history of indian flag essay

Essay on National Flag of India for Students and Children

500 words essay on national flag of india.

A flag is the most important symbol of a country. Similarly, the national flag of India is a symbol of paramount significance for India. The national flag of India is a symbol of honour, patriotism, and freedom for the country. It represents the unity of the people of India in spite of the differences in language, culture, religion, class, etc. Most noteworthy, the Indian flag is a horizontal rectangular tricolour. Furthermore, the flag of India consists of saffron, white, and green.

History of the National Flag of India

The proposal of the flag to the Indian National Congress was made by Mahatma Gandh i in 1921. Furthermore, the flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre of the flag was a traditional spinning wheel. Then a modification of the design took place to include a white stripe in the centre. This modification took place for other religious communities and also to create a background for the spinning wheel.

To avoid the sectarian associations with the colour scheme, the experts chose three colours. Most noteworthy, these three colours were saffron, white, and green. The colour saffron represents courage and sacrifice. Furthermore, the colour white denotes peace and truth. Moreover, the colour green symbolizes faith and chivalry.

A specially constituted Constituent Assembly, a few days before the independence, made an important decision. Furthermore, this decision was that the Indian flag must be acceptable to all communities and parties. Nevertheless, there was no change in the colours of the flag of India. However, there was replacement of the charkha by the Asoka chakra. Moreover, this Asoka chakra represents the eternal wheel of law.

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Display of the National Flag of India

The rules say that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their hoists must be towards each other. Furthermore, the saffron stripes should be uppermost. When the flag display is on a short flagpole, then the mounting should be at an angle to the wall. Moreover, the angle is such that the flag is draped tastefully from it. When flags display occurs on crossed staffs, then hoist should be towards each other.

One must never use the national flag of India to cover tables, lecterns, podiums or buildings. When the display of the flag takes place indoors, then it must always be on the right. This is because; right is the position of authority. Furthermore, the flag must always be on the speaker’s right hand, when the display of flag occurs next to a speaker. Most noteworthy, whenever the display of flag takes place, it should be completely spread out.

In conclusion, the national flag of India is the pride of our nation. Furthermore, the flag of India represents the sovereignty of the country. Most noteworthy, it is a moment of sheer proudness and happiness for every Indian to watch the national flag flying. The national flag of India certainly deserves the utmost respect of every citizen of India.

FAQ on Essay on National Flag of India

Q1 What are the three colours of the national flag of India?

A1 The three colours of the national flag of India are saffron, white, and green.

Q2 What does the colour saffron represents in the national flag of India?

A2 The colour saffron in the national flag of India represents courage and sacrifice.

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History Of Indian Tricolor

Every free nation of the world has its own flag. It is a symbol of a free country. The National Flag of India was adopted in its present form during the meeting of Constituent Assembly held on the 22 July 1947, a few days before India's independence from the British on 15 August, 1947. It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 and that of the Republic of India thereafter. In India, the term "tricolour" refers to the Indian national flag.

The National flag of India is a horizontal tricolor of deep saffron (kesari) at the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two to three. In the centre of the white band is a navy blue wheel which represents the chakra. Its design is that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. Its diameter approximates to the width of the white band and it has 24 spokes.

Colours of the Flag

In the national flag of India the top band is of Saffron colour, indicating the strength and courage of the country. The white middle band indicates peace and truth with Dharma Chakra. The last band is green in colour shows the fertility, growth and auspiciousness of the land.

This Dharma Chakra depicted the "wheel of the law" in the Sarnath Lion Capital made by the 3rd-century BC Mauryan Emperor Ashoka. The chakra intends to show that there is life in movement and death in stagnation.

On 26th January 2002, the Indian flag code was modified and after several years of independence, the citizens of India were finally allowed to hoist the Indian flag over their homes, offices and factories on any day and not just National days as was the case earlier. Now Indians can proudly display the national flag any where and any time, as long as the provisions of the Flag Code are strictly followed to avoid any disrespect to the tricolour. For the sake of convenience, Flag Code of India, 2002, has been divided into three parts. Part I of the Code contains general description of the National Flag. Part II of the Code is devoted to the display of the National Flag by members of public, private organizations, educational institutions, etc. Part III of the Code relates to display of the National Flag by Central and State governments and their organisations and agencies.

There are some rules and regulations upon how to fly the flag, based on the 26 January 2002 legislation. These include the following:

The National Flag may be hoisted in educational institutions (schools, colleges, sports camps, scout camps, etc.) to inspire respect for the Flag. An oath of allegiance has been included in the flag hoisting in schools.
A member of public, a private organization or an educational institution may hoist/display the National Flag on all days and occasions, ceremonial or otherwise consistent with the dignity and honour of the National Flag.
Section 2 of the new code accepts the right of all private citizens to fly the flag on their premises.

The Don'ts:

The flag cannot be used for communal gains, drapery, or clothes. As far as possible, it should be flown from sunrise to sunset, irrespective of the weather.
The flag cannot be intentionally allowed to touch the ground or the floor or trail in water. It cannot be draped over the hood, top, and sides or back of vehicles, trains, boats or aircraft.
No other flag or bunting can be placed higher than the flag. Also, no object, including flowers or garlands or emblems can be placed on or above the flag. The tricolour cannot be used as a festoon, rosette or bunting.

More information on Flag Code of India

The Indian National Flag represents the hopes and aspirations of the people of India. It is the symbol of our national pride. Over the last five decades, several people including members of armed forces have ungrudgingly laid down their lives to keep the tricolour flying in its full glory.

About India

India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with a kaleidoscopic variety and rich cultural heritage. It has achieved all-round socio-economic progress since Independence. As the 7th largest country in the world, India stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as it is by mountains and the sea, which give the country a distinct geographical entity. Bounded by the Great Himalayas in the north, it stretches southwards and at the Tropic of Cancer, tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west.

Essay On National Flag Of India

Table of Contents

Short Essay On National Flag Of India

The national flag of India, also known as the Tiranga, is a symbol of national pride and unity. It was first hoisted on August 15, 1947, the day India achieved independence from British rule.

The flag consists of three horizontal stripes of equal width, with saffron on the top, white in the middle and green at the bottom. In the center of the white stripe is a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra. The wheel symbolizes truth, dharma, and righteousness, and the 24 spokes represent the 24 hours in a day.

The saffron color represents bravery and sacrifice, and the green symbolizes life, growth, and prosperity. The white stripe represents peace and purity, and the combination of the three colors represents the unity of all the communities in India.

The national flag of India is not just a piece of cloth but a symbol of the country’s rich cultural heritage and its values. It is hoisted with great respect and reverence on national holidays, including Independence Day and Republic Day, and it is also displayed at government buildings and other important public places.

In addition, the flag is a source of inspiration for all Indians, reminding them of their duty to protect the country’s sovereignty and dignity. The flag inspires patriotism and national unity, and it is a reminder of India’s rich history and cultural diversity.

In conclusion, the national flag of India is a symbol of national pride and unity, representing the values and aspirations of the people of India. It is a source of inspiration for all Indians, reminding them of their duty to protect the country and its people, and promoting national unity and pride.

Long Essay On National Flag Of India

India is a proud nation with a rich cultural heritage and a unique national flag. In this essay, we’ll explore the fascinating history and symbolism of India’s national flag, from its adoption in 1947 to its current form today. Learn about why it was chosen, what it represents, and more. So join us as we take a journey through India’s National Flag!

Introduction to the Indian Flag

The national flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of saffron, white and green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in blue at its centre. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term “tricolour” (Hindi: तिरंगा, Tīrāṅgā) almost always refers to the Indian national flag.

The flag is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag used by the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement. The design of the national flag was presented to the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 by Pingali Venkayya, a freedom fighter who designed it without any fee or remuneration. Upon independence in 1947, it became the official flag of the Dominion of India. The current Flag code of India andFlag code of India (2002), which regulates matters relating to display of the nationalflag came into effect from 26 January 2002.

According to Mahatma Gandhi, “the first time I saw the Indian National Flag was in 1916 when [the] Home Rule movement was at its height…[T]he stars on our Flag conveyed to me a very deep spiritual meaning.” The flag has three horizontal stripes of equal width, saffron (kesaria) on the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom. In the center is a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra.

History of the Flag

The flag of India is a horizontal tricolour of India saffron, white and India green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, when it became the official flag of the Dominion of India. On 15 August 1947, the flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the National Flag of India.

The flag has been through many changes since its first inception. The first version of the flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya and had only three colours – Indian red, Indian green and white. This flag was used during the Indian National Congress’ protests against British rule in India. The next version came into being during Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership of the Quit India Movement. This flag had eight stripes instead of seven and each colour represented a different religion – saffron for Hindus, white for Muslims, green for Sikhs, yellow for Buddhists and red for Christians.

The current flag is based on a design by Pingali Venkayya which was firstly used in 1931. The colours and symbols on the flag hold deep significance –

Saffron: The colour signifies sacrifice and renunciation. White: It stands for purity and truthfulness. Green: The colour reflects our relation to nature, fertility and growth.

Meaning and Significance of the Flag

The national flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolor of deep saffron, white and green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its center. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, when it became the official flag of the Dominion of India. On 15 August 1947, the Flag Code of India was implemented as law by the Constituent Assembly. The code stipulates guidelines for flying the flag and states that “no other flag or banner should be placed higher than or above it”, that “it should not be dipped in salute to any person or thing”, and that “the flag shall not be used as a receptacle for receiving, delivering or carrying anything”.

The flag is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag used by the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement. The design of the top panel is based on a traditional Indian embroidery pattern called a khesh. The diameter of the Ashoka Chakra is 3⁄4th of the height of the white band (hoist side). Its central point is positioned slightly left from the center towards hoist side.

There are various interpretations of the colors and symbols on the flag: * Saffron represents courage and sacrifice; * White represents peace and truth; * Green represents faith and chivalry; * The Ashoka Chakra symbolizes Dharma, or righteous conduct.

The flag of India carries a deep significance and is an integral part of the Indian identity. As the Indian national anthem says, “it is a reminder of our freedom struggle and a source of pride for every Indian”. In addition to its symbolic meaning, it also serves as a unifying force and brings the entire nation together under one banner.

Rules and Regulations Governing the Use of the Flag

The Indian national flag is a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron, white and green; with a 24-spoke Ashoka Chakra in navy blue at its centre. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, when it became the official flag of the Dominion of India. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term “tricolour” (Hindi: तिरंगा, Tiraṅgā) refers to the Indian national flag.

The rules and regulations governing the use of the Indian national flag are as follows:

1. The flag should be made of khadi, a hand-spun and hand-woven natural fibre fabric.

2. The flag should be rectangular in shape and its length should be three times its width.

3. There should be equal bands of saffron, white and green colour on the flag, with the Ashoka Chakra in navy blue at its centre.

4. The ratio of width to length of the flag should be 2:3. 5. The Ashoka Chakra should have 24 spokes that are evenly spaced out. 6. The colours of the flag can be displayed horizontally or vertically, but the saffron band should always be at the top when displayed vertically.

How to Respect and Honor The Flag?

The national flag of India is a source of pride for all Indians. It is a symbol of our nation’s unity and diversity, and it is important to respect and honor the flag. Here are some tips on how to do so:

1. Handle the flag with care. The flag should be treated with respect at all times.

2. Display the flag properly. When displaying the flag, make sure that it is not tattered or damaged in any way.

3. Store the flag properly. When you are not displaying the flag, make sure that it is stored in a safe place where it will not be damaged or mishandled.

4. Do not use the flag for commercial purposes. The national flag should not be used for promotional or advertising purposes.

5. Show respect during ceremonies and events. When the national anthem or other patriotic songs are being played, stand at attention and show respect for theflag and what it represents.

Common Misconceptions about The Flag

There are many misconceptions about the national flag of India. One common misconception is that the flag is based on the British flag. However, this is not the case. The Indian flag is actually based on a completely different design.

Another common misconception is that the colours of the flag have specific meanings. However, this is also not the case. The colours of the Indian flag are simply meant to represent the country’s diversity.

Lastly, another common misconception about the Indian flag is that it must always be flown at half-mast in times of mourning. This is not true – in fact, the flag should only be flown at half-mast on very rare occasions, such as after the death of a head of state.

The national flag of India is a symbol of unity and pride. It expresses the collective spirit and solidarity of our nation, as well as its commitment to justice and freedom for all. Its unique design, with a wheel in the center, represents progress and prosperity for our country. This essay has discussed why this simple piece of fabric holds such an important place in Indian hearts and minds. May we always uphold its honor by treating it with respect!

Manisha Dubey Jha is a skilled educational content writer with 5 years of experience. Specializing in essays and paragraphs, she’s dedicated to crafting engaging and informative content that enriches learning experiences.

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Evolution of India’s National Flag

It is really amazing to see the various changes that our National Flag went through since its first inception. It was discovered or recognized during our national struggle for freedom. The evolution of the Indian National Flag sailed through many vicissitudes to arrive at what it is today. Some of the historical milestones in the evolution of our National Flag involve the following:

1906 – First Flag

Also called Calcutta Flag or Lotus Flag
The flag was first hoisted on 7 August 1906 at Parsee Bagan Square in Calcutta.
This flag was composed of three colors – Green, Yellow and Red with the word – Vande Matram ( वन्देमातरम् ) inscribed in centre.
The red strip at the top had eight white lotuses embossed on it in a row. On the yellow strip the words Vande Mataram were inscribed in deep blue in Devanagari characters. The green strip had a white sun on the left and a white crescent and star on the right.

1907 – Second Flag

In 1907, the second form of Indian flag was hoisted in Paris by Madam Cama and her group of revolutionaries.
Except for a few changes, the flag was similar to the first one.
This flag was also exhibited at a socialist conference in Berlin.

1917 – Third Flag

The third flag went up in 1917 when our political struggle had taken a definite turn. Dr. Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak hoisted it during the Home rule movement.
This was the most colorful version of the Indian flag.
This flag had five red and four green horizontal strips arranged alternately, with seven stars in the saptarishi configuration super-imposed on them. In the left-hand top corner (the pole end) was the Union Jack. There was also a white crescent and star in one corner.
The presence of the Union Jack, however made the flag generally unacceptable.

1921 – Fourth Flag

During the session of the All India Congress Committee which met at Bezwada in 1921 (now Vijayawada) an Andhra youth prepared a flag and took it to Gandhiji.
The red and green color in the flag represents two communities – -Hindus and Muslims. As per Gandhiji’s suggestion, a white strip was included which indicated other religions and communities and a spinning wheel which portrays the progress of India.
This was the flag approved by Gandhi in 1921.
This flag was not formally adopted by the Indian National Congress, but nevertheless widely used.

1931 – Fifth Flag

The year 1931 was a landmark in the history of the flag. A resolution was passed adopting a tricolor flag as our national flag.
The three colors include saffron, white and green with Mahatma Gandhi’s spinning wheel or charkha in the center.

Flag of August 15 1947 – The present flag of India

Our National Flag, which was born on July 22, 1947 with Nehruji’s words, “Now I present to you not only the Resolution, but the Flag itself”.
This flag was first hoisted at the Council House on August 15, 1947
In the national flag of India the top band is of Saffron color, indicating the strength and courage of the country. The white middle band indicates peace and truth with Dharma Chakra. The last band is green in color shows the fertility, growth and auspiciousness of the land.
This Dharma Chakra depicted the “wheel of the law” in the Sarnath Lion Capital made by the 3rd-century BC Mauryan Emperor Ashoka. The chakra intends to show that there is life in movement and death in stagnation.

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Evolution of the National Flag of India

The Indian National Flag was adopted in 1947 by the Constituent Assembly a few days before India attained independence. The Assembly was convened in the Central Delhi district of Delhi. However, before reaching its present form, the Indian flag changed multiple times during the different stages of the Indian freedom movement. In 1906, during the Swadeshi and Boycott struggles, a flag of India was hoisted for the first time in Parsee Bagan Square in Calcutta (present-day Kolkata). This was a tricolour, divided horizontally into strips of green, yellow, and red, respectively, from top to bottom. In the middle of the yellow strip, ‘Vande Mataram’ was written. A year later, a similar flag was raised by Madam Bhikaji Cama in Paris. In 1917, as a part of the Home Rule Movement, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak hoisted another flag. It had red and green horizontal stripes, with motifs of seven stars and a crescent moon, along with the Union Jack in one corner. In the Bezwada (now Vijayawada) session of the All India Congress Committee in 1921, Gandhiji was presented with a design of a flag by Pingali Venkaiah. The flag comprised two horizontal stripes of red and green, representing Hindus and Muslims. On the suggestion of Gandhi, an additional white stripe was incorporated for all the other communities of India. A spinning wheel was superimposed on the three stripes and placed in the centre, signifying the nation’s progress. In 1931, the red was replaced by saffron, and eventually, in 1947, the spinning wheel was replaced by the Dharma Chakra. This came to be called the Tiranga.

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Essay on Indian Flag

This essay on the Indian national flag is a must-read for all the little ones. An essay about the Indian flag helps children learn its history and evolution. The Indian flag is a horizontal tricolour of saffron on the top, white in the middle and green at the bottom. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly, which was held on 22 July 1947, a few days prior to Indian independence from the British Raj on 15 August 1947.

The Indian flag is an important symbol for the country, as it unites the people. The saffron colour represents the strength and courage of the nation. The white colour stands for peace, purity and integrity. Finally, the green colour reflects the fertility and auspiciousness of Indian land.

The Indian flag is a symbol of pride and patriotism for Indians. There are regulations on how it should be treated and proper ways of displaying it to maintain respect for the flag. The rules state that the flag should never touch anything beneath it, including the ground. Citizens are also not allowed to wrap it around their bodies. This short essay on the Indian national flag helps kids learn how to display the national flag in the right way.

History of the Indian Flag

Pingali Venkaiah designed the Indian national flag in the year 1947. It has a deep-saffron-coloured rectangle on top of a white canvas, and in the middle of the canvas, there is a wheel in navy blue. There are twenty-four spokes in the wheel, and they represent the twenty-four hours in a day; it is also known as the ‘Wheel of Time’.

The Constituent Assembly in India made an important decision in 1947 regarding the national flag. This resolution decided to keep the same colours but replace the spinning wheel with an eternal one. The Ashoka Chakra, or the wheel of the law of dharma, signifies the country’s progress for centuries to come.

When children read BYJU’S essay on the Indian flag, they improve their knowledge about it and comprehend interesting facts.

Display of the National Flag of India

As per the Indian Flag Code, the national flag can be flown on all days of the year, including Sundays and national holidays. It is flown on an open flagstaff, at least 20 feet above ground level. It may also be hoisted on a building of any structure but must not touch the ground.

We must never use the Indian national flag to cover tables, buildings or podiums. When displaying the flag, it must be on the right-hand side of a speaker on the stage. Additionally, when displaying the flag, it should be spread out completely.

India’s national flag is the pride and joy of every citizen. It represents the sovereignty and integrity of our country and deserves the utmost reverence and respect. Each day we are proud to watch the resilient banner fly over us, knowing how it pays tribute not just on days of national significance but even on typical days when portraying colours in their traditional form expresses so much.

Importance of the Indian National Flag

The Indian flag has a deep significance to the country and the people. It is one of the most attractive flags globally, with vibrant colours and symbols. The colours in the flag represent India’s diversity.

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Frequently Asked Questions on Essay on Indian Flag

What are the three colours of the indian national flag.

The three colours in the Indian national flag are saffron on the top, white in the middle and green at the bottom.

Who designed the Indian flag?

Pingali Venkaiah designed the Indian National Flag in the year 1947.

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Indian Flag Essay

The Indian National Flag is a symbol of India’s freedom and its integrity. It symbolizes that the nation is governed by its own people, without any foreign interference. Prideful display of the flag demarcates Indian territories and act as a warning to the invaders. National Flag of India is a rectangular Tricolor with three horizontal stripes of saffron, white and green, from top to bottom respectively.

In the middle of the white stripe there is an impression of Ashoka Wheel of Ashoka Chakra printed in blue. The Flag is based on Swaraj Flag designed by Pingali Venkayya. Saffron represents courage and sacrifice, white is a symbol of peace and green represents fertility and prosperity. Tricolor display is governed by the Flag code of India and any act of dishonor to the National Flag is a punishable offence.

Long and Short Essay on National Flag of India in English

The National flag of India is a symbol of honour and freedom for the country. It is of great significance to us. We should respect and know everything about our national flag.

Here we have provided some simple long and short essay on Indian National Flag. These Indian National Flag Essay are written in simple language so that they could be easily memorized and presented whenever needed.

After going through the essays you would know the history of our National flag as well as its significance in keeping the nation united.

You can select any of the below given essays and present it in speech, debates of essay writing competitions in your school or college.

National Flag of India Essay 1 (100 Words)

India is our country and our National Flag is very important for all of us. Our national flag is the symbol of unity for the people of different religions living here. We should honour and respect our country and its national flag. It is very necessary for every independent country to have a national flag. Our national flag is tricolour so also called as Tiranga. The topmost colour of our national flag is saffron, middle one is white and lowermost color is green colour. The middle strip of white colour contains a navy blue Ashok Chakra having 24 equally divided spokes.

National Flag of India Essay 2 (150 Words)

National flag is our unique identity of being a citizen of an independent nation. Every independent nation has its unique flag. Our national flag is a symbol of unity and freedom. The national flag is hoisted on every national occasion by the government official however Indian citizens are also allowed to fly the national flag on some occasions.

It is hoisted in the government offices, schools and other educational institutions on the occasions of Republic Day , Independence Day and other national events. Indian national flag was first time adopted on July 22 nd in 1947. Our national flag is a beautifully designed tricolour flag, also known as Tiranga. It is made up of hand-made Khadi clothes. It is completely restricted to make the Indian flag using clothes other than the Khadi. The topmost colour of national flag is saffron, middle white and lower deep green. Saffron colour symbolizes sacrifice and selflessness, white colour truth and purity and green youth and energy.

National Flag of India Essay 3 (200 Words)

The national flag of India was adopted on 22 nd of July in 1947 some days after the independence of India on 15 th of August, 1947 from the British rule. The Indian national flag contains three colours and thus also called as the Tiranga. The uppermost saffron colour indicates sacrifice and selflessness, middle white colour indicates truth, peace and purity and lowermost green colour indicates youth and energy. The middle white colour contains a navy blue colour Ashoka Chakra which has 24 equal spokes. Our national flag is a symbol of freedom, pride, unity and honour. Ashok Chakra indicates real victory of honesty and justice.

Our national flag teaches us the lesson of unity, peace and humanity. It helps us to believe in the truth and unity. It is hoisted every year by the Indian prime Minister of India on 15 th of August and by the President of India on 26 th of January. However, it is hoisted by both of them at Red Fort followed by address to people of India. Our national flag is made up of khadi clothe, a hand-made clothe initiated by the Mahatma Gandhi. It is strictly prohibited in our country to fly a national flag made up of clothe other than Khadi.

National Flag of India Essay 4 (250 Words)

India got independence after long years of struggle of more than thousands brave Indian freedom fighters. India got freedom on 15 th of August in 1947 from the British rule. Some days before the independence of India, the national flag of India was adopted on 22 nd of July in 1947 (in the meeting of constituent assembly) as a symbol of unity and great triumph. Our national is tricolour so called Tiranga Zanda. Our national flag is courage and inspiration for us. It makes us remember about the sacrifices of our great Indian freedom fighters. It makes us remember that how tough that moment was for them. Getting freedom was not so easy. We should always respect our flag and never let it go down for our motherland.

Our national flag is horizontally designed using tricolour strips of saffron, white and green. The middle white portion has navy blue Ashok Chakra with 24 spokes. All the three colours, Ashok Chakra and 24 spokes have their own meaning and significance. The uppermost Saffron colour symbolizes the devotion and renunciation. The middle white color indicates the peace and harmony. And the lowermost green colour indicates youth and energy. However, the Ashoka Chakra (means Wheel of Ashoka) symbolizes the peace and courageousness.

Our national flag is made up of khadi clothe which is a special hand-spun cloth initiated by the Mahatma Gandhi. All the manufacturing processes and designing specifications are handled by the Bureau of Indian Standards. It is strictly forbidden in our country to use the flag made up of other clothes instead of Khadi.

National Flag of India Essay 5 (300 Words)

Our national flag is also called as the Tiranga Jhanda as it has three colours. It contains tricolour horizontal stripes of uppermost saffron, middle white and lowermost green. The middle one white strip contains a navy blue Ashoka Chakra (also called Dharma Chakra) in its centre. The present time Indian national flag was first officially adopted in the Constituent Assembly meeting on 22 nd of July in 1947. The ratio of length and width of the Indian flag is 3:2.

Prevention of Improper Use Act, 1950 and Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 both, governs the use and display of national flag. Flag Code of India was established in 2002 to govern all the laws, practices conventions, and instructions to respect and honour the Indian flag. The Indian national flag was first proposed by the Mahatma Gandhi in 1921 to the Indian National Congress. Our national flag was first designed by the Pingali Venkayya. It is considered that the saffron and green strip was decided to honour both religions like Hindu and Muslim. Later a white strip was added in the middle with a spinning wheel in the centre to symbolize the respect to other religions.

Before the independence of India, various Indian flags were designed to precede the Indian Independence Movement to get freedom from the British rulers. Finally the present design of the national was officially adopted. Earlier the display of national flag was prohibited by the common public and it was only displayed by the government officials during any national event however later it was allowed to the common public to display the national flag to their own premises. It is a symbol of unity and honour to our motherland, so we all should always respect our national flag and never let its honour go down.

National Flag of India Essay 6 (400 Words)

The National Flag of India is also known as the Tiranga Jhanda. It was first officially adopted during the meeting of Constituent Assembly on July 22 nd in 1947. It was adopted 24 days before the independence of India from British rule. It was designed by the Pingali Venkayya. It was so designed in horizontal shape having three colours of saffron, white and green in equivalent proportions. The upper saffron colour, white middle, lower dark green colours. Our national flag contains 2:3 ratio of width and length. In the centre a navy blue wheel having 24 spokes is designed in the middle white strip. Ashoka Chakra was taken from the pillar of the Ashok, Sarnath (Lion Capital of Ashoka).

Our national flag is of great significance to all of us. All the colours, strips, wheel and clothe used in the flag have their special significance. Flag code of India decides the use and display of national flag. Till 52 years after the independence of India, national flag was not allowed to display by the people however later the rule was altered (according to the flag code 26 th January 2002) to use flag at homes, offices and factories on any special occasion. National Flag is hoisted on the national occasions like Republic day, Independence day, etc. It is also displayed in the schools and educational institutions (colleges, universities, sports camps, scout camps, etc) to inspire the students for honouring and respecting the Indian Flag.

Students take an oath and sing national anthem while unfurling the national flag in the schools and colleges. Public and private organization members may also hoist the flag on any occasions, ceremonial event, etc. It is restricted to display the national flag for any communal or personal gains. Nobody is allowed to display the flag made of other clothes otherwise it is a punishment of imprisonment and fine. National Flag can be flown from morning till evening (sunrise to sunset) in any weather. It is prohibited to intentionally dishonour the national flag or touch it to the ground, floor or trail in water. It should not be used to cover the top, bottom, sides or back of any vehicle, like car, boat, trains, or aircraft. On flag other than the Indian should be displayed at higher level.

Essay on Importance of National Flag of India – Essay 7 (600 Words)

Introduction

National Flag of India, fondly known as Tiranga, is the nation’s pride. It is an important and integral part of the Republic of India. It represents the sovereignty of the country and is respected by its citizens. It is flown on all the government buildings in India. It is a ritual to hoist the national flag of India on national festivals such as Independence Day, Republic Day and Gandhi Jayanti.

Importance of the Indian National Flag

The National Flag of India reflects its culture, civilization and history. The flag flowing in the air is a symbol of freedom. It reminds the Indian citizens of the sacrifices made by the freedom fighters to free our country from the tyranny of the British. It also inspires them to be humble and value the freedom and independence they have attained after much struggle.

The Indian national flag is referred to as Tiranga as it consists of three colours -Saffron, White and Green. The saffron colour on the top symbolizes indifference which means our leaders must remain indifferent towards materialistic things. Serving the nation should be on the top of their priority list and they must do their work selflessly. The white colour in the middle represents truth and purity which means we must always follow the path of truth and right conduct. The green colour at the bottom symbolizes soil and nature and reminds us to stay grounded to our roots.

The Ashoka Chakra printed in the middle of the flag on the white portion is a symbol of the law of Dharma. It means that Dharma or virtue must be the main guiding principles of those who serve the nation. It is also a symbol of motion and inspires to keep moving in life irrespective of the challenges and hardships.

History of the Indian National Flag

It was Mahatma Gandhi who came up with the idea of a flag for the Indian National Congress in the year 1921 when the struggle for Indian independence was still going on. The flag had a spinning wheel printed in the middle as it symbolized Bapu’s goal of making the citizens of India self-reliant by spinning and fabricating clothes. The design of the flag evolved and improvised with time. On India’s independence, the flag was modified further and the spinning wheel was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra that is the eternal wheel of law.

Code of Indian National Flag

The citizens of India are expected to respect and keep the honour of the national flag of the country. A set of rules have been put in place against the mistreatment of the national flag. Some of these are as follows:

Flying the Tiranga made of any material other than Khadi or hand-spun cloth is punishable by law.
The flag can be carried during processions but must be borne only on the right shoulder of the bearer. Secondly, it must always be carried in front of the procession.
The flag must always be held high and not lowered before anything.
No other flag can be placed above the Tri-colour neither can it be placed to its right.
Whenever the flag is in a moving column, the people present must stand in attention position and pay respect by saluting as it passes them.
The flag must be flown at half mast to signify mourning. It is flown half mast across the nation in case of death of President, Vice-president and Prime Minister during their duty period.

Our National Flag is our pride. We must uphold its dignity even if it is at the cost of our lives. It must always flow high as it is a symbol of the freedom that was earned after years of struggle and sacrifices.

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Essay On Indian Flag for students and Children | PDF Download

Long Essay On Indian Flag

Indian flag – Pride of the Country.

“A thoughtful mind when it sees a National Flag sees not the flag, but the Nation itself”

Every country has its flag. The national flag is our diverse uniqueness as being a citizen of an independent nation. The national flag is the symbol of harmony, sovereignty, patriotism towards the country. The connotation of our motherland is depicted through the national flag. India is a country with varied religions, cultures, traditions, languages, caste, and creeds. But, the unity of the people in India is the delight of our country.

Indian flag is a horizontal rectangular tricolor. The tricolors are the Saffron at the pinnacle, White in the center, and the color Green in the bottom in equal proportions. In the center of the white band is a navy blue Ashoka Chakra with 24 spokes.

Most of the Government offices and buildings have the national flag hoisted on the roofs. The national flag is hoisted twice a year, on the occasions of Independence Day and Republic day in every state of the country. Even the citizens of India show their patriotism towards the nation by hoisting the flag in their respective regions. Indian Flag is mostly honored and respected by the people in all the strides of life.

“It will be necessary for us Indian – Muslims, Hindus, Christians Jews, Paris, and all the others to whom India is their home-to recognize a common flag to live and to die for”.

History Of Indian Flag

Mahatma Gandhi was the person to make a proposal to the Indian National Congress for the National flag in the year 1921. The National Flag was adopted in the meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July in the year 1947, a few days before India’s independence from the British on 15th of August in the year 1947. Additionally, the National Flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya.

The National flag had various changes from its first inception to its current form. It came into evolution during our struggle for freedom. The Indian flag has gone through many changes, this depicts the political progress in the country. The different forms of our National flag are discussed below.

First National Flag : The flag is said to be hoisted on August 7th, in the year 1906 in the Green Park in Kolkata. The flag was serene of three horizontal stripes with the colors Green at the top, yellow in the center, and orange at the bottom. The green color consisted of the flower lotus, yellow had writings of ‘Vande Mataram” And the color orange at the bottom had sun and the moon symbols on it.
Second National Flag : This flag was hoisted in Paris by Madame Cama and her band of deported avant-garde in the year 1907. This was very similar to the first flag, only the lotus symbols at the top were converted to stars, indicating the Saptarishi. This flag also was exhibited at a social conference in Berlin.
Third National Flag : It was hoisted in the year 1917 when we had a political struggle for our Independence. This flag had five red and four green horizontal strips alternatively.
Fourth National Flag : The Indian National Committee which meet at Bezwada in the year 1921 designed a flag and took it to Gandhiji notice. It was of two colors red and green. Representing the two religions Hindu and Muslims. Gandhi suggested adding on the white color representing the other religion Christianity. Spinning wheel to symbolize the progress of the nation.
Fifth National Flag : The remarkable history of our national flag took place in the year 1931. Adopting the Tricolor National Flag was implemented. The color of the flag was Saffron, White, and Green, with the spinning wheel of Mahatma Gandhi at the center.
Sixth National Flag : Free India National Flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22nd July in the year 1947. The colors of the flag remained constant, the Dharma Chakra of Emperor Ashoka was adopted in place of the spinning wheel. Thus, the flag of the congress party eventually became the National Flag of India.

The Indian flag is of three colors called the “Tiranga” The three colors have their own significance for the prosperity and progress of the nation. The color saffron represents bravery and forfeit. The color white indicates serenity and truth. Furthermore, the green color symbolizes loyalty and graciousness.

The Asoka Chakra at the center indicates the eternal wheel of law. 24 spokes in the wheel are the hours of a day. This depicts that, India shall continue in the efforts for a nonviolent, progressive and authoritative nation.

The Indian Flag is given the most prominence by all the people in the country. The sovereignty of the country is represented by the National flag.

Dear Students and Children, you can download the Indian Flag Essay in the Hand Written Format by Clicking the Below Click Here Link.

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Our National Flag Essay

The Indian Flag is a significant national emblem. It serves as a reminder of the country's togetherness despite linguistic, religious, and cultural diversity. The color saffron symbolises the nation's strength and bravery. The colour white is a symbol of honesty, serenity, and purity. The colour green also symbolises the fertility and good fortune of Indian soil.

100 Words Essay On Our National Flag

The National Flag represents our distinct identity as citizens of a sovereign nation. Each independent country has a distinctive flag. Our country's Flag is a representation of freedom and solidarity. On every national holiday, a government representative hoists the Flag. The Indian National Flag was officially adopted on July 22, 1947. The Tiranga, our country's Flag, is a gorgeously designed tricolor banner.

It is constructed of handmade Khadi garments. It is strictly prohibited to make the Indian Flag out of anything other than Khadi clothing. The National Flag is predominantly saffron, with white in the centre and deep green at the bottom. White colour represents truth and purity, green represents youth and vigour, and saffron represents sacrifice and selflessness.

200 Words Essay On Our National Flag

Saffron, white, and green are the three colours that make up the Indian Flag, also known as the Tricolor. On July 22, 1947, the Constituent Assembly took the Pingali Venkayya-designed flag. For Indians, the Indian Flag represents national pride and patriotism. To maintain respect for the Flag, there are rules about handling and showing it. According to the regulations, the Flag must never touch the ground or anything else underneath it. Additionally, citizens are not permitted to wrap it around their bodies.

Our country's Flag teaches us the importance of humanity, peace, and solidarity. It supports our faith in unity and truth. Mahatma Gandhi invented the handmade khadi clothing that makes up our country's Flag. Flying a national flag made of items other than Khadi is forbidden in our country.

For us, the national Flag represents bravery and inspiration. It prompts us to reflect on the sacrifices made by our outstanding Indian independence heroes. It reminds us of how endeavoring that time was for them. Gaining independence from the British was a struggle in which the whole country participated and fought for India’s freedom. We must always honor our Flag and never allow it to be destroyed in the service of our country.

500 Words Essay On Our National Flag

The pride of India is its national Flag, also known as the Tiranga. It is a crucial and essential element of the Republic of India. It is revered by the populace and symbolises the nation's sovereignty. It is flown on all Indian government buildings. At national holidays like Gandhi Jayanti, Independence Day, and Republic Day, it is customary to raise the Indian Flag.

Background Of The Indian Flag

In 1947, Pingali Venkaiah created the Indian National Flag. It has a deep saffron rectangle with a navy blue wheel in the centre, sitting on top of a white canvas. This wheel also referred to as the "Wheel of Time," has twenty-four spokes that stand twenty-four hours a day. The uppermost green represents youth and energy. The white centre represents truth, peace, and purity.

In 1921, when the fight for Indian independence was still ongoing, Mahatma Gandhi had the concept of an Indian National Congress flag. The centre of the Flag included a spinning wheel representing Bapu's mission to empower Indians to produce their clothing. With time, the Flag's design changed and was improved. When India gained independence, the spinning wheel was changed to the Ashoka Chakra, the eternal wheel of law.

India's Constituent Assembly made a significant choice about the national Flag in 1947. The spinning wheel would remain in place, but an eternal wheel would be used instead. The country's advancement through countless centuries would be symbolised by the Ashoka Chakra, also known as Ashoka's wheel of law.

Importance Of Our National Flag

India's culture, civilisation, and history are reflected in its national Flag. The Indian flag is the symbol of freedom and pride. The sacrifices done by the freedom warriors to rid our nation of British tyranny is brought to the attention of the Indian people through the flag. Additionally, it encourages them to be modest and appreciate the freedom and independence they have earned after much effort.

A representation of the law of Dharma is the Ashoka Chakra, which is printed in the centre of the Flag on the white side. It implies that the primary guiding principles of individuals who serve the country must be Dharma or virtue. It also represents motion, encouraging people to continue despite difficulties and obstacles.

Codification Of The Indian National Flag

It is against the law to fly the Tiranga using anything other than Khadi or hand-spun cloth.

The Flag must never be lowered before anything and must always be flown high.

The people present must stand at attention whenever the Flag is in a marching column and salute as it passes them.

Thousands of people flew the Flag in Nagpur during peaceful anti-British protests in May 1923, and hundreds were detained. At the party's annual convention in August 1931, the Congress flag received official recognition and began to represent nationhood for India. At the same time, the stripes' current configuration and the substitution of a deep saffron colour for red were accepted.

Our pride is in our national Flag and since it represents the freedom obtained through years of adversity and sacrifice, it must always be flown high.

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Essay on National Flag of India in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

The Indian National Flag is a symbol of India’s freedom and its integrity. It symbolizes that the nation is governed by its people, without foreign interference. Prideful display of the Flag demarcates Indian territories and acts as a warning to the invaders. The National Flag of India is a rectangular Tricolor with three horizontal stripes of saffron, white and green, from top to bottom.

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In the middle of the white stripe is an impression of the Ashoka Wheel of Ashoka Chakra printed in blue. The Flag is based on Swaraj Flag, designed by Pingali Venkayya. Saffron represents courage and sacrifice; white symbolizes peace; green represents fertility and prosperity. The Flag code of India governs the tricolor display, and any act of dishonor to the National Flag is a punishable offense.

Also Check: National Flag Adoption Day

Long and Short Essay on the National Flag of India in English

The National Flag of India is a symbol of honor and freedom for the country. It is of great significance to us. We should respect and know everything about our National Flag.

Here we have provided some simple, long, short essays on Indian National Flag. These Indian National Flag Essay are written in simple language so they can be easily memorized and presented whenever needed.

After going through the essays, you will know the history of our National Flag and its significance in keeping the nation united.

You can select any of the below-given essays and present them in your school or college speech debates or essay writing competitions.

Essay on National Flag of India 100 Words

India is our country, and our National Flag is very important to all of us. Our national Flag is the symbol of unity for the people of different religions. We should honour and respect our country and its national Flag. Every independent country must have a national flag. Our national Flag is the tricolor, also called Tiranga. The topmost colour of our national Flag is saffron, the middle one is white, and the lowermost color is green. The middle strip of white colour contains a navy blue Ashok Chakra having 24 equally divided spokes.

Also Check: Paragraph on National Flag of India

National Flag of India Essay 150 Words

The National Flag is our unique identity as a citizen of an independent nation. Every independent nation has its unique Flag. Our national Flag is a symbol of unity and freedom. The national Flag is hoisted on every national occasion by the government official; however, Indian citizens are also allowed to fly the national Flag on some occasions.

It is hosted in the government offices, schools, and other educational institutions on Republic Day , Independence Day, and other national events. Indian national Flag was first time adopted on July 22 nd , 1947. Our national Flag is a beautifully designed tricolour flag known as Tiranga. It is made up of hand-made Khadi clothes. It is completely restricted to making the Indian Flag using clothes other than the Khadi. The topmost colour of the national Flag is saffron, middle white, and lower deep green. Saffron colour symbolizes sacrifice and selflessness, white colour truth and purity, and green youth and energy.

Essay on National Flag of India 200 Words

The national Flag of India was adopted on the 22 nd of July in 1947, some days after the independence of India on the 15 th of August, 1947, from British rule. The Indian national Flag contains three colours and is thus also called the Tiranga. The uppermost saffron colour indicates sacrifice and selflessness, the middle white indicates truth, peace, and purity, and the lowermost green indicates youth and energy. The middle white colour contains a navy blue colour Ashoka Chakra with 24 equal spokes. Our national flag symbolizes freedom, pride, unity, and honour. Ashok Chakra indicates the real victory of honesty and justice.

Also Check: Slogans on the National Flag of India

Our national Flag teaches us the lesson of unity, peace, and humanity. It helps us to believe in the truth and unity. It is hoisted every year by the Indian prime Minister of India on the 15 th of August and by the President of India on the 26 th of January. However, it is hoisted by both of them at Red Fort, followed by an address to the people of India. Our national Flag is made up of khadi clothes, hand-made clothe initiated by Mahatma Gandhi. Our country strictly prohibits flying a national flag made up of clothes other than Khadi.

National Flag of India Essay 250 Words

India got independence after long years of struggle of more than thousands of brave Indian freedom fighters. India got freedom on the 15 th of August in 1947 from British rule. Some days before the independence of India, the national Flag of India was adopted on the 22 nd of July in 1947 (in the constituent assembly meeting) as a symbol of unity and great triumph. Our national is tricolour, so-called Tiranga Zanda. Our national Flag is courage and inspiration for us. It makes us remember the sacrifices of our great Indian freedom fighters. It makes us remember how tough that moment was for them. Getting freedom was not so easy. We should always respect our Flag and never let it go down for our motherland.

Our national Flag is horizontally designed using tricolour strips of saffron, white and green. The middle white portion has navy blue Ashok Chakra with 24 spokes. All three colours, Ashok Chakra and 24 spokes have meaning and significance. The uppermost Saffron colour symbolizes devotion and renunciation. The middle white color indicates peace and harmony. And the lowermost green colour indicates youth and energy. However, the Ashoka Chakra (means Wheel of Ashoka) symbolizes peace and courage.

Also Check: Speech on National Flag

Our national Flag comprises khadi clothes, a special hand-spun cloth initiated by Mahatma Gandhi. The Bureau of Indian Standards handles all the manufacturing processes and design specifications. It is strictly forbidden in our country to use the Flag of other clothes instead of Khadi.

National Flag of India Essay 300 Words

Our national Flag is also called the Tiranga Jhanda as it has three colours. It contains tricolour horizontal stripes of uppermost saffron, middle white, and lowermost green. The middle white strip contains a navy blue Ashoka Chakra (also called Dharma Chakra) in its centre. The present-time Indian national Flag was officially adopted in the Constituent Assembly meeting on the 22 nd of July in 1947. The ratio of length and width of the Indian Flag is 3:2.

Prevention of Improper Use Act, 1950 and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 both govern the national Flag’s use and display. The Flag Code of India was established in 2002 to govern all the laws, practices, conventions, and instructions to respect and honour the Indian Flag. Mahatma Gandhi first proposed the Indian national Flag in 1921 to the Indian National Congress. Pingali Venkayya first designed our national Flag. It is considered that the saffron and green strip were decided to honour both religions like, Hindu and Muslim. Later a white strip was added in the middle with a spinning wheel in the centre to symbolize respect for other religions.

Also Check: Slogans on Independence Day

Before the independence of India, various Indian flags were designed to precede the Indian Independence Movement to get freedom from the British rulers. Finally, the present design of the nation was officially adopted. Earlier, the display of the national Flag was prohibited by the common public, and government officials only displayed it during any national event; however, later, it allowed the common public to display the national Flag on their premises. It symbolizes unity and honour to our motherland, so we should always respect our national Flag and never let its honour go down.

Essay on National Flag of India 400 Words

The National Flag of India is also known as the Tiranga Jhanda. It was first officially adopted during the meeting of the Constituent Assembly on July 22 nd , 1947. It was adopted 24 days before the independence of India from British rule. Pingali Venkayya designed it. It was designed in a horizontal shape with three saffron colors, white and green, in equivalent proportions: the upper saffron colour, white middle, and lower dark green colours. Our national Flag contains a 2:3 ratio of width and length. In the centre, a navy blue wheel having 24 spokes is designed in the middle white strip. Ashoka Chakra was taken from the pillar of the Ashok, Sarnath (Lion Capital of Ashoka).

Our national Flag is of great significance to all of us. All the colours, strips, wheels, and clothing used in the Flag have special significance. The flag code of India decides the use and display of the national Flag. Till 52 years after the independence of India, the national Flag was not allowed to display by the people; however, later, the rule was altered (according to the flag code 26 th January 2002) to use the Flag at homes, offices, and factories on any special occasion. National Flag is hoisted on national occasions like Republic day, Independence day, etc. It is also displayed in schools and educational institutions (colleges, universities, sports camps, scout camps, etc.) to inspire the students to honour and respect the Indian Flag.

Students take an oath and sing the national anthem while unfurling the national Flag in the schools and colleges. Public and private organization members may also hoist the Flag on any occasion, ceremonial event, etc. It is restricted to displaying the national Flag for communal or personal gains. Nobody is allowed to display a flag made of other clothes. Otherwise, it is a punishment of imprisonment and a fine. National Flag can be flown from morning till evening (sunrise to sunset) in any weather. It is prohibited to intentionally dishonor the national Flag or touch it on the ground, floor or trail in the water. It should not be used to cover any vehicle’s top, bottom, sides, or back, like a car, boat, train, or aircraft. On Flag other than the Indian should be displayed at a higher level.

Essay on Importance of National Flag of India 600 Words

The National Flag of India, fondly known as Tiranga, is the nation’s pride. It is an important and integral part of the Republic of India. It represents the sovereignty of the country and is respected by its citizens. It is flown on all the government buildings in India. It is a ritual to hoist the national Flag of India at national festivals such as Independence Day, Republic Day, and Gandhi Jayanti.

Also Read: Independence Day Speech for Students

Importance of the Indian National Flag

The National Flag of India reflects its culture, civilization, and history. The Flag flowing in the air is a symbol of freedom. It reminds the Indian citizens of the sacrifices made by the freedom fighters to free our country from British tyranny. It also inspires them to be humble and value the freedom and independence they have attained after much struggle.

The Indian national Flag is referred to as Tiranga, consisting of three colours -Saffron, White, and Green. The saffron colour on the top symbolizes indifference, meaning our leaders must remain indifferent towards materialistic things. Serving the nation should be on the top of their priority list, and they must do their work selflessly. The white colour in the middle represents truth and purity, which means we must always follow the path of truth and right conduct. The green colour at the bottom symbolizes soil and nature and reminds us to stay grounded in our roots.

The Ashoka Chakra printed in the middle of the Flag on the white portion is a symbol of the law of Dharma. It means that Dharma or virtue must be the main guiding principles of those who serve the nation. It is also a motion symbol and inspires me to keep moving in life irrespective of the challenges and hardships.

Discover More About India: Explore Related Articles

History of the Indian National Flag

Mahatma Gandhi came up with the idea of a flag for the Indian National Congress in 1921, when the struggle for Indian independence was still going on. The Flag had a spinning wheel printed in the middle, symbolizing Bapu’s goal of making the citizens of India self-reliant by spinning and fabricating clothes. The design of the Flag evolved and improvised with time. On India’s independence, the Flag was modified further, and the spinning wheel was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra, the eternal wheel of law.

Code of Indian National Flag

The citizens of India are expected to respect and keep the honour of the country’s national Flag. A set of rules have been put in place against the mistreatment of the national Flag. Some of these are as follows:

Flying the Tiranga made of any material other than Khadi or hand-spun cloth is punishable by law.
The Flag can be carried during processions but must be borne only on the right shoulder of the bearer. Secondly, it must always be carried in front of the procession.
The Flag must always be held high and not lowered before anything.
No other flag can be placed above the Tri-colour, nor can it be placed to its right.
Whenever the Flag is in a moving column, the people present must stand in attention and pay respect by saluting as it passes them.
The Flag must be flown at half mast to signify mourning. It is flown half-mast across the nation in case of the death of the President, Vice-president, and Prime Minister during their duty period.

The National Flag Of India – 10 Lines, Short & Long Essay For Children

Key Points To Note: Essay On The National FLag For Classes 1, 2 & 3

10-line essay on the national flag of india, a paragraph on the national flag for kids, short essay on the indian national flag for children, long essay on the national flag, what will your child learn from this essay.

Early childhood learning involves using words, language, and speech that can help them communicate. However, in this present day of smartphones and laptops, children need to understand the importance of writing a good essay from an early stage to enjoy reading and develop critical thinking through creativity and imagination. India’s National Flag is not just a symbol of national pride but represents the hopes and aspirations of all Indians. Whether kids are preparing for school exams or competitions, a national flag essay must demonstrate their views on the given topic and English language skills. An essay on National Flag for classes 1, 2 and 3 must highlight the design, colour, and usage and its importance as a symbol of honour, patriotism, and freedom for the country.

Every country has its National Flag, a mark of identity, pride, and integrity for its citizens. Writing an essay is an important skill for your child’s education. Here are some key points to remember :

Read and do extensive research on the topic.
Your essay must contain an introductory, body, and concluding paragraph.
Ponder upon a logical and thought-provoking ending.

Nobody expects an essay for classes 1 & 2 to be perfect, and it should contain short sentences that carry one idea at a time. Here is a short essay on the National Flag of India for kids.

The National Flag of India upholds its people’s honour and independence from British rule.
The National Flag of India is in the shape of a rectangular flap.
It is referred to as the ‘Tiranga’ or tricolour parallel bands- saffron, white and green.
These colours represent India’s freedom’s unity, strength, and symbol.
The blue-coloured Chakra at the Flag’s centre has 24 spiked wheels and symbolises ‘dharma’ resembling Mahatma Gandhi’s spinning wheel.
Pingali Venkayya made the final design of the National Flag as the “Swaraj Flag”.
The Flag is made up of Khadi cotton or Khadi silk.
Every citizen must respect the National Flag.
Any insult to the National Flag is a punishable offence.
On 22nd July 1947, the Constituent Assembly adopted it in its current state.

Every country has its national flag, and sometimes it represents a nation. If your child has to write a paragraph on our National Flag, here is an essay to enlighten them in many ways:

The Indian National flag is also known as “Tiranga”. Pingali Venkayya proposed the final design of our National Flag. The horizontally placed tri-colour of this flag is saffron, white and green. The saffron denotes the sacrifices of the leaders and revolutionaries of India’s freedom struggle. The white portion means the peace and harmony prevalent among India’s religious and ethnic groups. The green colour represents the soil and vegetation of our country and how they sustain its people. The Ashoka wheel is navy blue at the centre of the white stripe. We must always respect our National Flag.

Children should read a short essay on the Indian National Flag from an early age. Moreover, an article about the Indian Flag can make children curious about the Flag’s history and the nation. Here is a short essay on Indian National Flag for children:

The Indian National flag as we see it today was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947, a month before India’s Independence Day on 15 August 1947. After India became independent from Great Britain, the Indian Flag was adopted. Since then, the ‘Tricolor’ showcases the democratic and republic status of the country. Pingali Venkayya designed the Indian National Flag as the ‘Swaraj Flag.’ The colours on the Flag are saffron on the top, white in the middle, and green on the bottom. The navy blue-coloured Ashoka chakra is in the centre of the white-coloured band. The Ashok Chakra represents ‘dharma’ as it resembles the spinning wheel of Gandhiji. Symbolising the country and its citizens, the National Flag is the pride of all Indian citizens.

An essay for class 3 is an exercise of the student’s creative imagination. Here is a long essay on the National Flag of India that can inspire them to cultivate more patriotic feelings for their motherland:

The significance of the National Flag is taught to kids in their school. The Indian Flag is the pride of our country and describes the nation. Considered one of the most attractive flags globally, with vibrant colours and symbols, this ‘Tiranga’ has a deep significance to the country and its people. The National Flag is hoisted on important historical places and government buildings at national festivals yearly. The national anthem is sung, and our leaders offer a formal salute during the flag hoisting ceremony.

The Indian National flag was adopted by the Constitutional Assembly on 22 July 1947, and it has three colours describing our nation’s renunciation and rich tradition. It is rectangular and contains three horizontal bands of colours of equal length and breadth. There are three different colours on the Flag that stand for peace, purity, and power. Earlier, private citizens’ usage of the Indian Flag was prohibited, except on Republic Day and Independence Day.

The Flag has saffron on the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. The saffron colour shows the soldiers’ courage and spirit of sacrifice in the struggle for independence. The white colour represents purity, truth, and honesty. On the other hand, the green shows the nation’s rich agricultural heritage, and white symbolises the path of peace and truth. There is an Ashok Chakra in the white strip known as dharma chakra, taken from the Lion Pillar or Ashoka Stambh in Sarnath. It symbolises justice, peace, and spirituality. There are 24 spokes in the wheel, representing the 24 hours a day. The measurement ratio of the National Flag is 3:2, and it uses Khadi material.

The National Flag should be respected and honoured under all circumstances as it signifies the status of India as an independent republic and democratic country. When the Flag is hoisted or lowered, people should stand in an attention position. Usually, the salutation is given by the uniform-clad armed forces after the National Flag is hoisted.

The late Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru once called the Indian National Flag” a flag of freedom for ourselves and a symbol of freedom to all the people.” Thus, it helps develop a patriotic feeling and a sense of respect for the nation. It is hosted every year on Republic Day and Independence Day. The National Flag is a symbol of our glory that teaches us to live in peace and love while taking pride in the nation’s history.

Meaning & History Of India’s National Flag

In 1931, Venkayya first designed the National Flag for the Indian National Congress. It had a yarn spinning wheel in the middle with white, green, and red as their colours. Later, the Ashoka Chakra replaced the spinning wheel and the red colour with saffron. Pingali Venkayya made the final design of the Flag. On 22 July 1947, the Flag came into being in its present form at the meeting of the Constitutional Assembly.

The National Flag, known as Tiranga, means “three colours” or “tricoloured”. Its colours represent distinct values of the country like faith, chivalry, truth, sacrifice, and courage.

Display Of The Indian National Flag

When the National Flag is raised, the saffron colour band must be on the top of the Flag, or the emblem can be placed either above the National Flag or on its right. All other flags will be set to the left of the National Flag when hung in a row. Generally, the National Flag is visible flying over notable government buildings. However, it’s taken down at sunset. On occasions of national mourning, the National Flag flies at half-mast.

Importance Of The National Flag

The vibrant colours of the National Flag represent our country’s sovereignty and integrity, which are to be respected.

An essay on National Flag teaches kids about the remarkable sacrifices made by several freedom fighters and armed forces to keep the tricolour flying in full glory.

When Was The Indian National Flag Adopted?

The Indian National flag as we see it today was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947.

2. Who Designed Our National Flag?

Pingali Venkayya from Andhra Pradesh made the final design of the National Flag in 1947.

3. How Should One Show Respect To Our National Flag?

We must stand in an attention position while hoisting or lowering the National Flag.

4. What Does The Ashok Chakra Represent In Our National Flag?

The wheel at the centre of the white band is known as the Ashok Chakra, which indicates the Dharma Chakra or Wheel of Law.

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Essay on The National Flag Of India

Essay on The National Flag: The national flag of India, also known as “Tiranga”, is not the first flag that represents India. There has been a number of flags prior to this one. The current flag had gone through many stages to get its final variation. In this essay, we will talk about the current Flag of India.

INTRODUCTION

A flag is a symbol of a country that helps it to be identified by other countries. Every nation has a distinctive flag that signifies its culture and importance. The Indian flag also has its own identification and significance. The flag of India is also called “Tiranga” or “Tricolour”. This is because it comprises three colours.

These three colours are saffron, white and green. All three colours depict three different meanings. The Indian flag also has a wheel in the centre of the flag. This wheel is called the “Ashoka chakra” which represents the wheel of the law of dharma, Truth or Satya.

HISTORY OF OUR FLAG

The current and sixth flag of India had to go through multiple phases in the past to get its final appearance. The proposal was presented by Mahatma Gandhi first. Then, it was designed by Pingali Venkayya who was also a freedom fighter. The three colours were chosen so carefully that none of them depicts a sectarian association.

The Indian flag was adopted on July 22, 1947 , during the meeting of the Constituent Assembly. The Tricolour flag was approved ahead of India’s independence from British rule on August 15, 1947. There was a “Charkha” (Spinning Wheel) in the centre that was replaced by The Ashoka Wheel.

WHAT OUR FLAG SIGNIFIES

As we have discussed above that our flag consists of three stripes of saffron, white and green colours from uppermost to lowermost. Each one has a different meaning. The saffron stripe depicts passion, courage and sacrifice. This strip is dedicated to the heroes who sacrificed their lives for the nation.

The white colour stripe is a symbol of simplicity, peace and truth. The white band also has a blue wheel having 24 spokes that illustrate 24 hours and the wheel depicts the wheel of Dharma. The last band is green in colour showing the fertility, growth and auspiciousness of the land.

SHOULD KNOW FACTS ABOUT OUR FLAG

The Indian flag should be made of Khaadi which is a hand-spun cloth.
The dimensions of our flag should be in the ratio of 3:2.
The Flag Code of India 2002 governs and regulates the National Flag of India.
The National flag cloth cannot be used for any other purpose, such as cloth-making, domestic work, etc.
The National Flag should never touch the ground and is considered abusive. The Flag should be removed before sunset every day.
The first Indian flag had religious symbols and eight roses on it with Vande Mataram written in the middle.

To sum it up, The flag of India is the pride of the nation. It depicts Indian culture well. Every countryman should understand the significance of their national flag and show the utmost respect to it. It is the intense pleasure to see the Indian flag flying at the highest for every Indian.

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Essay on National Flag of India

Students are often asked to write an essay on National Flag of India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on National Flag of India

Introduction.

The National Flag of India is a symbol of pride, unity and integrity for all Indians. It is also known as the ‘Tiranga’ because it has three colors.

The Indian flag consists of three horizontal stripes of saffron, white, and green. The Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, is in navy blue at the center.

Significance

Each color and the chakra have a unique meaning. Saffron stands for courage, white for peace, green for fertility and the chakra represents the law of dharma.

The flag is respected by all and is hoisted on national festivals like Independence Day and Republic Day.

Also check:

10 Lines on National Flag of India

250 Words Essay on National Flag of India

The National Flag of India, also known as the ‘Tiranga’, is a symbol of pride, unity, and integrity for every Indian. This tri-colored flag represents the rich history and cultural diversity of India, and carries a profound meaning and significance.

Symbology and Design

Designed by Pingali Venkayya, the Indian National Flag comprises three horizontal bands of equal width. The top band is saffron, symbolizing strength and courage. The middle band is white, representing peace and truth, with the Dharma Chakra (wheel of law) in navy blue at the center. The lower band is green, embodying fertility, growth, and auspiciousness of the land.

The Dharma Chakra

The Dharma Chakra, inspired by the Ashoka Chakra at Sarnath, manifests the eternal wheel of law. Its 24 spokes denote 24 hours of the day, reminding us of the relentless passage of time. It also signifies the path of righteousness and justice, which every Indian is expected to uphold.

Flag Protocol

The Indian National Flag is governed by a set of protocols to maintain its dignity. For instance, the flag must never touch the ground or be used for commercial purposes. These rules signify the respect and reverence accorded to the flag.

The National Flag of India is not merely a piece of cloth; it’s a symbol of our national pride, heritage, and shared values. As we salute the Tiranga, we pledge our allegiance to the unity, integrity, and diversity of our nation.

500 Words Essay on National Flag of India

The National Flag of India, also known as the ‘Tiranga’, is a symbol of pride, unity, and integrity for every Indian. It is not just a piece of cloth, but a representation of the country’s rich history, its struggle for freedom, and the aspirations of its people.

Design and Symbolism

The Indian National Flag is a horizontal tricolor of deep saffron at the top, white in the middle, and India green at the bottom in equal proportions. The saffron color represents courage, sacrifice, and the spirit of renunciation. The white stands for purity and truth, while the green signifies faith, fertility, and prosperity. At the center of the white band is a navy-blue wheel, the ‘Ashoka Chakra’, with 24 equally spaced spokes. The Chakra represents the eternal wheel of law and signifies the continuous progress of the nation.

Historical Evolution

The current flag is the result of a series of modifications over time. The first flag, hoisted on August 7, 1906, had three horizontal stripes of green, yellow, and red. The second flag, hoisted in Paris in 1907, was similar but had the addition of a ‘Vande Mataram’ inscription. The third flag went up in 1917 during the Home Rule movement. It was the first time the flag had a spinning wheel in the center. The present form was adopted on July 22, 1947, just before India’s independence.

Protocols and Respect

The flag is treated with profound respect and honor in India. The Flag Code of India, 2002, governs its usage, ensuring it is not misused or disrespected. It cannot be used for commercial purposes or as a drapery. When the flag is raised or lowered, or when it passes by in a parade, all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention.

Significance and Influence

The Indian National Flag serves as a source of immense pride for its citizens. It is hoisted on national holidays such as Republic Day, Independence Day, and Gandhi Jayanti, and on these occasions, it fills the hearts of Indians with patriotic fervor. Moreover, it also inspires Indian athletes who represent the country at international events. Seeing the flag unfurl after a victory is a moment of immense pride and joy.

In conclusion, the National Flag of India is not just a symbol, but the embodiment of the nation’s soul. It stands as a testament to India’s unity in diversity, its rich cultural heritage, and its relentless pursuit of progress. The Tiranga’s fluttering in the wind is a sight that evokes deep respect and love for the nation among Indians, reminding them of their duty towards the country.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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Essay on National Flag of India

Indian national flag is also called the Tricolor as it contains three colors – saffron, white and green, respectively from top to bottom. Designed by Pingali Venkayya the flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 nd July 1947.

Essay on Flag Code of India

Short and Long Essays on National Flag of India in English

I am giving below three different essays of varying word lengths such as 100 – 120 Words, 250 Words, 500 Words and 600 Words for my readers.

National Flag of India Essay 10 Lines (100 – 150 Words)

1) It was 22 July 1947, when the constituent Assembly adopted National Flag.

2) The design of our National Flag is designed by Pingali Venkayya.

3) The National Flag of India basically consists of three colors, saffron, white, and green.

4) Our National Flag is called “Tiranga” because of these three colors.

5) Saffron represents courage and strength, white is for peace and truth, and green represents the fertility of the lands.

6) There are 24 spokes in the Ashoka Chakra found in the middle of our National Flag.

7) National Flag of India represents the pride and freedom of the country.

8) On 7 August 1906 in Calcutta, the first Indian National Flag was hoisted.

9) We must respect and take care of our national flag.

10) National Flag of India is hoisted on every Republic and Independence Day in India.

Essay 1 (250 Words) – Design and Color of National Flag

Introduction

The Indian national flag was adopted by the constituent Assembly on 22nd July 1947. Since then it has become the symbol of India’s freedom and independence. The national flag is a matter of pride for the people of India.

Why is National Flag called Tricolor?

The national flag of India is also called the Tricolor because it contains equal-sized, horizontally placed stripes of three colors – saffron, white, and green, respectively from top to bottom.

Saffron represents the courage and sacrifice of the people of India; white represents the mutual trust and harmony between different religious groups of India and green represents the prosperity of India.

The is also a 24 spoke navy blue Ashoka Chakra in the middle of the center white stripe. The chakra represents the eternal wheel of law.

Who Designed the Tricolor?

The Tricolor was designed in its present form by Pingali Venkayya, who was an Indian freedom fighter hailing from the state of Andhra Pradesh.

Venkayya first designed the flag for the Indian national congress in 1931. That flag had a yarn spinning wheel or charkha in the middle; also the colors were white, green, and red.

Later, some modifications to the Venkayya’s flag were made and the spinning wheel was replaced by Ashoka Chakra taken from Ashoka symbol of Sarnath. The red color was also replaced by saffron.

The national flag of India is the pride of the people of India and represents their independence. They defend its honor even by sacrificing their lives.

Essay 2 (400 Words) – Appearance, Representation and Display of National Flag

The Indian national flag in its present form was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22nd July 1947, that is, just a month before Indian gained independence on 15th August 1947. Since then the ‘Tricolor’ has become the symbol of India’s democratic and republic status.

Appearance and Representation

Indian Tricolor is rectangular in shape with a length to breadth ratio of 3:2. That is the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of its breadth. From top to bottom it has three equal, horizontally placed stripes of saffron, white and green colors respectively. At the center of the middle white stripe, there is a 24 spoke Ashoka wheel in navy blue color. Also, the flag should be similar in all respect from both sides.

Each color in the Tricolor has its own significance and represents a specific value. The saffron represents sacrifice, of great leaders and revolutionaries of India; those have sacrificed their lives for the motherland. In a way it also represents their courage and disinterest in worldly affairs and material gains.

The center white portion of the Tricolor represents the peace and harmony between different religious and cultural groups of India.

The green color on the other hand represents the prosperity of soil and vegetation in India. It is symbolic of our relationship with the soil and how the soil of the motherland sustains our lives.

Display of the Flag

The rules and regulations for the display of the Indian national flag are governed by the Flag Code of India 2002. There are many rules dictating the display of the Tricolor in different situations. Let us discuss some of the important rules about the display of the flag.

The Flag Code of India maintains that the tricolor must be hoisted at a prominent location where it gets a clear view. For example – at the center top of a building or at the center of a table, or in front of a moving vehicle, etc.

Another rule states that the Tricolor should be taken down at the sundown and must not be hoisted in darkness. If ever the flag is to be hoisted after sundown, sufficient illumination arrangements must be made.

Tricolor represents the pride and freedom of the people of India and its display is a matter of immense pride and emotion for the people. It is in the best interest of the people of India to respect their national flag and display it with honor.

Essay 3 (500 – 600 Words) – History and Significance of Indian National Flag

The National Flag of India is also known as Tricolor due to its color pattern. The Tricolor is a very significant symbol of the Union of India. It represents the unity of the people of India and its sovereign and democratic state. The flag is the pride of the people of India.

History of the Indian National Flag

The Indian national flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22nd July 1947. It must be noted that the Tricolor remained the flag of the Dominion of India between 15th August 1947 and 26th January 1950, and as the flag of the Republic of India, thereafter.

The flag of India in its present state represents a symbol that has evolved through the freedom struggle. History of India is fraught with many revolutions and attempts to out throw the British Empire. Many of such revolutions had their own flags as a symbol of their ideology and whatever cause they were fighting for. These flags represented their patriotism to free their motherland. We will discuss about a few of national flags in the history of Indian independence.

The first national flag of India was hoisted in Calcutta on 7th August 1906. It was also rectangular in shape as its present form with three horizontal stripes of green, yellow and red, respectively from top to bottom. It was called the ‘Vande Matram Flag’ prepared with the objective of uniting the people of India for the Swadeshi Movement.

A major transformation in the Indian National flag came when Mahatma Gandhi expressed a need for one in 1921, in his journal ‘young India.’ He proposed a flag with charkha or the spinning wheel at the center.

Pingali Venkayya was given the task to prepare the flag. The flag had two colors – red representing Hindus and green representing Muslims, with the spinning wheel at the center. But soon this design was modified with a white strip in between, to represent other religions as well.

The flag was further modified with saffron, white, and green colors and adopted by the Indian National Congress as the Swaraj Flag in 1931. The flag had a spinning wheel in the center white portion. The spinning wheel was subsequently replaced by the 24-spoke Ashoka Chakra.

Significance of the Indian National Flag

Indian national flag is the symbol of the independence of the people of India. It holds immense value for them and represents the sovereign, democratic and Republic state of India. It is not only a piece of cloth but an honor that the people love to display or rather adorn with pride.

Tricolor is used as a symbol of the democratic republic of India. Wherever the Tricolor is hoisted, it represents the pride of the people of India. It is displayed in buildings, offices, and during significant national events. During the international events, the display of Tricolor indicates the participation of the people of India.

The Tricolor acts as a binding material that keeps the people of India united, despite their several religious and cultural differences. Muslims, Hindus, Christians, and several other communities identify each other through the Tricolor as a common symbol of unity among them. The flag represents their unity as well as communal harmony between them. The significance of the Indian national flag is incomparable to anything else.

A flag represents the free state of a country and the pride of its people. Tricolor is a symbol that the people of India are free and will remain so till the eternity. Indian population pridefully adorns the Tricolor. It also serves as a warning to other powers of the world that the people of India are going to defend any threat to the nation.

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions

Ans . Khadi cloth is used in making the National Flag of India.

Ans . The ratio of length to width of the Indian National Flag is 3:2.

Ans . The National flag was adopted on 22 July 1947 by the constituent assembly of India.

Ans . A spinning wheel was there at the center of the National flag before Chakra.

Ans . The Indian National Flag was depicted on the first stamp of Independent India.

Related Information:

Essay on Independence Day

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India election results: Modi claims victory for alliance

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) supporters listen to prime minister Narendra Modi’s victory speech at the party headquarters in New Delhi.

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Today’s live coverage has ended, but there’s still plenty to catch up on. Read what you missed below and find more coverage on the AP’s global elections hub.

India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi has claimed victory for his alliance as early results from the staggered, six-week election showed fewer seats for his Bharatiya Janata Party than expected and it appeared unlikely to secure a majority on its own. Final figures are not expected until Wednesday local time, with counting going late into the night.

Here’s what to know:

Where results stand: After winning a record 303 seats in 2019, Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party appeared unlikely to win more than 240, far short of the 272 needed to form a majority government on its own.
National Democratic Alliance: The political coalition led by Modi’s party appears on track to win a combined 286 seat majority.
Modi claims early victory: In a speech to supporters , Modi claimed victory for his alliance , calling the election a big win despite the stronger-than-expected challenge from the opposition.

Across India, supporters of various political parties, leaders and candidates celebrated wins as counting nears its end

Prime Minister Narendra Modi is greeted by supporters as he arrives at Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) headquarters in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

A supporter of Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) dances as he celebrates with others their party’s lead during the counting of votes in India’s national election in Mumbai, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool)

Samajwadi Party supporters celebrate their party’s lead during the counting of votes in India’s national election in Lucknow, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajesh Kumar Singh)

Congress Party leader Rahul Gandhi, in white shirt, sees his mother and party leader Sonia Gandhi off as she leaves the party headquarters after feeling physical discomfort during a press conference in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)

Congress Party supporters wait to get a glimpse of the party leader Rahul Gandhi at the party headquarters in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party supporters celebrate as they follow proceedings of the vote counting at their party headquarters in Chennai, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Mahesh Kumar A.)

Trinamool Congress Party leader and Chief Minister of West Bengal state, Mamata Banerjee, and her nephew and party leader Abhishek Banerjee make a victory sign with their hands as they arrive to address a press conference in Kolkata, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Bikas Das)

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) supporters dance inside the party office after hearing of a candidate’s victory during the counting in India’s national election, in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Hindu nationalist party showed a comfortable lead Tuesday, according to early figures reported by India’s Election Commission, but was facing a stronger challenge from the opposition than had been expected. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

Supporters of Congress Party cheer the party leader Rahul Gandhi, center, as he leaves the party headquarters after addressing a press conference in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)

A Congress Party supporter carries a flag printed with a portrait of party leader Rahul Gandhi at the party headquarters in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)

A Samajwadi Party supporter carries portraits of party leader Akhilesh Yadav, right, and Congress Party leader, Rahul Gandhi, as he celebrates his party’s lead during the counting of votes in India’s national election in Lucknow, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajesh Kumar Singh)

Workers carry a large cutout portrait of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the party headquarters in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

A man walks past posters with portraits of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) state President K. Annamalai on a street in Chennai, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Mahesh Kumar A.)

After winning a record 303 seats in 2019, the BJP appeared unlikely to win more than 240, far short of the 272 needed to form a majority government on its own, with 194 seats won and the lead in 46 constituencies and counting ongoing.

Modi’s NDA coalition, meantime, was on track to win a combined 286 seat majority, with 225 seats won and leads in 61 races.

The opposition INDIA coalition appeared as if it would win 210 seats.

Final figures were not expected until Wednesday, with counting going late into the night.

The White House on Tuesday commended India for demonstrating its “vibrant democratic process” after close to 970 million Indians went to the polls during its six-week long election.

White House national security spokesperson John Kirby said the turnout demonstrated the Indian electorate’s commitment to democracy.

“So we celebrate that with them,” Kirby told reporters. ”And we applaud the government writ large for successfully completing a truly, massively-sized electoral undertaking.”

Kirby declined to comment about Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his BJP party’s apparent victory, noting that “not all the votes have been tallied and counted.”

India's newly elected president Droupadi Murmu greets the crowd gathered at her temporary residence in New Delhi, India, Thursday, July 21, 2022. Murmu, a leader from India's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, was elected by the Indian Parliament and state legislatures in voting held Monday, making her the first president from one of the country's tribes and the second-ever woman to hold the position. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

Indian President Droupadi Murmu greets the crowd gathered at her temporary residence in New Delhi in 2022 (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

India’s president is its head of state, but the position is largely ceremonial.

Droupadi Murmu, the current president, was elected in 2022 by lawmakers — an electoral college that consists of lawmakers in both houses of Parliament and elected members of the legislative assemblies of all states. She hails from the same political party as Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

The position can be important during times of political uncertainty such as a hung parliament, when the office assumes greater power. The president is bound by the advice of the Cabinet led by the prime minister, who is the chief executive.

Tallies reported by India’s Election Commission showed Modi’s BJP-led National Democratic Alliance, 209 of them going to BJP.

The opposition Congress party is part of the INDIA alliance , which so far had won 177 seats, 81 of them for Congress.

Tallying is ongoing. A total of 272 seats are needed for a majority.

FILE- Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the inauguration of Kashi Vishwanath Dham Corridor, a promenade that connects the sacred Ganges River with the centuries-old temple dedicated to Lord Shiva in Varanasi, India, Monday, Dec. 13, 2021. Popular but polarizing Prime Minister Narendra Modi who has advanced Hindu nationalism in India is returning for a third consecutive term in office after clinching victory in a general election that was seen as a referendum on his decade in power. (AP Photo/Rajesh Kumar Singh,file)

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the inauguration of Kashi Vishwanath Dham Corridor, a promenade that connects the sacred Ganges River with the centuries-old temple dedicated to Lord Shiva in Varanasi, India, Monday, Dec. 13, 2021 (AP Photo/Rajesh Kumar Singh)

India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who claimed victory for his alliance in an election seen as a referendum on his decade in power, is a popular but polarizing leader who has presided over a fast-growing economy while advancing Hindu nationalism.

Modi, 73, is only the second Indian prime minister to win a third straight term.

To supporters, Modi is a larger-than-life figure who has improved India’s standing in the world, helped make its economy the world’s fifth-largest , and streamlined the country’s vast welfare program, which serves around 60% of the population. To some, he may even be more than human.

But to critics, he’s a cult leader who has eroded India’s democracy and advanced divisive politics targeting the Muslims who make up 14% of the country’s population. They say he has also increasingly wielded strong-arm tactics to subdue political opponents, squeeze independent media and quash dissent.

▶ Read more in our profile of the prime minister.

As Narendra Modi claimed victory for his alliance, congratulations from neighbors began rolling in on X despite the National Democratic Alliance having several seats to win before securing a majority.

Nepalese Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal: “Congratulations to PM @narendramodi on the electoral success of BJP and NDA in the Loksabha elections for the third consecutive term. We are happy to note the successful completion of the world’s largest democratic exercise with enthusiastic participation of the people of India.”

Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay: “Congratulations to my friend PM @narendramodi ji and NDA for the historic 3rd consecutive win in the world’s biggest elections. As he continues to lead Bharat to great heights, I look forward to working closely with him to further strengthen the relations between our 2 countries.”

Mauritian Prime Minister Pravind Kumar Jugnauth: “Congratulations Prime Minister Modi Ji @narendramodi on your laudable victory for a historic third term. Under your helm, the largest democracy will continue to achieve remarkable progress. Long live the Mauritius-India special relationship.”

Sri Lankan President Ranil Wickremesinghe: I extend my warmest felicitations to the @BJP4India led NDA on its victory, demonstrating the confidence of the Indian people in the progress and prosperity under the leadership of PM @narendramodi. As the closest neighbour Sri Lanka looks forward to further strengthening the partnership with India.”

Prime Minister Narendra Modi is garlanded by senior Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leaders Rajnath Singh, left, party President JP Nadda, right, and Amit Shah, at the party headquarters in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

Around 33 minutes.

32. The National Democratic Alliance, led by Narendra Modi’s BJP, has claimed 240 seats. It needs 272 to secure a majority and thus a third term for the prime minister.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi says India will will see a “new chapter of big decisions” in his third term in office.

After claiming victory for his coalition alliance despite a lackluster performance from his own party, Modi told a crowd at party headquarters he would not shirk from pushing forward with his agenda.

He said he would advance India’s defense production, jobs for youth, raise exports and help farmers, among other things.

“This country will see a new chapter of big decisions. This is Modi’s guarantee,” he said, speaking in the third person.

His speech is still ongoing.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi greets supporters as he arrives at Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) headquarters in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi promises “new chapter of big decisions” after declaring victory for his coalition.

But if his BJP is indeed forced to form a coalition, the party would likely “be heavily dependent on the goodwill of its allies, which makes them critical players who we can expect will extract their pound of flesh, both in terms of policymaking as well as government formation,” said Milan Vaishnav, director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi claimed victory for his alliance, despite a lackluster performance from his own party as it faced a stronger than expected challenge from the opposition, which pushed back against the leader’s mixed economic record and polarizing politics.

Modi said that his National Democratic Alliance will form the government for the third consecutive time.

“Today’s victory is the victory of the world’s largest democracy,” he said, speaking at his party headquarters.

For the first time since Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party swept to power in 2014, it appeared unlikely that it would secure a majority on its own – but the prime minister’s coalition was still expected to be elected to a third five-year term in the world’s largest democratic exercise .

If Modi does have to rely on coalition support to govern, it would be a stunning blow for the 73-year-old, who had hoped for a landslide victory.

As Prime Minister Narendra Modi claims victory for his alliance, 329 of 543 seats have been decided, according to India’s Election Commission. Counting is expected to continue through the night.

Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party and its National Democratic Alliance has yet to secure the 272 seats needed for a parliamentary majority, but the prime minister has declared “a very big win.”

India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi swept to power a decade ago on promises to transform India’s economy, and as he seeks a third term as prime minister, it would be hard to argue he hasn’t made strides.

▶ Read more about the growth of India’s economy — and why some feel left behind.

Supporters of National Democratic Alliance watch as their candidates arrive to file nomination papers ahead of national elections in Mumbai, India, Monday, April 29, 2024. (AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool)

The National Democratic Alliance, an Indian political coalition, is led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party. It was founded in 1998 and comprises center-right and right-wing political parties.

The coalition’s first chair was former BJP Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The coalition ruled from 1998 to 2004, but then was out of power until 2014, when Modi was first elected as the prime minister.

BJP’s key allies in the NDA include more than a dozen regional parties, including the Telugu Desam Party, Janta Dal (United), Pattali Makkal Katchi, the Republican Parry of India (Athwale Group) and Shiv Sena.

The NDA could be key to Modi retaining his position. In the past two elections, the BJP has secured an outright majority, but early figures indicate it might need the coalition to reach that threshold.

More than 12 hours after vote counting started, India’s Election Commission reports that the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party has won 140 seats while the Congress party has won 55.

272 seats are needed to secure a majority. Preliminary results indicate Modi’s BJP will need to rely on its coalition partners to achieve that.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has arrived at Bharatiya Janata Party headquarters in New Delhi, where supporters are spilling out into the road.

Samajwadi Party supporters dance as they celebrate their party’s lead during the counting of votes in India’s national election in Lucknow, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajesh Kumar Singh)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Hindu nationalist party is facing a major upset in India’s most populous state at the hands of a powerful regional group, Samajwadi Party or Socialist Group.

The Samajwadi Party, founded in 1992 and now led by Akhilesh Yadav, has already won 10 seats in Uttar Pradesh state and was leading in another 28 constituencies. It is part of the Congress-led INDIA alliance, which is facing off against the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance.

Modi’s BJP has won in 12 districts (including Modi’s own Varanasi seat) and is leading in 20 constituencies. Exit polls had predicted a landslide victory for the BJP in the state.

“In this election, it seems Lord Ram has deserted the BJP,” Samajwadi spokesperson Rajendra Chaudhry said.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, shows the indelible ink mark on his index finger after casting his vote during the third phase of general elections, in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, Tuesday, May 7, 2024. (AP Photo/Ajit Solanki)

The 73-year-old is one of India’s most beloved — and polarizing — leaders. He’s already won twice, first in 2014 and then in 2019, and is now seeking a hattrick victory.

His supporters see him as a self-made, strong leader who has improved India’s standing on the global stage, and credit his pro-business policies with making the economy the world’s fifth-largest. At the same time, his rule has seen brazen attacks against minorities, particularly Muslims.

India’s democracy, critics say, is faltering and Modi has increasingly blurred the line between religion and state. But both agree on one thing: Modi has achieved staying power by making Hindu nationalism acceptable — desirable, even — to a nation of 1.4 billion that for decades prided itself on secularism and diversity.

Millions of Indians are voting in a six-week long national election in a referendum on Narendra Modi, the populist prime minister who has championed an assertive brand of Hindu nationalist politics. The voters will cast ballots in the first round of voting across 21 states. Over 970 million voters will elect 543 members for the lower house of Parliament for five years during the staggered elections that will run until June 1. The votes will be counted on June 4. (AP Video by Piyush Nagpal)

Each phase was held on a single day, with voting in several constituencies across multiple states. The staggered polling allowed the government to deploy tens of thousands of troops to prevent violence and transport election officials and voting machines.

People walk past a large poster of the movie Swatantra Veer Savarkar displayed outside a cinema hall in Mumbai, India, Thursday, Mar. 21, 2024. The movie, set to be released on Friday, is one of several upcoming Bollywood releases based on polarizing issues, which either promote Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his government’s political agenda, or lambast his critics. (AP Photo/Rajanish Kakade)

People walk past a large poster of the movie “Swatantra Veer Savarkar” displayed outside a cinema hall in Mumbai (AP Photo/Rajanish Kakade)

For more than a century, Bollywood has unified India, a country riven with religious, caste and political divide. It’s been a rare industry where religion has been least influential in deciding the success of filmmakers and actors. Bollywood films have also championed political diversity and religious harmony.

That culture, however, appears to be under threat.

Under Narendra Modi’s Hindu nationalist government, many filmmakers have made movies on bygone Hindu kings extolling their bravery. Boisterous and action-packed movies valorizing the Indian Army have become box office successes. Political dramas and biopics that eulogize Hindu nationalists are the norm.

In most of these films, the stock villains are medieval Muslim rulers, leftist or opposition leaders, free thinkers or rights activists — and neighboring Pakistan.

▶ Read more about how some in the Hindi film industry have embraced Modi.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi says his coalition is on the path to a third straight term in government after India’s marathon election.

“People have placed their faith in NDA, for a third consecutive time! This is a historical feat in India’s history,” Modi on Tuesday said in a post on X, referring to the National Democratic Alliance which his party heads. He said he will continue to work and fulfil the aspirations of the people.

As Modi posted his comment, his coalition had won 128 seats and led in 157 races according to the Election Commission. A total of 272 seats were needed to form a majority government.

For Payal, a resident of the northern city of Lucknow who uses only one name, the election was about the economy and India’s vast number of people living in poverty. “People are suffering, there are no jobs, people are in such a state that their kids are compelled to make and sell tea on the roadside,” Payal said. “This is a big deal for us. If we don’t wake up now, when will we?”

Supporters of Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) dance as they celebrate their party’s lead during the counting of votes in India’s national election in Mumbai, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool)

Supporters of Congress Party dance as they celebrate their party’s lead during the counting of votes in India’s national election in Mumbai, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Rafiq Maqbool)

Faces of Trinamool Congress Party supporters smeared with green colour display victory sign as they celebrate the election results in Kolkata, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Hindu nationalist party showed a comfortable lead Tuesday, according to early figures reported by India’s Election Commission, but was facing a stronger challenge from the opposition than had been expected. (AP Photo/Bikas Das)

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party supporters cheer as they follow proceedings of the vote counting at their party headquarters in Chennai, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. India began counting more than 640 million votes Tuesday in the world’s largest democratic exercise, which was widely expected to return Prime Minister Narendra Modi to a third term after a decade in power. (AP Photo/Mahesh Kumar A.)

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) supporters shout slogans as they celebrate their party’s lead during the counting of votes outside the party office in Srinagar, Indian controlled Kashmir, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Dar Yasin)

Congress party supporters cheer as they follow proceedings of vote counting at their party headquarters in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. India began counting more than 640 million votes Tuesday in the world’s largest democratic exercise, which was widely expected to return Prime Minister Narendra Modi to a third term after a decade in power. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)

A band plays music as Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) supporters dance inside the party office after hearing of a candidate’s victory during the counting in India’s national election, in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. xPrime Minister Narendra Modi’s Hindu nationalist party showed a comfortable lead Tuesday, according to early figures reported by India’s Election Commission, but was facing a stronger challenge from the opposition than had been expected. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) supporters light firecrackers after hearing of a candidate’s victory during the counting of votes in India’s national election, in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

Across India, supporters of various political parties have been celebrating results as they trickle in with colored powder, fireworks, drums and more.

Hindu nationalism, once a fringe ideology in India, is now mainstream. Nobody has done more to advance this cause than Prime Minister Narendra Modi, one of India’s most beloved and polarizing political leaders.

Hindu nationalism , once a fringe ideology in India , is now mainstream. Nobody has done more to advance this cause than Prime Minister Narendra Modi , one of India’s most beloved and polarizing political leaders.

And no entity has had more influence on his political philosophy and ambitions than a paramilitary, right-wing group founded nearly a century ago and known as the RSS.

▶ Read more about how Hindu nationalism has become mainstream over the past decade.

FILE- Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal greets his supporters from a vehicle during a roadshow in New Delhi, India, Saturday, May 11, 2024. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri, File)

Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal greets his supporters from a vehicle during a roadshow in New Delhi, India, Saturday, May 11, 2024. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)

As votes are being counted, Arvind Kejriwal, 55, is likely keeping track — from jail.

One of India’s most consequential opposition leaders, Kejriwal was arrested in March over alleged corruption charges, and let out on bail in May for a few weeks. He campaigned heavily during this time in his stronghold of New Delhi, India’s capital, as well as a few other cities before heading back to jail.

Kejriwal stormed into Indian politics in 2012 as he launched the anti-corruption Aam Aadmi Party, or Common People’s Party.

Since then, he has emerged as a fierce Modi rival, especially in New Delhi and Punjab state, where his party is in power.

His arrest and the ensuing saga dominated headlines, as he and his party accused Modi’s government of engineering his arrest to keep him out of the race. The government has denied this.

Kejriwal’s AAP is part of a broad alliance of opposition parties called INDIA, the main challenger to Modi’s BJP in this election.

Congress Party leader Rahul Gandhi holds a copy of the Indian Constitution as he addresses a press conference at the party headquarters in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)

Rahul Gandhi, the face of the Congress party’s campaign and would-be prime minister, said the preliminary results showed India does not want Narendra Modi.

“People’s clear message to PM Modi and Home Minister Amit Shah is that we don’t want you to run the nation,” Gandhi said at a Congress party press conference around 10 hours into the vote count. “The poorest of this country have defended the constitution of India.”

Flanked by Congress leaders, including mother Sonia Gandhi, the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty scion brandished a copy of the constitution.

Despite a stronger-than-expected showing from Congress’ INDIA alliance thus far, Modi is still expected to secure a third term as prime minister.

The counting is ticking along more than 10 hours after it began, and results have now been called for 103 parliamentary seats out of a total of 543.

Modi’s National Democratic Alliance had won 67 seats, with 62 of them going to his Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, according to India’s Election Commission. The opposing INDIA coalition had bagged 31 seats, with the main Congress party winning 27 of them. The remaining five seats went to other regional parties.

Congress party leader Shashi Taroor, and contender for the party president position, left, raises hands with newly elected president Mallikarjun Kharge in New Delhi, India, Wednesday, Oct. 19, 2022. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

India’s opposition Congress party has called its alliance’s strong showing in the polls a “win for democracy” and a “moral and political loss” for Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Congress party President Mallikarjun Kharge just addressed a press conference in New Delhi, saying that because no party had a clear majority, the mandate was against Modi.

“Our fight has not ended yet. We will continue to fight for the country’s development, for the constitution, for the benefit of the people,” Kharge said.

Modi’s coalition led in a majority of seats Tuesday in India’s general election , according to early figures, but faced a stronger challenge from the opposition than expected after it pushed back against the leader’s mixed economic record and polarizing politics. Modi was still widely expected to be elected to a third five-year term in the world’s largest democratic exercise .

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) supporters celebrate in Srinagar as vote counting is underway in India’s 2024 Lok Sabha election. AP video: Dar Yasin

Some 10 hours into counting , partial tallies reported by India’s Election Commission showed Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party was ahead in 196 constituencies and had won 45, including one uncontested, of 543 parliamentary seats. The main opposition Congress party led in 83 constituencies and had won 15.

A total of 272 seats are needed for a majority. In 2019, the BJP won 303 seats, while they secured 282 in 2014 when Modi first came to power.

Modi’s party is part of the National Democratic Alliance, whose members led in 236 constituencies and won 50, according to the partial count. The Congress party is part of the INDIA alliance , which led in 211 constituencies and had won 19.

The Election Commission does not release data on the percentage of votes tallied.

FILE - Jawaharlal Nehru salutes the flag as he becomes independent India's first prime minister on Aug. 15, 1947 during the Independence Day ceremony at Red Fort, New Delhi, India. “At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom," Nehru famously spoke, words that were heard over live radio by millions of Indians. Then he promised: “To the nations and peoples of the world, we send greetings and pledge ourselves to cooperate with them in furthering peace, freedom and democracy.” (AP Photo/File)

India’s general elections are held every five years. There are no specified term limits for lawmakers and thus no limit on how many years a prime minister can serve. Narendra Modi has already been in power for a decade. Should he win a third term and finish it out, he’ll near the record of the longest-serving prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.

India employs a first-past-the-post multiparty electoral system. That means for individual contests, whoever receives the most votes wins. To win a parliamentary majority — and thus the premiership — a party or a coalition of parties must secure at least 272 seats (543 seats are up for a vote). India’s electoral system is similar to the U.K.’s.

Congress party supporters celebrate in Mumbai as vote counting is underway in India’s 2024 Lok Sabha election. (AP video: Rafiq Maqbool)

India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi filed his nomination on Tuesday to run for a third term in India’s general election. Modi hopes to retain his seat in the holy Hindu city, his constituency, from where he ran and won, first in 2014 and then again in 2019. (AP video shot by Rajesh Kumar Singh)

Although Narendra Modi is the former chief minister of Gujarat, the incumbent prime minister has retained his seat in Varanasi.

It’s the constituency from which he first ran and won in 2014. Located in Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state, Varanasi is a holy Hindu city. It’s about 1,350 kilometers (840 miles) east of Modi’s hometown of Vadnagar in Gujarat state.

FILE-A woman shows her index fingers marked with an indelible ink as she poses for a photograph next to a cutout portrait of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi after casting her vote in the seventh and final phase of India's national elections, in Varanasi, India, Saturday, June 1, 2024. Indians began voting Saturday in the last round of a six-week-long national election that is a referendum on Hindu nationalist Prime Minister Narendra Modi's decade in power. (AP Photo/Rajesh Kumar Singh,file)

A woman shows her index fingers marked with an indelible ink as she poses for a photograph next to a cutout portrait of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi after casting her vote in Varanasi, India (AP Photo/Rajesh Kumar Singh)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has won his seat from the Hindu holy city of Varanasi, the constituency from where he ran and won, first in 2014 and then again in 2019, India’s election commission reported.

Modi, who won by more than 152,000 votes, secured 54% of total votes. He was pitted against opposition Congress party’s Ajai Rai, who secured 40% of the votes.

The holy city is located on the banks of the revered Ganges River and is part of Uttar Pradesh state, India’s most populous, with around 200 million people.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in a white waistcoat, and Yogi Adityanath, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh greet supporters from a vehicle during a roadshow in Varanasi, India, Monday, May 13, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajesh Kumar)

In campaign rallies, Narendra Modi has called Muslims “infiltrators” and said they “have too many children,” referring to a Hindu nationalist trope that Muslims produce more children with the aim of outnumbering Hindus in India. He has also accused the rival Indian National Congress party of scheming to “loot” wealth from the country’s Hindus and redistribute it among Muslims, who comprise 14% of India’s more than 1.4 billion people.

Modi had kicked off his campaign with a focus on economic progress, promising he would make India a developed nation by 2047. But he and the ruling BJP doubled down heavily on their Hindu nationalism platform , with Modi employing some of his most divisive rhetoric in his decade in power.

The Congress party filed a complaint with the Election Commission of India, alleging Modi broke rules that bar candidates from engaging in any activity that aggravates religious tensions.

Analysts say the change in tone came as the BJP targeted a supermajority by consolidating votes among the majority Hindu population — a number that now seems out of reach. They say Modi’s party also ratcheted up polarizing speeches to distract voters from larger issues, like unemployment and economic distress, that the opposition has focused on.

A polling officer applies indelible ink mark on the finger of a voter during the fifth round of multi-phase national elections in Ayodhya, India, Monday, May 20, 2024. (AP Photo/Rajesh Kumar Singh)

Narendra Modi’s BJP have lost their seat in Ayodhya, a deeply symbolic loss for the party after the prime minister opened a grand but controversial Hindu temple there in January.

The BJP candidate, Lallu Singh, lost to a candidate put up by the regional Samajwadi Party, Singh’s poll agent Kamlesh Srivastava told The Associated Press. Singh had held the seat since 2014.

Modi and his party have heavily campaigned on this temple dedicated to Lord Ram, built on the historic ruins of a mosque that was destroyed by Hindu mobs in 1992.

In this photograph released by Indian Government Press Information Bureau, Indian Prime Minister, arrives to lead the opening of a temple dedicated to Hinduism’s Lord Ram in Ayodhya, India, Monday, Jan. 22, 2024. (Press Information Bureau via AP)

Experts said the January opening, where Modi performed rituals inside the temple, marked the unofficial start of his campaign as they hoped it would resonate with his Hindu majority voters. Modi’s government had turned the event into a national occasion by organizing live screenings across the country and closing offices for half a day.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) supporters celebrate in Delhi as vote counting is underway in India’s 2024 Lok Sabha election. (AP video: Manish Swarup)

A Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) worker waits with sweets inside the party office for the final election results to be declared in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Hindu nationalist party showed a comfortable lead Tuesday, according to early figures reported by India's Election Commission, but was facing a stronger challenge from the opposition than had been expected. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

Vinod Kumar Vidyarthi waits with sweets outside the BJP party office for the final election results (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

Outside the BJP party office in New Delhi, supporter Vinod Kumar Vidyarthi sported a stole emblazoned with Modi’s likeness and toted a Modi-branded water bottle and sweets.

Despite the sweets, he had strong words regarding the election and the Hindu nationalist party he supports: “Our party will form the government. We had traitors within us. After we form the government, it will be a victory for Hindus and we will chase away all those who betrayed us.”

Polling officers, left to right, Dekule Kapfo, 34, Neke W Konyak, 29, Neichutuonuo Yhome, 27, and Nukutholu Nienu, 44, prepare election related paperwork on the eve of polling in Chedema village, in the northeastern Indian state of Nagaland, Thursday, April 18, 2024. (AP Photo/Yirmiyan Arthur)

Polling officers Dekule Kapfo, Neke W Konyak, Neichutuonuo Yhome and Nukutholu Nienu prepare election-related paperwork on the eve of polling (AP Photo/Yirmiyan Arthur)

The Northern Angami constituency of Chedema village is Nagaland’s first to be solely managed by women polling officers. It was the idea of Kumar Ramnikant, the administrative head of Kohima district, in hopes of breaking job stereotypes.

“Women are more systematic. They take every sentence seriously, whereas men have an easy attitude,” said Zhoto Khamo, an officer who has supervised many elections.

▶ Read more about these polling officers and see more photos of the station.

The vote counting is still carrying on, but results have been called for 28 parliamentary seats out of 542 so far.

Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party has won 19 seats, according to India’s Election Commission, while its main opposition Congress party bagged 4 seats. The rest went to different regional parties.

Vote tallying is expected to take all day, but the count so far shows Modi’s party leading in 225 constituencies with the Congress ahead in 93.

G20 leaders pay their tributes at the Rajghat, a Mahatma Gandhi memorial, in New Delhi, India, Sunday, Sept. 10, 2023. (AP Photo/Kenny Holston, Pool)

The polls are seen as a test for India’s democratic and secular traditions, which critics say have seen a slow erosion under Narendra Modi’s 10-year rule. It also tests the limits of a populist leader who has risen to power by mixing religion with politics on a Hindu-first platform.

India’s clout on the global stage has risen under Modi. It’s seen by Western nations as a counterweight to Chinese aggression in the region even as New Delhi maintains its historic ties with Russia. And its large economy, one of the fastest growing in the world, has only boosted its rise as an emerging global power.

Earthmovers remove burnt debris the day after a fire broke out in an amusement park in Rajkot, India, Sunday, May 26, 2024. A massive fire damaged a large part of the park on Saturday, killing more than twenty people and injuring some others, news reports said. (AP Photo/Ajit Solanki)

Earthmovers remove burnt debris the day after a fire broke out in an amusement park in Rajkot, India, Sunday, May 26, 2024 (AP Photo/Ajit Solanki)

Early leads from India’s election commission projected Narendra Modi’s ruling Bharatiya Janata Party was leading in 25 of 26 seats in the prime minister’s home state of Gujarat. But party leaders said they were not celebrating victory because of a recent fire at an amusement park in the state that killed 27 people.

A massive fire broke out last month at an amusement park in the state’s Rajkot city. Those killed included children.

“We had decided that there will be no celebratory victory or beating of drums. So we are not celebrating,” said C. R. Patil, a senior leader from Modi’s party.

India's top opposition leader Rahul Gandhi, center, arrives at the Parliament in New Delhi, India, Monday, Aug.7, 2023. India's Parliament on Monday reinstated Gandhi as a lawmaker three days after the country's top court halted his criminal defamation conviction for mocking the prime minister's surname. (AP Photo)

India’s top opposition leader Rahul Gandhi, center, arrives at the Parliament in New Delhi, India, Monday, Aug.7, 2023 (AP Photo)

The 53-year-old is the scion of modern India’s most powerful political dynasty. He is the great-grandson of the country’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. His grandmother and father also held the top job and were each assassinated.

He is the star face for the opposition Congress party, which governed India for nearly 55 years after the country gained independence from the British in 1947. This time, he and his Congress party are leading the main opposition alliance, called INDIA, against Narendra Modi’s BJP.

While his family connections have helped retain some loyal voters, they have also worked against him — especially in the past two elections, where he suffered huge losses against Modi, who refers to Gandhi as an out-of-touch elite, coasting on his surname.

On the campaign trail, Gandhi has called Modi a dictator ruining India’s democracy. He has attacked Modi and the BJP over recent anti-Muslim rhetoric. And his party is hoping to benefit from economic distress, including high unemployment.

A Bharatiya Janta Party supporter prepares to offer prayers to the cut-out of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi outside their party headquarters in New Delhi, India, Tuesday, June 4, 2024 (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s ruling Hindu nationalist party appears to be falling short of a majority in the early vote count. If these trends hold, it would be a stunning setback to the populist who has never relied on coalition partners to govern.

Modi’s party is still expected to form the government and return as the prime minister for a rare third consecutive term as his National Democratic Alliance was leading in about 290 constituencies — ahead of the 272 seats needed for a majority. Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party alone was leading in 242 seats.

A coalition would, however, diminish Modi’s power as a strongman leader who won his party landslide victories in 2014 and 2019 elections.

In such a scenario, his BJP would likely “be heavily dependent on the goodwill of its allies, which makes them critical players who we can expect will extract their pound of flesh, both in terms of policymaking as well as government formation,” said Milan Vaishnav, director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

“This would be truly, you know, uncharted territory, both for Indians as well as for the prime minister,” Vaishnav said.

Since coming to power in 2014, Modi’s BJP has governed in a coalition government but has always held a majority on its own.

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) supporters celebrate in Guwahati as party seeks majority for third term in Assam. (AP video: Anupam Nath)

FILE-People cross the Brahmaputra river in a boat to reach a polling booth during the second round of voting in the six-week-long national election in Morigaon district, Assam, India, Friday, April 26, 2024. (AP Photo/Anupam Nath,file)

People cross the Brahmaputra river in a boat to reach a polling booth in Morigaon district, Assam, India, on April 26 (AP Photo/Anupam Nath)

As hundreds of millions headed to the polls, they did so amid sweltering heat and unpredictable weather extremes worsened by human-caused climate change. That climate change has led to losses of livelihood, forced migration and increasingly difficult living conditions.

India’s top political parties made promises to address climate change and reduce emissions in their election manifestos — but little of that was evident on the campaign trail.

Here’s a look at what climate change has wrought in the country:

Western and central India: extreme heat and longer droughts
Coastal regions: stronger and more frequent cyclones
Northeastern India: unpredictable and increased flooding
Himalayas: melting glaciers and intense rain

▶ Read more about how climate change has affected the election.

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