-alone event.

Additional research supported the hypothesis that typical expectancy shifts were much more common amongst individuals who had confidence in their own abilities, whilst those who didn’t really believe in their capabilities tended to attribute their expectancies toward fate rather than skill.

In other words, the distinction lies in whether the cause is internal or external; those who have faith in their own abilities will look towards an internal cause and adapt a typical expectancy shift, while those who attribute their results to external causes will most likely exhibit an atypical expectancy shift.

Rotter has made strides in this area of his research, covering this phenomenon in multiple works (1975). He has talked about issues and confusion in others’ utilization of the interior versus outer build, explaining how misconceptions and miscommunication have led people to mistake Locus of Control for other psychological terms.

Measurement

There are multiple ways to measure locus of control, but by far, the most widely used questionnaire is the 13-item (plus six filler items) forced-choice scale of Rotter (1966). This questionnaire first came into the scene in 1966 and is arguably still the best way to determine the locus of control in the present day. This does not mean that this is the only popular questionnaire.

Another example is Bialer’s (1961) 23-item scale for children, which actually even predates Rotter’s work. Other examples would be the Crandall Intellectual Ascription of Responsibility Scale (Crandall, 1965) and the Nowicki-Strickland Scale (Nowicki & Strickland, 1973), though again, most of these are not used in favor of Rotter’s 1966 questionnaire.

One of his understudies (again, William H. James) was actually responsible for developing one of the earliest psychometric scales to assess locus of control for his unpublished doctoral dissertation, supervised by Rotter at Ohio State University. As just mentioned, however, the work remains unpublished yet it is an example of just how much influence Rotter and his students have over the origins of the term.

Many measures of locus of control have appeared since Rotter’s scale. These vary from the original that predate Rotter’s own original designs to the locus of controls designed specifically for groups – like children (such as the Stanford Preschool Internal-External Scale for three- to six-year-olds).

According to the data analyzed by Furnham and Steele (1993), they suggest that the most reliable, valid questionnaire for adults is The Duttweiler (1984) Internal Control Index (ICI), which might be the better scale. Right off the bat, an advantage these scales have is that they address perceived problems with the Rotter scales.

These issues include adjusting the forced-choice format, removing the susceptibility to social desirability and heterogeneity (as indicated by factor analysis), and the natural improvements that come from developing something almost 30 years after the Rotter scales.

One important thing to note is that while other scales existed in 1984 besides the Duttweiler scales to measure locus of control, they all appear to fall victim to the same problems that the Rotter scales never originally addressed.

The primary difference lies in the removal of the forced-choice format used in Rotter’s scale. Previously, individuals had to affirm whether the assertion presented by the scale was true or false.

However, with Duttweiler’s 28-item ICI, which utilizes a Likert-type scale, individuals must specify whether they would behave as described in each of the 28 statements rarely, occasionally, sometimes, frequently, or usually.

This approach makes the scale much more adaptable to human nature’s nuances than the original Rotter scales.

The ICI gives individuals much more choice by assessing variables pertinent to internal locus. These include but are not limited to cognitive processing, resistance to social influence, self-reliance, autonomy, and delay of gratification. Small validation studies have indicated that the scale had good internal consistency reliability (a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.85)

Applications

The field most associated with locus of control is health psychology, mainly because the original scales to measure locus of control originated in the health domain of psychology.

These first scales were originally reviewed and approved by Furnham and Steele in 1993; they have since remained an essential part of health and other branches of psychology.

Out of the reviewed scales, The best-known in the field of health psychology are the Health Locus of Control Scale and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, or MHLC (Wallston & Wallston, 2004).

The idea that health psychology and Locus of control go together is based on the concept that health may be attributed to three sources: internal factors (such as self-determination of a healthy lifestyle), powerful external factors (the words of a doctor or a loved one) or luck/destiny/coincidence.

Those that belong to the last group are almost impossible to deal with, given that they have a firm belief that nothing they will do can either change or avert what is going to happen either way.

The scales reviewed by Furnham and Steele (1993) have directly contributed to multiple areas of health psychology. Take, for example, Saltzer’s (1982) Weight Locus of Control Scale or Stotland and Zuroff’s (1990) Dieting Beliefs Scale.

Both these scales tackled the issue of obesity and shed light on how it affects different types of individuals. These scales do not limit themselves only to the physical aspects of individuals; take, for example, Wood and Letak’s (1982) Mental health locus of control scale.

These scales try to measure the stages of health and depression that an individual is currently in; there’s even a scale meant for measuring cancer and cancer-like symptoms (the Cancer Locus of Control Scale of Pruyn et al., 1990).

Perhaps the most important link that locus of control has to health psychology is Claire Bradley’s work, which links locus of control to the management of diabetes mellitus. This empirical data was reviewed by Norman and Bennet (1997) and they note that the data collected on whether certain health-related behaviors are related to internal health locus of control is, at best ambiguous.

For example, they point out that according to certain studies, locus of control was found to be linked with increased exercise, but also note how other studies have mentioned that the impact that exercise has on locus of control is either minimal or non-existent.

Activities such as jogging or running have long since been dismissed as lone factors for influencing any sort of command in one’s locus of control.

This ambiguity goes on in the study, with data on the relationship between internal health locus of control and other health-related behaviors also being suspicious.

These health-related behaviors include breast self-examination, weight control, and preventive-health behavior and in the study, it is said that alcohol consumption has a direct relationship with one’s internal locus of control.

Again with alcoholism as a factor, the same problems occur; the facts from the study begin to contradict themselves. During their analysis of the validity of the study, Norman and Bennett (1998) realized that some of the studies concluded by suggesting that a link existed between alcoholism and having an increased externality for health locus of control.

This goes against what is known right now, which is that – according to multiple other studies – alcoholism is related instead to increased internality in regards to an individual’s locus of control. The perceived notion is that alcoholism is directly related to the strength of the locus, not to what type of locus exists.

That is to say, it does not matter whether an individual has an internal or external locus of control; alcohol consumption is only related to the actual strength of that respective locus of control.

What is internal locus of control?

An internal locus of control refers to the belief that one can control their own life and the outcomes of events. Individuals with a high internal locus of control perceive their actions as directly influencing the results they experience.

What is external locus of control?

An external locus of control refers to the belief that external factors, such as fate, luck, or other people, are responsible for the outcomes of events in one’s life rather than one’s own actions.

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

The concept of locus of control was proposed by psychologist Julian B. Rotter in 1954.

Bennett, P., Norman, P., Murphy, S., Moore, L., & Tudor-Smith, C. (1998). Beliefs about alcohol, health locus of control, value for health and reported consumption in a representative population sample. Health Education Research, 13 (1), 25-32.

Bialer, I. (1961). Conceptualization of success and failure in mentally retarded and normal children. Journal of personality .

CRANDALL, V. C., KATKOVSKY, W., & CRANDALL, V. J. (1965) Children’s beliefs in their own control of reinforcements in intellectual-academic achievement situations. Child Development , 36, 91-109.

Duttweiler, P. C. (1984). The internal control index: A newly developed measure of locus of control. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 44 (2), 209-221.

Furnham, A., & Steele, H. (1993). Measuring locus of control: A critique of general, children’s, health‐and work‐related locus of control questionnaires. British Journal of Psychology, 84 (4), 443-479.

Nowicki, S., & Strickland, B. R. (1973). A locus of control scale for children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40 (1), 148.

Norman, P., Bennett, P., Smith, C., & Murphy, S. (1997). Health locus of control and leisure-time exercise. Personality and Individual Differences, 23 (5), 769-774.

Norman, P., Bennett, P., Smith, C., & Murphy, S. (1998). Health locus of control and health behavior. Journal of Health Psychology, 3 (2), 171-180.

Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology .

Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological monographs: General and applied, 80 (1), 1.

Rotter, J. B. (1975). Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43 (1), 56.

Saltzer, E. B. (1982). The weight locus of control (WLOC) scale: a specific measure for obesity research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46 (6), 620-628.

Stotland, S., & Zuroff, D. C. (1990). A new measure of weight locus of control: The Dieting Beliefs Scale. Journal of personality assessment, 54 (1-2), 191-203.

Wallston, K. A., Strudler Wallston, B., & DeVellis, R. (1978). Development of the multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) scales. Health education monographs, 6 (1), 160-170.

Wallston, K. A., & Wallston, B. S. (2004). Multidimensional health locus of control scale. Encyclopedia of health psychology , 171, 172.

Watson, M., Greer, S., Pruyn, J., & Van Den Borne, B. (1990). Locus of control and adjustment to cancer. Psychological Reports, 66 (1), 39-48.

Wood, W. D., & Letak, J. K. (1982). A mental-health locus of control scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 3 (1), 84-87.

Keep Learning

• Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological monographs: General and applied, 80(1), 1.
• Rotter, J. B. (1990). Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A case history of a variable. American psychologist, 45(4), 489.
• Stotland, S., & Zuroff, D. C. (1990). A new measure of weight locus of control: The Dieting Beliefs Scale. Journal of personality assessment, 54(1-2), 191-203.
• Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior

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Hannigan, Darlene M. "Bilocal locus of control a preliminary study of the multidimensionality of the locus of control construct /." View full text, 2002.

Wellman, Brandon. "Root Locus Techniques With Nonlinear Gain Parameterization." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/21.

Petersson, Kristina, and Mikaela Suvanto. "Conscientiousness, Locus of Control och Arbetsmotivation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för pedagogik, psykologi och idrottsvetenskap, PPI, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-10068.

Banck, Nicklas, and Adam Eriksson. "Syskonplaceringens betydelse för locus of control." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Psykologi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-2849.

Hasselblad, Emelie. "Ledarskap, syskonposition och locus of control." Thesis, Mälardalen University, Department of Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-646.

En majoritet bland ledare i olika organisationer har en bakgrund som storasyskon eller ensambarn (Hudson, 1990). Denna studie genomfördes för att få svar på om personer med ledaransvar skiljer sig åt gällande syskonplats och locus of control jämfört med de personer som inte har ledaransvar. Ledare och medarbetare på en statlig myndighet svarade på en enkät gällande plats i syskonskara, erfarenhet av ledarskap och locus of control. Resultatet visade att sistfödda i detta urval hade en högre grad av intern locus of control än förstfödda vilket kan tyda på en annan typ av sistfödd på denna myndighet. Urvalet var dock bristfälligt (N = 48) och slutsats kunde inte dras utan att riskera ett felaktigt resultat.

Eck, James C. "Counterfactual thinking and locus of control." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/897521.

Chikitani, Maurício. "Peer effects on locus of control." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13683.

Almeida, Ana Claudia Gomes de 1987. "Locus de controle e aleitamento materno." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311871.

Caselman, Gabrielle, and Julia Dodd. "An Exploration of Locus of Control: The Mediating Effect of Locus of Control Among Victims of Sexual Trauma." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7330.

Smith, Valerie L. "Analysis of locus of control and educational level utilizing the internal control index." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=204.

Spencer, Barry Neal. "LOCUS OF CONTROL ORIENTATION OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275433.

Strate, Mary Margaret. "A study of the relationships of parents' locus of control and child-rearing attitudes to children's locus of control." W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539618376.

Tidblom, Elsa, and Linh Ejdehage. "Vad Påverkar Trivsel på Arbetsplatsen? : En Kvantitativ Studie om Work Locus of Control och Självkänslans påverkan på Arbetstrivsel." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100490.

David, Baylah 1942. "Relatedness and control: An empirical investigation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291951.

Howard, Lorence Edward Rotter Julian B. "Selected relationships between educator's locus of control and pupil control ideology /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1986. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8612432.

Bjelling, Martina, and Emilia Lindegård. "Predicerar Work Locus of Control och anställningslängd arbetstillfredsställelse?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för pedagogik, psykologi och idrottsvetenskap, PPI, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-10344.

Stephenson-Hunter, Cara. "Locus of Control, Poverty and Health Promoting Lifestyles." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4816.

Padilla-Bautista, Joaquin Alberto, Rolando Díaz-Loving, Isabel Reyes-Lagunes, Christian Enrique Cruz-Torres, and Nélida Padilla-Gámez. "Locus of control in mate choice: Etno-Psychometric validation." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123828.

Powell, Leslie Amy. "The effects of learner control versus program control of corrective feedback on listening comprehension and vocabulary assimilation of low versus high performers in beginning college Spanish." Connect to resource, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1261332609.

Häger, Helen M., and Sara Westberg. "Arbetsrelaterad Upplevd Kontroll : En kvantitativ studie om födelseordningens och ledarskapets påverkan på arbetsrelaterad upplevd kontroll." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och psykologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21872.

Karlsson, Jens, and Linus Walldén. "Effekten av syskonplacering på Health Locus of Control : En studie om syskonplacering och kön kan relateras med locus of control ur ett hälsoperspektiv." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för pedagogik, psykologi och idrottsvetenskap, PPI, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-18132.

Miller, Jeremy. "The impact of locus of control on minority students." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2005. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2005/2005millerj.pdf.

Berlin, Mats. "Betydelse av självkänsla och locus of control för mobiltelefonanvändning." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Behavioural Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-3528.

Mobiltelefoni och SMS (textmeddelanden) är ett intresseområde på frammarsch. Avsikten med studien var att undersöka om personlighetsegenskaper som självkänsla och locus of control har någon inverkan på vilket sätt människor använder sina mobiltelefoner. Tidigare studier har indikerat att de som föredrar textmeddelanden har lägre självkänsla än de som föredrar röstkommunikation. Ett internetbaserat frågeformulär användes för att undersöka mobiltelefonanvändningen hos studenter vid en högskola i södra Sverige, och då speciellt undersöka tal/text preferensen i relation till ålder, kön och personliga egenskaper. Överlag visade gruppen av studenter (n= 116) en preferens mot att tala (M = 4.5 med text och tala som ytterligheter på en femgradig skala). Relativ textpreferens associerades med ungdom och yttre kontroll-lokus.

Mayer, Jodie R. "Depression, anxiety, locus of control and the premenstrual syndrome /." Adelaide, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsm468.pdf.

Coar, Elizabeth Anne. "Mapping candidate control elements at the Gnas imprinted locus." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615171.

Hennecke, Juliane [Verfasser]. "On Locus of Control in Empirical Microeconomics / Juliane Hennecke." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1191755932/34.

Johansson, Daniel. "Work locus of control inom arbetslivet : En kvantitativ studie." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-49330.

Talbot, Dale John. "Characterization of the human #beta#-globin Locus Control Region." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290990.

Barnes, Alison Paige. "Young women's locus of control and adjustment to college." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 2000. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

Grzyb, Rhonda. "Locus of control and its influence on aggressive behavior." Online version, 1999. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1999/1999grzybr.pdf.

Hadeed, Grace John. "Divorce adjustment: Anxiety, self-esteem, and locus-of-control." W&M ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539618527.

Rossouw, Pieter le Roux. "Tertiary students' locus of control and approaches to studying." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1900.

Myers, Jacqueline. "Employee Locus of Control and Engagement in Nonprofit Organizations." ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/122.

Jez, Chelsea G. "Work-Life Balance, Locus of Control, and Negative Spillover." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1496146613840986.

Cachon, Jean-Charles. "Venture Creators and Firm Buyers: a Comparison of Attitudes Towards Government Help and Locus of Control." Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, 1988. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/286.

Quiroz, Estrada Andrea de Jesús. "Satisfacción Laboral y Locus de Control en diabéticos mellitus II que laboran en Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652042.

Payton, Tommy O. I. "Experience of Time as a Function of Locus of Control." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331902/.

Dunn, Michael G. "Molecular characterisation of a Bacillus thuringiensis genetic locus." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360025.

Kumlemark, Joakim, and Fredrik Berg. "Locus of control, syskonplacering och kön : Finns det några samband?" Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1478.

The purpose of this study was to examine if there was a relation between birth order, gender and locus of control. There where 162 participants in the study, 44 men, 115 women. Birth order was coded into three levels. There where no significant differences between birth order and locus of control. The result showed that female participants where more external when it came to locus of control. When birth order was coded into two levels, there was a significant difference in locus of control. Only-borns where significant more internal than the other sibling groups. Firstborns/ only-borns where significant more internal than both second-born and last-borns. There was no interaction effect between birth order and gender. Adler´s sibling theories and Rotter´s theory of locus of control helped to explain the significant results found in this study.

Karlsson, Kung Frida. "Högskolestudenters motivation : Har självkänsla och locus of control någon betydelse?" Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-12957.

Wuebker, Lisa J. "Safety locus of control : a construct and predictive validity study." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28847.

Pantelidis, Ioannis S. "Locus of control and online technology acceptance of hostel customers." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557396.

Ragg, Meighan. "Locus of control in chronic fatigue syndrome : Does it matter?" Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6861.

Stander, Genevieve Minota. "Class, race and locus of control in democratic South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86528.

Nardello, Andrea M. "The relationship between family communication patterns and locus of control." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2503.

Lewis, Patricia L. "Faith : a variable of locus of control and process orientation /." Click for abstract, 1997. http://library.ctstateu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/1496.html.

Smith, Timothy O'Neal. "Self-efficacy, locus of control and the education production function /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9962558.

Brooks, Rebecca. "Religiousness, Coping, and Locus of Control as Predictors of Anxiety." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1887.

Eid, Marlene. "Internal external locus of control and the choice of therapy." PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3696.

Martz, Erin Cumming. "The relationship of locus of control and acceptance of disability." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1532.