how to include pictures in a research paper chicago style

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Citing tables, figures, and images: Chicago (17th ed) citation guide

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This guide is based on The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. It provides examples of citations for commonly-used sources, using Notes and bibliography style only . For more detailed information consult directly The Chicago Manual of Style  (17th ed.) [ print ]. 

For the Author-date style, see the  Social sciences/sciences system .

In Chicago Style, the term figure can refer to illustrations or images that are displayed or reproduced separately from the text. Illustrations or images, in this case, can refer to a wide range of visual materials, including photographs, maps, drawings, and charts placed within a text. [ 3.1 ] [ 3.5 ]

Figures can be used to more easily refer to illustrations cited in your writing. This is particularly helpful where there are several cited illustrations. An example of a textual reference to a figure might look like the following: "as figure 2 shows..."; "when comparing figures 3 and 4." The lowercase  figure  should be used when making references to figures in the text. [ 3.9 ]

Figure captions

Captions are usually included immediately below a figure, and provide a text explanation of the visual. [ 3.9 ] The amount of detail in captions can vary from a few words to several sentences. Caption text should, where appropriate, be formatted as complete sentences with capitalization and punctuation. [ 3.21 ]

The titles of works, such as those from which the figures are taken, should be reproduced according to the standard Chicago Style rules, discussed in Chapter 8 of the manual, for notes and textual references. [ 3.22 ]

A credit line, which includes a statement about the figure's source, should be included.  [ 3.29 ] This credit line often appears at the end of a caption. [ 3.30 ]

Figure 4. Frontispiece of Christian Prayers and Meditations (London: John Daye, 1569), showing Queen Elizabeth at prayer in her private chapel. Reproduced by permission of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Trustees of the Lambeth Palace Library.

Figure 3. Detailed stratigraphy and geochronology of the Dubawnt Supergroup.

Citing figures found in other works

When citing a figure, such as an illustration included within another text, you can include the abbreviation  fig.  to refer to the figure.

     1. First Name Last Name of creator, Title of Work  (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number,  figure number.

     1. Kate van Orden, Music, Authorship, and the Book in the First Century of Print (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 38, fig. 2.

Images are sometimes referred to as illustrations, artwork, or art in the Chicago Style, and refer to images presented separately from text (as opposed to an embedded chart or figure). Images, or illustrations, can come in a range of forms, including charts, maps, line drawings, paintings, and photographs. [ 3.1 ]

• Information about paintings, photographs, sculptures, or other works of art can usually be presented in the text rather than in a note or bibliography. [ 14.235 ]
• If note or bibliography entry is needed, follow the guidelines below. 

     1. First Name Last Name of creator, Title of Work, date of creation or completion, medium, Name of Institution, location (if applicable), URL.

As illustrated in Three Planets Dance over La Sill [1] ,  the phenomenon of 'syzygy' is when celestial bodies align in the sky. 

     1. Yuri Beletsky, Three Planets Dance over La Silla , June 3, 2013, photograph, European Southern Observatory, https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1322a/ .

Incorporating images into the text of your paper

• If you chose to incorporate images into the text of your paper, the image should appear as soon as possible after the first text reference to it. [ 3.8 ]
• Images should bear numbers, and all text references to them should be by the numbers (eg. “as figure 1 shows…”) The word “figure” should be lowercased and fully spelled out, unless in parenthetical references (where “fig” may be used). [ 3.9 ]
• Below the image, the caption will begin with “Figure” or “Fig.” followed by a number and period. (Eg. Figure 1.) [ 3.23 ]
• A caption may consist of a word or two, an incomplete or a complete sentence, several sentences, or a combination. [ 3.21 ]
• Within a caption, most titles (including those for paintings, drawings, photographs, statues, and books) will be capitalized and italicized. [ 3.22 ]
• A brief statement of the source of an illustration, known as a credit line, is usually appropriate and sometimes required by the owner of the illustration.[ 3.29 ]
• A credit line usually appears at the end of a caption, sometimes in parentheses. [ 3.30 ]
• In addition to author, title, publication details, and (occasionally) copyright date, the credit line should include any page or figure number. If the work being credited is listed in the bibliography or reference list, only a shortened form need appear in the credit line [ 3.32 ]
• Illustrations from works in the public domain may be reproduced without permission. For readers’ information, however, a credit line is appropriate. [ 3.35 ]

Chicago in-text citation example

When celestial bodies are in alignment (see fig. 1) it is called syzygy.

*Note: The above formatting is meant as a guideline only. There is no definitive format for a figure caption. For example, see some examples of captions from the Chicago manual:                        

• Figure 1. Frontispiece of  Christian Prayers and Meditations  (London: John Daye, 1569), showing Queen Elizabeth at prayer in her private chapel. Reproduced by permission of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Trustees of the Lambeth Palace Library.
• Figure 2. Francis Bedford,  Stratford on Avon Church from the Avon, 1860s. Albumen print of collodion negative, 18.8 × 28.0 cm. Rochester, International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House.
• Figure 3. The myth that all children love dinosaurs is contradicted by this nineteenth-century scene of a visit to the monsters at Crystal Palace. (Cartoon by John Leech. “Punch’s Almanack for 1855,”  Punch  28 [1855]: 8. Photo courtesy of the Newberry Library, Chicago.)

Bibliography 

General format.

Last name First name. Title of Work. Date of creation or completion. Medium. Name of Institution. Location (if applicable). URL.

Beletsky, Yuri. Three Planets Dance over La Silla.  June 3, 2013. Photograph. European Southern Observatory. https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1322a/ .

In Chicago Style, a table is defined as list presented as an array with horizontal rows and vertical columns. [ 3.2 ]

When more than one table is included, table numbering is recommended. However, this numbering should be separate from figure/illustration numbering (for example, fig. 1, fig 2., table 1, fig 3.). [ 3.50 ]

References to tables in the text should use the lowercase form of the word table. [ 3.50 ] A numbered table should be included as soon as possible after it is first referenced in the text. [ 3.51 ]

Notes to a table come in several types, and are always included directly below a table. These notes should have a separate numbering scheme from the text notes. [ 3.76 ]

For tables taken from another source, acknowledgement needs to be made in an unnumbered footnotes starting with  Source:  or  Sources:  [ 3.77 ]

Sources: Data from Richard H. Adams Jr., “Remittances, Investment, and Rural Asset Accumulation in Pakistan,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 47, no. 1 (1998): 155–73; David Bevan, Paul Collier, and Jan Gunning, Peasants and Government: An Economic Analysis (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 125–28.

Sources: Data from Adams (1998); Bevan, Collier, and Gunning (1989).

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FAQ: How do I cite an image in Chicago Style?

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2023 Views: 271267

According to the Chicago Many of Style (17th ed.) information about the image, whether it is a photograph, painting, or other work of art, can be presented in the text and not in a note or bibliography.  However, if a citation is required, citing an image in Chicago style requires you to include much of the same information you would include in citing a print resource like author(s)/editor(s), title of image, and publication date. Chicago style dictates a different citation format depending on whether the image is from an electronic resource or published photograph.  For more information please visit:  14.235: Citing paintings, photographs, and sculpture . 

If the image is from an electronic resource

1. Author First Name/Initial Surname,  Image Title , Year, medium, size, Museum or place image is, Location, URL.

Bibliography (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines): 

Author Surname, First Name or Initial. Image Title . Year. Medium. size. Museum or place image is, Location, URL. 

If the image is a published photograph

Footnote: 

1. Author First Name/Initial Surname, Photograph Title , Year Photo was Taken (if provided), in Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page or plate #.

Bibliography:

Author Surname, First Name or Initial. Photograph Title . Year Photo was Taken (if provided). In Book Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year, page or plate #.

More Information

• Citation Quick Guide This link opens in a new window  (Chicago Manual of Style)
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• How do I cite an image? This link opens in a new window (CMOS Shop Talk)

Further Help

This information is intended to be a guideline, not expert advice. Please be sure to speak to your professor about the appropriate way to cite sources in your class assignments and projects.

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To access Academic Support, visit your Brightspace course and select “Tutoring and Mentoring” from the Academic Support pulldown menu.

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To access help with citations and more, visit the Academic Support via modules in Brightspace:

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Citing Images

In Chicago style, an image requires a caption with a footnote or endnote and an entry in the Bibliography.

An image caption provides information about the image and a footnote or endnote that credits the source of the image. Give each image a figure number (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc.).

If the image is a drawing, rendering, infographic, or other illustration, include:

• the title of the image
• the name of the artist or illustrator
• the date the image was created

If the image is a photograph of a building, include:

• the name of the building
• the name of the architect
• the date the building was completed
• the location of the building
• the name of the photographer
• the date the photograph was taken

If the image is a photograph or reproduction of a work of art, include:

• the title of the artwork
• the name of the artist
• the date the artwork was created
• the name of the owner of the artwork (often a museum)

If you don’t see all of this information in the caption of the image or the text around it, look for a separate list of image credits. This list is often called  List of Illustrations ,  Illustration Credits ,  Image Credits , or simply  Credits . In books, it may be either at the beginning or at the end of the book.

Note: Museums rarely credit an individual photographer. You can cite the museum as the corporate creator of the photograph.

At the end of the caption, insert a footnote or endnote citing the book, website or other source where you found the image. Here's an example:

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Citing Sources: Chicago/ Turabian

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Image from Website

Image from social media, image from a database, image in a museum, image in print, personal photograph.

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For images from the internet and social media try to include the date of publication or date posted.  If that is not available include the date you accessed the source. Usually the title of a photo in a website or social media post is in quotations (following the format of articles or blog posts).  However the title of a work in a museum is usually in italics whether you visited it in person at the museum or looked it up online through a database or museum website.

The official Chicago Manual of Style only requires footnote or in-text citation for images/multimedia and does not require that you include images in your bibliography page but your professor might feel differently!  Check to see what your teacher or syllabus requires.

If the the picture was found using Google do NOT cite Google as the publisher, visit the original page and use information from the website that is hosting the picture.

Although this image is almost identical to the image from the Metropolitan Museum of Art's website it is cited in the style of an article from a database.  Also note that ARTSTOR's data is slightly different from the Metropolitan Museum of Art's ("verso" instead of "obverse", "probably 1887" instead of "1887").  Whenever possible try to copy citation information word for word.

Most of the information you will need for the citation can be found in the museum label. Remember to put the title of the work in italics.

Here is an example of how to cite the same painting but from a picture in a book.  (Note that the museum description and book description differ slightly).  If you have information about the painting title and wish to emphasize the painting (over the book that it appears in) you can include that as well as information about the book.  However if the pictures are numbered (fig 1, fig 2, etc.) you can leave out information about the picture and just list the name of the figure as its listed in the book. Both examples are listed below.

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Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition

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Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style  (17 th  edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at  The Chicago Manual of Style Online .

Introduction

The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”

The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.

Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries). For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers: 

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

In addition to consulting  The Chicago Manual of Style  (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's  Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations  (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.

Notes and Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style

The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides   an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Proper use of the Notes and Bibliography system builds a writer’s credibility by demonstrating their accountability to source material. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.

Introduction to Notes

In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.

In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.

If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. However, if a bibliography is not included with a work, the first note for each source should include  all  relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s). However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.

In contrast to earlier editions of CMOS, if you cite the same source two or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a work with a bibliography, the first reference should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the source title, and the page number(s), and consecutive references to the same work may omit the source title and simply include the author and page number. Although discouraged by CMOS, if you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, it is also possible to utilize the word “Ibid.,” ( from the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place,”) as the corresponding note. If you use the same source but a draw from different new page, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s).

In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space.

Introduction to Bibliographies

In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.

Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or, as a last resort, a descriptive phrase may be used.

Though useful, a bibliography is not required in works that provide full bibliographic information in the notes.

Common Elements

All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.

Author Names

The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.

Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks .

Publication Information

The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name .

Punctuation

In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.

For more information and specific examples, see the sections on  Books  and  Periodicals .

Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 14.61 of  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition).

Citing Sources: Formatting your paper in Chicago (Notes-Bibliography)

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Formatting papers: Notes-Bibliography System

Papers written in Chicago Style have the following recommended features:

NOTE: Always check with your instructor about specific requirements he or she may have regarding formatting.

GENERAL FORMATTING

• Margins should be no less than 1", no more than 1.5".
• Font should be Times Roman or Palatino and preferably 12-pt, but no less than 10-pt.  Notes are preferably in 10-pt.
• In Microsoft Word:  Select all text > click Home tab > in Paragraph box, click Line Spacing icon > select 2.0.
• One space (instead of two) after each period.
• The first line of each new paragraph is indented by .5" from the left of the page, or 5 spaces.

FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES

• Include a note each time you use a source.
• Check with your instructor and ask if they would like footnotes or endnotes. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, endnotes are compiled at the end of the paper, or at the end of a chapter.
• A superscript number should be placed at the end of the information you are citing.  It will correspond to a footnote or endnote note with the bibliographic information for that source.
• The first note for each source should include all relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, the note need only include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and page number(s).
• If you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, the corresponding note should use the word “Ibid.,”  an abbreviated form of the Latin ibidem ,  which means “in the same place.” If you use the same source but a different page number, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s)

                                                Example:

                                                      15. Gundle, Glamour , 55.

                                                      16. Ibid., 67.

BLOCK QUOTATIONS

• A quotation of more than five lines should be blocked.
• A block quotation does not need quotation marks.
• Block quotations should be indented .5" from the left of the page and are single spaced.

HEADING AND TITLE

• For papers less than five pages, no separate title page is necessary.
• Short papers have a heading which includes your name, instructor's name, course number, and date near the top left of the first page; double-spaced and on separate lines.  The heading is above the title.
• For short papers, center the title.  Do not italicize, underline, or bold the title.  Do not use all capital letters for the title.
• For long papers, use a title page with the title centered (and double spaced if more than one line) approximately 1/3 the way down the page.
• On the title page, center your name approximately midway down the page.
• Near the bottom of the title page, center your course number, instructor's name and date, each on separate lines and double-spaced.

PAGE NUMBERS

• In Microsoft Word, go to Insert > Page Number (in Header & Footer) > Top of page > select top right corner.
• Double-click on the page number to insert your last name before the number.  This automatically adds it to all the pages throughout your paper.
• If you have a title page, you will want your page numbers to start on the first page of text. Follow the instructions above, then tick "Different First Page" from the Page Number Design Tab.  This will start the numbering on the first page of text, but will have it numbered as Page 2.  To make the first page of text Page 1, next select the "Page Number" option to the left of the Page Number Design Tab, then "Format Page Numbers".  Specify "Start At: 0".

TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS

• Add tables and illustrations as close as possible to the part of your paper where you discuss them.
• Each table must have a label above the table, beginning with the table number (followed by a period) and describing the contents. (e.g. Table 1. Description of the Table Here ).  It should be in the same font size of the text of the document, may be in bold, single spaced and flush left.
• Information about the  source of the table goes below the table, flush left, ending with a period (e.g. Source : Source in Chicago Style Format.).  Also include full bilbiographical information about the table source in your Bibliography.
• Images, maps, drawings, graphs, and charts should be labeled "Figure" below the image, flush left (e.g. Figure 1. Caption and source of figure here.) Include full information about the item in your Bibliography.

Example of Chicago format (short paper):

• Sample Chicago Notes-Bibliography paper
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Chicago Style Guide - 17th Edition

• Chicago Style
• Title Page and Pagination
• Quotations and Signal Phrases
• Bibliography
• Chicago's Citation Parts
• Articles - Online
• Articles - Print
• Blogs and Social Media
• Government Publications
• Elders & Knowledge Keepers
• Other Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Generative AI Tools (e.g., ChatGPT, DALL·E 2)
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Useful Links

• Chicago Manual of Style Online - Quick Guide
• Douglas College Library - Chicago Style Guide (PDF)
• Purdue OWL - Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.)
• SFU Library - Chicago/Turabian (17th ed.) Citation Guide

Avoid Plagiarism

• Camosun Academic Integrity Guide
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• Douglas College Learning Centre - Paraphrasing Without Plagiarizing
• Purdue OWL - Avoiding Plagiarism
• SFU Library - Plagiarism Tutorial

Chicago Style Sample Research Paper

Formatting and Sample Paper

The formatting guidelines listed on this page, provide general best practices for formatting your work using the Chicago style. Detailed information about formatting your title page , using quotes and signal phrases , and creating a bibliography , can be found by navigating to various sub-pages of this "Formatting Your Paper" page.

Learning how to correctly format your research paper into Chicago style can seem overwhelming, especially if the style is new to you. One of the best ways to help visualize what your paper needs to look like is by checking out an example of a paper that has already been formatted correctly.

View this  sample Chicago style research paper   ( notes and bibliography/humanities system ) from Purdue OWL for examples on how to format:

• A title page
• Headers and page numbers
• A bibliography

For a sample paper in the Chicago author/date style , visit the "Author/Date (Scientific) System" page in this guide.

Paragraphs and Spacing

The first line of all new paragraphs should begin with an indent . You can use either the tab key or your word processor's indentation tool to make your indentations–just be sure to be consistent and use the same process throughout your paper.

Your paper should be double spaced throughout its main body , with the following exceptions: 

• Block quotations , table titles , and figure captions should be single-spaced . 
• ​An extra line of space should be inserted both before and after a block quotation. 

Entries in the bibliography and footnotes/ endnotes are single spaced within entries , but double-spaced between entries (unless your instructor prefers double-spacing throughout).​

Footnotes and Endnotes

• Notes can be either  footnotes   (placed at the  foot   (bottom) of the same page  as the referenced text) or  endnotes   (listed on a  separate sheet at the end  of the essay, before the bibliography).
• Other than placement in your document, footnotes and endnotes are  structured in exactly the same way .
• Notes are  numbered consecutively  throughout the paper. Most word processing programs (such as MS Word) handle footnotes automatically.
• Follow your instructors’ directions when deciding whether to use footnotes or endnotes.

To insert a footnote in a Microsoft Word document:

• Place the cursor after the text you want to cite.
• Click on the " References "   tab.
• In the " Footnotes " section , click on the " In sert Footnote " button.
• A superscript number 1 will appear after the text you want to cite.
• A superscript number 1 will also appear at the bottom of page.
• At the bottom of the page next to the superscript number, enter the citation information for your resource (see the citation examples in this guide for how to create footnotes).
• Repeat these steps to insert and consecutively number your footnotes.

Some instructors may ask you to use endnotes, instead of footnotes. For information on inserting endnotes, see the  Microsoft Office Tutorial .

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How to Write and Format a Chicago Style Paper [With Examples]

3-minute read

• 18th August 2023

Are you working on a Chicago style project but struggling with the question, “just what is it?!”

Fear not, this post will walk you through Chicago style basics.

What Is Chicago Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) is a comprehensive style guide primarily used by professional writers, publishers, and researchers. It covers various forms of writing, including books, journals, magazines, and other publications. It’s often the go-to style for publishers and editors. CMoS is also known for its emphasis on scholarly writing and is suitable for a wide range of disciplines, including history, literature, the arts, and social sciences.

However, there’s an important distinction between Chicago style and Turabian style , which is essentially a simplified version of CMoS used in scholarly writing. Turabian omits some of the complexities and focuses on the needs of academic writers, especially those in the humanities and social sciences.

With either style, it’s essential to consult the relevant edition of the style guide specified by your institution or publication: either The Chicago Manual of Style or A Manual for Writers by Kate L. Turabian (currently in its ninth edition).

How Are Chicago Style Citations Formatted?

CMoS emphasizes two primary documentation systems : the notes and bibliography system (often used in the humanities) and the author–date system (preferred in the sciences and social sciences). When formatting a CMoS/Turabian paper, you’ll need to adhere to the guidelines associated with your chosen documentation system.

Notes and Bibliography System:

●  In this system, you’ll use footnotes or endnotes to cite sources within the text.

●  A corresponding bibliography is included at the end of the paper, listing all sources in alphabetical order.

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●  Citations typically include author names, titles, publication details, and page numbers.

Author–Date System:

●  In the author–date system, you’ll incorporate in-text citations within parentheses.

●  A reference list is included at the end of the document, providing full details for each cited source.

●  Citations include author’s last names, publication year, and page numbers (if applicable).

What Does Turabian Style Formatting Look Like?

A well-structured Turabian Style paper should adhere to the following formatting guidelines :

•   Title page : Include the title of your paper, your name, the course name/number, instructor’s name, and the date on a separate page, starting a third of the page down. Alternatively, write the title on the first page.
•   Margins : Apply one-inch margins on all sides.
• Indentation and spacing : Indent paragraphs and double-space the main text.
• Font : Use a legible 12-point font (e.g., Times New Roman).
• Page numbers : Number all pages consecutively in the top right corner, starting with the first page. Alternatively, page numbers may be placed at the bottom center of the page.
• Headings and subheadings : Use headline-style capitalization for headings and subheadings, with different levels distinguished.
• Footnotes or in-text citations: Implement your chosen citation system consistently throughout the paper.
• Bibliography or reference list : Include a comprehensive list of all sources used, following Chicago style citation guidelines for your chosen system.

How Should I Choose Which Chicago Style Documentation to Use?

It’s crucial to find out which specific CMoS system is preferred by your institution, publisher, or field of study. Always consult your assignment guidelines or style manual to determine whether you should use the notes and bibliography system or the author–date system. This choice will significantly impact how you format your citations and references.

Remember that mastering CMoS takes practice. By following these guidelines, you’ll be well on your way to crafting polished, professionally formatted papers that meet the expectations of your academic or professional audience.

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While working on research in history or literature, you may need to integrate pictures in your work. At this point, you should know how to cite an image in Chicago style properly. What information do you need to complete a citation? How to go about a reference list? If you're unfamiliar with Chicago style image citation, you may have a lot of questions about how to properly cite visual sources in your study. While Chicago style is less commonly used than APA format , it is still frequently required by many universities and research institutions. 

In this blog, you will get all your answers and learn how to work with an image or photo in Chicago style. Here you can find ready-to-use templates for different types of visuals you may refer to in your academic paper. Just follow the formatting we prepared for you! 

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Chicago Image Citation: General Format & Examples

If you are familiar with writing a research paper in the Chicago style, you already know that you may use two types of citations:

• Footnote method: involves using superscript numbers in your text to indicate a citation, which is then listed at the bottom of the page in Chicago style footnotes .
• Author-date style: requires citing sources in parentheses within the text, including the author's last name and publication year.

In the Chicago notes-and-bibliography system, it is recommended to refer to the image only in notes and not include this citation in your reference list. However, you need to mention this picture or photo in a bibliography if it is significant for your research (for example, the whole work is about this image or if your university requires it). Let’s learn how to make it properly. 

To cite images in Chicago style paper , you need to identify the creator’s name, image title, date of creation, and source of this image. Arrange this information based on formatting rules from the Chicago manual. 

Look at the general format for citing an image in Chicago style for the first option with full and short notes.

Chicago Image Citation Format

The basic structure for full and short notes and a bibliography is relatively easy and straightforward. Let’s cite an image in Chicago to look at how to apply this format.

Chicago Image Citation Example

In Chicago author-date style , if you cite the image in your research, you will include only the name and the year of image creation. For example, your Chicago in-text citation will look like this:

( Castka 2023 )

This short citation refers to your reference list, which is similar to a bibliography, but the creation date will be indicated right after the author’s name. For example, this is how citing a picture in Chicago style author-date system will look in general:

Author-Date Format

In practice, our author-date image citation in Chicago style will be formatted this way:

>> Learn more: How to Cite a Website in Chicago

How to Cite an Image From a Print Source in Chicago Style?

Let’s look more precisely at how to deal with picture citation if it was published in a hard copy. Is this type of photo citation more complicated than the citation of an online source? In fact, it is not too difficult, but you also need to integrate some details about a journal or a book where the image is displayed. Here we will discuss how to cite an image from a book or journal and what to consider in each case.

Chicago Image Citation From a Book

When you need to figure out how to cite an image in Chicago style from a book, you must also have all the book's data, including its author, book title, year and place of publication, and a page where the cited picture was reproduced. 

If you are using full and short notes, here is how to cite images from a book in Chicago style.

Let’s look at how to cite a picture from a book in Chicago style in a real example.

>> Read more: How to Cite a Book in Chicago Style

Chicago Image or Picture Citation From a Journal Article

Little changes need to be made if an artwork is presented in a journal article, not a book. You need to add information about the journal volume and issue number as well as the article page where the image was found. Indicate a DOI or URL if the article is published in an online journal. 

Here is the simple scheme for citing pictures from articles.

Let’s look at actual examples of citing pictures in Chicago style from an article in a scientific journal.

>> Learn more: How to Cite a Journal Article Chicago

How to Cite a Work of Art in Chicago Style?

The following case for discussion is how to deal with the artworks you want to refer to in your term paper or another project. What additional information do you need to cite a work of art in Chicago style? In a nutshell, you need to provide a detailed location of a place where you saw an artwork. Here you will have two options. You may see an exact picture, sculpture, or artifact in a museum or gallery or find it online. Let’s look at templates for each case.

Citing an Artwork From a Museum or Gallery in Chicago

It is possible that you will need to refer in your research to artwork you found in a museum collection or in a gallery. 

To cite artwork in Chicago style accurately, clarify its creator, title, year and institution where you saw the work. 

Here is a template of a Chicago style citation for an artwork.

Looks quite simple. Let’s look at the real example and pretend you need to cite Claude Monet's oil painting Poppies, established in Paris.

Citing an Artwork From a Museum or Gallery Website

Another possible case you may face is citing artwork from a museum website. Use an official website if you did not see the work but want to refer to it in your paper. Just add an URL to the webpage where a picture is displayed and retrieval date. Let’s clarify the template for such citations.

For example, you need to cite another Monet work, but it is located in New York, and you only saw it on the MET museum website. Here is what this artwork citation will look like.

Citing an Artwork From a Book in Chicago

Another discussion is how to cite artwork if you found it printed in a book. Chicago style guide clarifies this type of citation as similar to citing images from books and magazines. You need information about the publisher and a page where your artwork is located. Let’s see what the template for such a citation will look like.

Next, we will cite a printed oil painting that we found in a museum-printed book. Here is what it will look like.

How to Cite Online Images in Chicago Style?

We already briefly discussed Chicago image citation from a website, but let’s clarify how we refer to no-art objects. For example, if you found a photo or picture on social media, in a blog or forum. What to include in your bibliography, full and short notes?

Chicago Image or Photo Citation From an Online Library

If you need to cite a picture from an online library, indicate the name of this library instead of the website name. In this case, you need to find the exact source and location of the picture. For instance, some news articles can use images from an open online library. And you need to cite this library, not a news page that refers to this picture. 

Let’s look at the scheme of citing images from online libraries.

Let's use this formula for citing a photograph from the free online library Unsplash .

Chicago Image Citation From an Image Sharing

One more tricky case you may face is how to cite an image from an image sharing website. When discussing image-sharing websites, we mean social media and open sources. It is possible you won’t know the publication date or the author. However, you need to indicate the source and include an URL in your bibliography and full note. 

Here is the formula you can apply to your image citation in case of image sharing source.

For example, you want to cite a picture from Flickr in your project.

Captions for Images in Chicago Style

We already discussed how to refer to any type of images you may need in your capstone paper . The next thing to look at is inserting a picture into your work. If you are writing Chicago style paper with images, add all your citation in a capture under the picture instead of including them in a footnote. 

However, there are no strict rules for formatting this capture. But we outlined some advice on what to consider in your caption:

• Your caption should be right under the image.
• Start with Figure number.
• You may include a detailed explainer on the figure.
• Leave one blank line between the caption and your text.
• A caption should be single pace.

Here is the formula for creating your own captions.

Bottom Line on How to Cite an Image or Photo

As you can understand from this blog, citing various types of images in Chicago style is not rocket science. However, you need to follow some rules defined by the Manual. First, you must clarify what type of citations you will use - in-text citation (author-date method) or footnote method (full, short notes, and bibliography). 

Also, some minor differences exist by citing an image from a museum, museum website, or online library. You may also need to cite an image from social media, create a capture or refer to a photo without the author's name or creation date. But in this blog, you can find formulas and examples for each possible citation type in Chicago. Make your research easy with our guide!

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FAQ About Citing Images in Chicago

1. how do you cite an image from google in chicago.

If you need to cite an image from Google Images in Chicago, you need to ensure that you know the source of this image. Open your picture from Google and click “Visit Page.” You will get all the information needed for proper citation – author’s name, image title, and creation date. For example, your complete note can be structured like this:

Adam Smith, Creation of Galaxy, Digital Image , National Geographic, May 12, 2022, Accessed April 17, 2023, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ .

2. How do you put a picture in a research paper in Chicago?

If you need to include any picture in your research paper, create a capture and put it right under the picture. It should start with Figure #, then include the title of this image, the author who created it, and the date of creation. In the end, you may include the website, museum, book, or journal where you found this image.

3. How do you cite an image in Chicago without an author?

Citing an image without an author in Chicago style is quite simple. You just need to start with an image title or description in full note or bibliography. If you need to create a short note, start with the publisher or organization that produced this image. You must refer to an organization instead of an author for in-text citations.

4. How to cite a photo in Chicago?

There are no significant differences in citing images, artwork, or photos in the Chicago style. You just need to mention in a Medium or Image type section that this is a photograph. For example, after the creator’s name and photo title, you will add the word “photograph,” then include the date of creation, source, and, if applicable, a URL.

Emma Flores knows all about formatting standards. She shares with StudyCrumb readers tips on creating academic papers that will meet high-quality standards.

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If the image creator and book author is the same person, you need to mention their first and last name only once in the beginning.

How to Format Your Research Paper

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Writing Your Paper: Chicago

Chicago style papers.

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Chicago Style Resources

• How Do I Format My Class Paper in Chicago Style? If your instructor has specific requirements for the format of your research paper, check with them before preparing your final draft. The most common formatting is presented here.

Things to know before you begin:

• Font:  Times New Roman  
• Font Size:  12 point
• Margins:  1 inch
• Paragraphs: All paragraphs should be indented.
• Spacing: All of the text in the body of your paper should be double-spaced.

Typical Chicago style papers have three sections:

• Bibliography

See the tabs below for a breakdown of how each portion should be formatted.

• Sample Papers

Below you will find an example of an accurately formatted CMOS paper. 

• Sample Paper Chicago Style - PDF Click here to see a sample of an accurately formatted CMOS paper.
• Sample Paper Chicago Style - Word Click here to see a sample of an accurately formatted CMOS paper.

• Your title should be centered and place a third of the way down the page. Use Times New Roman 12-point font.
• Capitalize all the words in your title. If there is a subtitle, place it on the second line.
• Place your course name first, then your name, then the due date of the paper. This should be double-spaced and placed in the bottom third of your paper. 

• Start the body of your paper on the first line of a new page.
• Insert the page number in the top right corner of the page using the header function.
• CMS uses footnotes. Place the footnote after any punctuation. Each number must have an entry at the bottom of the page.

• Center the word "Bibliography" on the first line of a new page.
• Your citations should be alphabetical.
• Each entry is single-spaced with one blank line separating entries.
• Be sure to use a hanging indent for any citations that require more than one line.

Need help formatting your Chicago/Turabian style citations using the 17th edition of the  Chicago Manual of Style ? Click the image or link below to go to the citation guide.

• Chicago Style Citations

Need help learning what hanging indents are and how to create them using Google Docs or Microsoft Word? 

• Hanging Indents This page gives a brief description of what they are, where to find information on when and how to properly use them, and also video tutorials on how to create them.

Need help learning what footnotes are and  how to create them  using Google Docs or Microsoft Word? 

• Footnotes This page gives a brief description of what they are, where to find information on when and how to properly use them, and also video tutorials on how to create them.
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To cite this LibGuide use the following templates:

APA : Northern Essex Community College Library. (Date updated). Title of page . Title of LibGuide. URL

MLA : Northern Essex Community College Library. "Title of Page." Title of LibGuide, Date updated, URL.

Chicago Style Guide

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The Chicago Manual focuses more on how to display one's own original research findings than on citing data from other sources. When using data from other sources, be sure to still follow these rules:

• Position the figure or table within the body of your assignment
• Example: Table 1, Table 2, Figure 1, Figure 2
• In text, identify the tables and figures by number (ie. "in figure 1") rather than by location (ie. "below")
• Chicago Style - Tables and Figures Handout By Sheridan Library

Also see: CMOS Online, Illustrations and Tables

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Chicago Style - notes/bibliography and author/date formats

The Chicago Manual of Style makes this general statement about the purpose of citations:

Regardless of the convention being followed, source citations must always provide sufficient information either to lead readers directly to the sources consulted or, for materials that may not be readily available, to enable readers to positively identify them, regardless of whether the sources are published or unpublished or in printed or electronic form. (14:1)

Chicago style includes two formats: the note/bibliography and the author/date formats. The differences between these two forms boil down to what information one includes in in-text citations, the order of elements in the resource list, and other small divergences of detail. 

The note/bibliography format is most frequently used in the study of history, while the author/date format is occasionally used in the physical sciences. Both formats are described on this page. 

• The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition online The online CMOS offers full guidance for researchers, including style and usage guidelines, formatting guidelines, and information of when and how to cite research materials. Chapters 14 and 15 cover how to format citations in the note/bibliography and the author/date styles, respectively.

Formatting Chicago style citations

• Note/Bibliography format
• Author/Date format

The Chicago notes and bibliography style uses notes, either footnotes or endnotes, as well as a bibliography page at the end of the document. The advantage of this form of Chicago style is its flexibility, allowing not only for commentary on sources cited but also for the relatively straightforward integration of unusual types of sources. 

This tab offers specific guidance on citing materials potentially found in the CSWR's archival collections. For information on using Chicago style citations in general, including formatting notes, the use of "op. cit.," and other details consult Chapter 14 for the Chicago Manual of Style. 

The CSWR requests that patrons using collections include, at minimum, the following information in their citations: 

• Description and date of item (approximate dates ok)
• Box and folder, or item number
• Name and identifier (MSS-123-BC, PICT-000-653, etc.) of the collection
• Center for Southwest Research, University Libraries, University of New Mexico

Some examples:

Manuscript materials:

Bibliography format:

Richard H. Hanna Papers. Center for Southwest Research, University Libraries, University of New Mexico.  

Full note format:

1. W. B. Prince to Judge R. H. Hanna, 8 March 1940, Richard H. Hanna Papers (MSS 762 BC, box 8, folder 31), Center for Southwest Research, University Libraries, University of New Mexico.  

Shortened note format:

1. W. B. Prince to Judge R. H. Hanna. (include page # if applicable)

Note: individual items in a collection are not listed in the bibliography unless only one item is cited from that collection.  

UNM University Archives Materials

University of New Mexico Board of Regents Records (UNMA 011). Center for Southwest Research, University Libraries, University of New Mexico. 

1. “Minutes of the Meeting of the Regents of the University of New Mexico, June 13, 1989” (vol. 36), University of New Mexico Board of Regents Records (UNMA 011), Center for Southwest Research, University Libraries, University of New Mexico.  

1. “Minutes of the Meeting of the Regents of the University of New Mexico, June 13, 1989” (include page # if applicable)

Architectural Drawings

John Gaw Meem Architectural Details Collection (Job # 494A). Center for Southwest Research, University Libraries, University of New Mexico.

1. “Full size details, Ridgecrest Drug Store,” Meem, Zehner, Holien and Associates, Santa Fe, NM, 17 August 1950. John Gaw Meem Architectural Details Collection (Job # 494A), Center for Southwest Research, University Libraries, University of New Mexico.  

1. Meem and Associates, "Full size details"

(For more information on using shortened notes, see Chicago Manual of Style, 14.23)

Unlike the notes and bibliography system of Chicago-style citations, the author-date system uses parenthetical references and a corresponding reference list. Aside from this primary difference, the Chicago Manual of Style offers broadly similar guidance for citations in note and bibliography and author-date style. Note: placement of the year of a source's publication in the author-date style reference list differs from its placement in the notes and bibliography style bibliography. 

The author-date system is less flexible than the note and bibliography system, and is best used when the sources referred to consist of published materials like books or journal articles. The note and bibliography style is recommended for citing sources such as manuscript collections, but the author-date format is included in this guide as a reference. 

Examples of author-date reference list entry and in-text parenthetical citation:

• Erisman, Fred. 1989. Tony Hillerman.  Boise, Idaho: Boise State University.
• (Erisman 1989, 12-17)

For more information on the author-date style, consult Chapter 15 of the Chicago Manual of Style

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Images & Visual Literacy: Citing Images in Chicago Style

• Images in Databases
• Images Online

Citing Images in Chicago Style

• Citing Images in MLA Style

Captions in Chicago Style

Chicago Manual of Style 3.3, 3.7, 3.21, 3.29

Captions appear below an image or illustration. If presenting a table, see separate instructions in the Chicago Manual of Style for tables.

A caption may be an incomplete or complete sentence. It should be capitalized as you would for a regular sentence, but any specific titles of any works should follow the rules for titles and be italicized when necessary. Captions should be labeled as a Figure followed by the number in order in which it appears. The first figure should be Fig. 1, second figure is Fig. 2, etc.

A credit line should appear at the end of a caption, sometimes in parentheses or in different type (or both). A photographer’s name occasionally appears in small type parallel to the bottom or side of a photograph. Include a short citation to the work and who owns the image.

Captions for Art:

If citing a work of art you should check with the guidelines from the Art Bulletin and College Art Association .

If the image is of a piece of art include information about the artist and location of the artwork in the caption. Works of art can be cited using this format, but include the publication citation for where the image of the work of art was found, unless you have viewed the work in person.

If the image is being reproduced publicly you should consider adding copyright information, ie who owns the right to an image.

More information

• Citing in Chicago Style More information on citing sources in Chicago style.

Images, Maps, Charts, Diagram, Graphs, Illustrations:

Chicago Manual of Style – 14.165, 8.193

Cite the image following the style for the source where the image was found, such as book, article, website, etc. You can use the citation for the book, article or website where the visual information is found and make the following changes. If there is a photographer or illustrator use his or her name in place of the author. If there is a caption, use the caption in place of the title of an article, or add the caption title in quotation marks with proper capitalization. Add a page number where the image is found. If a numbered figure is given, add it after the page number.

See specific examples below for images found in articles and on the web.

Image from an Article:

1. David Talbot, "Saving Holland," Technology Review 110, no. 4 (2007): 52, figure 3.

Bibliography:

Talbot, David. "Saving Holland." Technology Review 110, no. 4 (2007): 52, figure 3.

Vermeer, Dura. "High and Dry Concept." Technology Review 110, no. 4 (2007): 56. Maxwell Museum of

         Anthropology. “An Arrowhead, Made from a Copper Nugget, Found at a Melting Alaskan Glacier.”

          Miller-McCune 3, iss. 6 (2010): 23, figure 4.

Online Image:

If citing an image found using Google images, cite the original source – not Google.

1. James Estrin, “A Worshiper at St. Patrick's Cathedral on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan,” New York Times , November 27, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/28/nyregion/for-catholics-the-word-was-a-bit-different-amen.html?ref=us.&_r=0.

Estrin, James. “A Worshiper at St. Patrick's Cathedral on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan.” New York Times .

         November 27, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/28/nyregion/for-catholics-the-word-was-

         a-bit-different-amen.html?ref=us.&_r=0.

When citing a work of art cite the location of the piece and the owner or collection where it is housed along with the medium and size. See also Work of Art and Captions for Art below.

Image or Photograph from a Book:

1. Bob Gruen, “Madison Square Garden, July 1972,” in Life , by Keith Richards with James Fox (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2010), color plate 12.

Gruen, Bob. “Madison Square Garden, July 1972.” In Life , by Keith Richards with James Fox,

         color plate 12. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2010.

Citing a Work of Art

Work of Art:

If you have viewed this work in person, cite as below.

1. Michelangelo Buonarroti, The Slave , 1513-15, marble, 2.09 m., Paris, The Louvre.

Buonarroti, Michelangelo. The Slave , 1513-15. Marble, 2.09 m. Paris, The Louvre.

Dior, Christian. May , 1953. Silk, Length at CB ((a) to waist): 5 3/4 in. (14.6 cm) Length at CB (b):

         45 1/2 in. (115.6 cm) New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

If you find an image of the work of art in a website, book, article, use the format below.

Delaroche, Paul. "Portrait of a Woman," 1829. Pastel drawing, 10 by 12 in. (Ackland Art Museum,

         Chapel Hill, NC). In European Drawings from the Collection of the Ackland Art Museum , by

         Carol C. Gillham and Carolyn H. Wood. Chapel Hill: The Museum, University of North Carolina,

         2001, page 93.

Art Found on the Web:

Dior, Christian. May , 1953. Silk, Length at CB ((a) to waist): 5 3/4 in. (14.6 cm) Length at CB (b): 45 1/2

         in. (115.6 cm) New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Accessed January 5, 2011.

         http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/80002249.

Art Found in an Article:

Abdel Hadi Al-Gazzar, Un Djinn Amoureux , 1953. Gouache and india ink on paper, 53 by 28 centimeters.

         Alexandria, Collection of the Museum of Fine Arts. "Exceeding Realism: Utopian Modern Art on

         the Nile and Abdel Hadi Al-Gazzar's Surrealistic Drawings." South Atlantic Quarterly 109, no. 3

         (Summer2010 2010): 585, Figure 1.

Citing a Cartoon

Chicago Manual of Style 8.194

Italicize the name of a regularly appearing cartoon and cite appropriately depending where the cartoon is published, e.g., magazine, newspaper, book, website.

1. Roz Chast, “Scenes from a Vacation,” New Yorker , October 31, 2011, 66-67.

Chast, Roz. “Scenes from a Vacation.” New Yorker , October 31, 2011, 66-67.

Weiner, Zach. “Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal.” Smbc-comics.com .

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Key functions of therapeutically promising jumbo viruses

Identifying core replication processes moves scientists closer to tapping phage as a treatment in the growing antibiotic resistance crisis.

Antibiotic medicines became a popular treatment for bacterial infections in the early 20 th century and emerged as a transformational tool in human health. Through the middle of the century novel antibiotics were regularly developed in the medication's golden age.

But then bacteria evolved. They found new ways to evade antibiotic treatments, rendering many useless. As new antibiotic sources dried up, bacterial infections escalated into today's global health crisis of antibiotic resistance.

Scientists now look to an unusual ally, viruses, to help counter this rising threat. Recently, researchers have focused on viruses known as bacteriophages as a new tool to treat and disarm antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Special attention has been placed on "jumbo" phages -- viruses recently discovered to feature extremely large genomes -- that could be tapped as special delivery agents that can not only kill bacteria but could be engineered to deliver antibiotics directly to the source of infection.

But in order to deliver novel therapeutics through phage, scientists must first understand the extraordinary biological makeup and mechanisms inside these mysterious viruses.

University of California San Diego School of Biological Sciences researchers and their colleagues at UC Berkeley's Innovative Genomics Institute and the Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok have taken a substantial step forward in deciphering several key functions within jumbo phages.

"These jumbo phages have large genomes that in theory could be manipulated to carry payloads that more effectively kill bacteria," said Joe Pogliano, a UC San Diego professor in the School of Biological Sciences and senior author of the new paper, which was published April 30 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . "The problem is that their genome is enclosed so it's not easy to access. But now we've discovered some of its key elements."

As described in the paper, research led by School of Biological Sciences graduate student Chase Morgan focused on jumbo Chimalliviridae phages that were found to replicate inside bacteria by forming a compartment that resembles the nucleus inside the cells of humans and other living organisms. The Chimalliviridae's nucleus-like compartment separates and selectively imports certain proteins that allow it to replicate inside the host bacteria. But how this process unfolds had been a puzzling part of the process.

Using new genetic and cell biology tools, Morgan and his colleagues identified a key protein, which they named "protein importer of Chimalliviruses A," or PicA, that acts as a type of nightclub bouncer, selectively trafficking proteins by granting entry inside the nucleus for some but denying access for others. PicA, they found, coordinates cargo protein trafficking across the protective shell of the phage nucleus.

"Just the fact that this virus is able to set up this incredibly complex structure and transport system is really amazing and the likes of which we haven't seen before," said Morgan. "What we think of as complex biology is usually reserved for higher life forms with humans and our tens of thousands of genes, but here we are seeing functionally analogous processes in a comparatively tiny viral genome of only approximately 300 genes. It's probably the simplest selective transport system that we know of."

Using CRISPRi-ART, a programmable RNA tool for studying genomes, the researchers were able to demonstrate that PicA is an essential component of the Chimalliviridae nucleus development and replication process.

"Without the simplicity and versatility of RNA-targeting CRISPR technologies, directly asking and answering these questions would be nearly impossible. We are really excited to see how these tools unravel the mysteries encoded by phage genomes," said co-author Ben Adler, a postdoctoral scholar working under Nobel Prize-winning CRISPR pioneer Jennifer Doudna.

Bacteria and viruses have engaged in a type of arms race for billions of years, each evolving to counter the other's adaptations. The researchers say the sophisticated PicA transportation system is a result of that intense, ongoing evolutionary competition. The system has evolved to be both highly flexible and highly selective, allowing only key beneficial elements inside the nucleus. Without the PicA system, the bacteria's defensive proteins would work their way inside and sabotage the virus' replication process.

Such information is vital as scientists with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)-funded Emerging Pathogens Initiative and UC San Diego's Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics strive to lay the groundwork to eventually genetically program phage to treat a variety of deadly diseases.

"We really didn't have any understanding of how the protein import system worked or which proteins were involved previously, so this research is the first step in understanding a key process that's critical for these phage to successfully replicate," said School of Biological Sciences graduate student Emily Armbruster, a paper coauthor. "The more we understand these essential systems, the better we will be able to engineer phage for therapeutic use.

Future targets for such genetically programmed viruses include Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, which are known to cause potentially fatal infections and pose risks for patients in hospitals. Other promising targets include E. coli and Klebsiella which can cause chronic and recurrent infections and, in some cases, enter the blood stream which can be life threatening.

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Story Source:

Materials provided by University of California - San Diego . Original written by Mario Aguilera. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference :

• Chase J. Morgan, Eray Enustun, Emily G. Armbruster, Erica A. Birkholz, Amy Prichard, Taylor Forman, Ann Aindow, Wichanan Wannasrichan, Sela Peters, Koe Inlow, Isabelle L. Shepherd, Alma Razavilar, Vorrapon Chaikeeratisak, Benjamin A. Adler, Brady F. Cress, Jennifer A. Doudna, Kit Pogliano, Elizabeth Villa, Kevin D. Corbett, Joe Pogliano. An essential and highly selective protein import pathway encoded by nucleus-forming phage . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 2024; 121 (19) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321190121

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