blank literature review template

How To Write An A-Grade Literature Review

3 straightforward steps (with examples) + free template.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewed By: Dr. Eunice Rautenbach | October 2019

Quality research is about building onto the existing work of others , “standing on the shoulders of giants”, as Newton put it. The literature review chapter of your dissertation, thesis or research project is where you synthesise this prior work and lay the theoretical foundation for your own research.

Long story short, this chapter is a pretty big deal, which is why you want to make sure you get it right . In this post, I’ll show you exactly how to write a literature review in three straightforward steps, so you can conquer this vital chapter (the smart way).

Overview: The Literature Review Process

• Understanding the “ why “
• Finding the relevant literature
• Cataloguing and synthesising the information
• Outlining & writing up your literature review
• Example of a literature review

But first, the “why”…

Before we unpack how to write the literature review chapter, we’ve got to look at the why . To put it bluntly, if you don’t understand the function and purpose of the literature review process, there’s no way you can pull it off well. So, what exactly is the purpose of the literature review?

Well, there are (at least) four core functions:

• For you to gain an understanding (and demonstrate this understanding) of where the research is at currently, what the key arguments and disagreements are.
• For you to identify the gap(s) in the literature and then use this as justification for your own research topic.
• To help you build a conceptual framework for empirical testing (if applicable to your research topic).
• To inform your methodological choices and help you source tried and tested questionnaires (for interviews ) and measurement instruments (for surveys ).

Most students understand the first point but don’t give any thought to the rest. To get the most from the literature review process, you must keep all four points front of mind as you review the literature (more on this shortly), or you’ll land up with a wonky foundation.

Okay – with the why out the way, let’s move on to the how . As mentioned above, writing your literature review is a process, which I’ll break down into three steps:

• Finding the most suitable literature
• Understanding , distilling and organising the literature
• Planning and writing up your literature review chapter

Importantly, you must complete steps one and two before you start writing up your chapter. I know it’s very tempting, but don’t try to kill two birds with one stone and write as you read. You’ll invariably end up wasting huge amounts of time re-writing and re-shaping, or you’ll just land up with a disjointed, hard-to-digest mess . Instead, you need to read first and distil the information, then plan and execute the writing.

Step 1: Find the relevant literature

Naturally, the first step in the literature review journey is to hunt down the existing research that’s relevant to your topic. While you probably already have a decent base of this from your research proposal , you need to expand on this substantially in the dissertation or thesis itself.

Essentially, you need to be looking for any existing literature that potentially helps you answer your research question (or develop it, if that’s not yet pinned down). There are numerous ways to find relevant literature, but I’ll cover my top four tactics here. I’d suggest combining all four methods to ensure that nothing slips past you:

Method 1 – Google Scholar Scrubbing

Google’s academic search engine, Google Scholar , is a great starting point as it provides a good high-level view of the relevant journal articles for whatever keyword you throw at it. Most valuably, it tells you how many times each article has been cited, which gives you an idea of how credible (or at least, popular) it is. Some articles will be free to access, while others will require an account, which brings us to the next method.

Method 2 – University Database Scrounging

Generally, universities provide students with access to an online library, which provides access to many (but not all) of the major journals.

So, if you find an article using Google Scholar that requires paid access (which is quite likely), search for that article in your university’s database – if it’s listed there, you’ll have access. Note that, generally, the search engine capabilities of these databases are poor, so make sure you search for the exact article name, or you might not find it.

Method 3 – Journal Article Snowballing

At the end of every academic journal article, you’ll find a list of references. As with any academic writing, these references are the building blocks of the article, so if the article is relevant to your topic, there’s a good chance a portion of the referenced works will be too. Do a quick scan of the titles and see what seems relevant, then search for the relevant ones in your university’s database.

Method 4 – Dissertation Scavenging

Similar to Method 3 above, you can leverage other students’ dissertations. All you have to do is skim through literature review chapters of existing dissertations related to your topic and you’ll find a gold mine of potential literature. Usually, your university will provide you with access to previous students’ dissertations, but you can also find a much larger selection in the following databases:

• Open Access Theses & Dissertations
• Stanford SearchWorks

Keep in mind that dissertations and theses are not as academically sound as published, peer-reviewed journal articles (because they’re written by students, not professionals), so be sure to check the credibility of any sources you find using this method. You can do this by assessing the citation count of any given article in Google Scholar. If you need help with assessing the credibility of any article, or with finding relevant research in general, you can chat with one of our Research Specialists .

Alright – with a good base of literature firmly under your belt, it’s time to move onto the next step.

Need a helping hand?

Step 2: Log, catalogue and synthesise

Once you’ve built a little treasure trove of articles, it’s time to get reading and start digesting the information – what does it all mean?

While I present steps one and two (hunting and digesting) as sequential, in reality, it’s more of a back-and-forth tango – you’ll read a little , then have an idea, spot a new citation, or a new potential variable, and then go back to searching for articles. This is perfectly natural – through the reading process, your thoughts will develop , new avenues might crop up, and directional adjustments might arise. This is, after all, one of the main purposes of the literature review process (i.e. to familiarise yourself with the current state of research in your field).

As you’re working through your treasure chest, it’s essential that you simultaneously start organising the information. There are three aspects to this:

• Logging reference information
• Building an organised catalogue
• Distilling and synthesising the information

I’ll discuss each of these below:

2.1 – Log the reference information

As you read each article, you should add it to your reference management software. I usually recommend Mendeley for this purpose (see the Mendeley 101 video below), but you can use whichever software you’re comfortable with. Most importantly, make sure you load EVERY article you read into your reference manager, even if it doesn’t seem very relevant at the time.

2.2 – Build an organised catalogue

In the beginning, you might feel confident that you can remember who said what, where, and what their main arguments were. Trust me, you won’t. If you do a thorough review of the relevant literature (as you must!), you’re going to read many, many articles, and it’s simply impossible to remember who said what, when, and in what context . Also, without the bird’s eye view that a catalogue provides, you’ll miss connections between various articles, and have no view of how the research developed over time. Simply put, it’s essential to build your own catalogue of the literature.

I would suggest using Excel to build your catalogue, as it allows you to run filters, colour code and sort – all very useful when your list grows large (which it will). How you lay your spreadsheet out is up to you, but I’d suggest you have the following columns (at minimum):

• Author, date, title – Start with three columns containing this core information. This will make it easy for you to search for titles with certain words, order research by date, or group by author.
• Categories or keywords – You can either create multiple columns, one for each category/theme and then tick the relevant categories, or you can have one column with keywords.
• Key arguments/points – Use this column to succinctly convey the essence of the article, the key arguments and implications thereof for your research.
• Context – Note the socioeconomic context in which the research was undertaken. For example, US-based, respondents aged 25-35, lower- income, etc. This will be useful for making an argument about gaps in the research.
• Methodology – Note which methodology was used and why. Also, note any issues you feel arise due to the methodology. Again, you can use this to make an argument about gaps in the research.
• Quotations – Note down any quoteworthy lines you feel might be useful later.
• Notes – Make notes about anything not already covered. For example, linkages to or disagreements with other theories, questions raised but unanswered, shortcomings or limitations, and so forth.

If you’d like, you can try out our free catalog template here (see screenshot below).

2.3 – Digest and synthesise

Most importantly, as you work through the literature and build your catalogue, you need to synthesise all the information in your own mind – how does it all fit together? Look for links between the various articles and try to develop a bigger picture view of the state of the research. Some important questions to ask yourself are:

• What answers does the existing research provide to my own research questions ?
• Which points do the researchers agree (and disagree) on?
• How has the research developed over time?
• Where do the gaps in the current research lie?

To help you develop a big-picture view and synthesise all the information, you might find mind mapping software such as Freemind useful. Alternatively, if you’re a fan of physical note-taking, investing in a large whiteboard might work for you.

Step 3: Outline and write it up!

Once you’re satisfied that you have digested and distilled all the relevant literature in your mind, it’s time to put pen to paper (or rather, fingers to keyboard). There are two steps here – outlining and writing:

3.1 – Draw up your outline

Having spent so much time reading, it might be tempting to just start writing up without a clear structure in mind. However, it’s critically important to decide on your structure and develop a detailed outline before you write anything. Your literature review chapter needs to present a clear, logical and an easy to follow narrative – and that requires some planning. Don’t try to wing it!

Naturally, you won’t always follow the plan to the letter, but without a detailed outline, you’re more than likely going to end up with a disjointed pile of waffle , and then you’re going to spend a far greater amount of time re-writing, hacking and patching. The adage, “measure twice, cut once” is very suitable here.

In terms of structure, the first decision you’ll have to make is whether you’ll lay out your review thematically (into themes) or chronologically (by date/period). The right choice depends on your topic, research objectives and research questions, which we discuss in this article .

Once that’s decided, you need to draw up an outline of your entire chapter in bullet point format. Try to get as detailed as possible, so that you know exactly what you’ll cover where, how each section will connect to the next, and how your entire argument will develop throughout the chapter. Also, at this stage, it’s a good idea to allocate rough word count limits for each section, so that you can identify word count problems before you’ve spent weeks or months writing!

PS – check out our free literature review chapter template…

3.2 – Get writing

With a detailed outline at your side, it’s time to start writing up (finally!). At this stage, it’s common to feel a bit of writer’s block and find yourself procrastinating under the pressure of finally having to put something on paper. To help with this, remember that the objective of the first draft is not perfection – it’s simply to get your thoughts out of your head and onto paper, after which you can refine them. The structure might change a little, the word count allocations might shift and shuffle, and you might add or remove a section – that’s all okay. Don’t worry about all this on your first draft – just get your thoughts down on paper.

Once you’ve got a full first draft (however rough it may be), step away from it for a day or two (longer if you can) and then come back at it with fresh eyes. Pay particular attention to the flow and narrative – does it fall fit together and flow from one section to another smoothly? Now’s the time to try to improve the linkage from each section to the next, tighten up the writing to be more concise, trim down word count and sand it down into a more digestible read.

Once you’ve done that, give your writing to a friend or colleague who is not a subject matter expert and ask them if they understand the overall discussion. The best way to assess this is to ask them to explain the chapter back to you. This technique will give you a strong indication of which points were clearly communicated and which weren’t. If you’re working with Grad Coach, this is a good time to have your Research Specialist review your chapter.

Finally, tighten it up and send it off to your supervisor for comment. Some might argue that you should be sending your work to your supervisor sooner than this (indeed your university might formally require this), but in my experience, supervisors are extremely short on time (and often patience), so, the more refined your chapter is, the less time they’ll waste on addressing basic issues (which you know about already) and the more time they’ll spend on valuable feedback that will increase your mark-earning potential.

Literature Review Example

In the video below, we unpack an actual literature review so that you can see how all the core components come together in reality.

Let’s Recap

In this post, we’ve covered how to research and write up a high-quality literature review chapter. Let’s do a quick recap of the key takeaways:

• It is essential to understand the WHY of the literature review before you read or write anything. Make sure you understand the 4 core functions of the process.
• The first step is to hunt down the relevant literature . You can do this using Google Scholar, your university database, the snowballing technique and by reviewing other dissertations and theses.
• Next, you need to log all the articles in your reference manager , build your own catalogue of literature and synthesise all the research.
• Following that, you need to develop a detailed outline of your entire chapter – the more detail the better. Don’t start writing without a clear outline (on paper, not in your head!)
• Write up your first draft in rough form – don’t aim for perfection. Remember, done beats perfect.
• Refine your second draft and get a layman’s perspective on it . Then tighten it up and submit it to your supervisor.

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Literature Review Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

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38 Comments

Thank you very much. This page is an eye opener and easy to comprehend.

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I wish I come across GradCoach earlier enough.

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Thank you for this good job.

Keep it up!

You’re welcome, Yinka. Thank you for the kind words. All the best writing your literature review.

Thank you for a very useful literature review session. Although I am doing most of the steps…it being my first masters an Mphil is a self study and one not sure you are on the right track. I have an amazing supervisor but one also knows they are super busy. So not wanting to bother on the minutae. Thank you.

You’re most welcome, Renee. Good luck with your literature review 🙂

This has been really helpful. Will make full use of it. 🙂

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It is very good video of guidance for writing a research proposal and a dissertation. Since I have been watching and reading instructions, I have started my research proposal to write. I appreciate to Mr Jansen hugely.

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Thank you for sharing your knowledge. As a research student, you learn better with your learning tips in research

I was really stuck in reading and gathering information but after watching these things are cleared thanks, it is so helpful.

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This is super helpful thank you very much.

Thank you for this whole literature writing review.You have simplified the process.

I’m so glad I found GradCoach. Excellent information, Clear explanation, and Easy to follow, Many thanks Derek!

You’re welcome, Maithe. Good luck writing your literature review 🙂

Thank you Coach, you have greatly enriched and improved my knowledge

Great piece, so enriching and it is going to help me a great lot in my project and thesis, thanks so much

This is THE BEST site for ANYONE doing a masters or doctorate! Thank you for the sound advice and templates. You rock!

Thanks, Stephanie 🙂

This is mind blowing, the detailed explanation and simplicity is perfect.

I am doing two papers on my final year thesis, and I must stay I feel very confident to face both headlong after reading this article.

thank you so much.

if anyone is to get a paper done on time and in the best way possible, GRADCOACH is certainly the go to area!

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Thank you very much. the video and the information were very helpful.

Good morning scholar. I’m delighted coming to know you even before the commencement of my dissertation which hopefully is expected in not more than six months from now. I would love to engage my study under your guidance from the beginning to the end. I love to know how to do good job

Thank you so much Derek for such useful information on writing up a good literature review. I am at a stage where I need to start writing my one. My proposal was accepted late last year but I honestly did not know where to start

Like the name of your YouTube implies you are GRAD (great,resource person, about dissertation). In short you are smart enough in coaching research work.

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Very timely.

I appreciate.

Very comprehensive and eye opener for me as beginner in postgraduate study. Well explained and easy to understand. Appreciate and good reference in guiding me in my research journey. Thank you

Thank you. I requested to download the free literature review template, however, your website wouldn’t allow me to complete the request or complete a download. May I request that you email me the free template? Thank you.

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• Write a Literature Review
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Get Organized

• Lit Review Prep Use this template to help you evaluate your sources, create article summaries for an annotated bibliography, and a synthesis matrix for your lit review outline.

Synthesize your Information

Synthesize: combine separate elements to form a whole.

Synthesis Matrix

A synthesis matrix helps you record the main points of each source and document how sources relate to each other.

After summarizing and evaluating your sources, arrange them in a matrix or use a citation manager to help you see how they relate to each other and apply to each of your themes or variables.  

By arranging your sources by theme or variable, you can see how your sources relate to each other, and can start thinking about how you weave them together to create a narrative.

• Step-by-Step Approach
• Example Matrix from NSCU
• Matrix Template
• << Previous: Summarize
• Next: Integrate >>
• Last Updated: Sep 26, 2023 10:25 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.jhu.edu/lit-review

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Common Assignments: Literature Review Matrix

Literature review matrix.

As you read and evaluate your literature there are several different ways to organize your research. Courtesy of Dr. Gary Burkholder in the School of Psychology, these sample matrices are one option to help organize your articles. These documents allow you to compile details about your sources, such as the foundational theories, methodologies, and conclusions; begin to note similarities among the authors; and retrieve citation information for easy insertion within a document.

You can review the sample matrixes to see a completed form or download the blank matrix for your own use.

• Literature Review Matrix 1 This PDF file provides a sample literature review matrix.
• Literature Review Matrix 2 This PDF file provides a sample literature review matrix.
• Literature Review Matrix Template (Word)
• Literature Review Matrix Template (Excel)

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Organize and analyze research literature for your literature review

What is literature review template.

A literature review is an essential part of any research project, providing a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge and research on a specific topic. It helps researchers identify gaps in the current literature, establish the relevance of their research, and build a strong theoretical foundation for their study.

With Lark's literature review template, you can easily organize and analyze research literature for your literature review. The template allows you to input relevant information such as reference number, author(s), title, publication year, source type, keywords, summary of findings, relevance to research, and notes. This structured approach helps you keep track of the literature you have reviewed, extract key information, and identify patterns or themes across different sources.

Try this template now

Who is this Literature Review Template for?

This template is designed for researchers, students, and academics who are conducting literature reviews as part of their research projects, dissertations, theses, or academic papers. It is also useful for professionals in fields such as healthcare, social sciences, business, and technology who need to stay updated with the latest research and trends in their respective industries.

Why use this Literature Review Template?

1. Streamline your literature review process. The template provides a structured format for organizing and analyzing research literature, saving you time and effort in manually creating and managing your literature review.

2. Stay organized and focused. With the template, you can easily keep track of the literature you have reviewed, extract key information, and identify relevant sources for your research.

3. Identify research gaps and trends. By analyzing the summary of findings and relevance to research, you can identify gaps in the current literature and uncover emerging trends or themes that can contribute to your research.

4. Collaborate and share with your team. Lark's collaborative features allow you to work on the literature review template with your team members, making it easy to collaborate, share insights, and receive feedback.

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1. Click 'Use this template' on the top right corner to sign up for Lark

2. After signing up for Lark, you will be directed to the Literature Review Template on Lark Base. Click 'Use This Template' on the top right corner of Lark Base to copy a version of the Literature Review Template to your workspace.

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Machine Learning Model Performance Review

Track and analyze machine learning model performance.

Database Migration Schedule for IT Operations

Streamline your database migration process with ease, real-time analytics dashboard for executives, track your e-commerce performance in real-time with this analytics dashboard.

Business Intelligence Report for Strategic Decisions

Create insightful business intelligence reports for strategic decision-making, predictive analytics implementation plan, optimize your predictive analytics models with ease, cloud data management checklist, ensure data security and compliance with this cloud data management checklist, unstructured data handling protocol, streamline your unstructured data handling procedures.

Master Data Management Strategy

Manage customer, product, and supplier data with ease, data quality metrics dashboard for analysts, monitor and improve data quality metrics for better decision-making, customer segmentation analysis, segment your customers based on demographics and behavior, third-party data sharing agreement, manage third-party data sharing agreements with ease.

Business Data Insights Report for Executives

Analyze key business metrics and insights for executive decision-making, data security protocol for tech, ensure data security with comprehensive protocols for tech teams.

Web Analytics Integration Strategy

Streamline your web analytics integration process with ease, big data procurement plan for it, streamline your it procurement process for big data projects, database performance report for database administrators, monitor and analyze database performance metrics for efficient operations, data science project budget template, manage your data science project budget with ease.

Real-Time Data Streaming Management

Monitor real-time data streams with ease, online data collection methods, streamline your online data collection strategy with ease, tech product launch plan for marketing team, plan your product launches with ease.

Digital Marketing Campaign Tracker for Tech Products

Track and analyze digital marketing campaigns for tech brands.

Social Media Analytics for Tech Brands

Analyze social media performance for tech products with ease, email marketing performance dashboard for digital marketing, analyze your email marketing performance with ease, influencer partnership tracker for tech products, track influencer partnerships for tech promotions, tech product review collection strategy, collect and analyze tech product reviews for insights, roi analysis for tech advertising, analyze the roi of your tech ad campaigns with ease.

Content Calendar for Tech Marketing

Plan your content calendar for tech blogs with ease, seo keyword tracker for tech websites, track your seo keywords for tech websites with ease.

PPC Campaign Optimization Sheet for Online Advertising

Optimize your ppc campaigns for maximum roi, customer journey map for tech product users, map out the customer journey for tech shoppers, tech webinar planning guide, plan and organize tech webinars with ease.

Online Event Audience Feedback Collection

Collect feedback from event attendees and analyze satisfaction levels.

Tech Product Video Marketing Strategy

Create a comprehensive video marketing schedule for a tech product launch.

Social Media Content Plan for Tech Companies

Plan your social media content for tech product launches with ease.

Tech Product Positioning Strategy

Compare tech products based on performance, value, and market segment.

Customer Persona Template for Tech Marketing

Create detailed customer personas for tech markets.

Tech Branding Guidelines Document

Ensure consistent branding across all materials with our tech branding guidelines checklist, marketing lead scoring system, automate your lead scoring process with ease.

Digital Asset Management for Marketing

Organize and manage your digital assets for marketing campaigns, multi-channel marketing report for tech products, track your multi-channel marketing performance for tech products.

Marketing Automation Workflow Setup

Automate your marketing workflow for tech companies, public relations impact report for tech companies, analyze the impact of pr activities on web traffic and sales for tech companies, tech product catalogue update procedure, track and manage updates to your tech product catalogue, user feedback survey for tech products, collect and analyze user feedback for tech products, brand awareness survey for tech enterprises, analyze brand awareness survey data for tech enterprises, sponsorship effectiveness analysis for tech events, analyze the effectiveness of sponsorships for tech events, paid media budget tracking for digital campaigns, track your paid media budget for tech ads efficiently, customer advocacy program sheet for tech companies, manage your customer advocacy program for tech services with ease.

YouTube Analytics for Tech Channel

Analyze your youtube channel performance with detailed insights, organic traffic report for tech websites, optimize your organic traffic with data-driven insights, compliance tracking spreadsheet for tech regulations, track compliance with tech regulations across regions, patent filing tracker for tech innovations, track patent filings for tech innovations with ease, legal document repository for tech companies, organize and manage legal documents for your tech startup, gdpr compliance checklist for data protection, ensure gdpr compliance with this comprehensive checklist for data officers, technology licensing agreement template, create a comprehensive technology licensing agreement with ease, it security policy compliance document, ensure it security policy compliance with ease, vendor compliance evaluation for tech projects, track vendor compliance evaluations and upcoming reviews, software compliance audit checklist, track software compliance audit results and actions needed, export control compliance for tech products, manage export control compliance for tech products, legal hold procedure guide for tech litigation, streamline your legal hold process for tech litigations, regulatory change management for tech, manage regulatory changes for tech firms with ease.

Intellectual Property Portfolio Management

Review and manage your intellectual property portfolio efficiently, tech product liability analysis, assess and mitigate potential risks in tech product development, legal review for tech marketing campaigns, streamline your marketing material approval process, environmental compliance report for tech manufacturing, track environmental compliance checks and corrective actions for manufacturing facilities, anti-bribery compliance checklist for tech sector, ensure compliance with anti-bribery regulations in tech deals.

Daily Sales Tracker Template For F&B Store Managers

Track daily sales, transactions, top-selling items, and more for your f&b store.

Weekly Sales Summary Dashboard For Restaurant Owners

Track your restaurant's weekly sales performance and key metrics.

Comprehensive Shift Scheduling Tool For Shift Supervisors

Efficiently schedule employee shifts with customizable preferences and notes, shift swap request form template for restaurants, efficiently manage shift swaps for restaurant staff.

Morning Opening Routine Checklist For Store Operations

Streamline your morning opening routine checklist for store operations managers.

Weekly Supplier Order Form For Procurement Officers

Efficiently manage weekly supplier orders with ease.

Maintenance Service Request Form For Facility Managers

Track maintenance service requests for different facilities.

Quick Incident Reporting Form For Safety Managers

Efficiently report workplace incidents with a quick form, streamlined customer complaint log for customer service managers, streamline customer complaint management for better customer service.

Reservation Management System Template For Hosts And Guests

Efficiently manage reservations for your restaurant or event space, special event booking form for event coordinators, streamline your event planning process with a comprehensive booking form.

Customizable Catering Request Form For Catering Businesses

Customize your catering request form for seamless event planning, efficient delivery log sheet for delivery coordinators, efficiently track and manage delivery details for your logistics operations.

Takeout Order Tracking System

Track and manage takeout orders efficiently.

Dynamic Waitlist Management Template For Receptionists

Efficiently manage customer waitlists and reservations for reception managers.

Smart Table Management System For Restaurants

Efficiently manage restaurant reservations and seating arrangements.

Tip Distribution Calculation Sheet For Payroll Staff

Efficiently calculate and distribute tips for payroll specialists.

Gift Certificate Management System For Sales Managers

Manage gift certificates for sales managers with ease, promotion approval request form for marketing managers, streamline your promotion approval process for marketing managers, marketing promotion tracking template for marketing departments, track and analyze marketing promotions for targeted audiences across various channels.

Detailed Loss Prevention Checklist For Security Managers

Ensure compliance and security with a detailed loss prevention checklist, breakage and spillage log template for quality assurance teams, track and manage breakage and spillage incidents in your workplace, emergency contact directory for hr departments, organize employee emergency contact information for hr managers.

Interactive Customer Feedback Form For Service Quality Managers

Interactive customer feedback form for service quality managers, parking coordination planner for valet services, efficiently manage valet parking services with a comprehensive planner, public transport access guide for location staff, optimize public transport accessibility for strategic locations.

Local Business Partnership Log For Business Development Managers

Track and manage your local business partnerships with ease, in-depth market analysis template for market analysts, conduct a comprehensive market analysis for various industries.

Supplier Contact List Template For Procurement Departments

Efficiently manage supplier contact information for procurement managers.

Monthly Price Comparison Chart For Cost Analysts

Analyze monthly price changes for various products and services.

Bulk Order Discount Inquiry Form For Purchasing Departments

Streamline your bulk order discount inquiries with ease, return policy tracker for customer service departments, track and manage customer return requests efficiently.

Inventory Accuracy Check Sheet For Audit Teams

Track and manage inventory accuracy for audit officers.

Import Duty Calculator For Import Managers

Calculate import duties and taxes for your international shipments, ethical sourcing guidelines for ethical procurement departments, evaluate suppliers based on labor practices, environmental practices, safety standards, and fair trade certifications, vegan product checklist for menu developers, create a checklist for vegan menu development, halal certification tracker for compliance officers, track and manage halal certification status for food products.

Fair Trade Product List For Social Responsibility Departments

Create a fair trade product list for social responsibility managers, seasonal recipe adjustments planner for chefs, customize seasonal recipes with alternative ingredients and adjustments, special event supply list for event planners, track your event supplies and orders with ease, out-of-stock alternatives guide for sales teams, guide for sales managers on out-of-stock alternatives, new product request form for product development teams, streamline your new product request process for development managers, payment terms agreement template for accounts receivable departments, streamline your payment terms agreements with ease, customer satisfaction survey for marketing departments, gather customer feedback and improve satisfaction levels, birthday club signup form for marketing specialists, create a birthday club signup form for marketing specialists, anniversary promotions planner for event coordinators, plan your promotional activities with ease for upcoming events.

Seasonal Promotions Calendar For Marketing Departments

Plan your seasonal promotions with ease.

Influencer Partnership Tracker For PR Teams

Track influencer partnerships and performance metrics, customer loyalty points tracker for loyalty program managers, track customer loyalty points and manage loyalty program data efficiently, event feedback form for event coordinators, collect and analyze event feedback for continuous improvement, marketing budget planner for financial managers, track and optimize your marketing budget for financial planning services, public relations activity log for pr coordinators, track and manage your public relations activities with ease, customer segmentation grid for marketing departments, segment your customers based on demographics and purchase behavior, promotional campaign planner for campaign managers, plan and manage your promotional campaigns with ease, loyalty program effectiveness tracker for marketing staff, track the effectiveness of your loyalty programs for marketing strategists, marketing campaign roi calculator for marketing departments, analyze your marketing campaign roi with ease, online ordering feedback form for e-commerce teams, collect and analyze customer feedback for online orders, marketing channel efficiency analyzer for channel managers, analyze marketing channel efficiency for channel managers.

Lead Generation Form For Sales Leads Managers

Streamline your lead generation process with our form template.

Media Coverage Tracker For Media Relations Departments

Track media coverage and analyze impact for your company, trade show planning checklist for event organizers, streamline your trade show planning process with this comprehensive checklist, competitor promotional analysis for strategic managers, analyze competitor promotions for strategic planning, local marketing initiative proposal for local store managers, create and manage local marketing initiatives for your store, influencer content brief for marketing coordinators, streamline your influencer marketing campaigns with ease, vip customer event invitation for vip relations managers, manage vip customer event invitations and follow-ups with ease.

Seasonal Email Campaign Template For Email Campaign Managers

Create engaging seasonal email campaigns for different target audiences.

Customer Retention Analysis Tool For Business Analysts

Understand customer retention and loss reasons with data analysis, marketing material inventory list for marketing material coordinators, manage your marketing material inventory with ease.

Brand Positioning Worksheet For Brand Strategists

Create a brand positioning worksheet for brand strategists, crisis communication plan for crisis managers, create a crisis communication plan for various crisis scenarios, event sponsorship evaluation form for sponsorship coordinators, evaluate event sponsorships for optimal roi, marketing compliance checklist for compliance departments, ensure marketing compliance with ease, digital presence audit for digital strategists, audit your digital presence across various channels and optimize for better engagement, content marketing strategy planner for content managers, plan your content marketing strategy with ease, interview evaluation form for hiring teams, evaluate candidates for various positions with ease, time off request form for department managers, streamline time-off requests for department heads with ease, work injury report form for safety departments, streamline work injury reporting and management for safety managers, employee exit interview form for hr specialists, streamline your employee exit interview process with this form for hr specialists, labor cost analysis report for financial analysts, analyze labor costs for different departments and positions, payroll calculator for payroll departments, automate your payroll calculations with ease, incident report form for security departments, streamline incident reporting for security officers, staff contact directory for office managers, organize your staff contact information with ease.

Team Building Activity Planner For Team Coordinators

Plan engaging team bonding events with ease.

Mentorship Program Outline For Mentoring Coordinators

Plan and execute a comprehensive mentorship program for mentoring coordinators.

Employee Wellness Program Template For Wellness Managers

Track employee participation and progress in wellness programs, hr policy update notice for all departments, inform employees about recent updates to hr policies, retirement planning worksheet for financial planners, plan your retirement with ease, diversity and inclusion training schedule for diversity managers, plan your diversity and inclusion training schedule with ease, employee feedback collection form for feedback teams, collect and analyze employee feedback for actionable insights, non-disclosure agreement for hr departments, create a comprehensive non-disclosure agreement for hr managers, employee referral form for recruitment teams, streamline your employee referral process for recruitment managers, job offer letter template for hiring managers, streamline your hiring process with customizable job offer letters, employee of the month voting form for team members, recognize outstanding team members with an employee of the month voting form, hr incident log for incident coordinators, track and manage workplace incidents with ease.

Daily Kitchen Sanitation Checklist For Sanitation Supervisors

Ensure cleanliness and safety in your kitchen with this daily sanitation checklist, monthly pest control log for facility managers, track and manage pest control activities in your facility with ease.

Food Storage Guidelines Poster For Kitchen Managers

Keep your kitchen organized and safe with proper food storage guidelines.

Cross-Contamination Prevention Checklist For Food Safety Teams

Ensure food safety and compliance with a cross-contamination prevention checklist for chefs.

Cook-Off Evaluation Form For Executive Chefs

Evaluate executive chefs in a cook-off competition.

Customer Allergy Alert Form For Waitstaff

Create a customer allergy alert form for wait staff.

Corrective Action Report For Quality Incidents For Quality Assurance Departments

Track and manage quality incidents with ease, product quality review for product managers, track and manage product quality metrics and customer satisfaction ratings.

Ingredient Specification Sheet For Purchasing Departments

Streamline your ingredient procurement process with detailed specifications, final product release checklist for production managers, ensure a smooth final product release process with this comprehensive checklist for production managers.

Temperature Logs For Refrigeration Units For Maintenance Teams

Track and manage temperature logs for refrigeration units maintenance.

Loan Repayment Tracker For Credit Managers

Track loan repayments and client details efficiently.

Credit Card Reconciliation Sheet For Accounts Departments

Efficiently reconcile credit card transactions for accurate financial tracking, budget planning template for budget planners, efficiently track and manage departmental budgets with real-time insights, pricing strategy planner for pricing managers, optimize your pricing strategy with ease.

Risk Assessment Matrix For Risk Managers

Efficiently manage and mitigate risks with a comprehensive risk assessment matrix, cash handling policy for store managers, establish and enforce cash handling procedures for store managers, revenue forecast model for revenue analysts, forecast your revenue with precision and accuracy, cost reduction plan for cost managers, optimize your department's expenses with a cost reduction plan.

Profit Margin Tracker For Sales Managers

Track your product sales, expenses, and profit margins with ease.

Fixed Asset Register For Asset Managers

Track and manage your fixed assets efficiently.

Financial Impact Assessment For Strategy Teams

Assess the financial impact of strategic initiatives, debt management plan for debt managers, manage your debts effectively with this debt management plan template.

Equity Management Spreadsheet For Equity Managers

Manage your equity investments with ease, currency exchange rate tracker for international business managers, track currency exchange rates for international business managers, fiscal year budget template for financial planners, track and manage departmental budgets with ease, financial transaction log for financial departments, track your financial transactions with ease, inventory valuation report for inventory accountants, track your inventory valuation and sales performance, financial meeting agenda for financial planners, streamline your financial meetings with a structured agenda, return on investment calculator for investment analysts, calculate your return on investment for various investment types, online order tracking form for e-commerce departments, track and manage online orders with ease, technology vendor contact list for procurement departments, organize your technology vendor contacts for easy procurement management.

Social Media Performance Report For Social Media Managers

Analyze and optimize your social media performance with ease, customer database update form for database managers, update and manage your customer database with ease, technology incident report for it support teams, track and manage technology incidents reported by users.

IT Equipment Checklist For IT Procurement Departments

Track your it equipment procurement process efficiently.

System Backup Schedule For System Administrators

Efficiently manage system backups with detailed scheduling and monitoring.

Software Licensing Management Tool For Software Managers

Manage software licenses efficiently with our tool, technology implementation roadmap for project managers, streamline your project management process with a comprehensive technology implementation roadmap, data migration plan for data managers, streamline your data migration process with ease, cloud service evaluation for cloud specialists, evaluate cloud service providers for your specific needs, app feature wishlist for product managers, optimize your app feature wishlist for product managers, it asset depreciation schedule for financial managers, track and manage it asset depreciation for financial planning purposes, tech support ticket form for it support departments, streamline your tech support ticketing process with ease, website seo checklist for seo specialists, optimize your website for search engines with this comprehensive seo checklist.

CRM System Evaluation For CRM Departments

Evaluate crm systems for crm managers, mobile device management policy for it departments, manage your mobile device security policies with ease, remote work software toolkit for hr departments, optimize your hr processes with the best remote work software tools, cloud storage options comparison for cloud analysts, compare cloud storage options for cloud architects.

Tech Innovation Log For Innovation Managers

Track and manage tech innovation projects with ease.

IT Emergency Response Plan For IT Departments

Create an it emergency response plan for it directors, digital asset management strategy for digital asset managers, efficiently manage and organize your digital assets with ease, monthly utility usage report for facilities managers, track and analyze monthly utility usage for multiple facilities.

Biodegradable Products Tracker For Environmental Managers

Track and manage biodegradable products disposal for environmental officers.

Local Supplier Assessment For Procurement Specialists

Evaluate local suppliers for procurement specialists.

Sustainability Goals Tracker For Sustainability Coordinators

Track and manage sustainability goals for your organization.

Energy Efficient Equipment List For Energy Managers

Optimize your energy consumption with the right equipment, vegan and vegetarian options planner for dietary specialists, plan your vegan and vegetarian menu with ease, sustainability project budget template for financial managers, track and manage sustainability projects with ease, corporate social responsibility report for csr departments, create a comprehensive corporate social responsibility report for csr managers.

Green Event Checklist For Event Coordinators

Plan your eco-friendly event with ease, sustainability award application form for pr departments, submit your sustainability projects for recognition, green product development brief for product developers, develop sustainable green products with ease.

Eco-Friendly Employee Incentives For HR Departments

Implement eco-friendly employee incentives to promote sustainable practices in the workplace, community green initiative planner for community relations managers, plan and manage community green initiatives for enhancing local biodiversity, environmental sustainability training for new employees, track employee training progress and completion status.

Zero Waste Challenge Tracker For Project Managers

Track and monitor your team's progress in implementing sustainability initiatives, eco-tourism project proposal for marketing departments, create eco-tourism project proposals for marketing managers.

Sustainable Agriculture Practices For Agricultural Managers

Implement sustainable agriculture practices for agricultural managers, green roof installation guide for building managers, guide for building managers to install a green roof on their building.

Water Reclamation System Setup For Environmental Managers

Efficiently manage water reclamation system setup projects, sustainable fishing practices for restaurant managers, track your sustainable seafood purchases and costs.

Green IT Practices For IT Departments

Implement sustainable it practices for a greener workplace, seasonal specials planner for restaurants, plan your seasonal specials with ease, recipe standardization form for kitchen managers, standardize your recipes for efficient kitchen management, dish removal assessment for executive chefs, evaluate dishes for retention or removal based on sales volume, cost, preparation time, customer feedback, and chef's notes, competitor menu comparison for strategy managers, compare competitor menus for strategic decision-making.

Dish Development Timeline For Product Development Teams

Track the development timeline of new dishes from idea submission to launch.

Cost Reduction Strategies For Menu Items For Cost Control Departments

Implement cost reduction strategies for menu items to save on expenses, themed menu planner for event coordinators, create themed menus for your events with ease, special event menu template for catering departments, create customized menus for special events with ease.

New Recipe Costing Template For Cost Analysts

Calculate the cost of ingredients and recipe yield for new recipes, ingredient substitution guide for nutritionists, easily substitute ingredients in your recipes with this comprehensive guide.

Seasonal Ingredient Tracker For Inventory Managers

Track seasonal ingredient availability, stock levels, and suppliers.

Menu Translation Sheet For Multilingual Restaurants

Translate your menu items into multiple languages for a diverse customer base.

Kids Menu Planner For Family-Friendly Restaurants

Plan your kids menu with ease for family-friendly restaurants.

Vegan Menu Development Template For Menu Developers

Create a diverse and delicious vegan menu with ease, gluten-free menu planner for dietary specialists, plan your gluten-free meals with ease, special diets menu planner for nutritionists, plan your special diets menu with ease, limited time offer menu template for marketing departments, create a limited-time offer menu for marketing managers.

Cultural Cuisine Introduction Plan For Culinary Teams

Introduce students to diverse cultural cuisines through hands-on cooking lessons, cross-utilization of ingredients plan for cost reduction teams, optimize ingredient usage and reduce costs with cross-utilization plan, seasonal menu change checklist for operations managers, streamline your seasonal menu change process with this checklist, recipe modification log for chefs, track recipe modifications and improvements for r&d teams.

Recipe Book Template For Cookbook Publishers

Create a stunning recipe book template for cookbook authors, restaurant theme concept proposal for business developers, create a unique restaurant concept proposal for business developers.

Catering Menu Proposal Template For Catering Sales Managers

Create a professional catering menu proposal for catering sales managers.

Holiday Menu Specials Planner For Event Coordinators

Plan your holiday menu specials with ease, takeout and delivery menu optimizer for operations managers, optimize your takeout and delivery menu for maximum profitability, menu cost review for financial controllers, optimize your menu pricing strategy with detailed cost analysis, chef's special planner for head chefs, plan your chef's special dishes with ease, upselling strategy for menu items for sales teams, boost your restaurant's revenue with strategic upselling techniques, interactive digital menu setup for it departments, create an interactive digital menu for restaurants and bars, menu layout design for graphic designers, create a visually appealing menu layout design for graphic designers, food trend analysis for market researchers, analyze food trends for market researchers, gourmet food pairing guide for gourmet restaurants, pair gourmet dishes with the perfect beverages for a delightful dining experience.

Farm-To-Table Menu Strategy For Sustainability Managers

Create a sustainable farm-to-table menu strategy for your restaurant, event inquiry form for event coordinators, streamline event planning with an easy-to-use form, event timeline planner for project managers, plan your event timeline with ease, event staffing requirements for hr departments, efficiently manage event staffing requirements for hr managers.

Catering Delivery Checklist For Delivery Teams

Efficiently manage catering delivery schedules and logistics, post-event evaluation form for quality assurance departments, evaluate event success and identify areas for improvement, catering equipment checklist for catering equipment managers, keep track of your catering equipment inventory and maintenance schedule, food safety plan for events for safety managers, ensure food safety at your events with this comprehensive plan.

Wedding Catering Planner For Wedding Planners

Effortlessly plan and manage wedding catering details for your clients.

Corporate Event Menu Planner For Corporate Event Managers

Plan your corporate event menus with ease, vip event management template for vip relations managers, efficiently manage vip events with ease, award ceremony catering schedule for event coordinators, plan your catering schedule for an award ceremony with ease.

Art Exhibition Reception Planner For Art Coordinators

Effortlessly plan and execute art exhibition receptions with this comprehensive planner, fundraiser event checklist for nonprofit event planners, stay organized and on track with your nonprofit fundraiser event planning.

New Year'S Eve Party Planner For Event Managers

Plan your new year's eve party with ease.

Theme Party Catering Guide For Party Planners

Plan your theme party catering with ease.

Culinary Workshop Schedule For Culinary Instructors

Plan your culinary workshop schedule with ease, food festival planner for festival coordinators, plan your food festival events with ease, banquet setup guide for banquet managers, create detailed event setup guides for banquet managers.

Live Cooking Demonstration Organizer For Event Managers

Organize live cooking demonstrations for chefs, charity event catering planner for charity coordinators, effortlessly plan catering for charity events with detailed event information and supplier details, public event safety protocol for safety managers, ensure the safety and security of public events with comprehensive protocols, food and beverage service training for training departments, plan your training sessions with ease, corporate retreat food planner for retreat organizers, effortlessly plan meals for corporate retreats with ease.

Bridal Shower Catering Guide For Event Planners

Streamline your catering planning for events with ease.

Movie Premiere Catering Layout For Event Coordinators

Plan your event catering with ease, product launch party menu for marketing departments, plan your product launch party menu with ease, book signing reception planner for public relations managers, plan your book signing reception with ease, art gallery opening catering guide for gallery managers, streamline your catering orders for art gallery openings, interactive menu development tracker for f&b product developers, track and manage the development stages of f&b products with ease.

Dynamic Beverage Stock System For Bar Managers

Efficiently manage your beverage stock with real-time updates and analytics, customer allergy and preferences log for restaurant staff, customize meals based on customer allergies and preferences, detailed event catering project planner for event managers, efficiently plan and manage event catering details for seamless execution, optimized food truck route planner for mobile food operators, optimize your food truck route with ease.

F&B Industry Compliance Audit Toolkit For Compliance Managers

Streamline your compliance audit process for food and beverage establishments.

Action Plan For Remediation

Create an action plan for remediation to address and resolve issues effectively.

Create personalized email templates for various occasions

Visualize and organize your ideas with a mind map

College resume, create a professional college resume to showcase your achievements and skills.

Letter Of Interest

Create professional and compelling letters of interest with ease.

Sign In Sheet

Efficiently track visitor sign-ins and sign-outs.

Play Bingo with your team and have fun while working

Job Description

Create comprehensive job descriptions for various positions.

Job Application

Track and manage job applications with ease.

Frayer Model

Organize and analyze information with the frayer model.

Create a professional one-pager for your project

Executive Summary

Summarize key findings and strategic direction in an executive summary, fishbone diagram, identify and analyze potential causes of a problem with a fishbone diagram.

Create a professional About Me page with ease

Budget Temp

Track your expenses and manage your budget with ease.

Vehicle Bill Of Sale

Create a professional vehicle bill of sale with ease.

Plot Diagram

Visualize the plot of your story with a plot diagram.

Lined Paper

Create lined paper templates for various purposes.

Book Report

Create professional book reports with ease, create an eye-catching pamphlet for your business or event, all about me, create a personalized 'all about me' template.

Create professional name tags for your events

Chore Chart

Keep track of household chores with this chore chart template.

Table Of Contents

Create a professional table of contents for your document.

Rent Receipt

Create professional rent receipts with ease.

Budget Sheet

Daily Planner

Stay organized and maximize productivity with our daily planner template, budget planner, track your income and expenses with ease.

Capture and showcase your favorite memories with a Polaroid-style photo template

Streamline communication and reporting with the sbar template, sign up sheet, efficiently manage event sign-ups and preferences.

Concept Map

Visualize and organize complex concepts with a concept map.

Christmas List

Keep track of your christmas gift list with ease.

Create a comprehensive shot list for your film or video project

Essay Outline

Create a comprehensive essay outline for environmental conservation.

Grocery List

Keep track of your grocery list and expenses with ease.

Create and customize your own Bingo cards

Learn about different butterfly species and their characteristics

Efficiently manage work orders and track progress

Raffle Ticket

Create professional raffle tickets for your event.

Track and manage your investment portfolio with ease

Visualize and analyze circle data with ease

Personal financial statement, track your assets, liabilities, and net worth with ease.

Missing Poster

Create missing person posters with ease, evaluate and grade student work with ease using this rubric template, create mla format citations with ease, study guide, stay organized and track your study progress with this comprehensive study guide template, manage your book collection with ease.

Create professional quotes for your business

Create a comprehensive fish database with Lark

Employment verification letter, generate employment verification letters with ease.

2 Week Notice Letter

Create professional 2-week notice letters with ease.

Spelling Test

Track and analyze spelling test results, visualize your family tree with a genogram.

Book Review

Capture and organize book reviews with ease, eisenhower matrix, organize your tasks based on urgency and importance with the eisenhower matrix, employee evaluation, streamline employee evaluations and performance tracking, review of systems, review your symptoms and medical history with this comprehensive template.

Certificate Of Completion

Create professional certificates of completion for courses and workshops.

Organize and share your favorite recipes with ease

Construction contract, create and manage construction contracts with ease.

Employee Of The Month

Recognize and reward outstanding employees with the employee of the month template.

Weekly Budget

Character Reference Letter

Create a character reference letter with ease.

Create an organized outline for your projects

Decision Tree

Make informed decisions with a decision tree template.

Create a fact sheet to showcase your company's key information

Cleaning Schedule

Keep your workspace clean and organized with this cleaning schedule template, doctors note for work, generate doctors' notes for work with ease, streamline your essay writing process with this comprehensive essay template.

Organize travel itinerary with ease

Create a comprehensive syllabus for your course.

User Persona

Create user personas to understand your target audience, trading card, organize and track your trading card collection, credit dispute letter, resolve credit report inaccuracies with a professional dispute letter.

Discover different types of flowers and their characteristics

Create professional lab reports with ease, keep track of your professional references, logic model, create a logic model to plan and evaluate your projects.

Create your own cookbook with ease

Stay organized and on top of your tasks with this checklist template.

Simple Budget

Recipe card, create beautiful recipe cards with ease.

Create professional cover pages for your documents

Professional references, organize and manage your professional references with ease, create mla citations with ease.

Create engaging blog posts with ease

Recipe book, create your own recipe book with ease.

Binder Cover

Create personalized binder covers for your projects, letter of authorization, authorize parties and grant specific authorities with this letter of authorization template.

Acting Resume

Create a professional acting resume with ease, graph paper, create custom graphs and charts with ease, cease and desist letter, send professional cease and desist letters to protect your intellectual property rights, terms and conditions, create a comprehensive terms and conditions template for your website, free monthly budget, organize and track your board game collection, permission slip, create permission slips for student activities, attendance sheet, track employee attendance and manage work hours.

Business Contract

Create professional business contracts with ease, reading log, keep track of your reading progress and insights, create and manage scripts for your film or theater production.

Thesis Statement

Create effective thesis statements for various topics, create professional case study reports with ease.

Manage your bill of lading (BOL) with ease

Generate professional check stubs for your employees, employment letter, create personalized employment letters for your employees, debt verification letter, verify and dispute alleged debts with ease, shopping list, stay organized and never forget your shopping list again.

Door Hanger

Efficiently distribute messages and promotions with door hangers.

Baseball Lineup

Create and manage your baseball lineup with ease, plan and track your work projects with ease, demand letter, demand payment for outstanding invoices and unpaid fees, puzzle piece, organize and track your puzzle pieces with ease.

Notebook Paper

Organize your biology class with this notebook paper template.

Keep track of tree information and conservation status

Create a professional price list for your products or services.

Check Register

Place Setting

Create personalized place settings for your event.

Gantt Chart Templ

Track project progress and manage tasks with this gantt chart template.

Needs Assessment

Assess your organization's needs and prioritize projects.

Mental Status Exam

Conduct comprehensive mental status exams with ease, checkbook register, keep track of your expenses and manage your finances with ease, customer journey map, visualize and understand your customer journey with ease, free org chart, visualize your organization's structure with ease.

Simple Monthly Budget

Letter of employment, generate professional letter of employment templates, problem statement, streamline problem identification and resolution.

Collect signatures for your petition with ease

Create personalized personas for your target audience.

Bill Of Sale

Create professional bill of sale documents with ease, research proposal, streamline your research proposal process with this template, create and analyze surveys with ease, buyer persona, create personalized buyer personas for your marketing strategy, certificate of appreciation, recognize and appreciate outstanding achievements with personalized certificates, social security card, create professional and secure social security card templates, one on one meeting, streamline your one-on-one meetings with this template, story board, visualize your story with a storyboard template.

Bill Tracker

Track and manage your bills with ease, consulting contract, create a comprehensive consulting contract with ease, create your own screenplay with ease.

Exit Ticket

Gather feedback and assess student understanding with this exit ticket template, interview thank you email, express gratitude and follow up after an interview.

Bill Of Sale Word

Create a captivating story with our story map template.

Cleaning List

Keep your space clean and organized with this cleaning list template, police report, efficiently manage and track police reports with this template, succession planning, plan for the future of your organization with a comprehensive succession planning template, blank check, create professional and customizable blank checks.

Streamline user registration and account management

Reference List

Create a professional reference list for your research papers and publications, simple will, create a simple will to distribute your assets.

Grant Proposal

Streamline your grant proposal process and increase your chances of securing funding, essay format, format your essays with ease using this template.

Budget Tracker

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Collection Letter

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Monthly Bills

Stay on top of your monthly bills with ease.

Visualize your data on a bubble map

Create an elegant gala event booklet

Stock Certificate

Create professional stock certificates for your shareholders.

Exit Interview

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Value Proposition

Create compelling value propositions for your target customers, event proposal, create professional event proposals with ease, verification of employment letter, verify employment details with ease.

Doctor Excuse

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Memo Format

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To Whom It May Concern Letter

Create professional recommendation letters with ease.

Keep track of your calls and follow-ups with ease

Waiver of liability, create a waiver of liability for your activities, track your business financial performance and growth.

Monthly Work Schedule

Manage your team's work schedule with ease.

Block Schedule

Organize your school's block schedule with ease, birthday list, keep track of birthdays and gift ideas for your friends and family.

Journey Map

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Rent Ledger

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Potluck Sign Up Sheet

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Birth Certificate

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Stakeholder Analysis

Analyze and manage project stakeholders effectively.

Instagram Carousel

Create engaging instagram carousels with ease.

Decision Matrix

Make informed decisions with the decision matrix template.

Create stunning mood boards with a variety of visual elements

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Blank Bingo

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Create a personalized birth plan for a smooth delivery

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Custody Agreement

Create a comprehensive custody agreement for co-parenting, visualize your data with a colorful bar graph.

Policy And Procedure

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Track and manage handovers between team members

Create professional and customizable quotes for your clients

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Rent To Own Contract

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Create professional doctor's note templates for patients

Script Format

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Letterhead Word

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Contractor Agreement

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Create professional newsletters with ease

Account Based Marketing

Manage your account-based marketing strategies effectively.

Price Matrix

Track and compare product prices, bulk prices, and vendor details.

Content Calendar

Organize and plan your content strategy with ease.

Product Roadmap

Track and manage your product features with ease.

Gantt Chart

Track your project progress with a comprehensive gantt chart.

Availability

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Requirements Gathering

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Staff Availability

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Weekly Stand Up Meeting

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Release Management

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Action Item

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Business Requirements Document

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Post Mortem

Analyze your projects, identify successes and failures, and improve future endeavors.

Party Planning

Organize your party planning with ease and efficiency.

Vacation Itinerary

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Production Schedule

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Product Backlog

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10 Year Plan

Plan your personal and professional life for the next 10 years.

Event Run Of Show

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Training plan, streamline your training sessions with a comprehensive plan.

Project Outline

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Jira Checklist

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Compare and contrast different products with ease

Project milestone, track your project milestones with ease and precision, track your events, responsibilities, and status with ease, manage your projects efficiently with a clear overview of tasks, deadlines, and priorities.

Holiday Schedule

Manage your team's holiday schedule with ease.

Interior Design Schedule

Manage your interior design project with ease, legal case management, manage your legal cases efficiently and effectively, grant calendar, track and manage your grant applications with ease, sales training plan, streamline your sales training with a comprehensive plan.

Key Policy For Employees

Manage and track your employees' key issuance and return with ease, track your project milestones, dependencies, and status with ease, book of business, manage your client's financial portfolio with ease, long term planning, strategize your long-term goals and track progress with ease, action plan for students, track your goals, actions, and progress with ease.

Story Mapping

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Msp Client Onboarding Checklist

Streamline your client onboarding process with a comprehensive checklist.

Product Testing

Track and manage your product testing with ease, talent planning, track and plan your employees' career development, volunteer spreadsheet, manage your volunteers and their contributions effectively, intern onboarding, streamline your intern onboarding process with ease, product training, streamline your product training process with a comprehensive schedule, retrospective, track and improve your team's performance with a retrospective template.

Risk Matrix

Manage and mitigate risks effectively with our risk matrix template, project overview, manage your projects effectively with a comprehensive overview, google calendar, manage your events, meetings, and appointments with ease, organize your tasks, groceries, work, and home maintenance with ease.

Sprint Retrospective

Track and improve your team's sprint performance, event program, streamline your event planning with a comprehensive schedule, staff schedule, efficiently manage your staff's schedule and roles, track and improve your employees' performance with ease, product comparison.

Track your project tasks and employee hours with precision

Activity calendar, organize your team's activities with a comprehensive calendar.

Product Design

Streamline your product design process with a comprehensive overview, project portfolio management, manage your projects, track progress, and align with strategy.

Free Pay Stub

Manage your employee payroll with ease and accuracy, manage your project tasks, deadlines, and deliverables effectively, operations plan, streamline your operations with a comprehensive plan.

Goal Tracking

Track your personal and professional goals with ease, training schedule, organize and manage your training sessions effectively.

Lifecycle Powerpoint

Manage your project lifecycle with ease and precision.

Grant Tracking

Track your grants, deadlines, status, and more with ease.

Conference Itinerary

Organize your conference itinerary with ease.

Subscription

Manage your subscriptions with ease and never miss a renewal date, sprint demo, track and manage your sprint demos with ease.

Consultant Timesheet

Track your consultants' work hours and billable status with ease, project scope, define your project's boundaries with clarity and precision, track and achieve your personal and professional goals with ease, project management plan, manage your project tasks, resources, and timelines effectively, manage your project estimates with ease and precision, manage your sales and purchases with a comprehensive proforma invoice, hourly weekly schedule, organize your week with precision and ease.

Request For Quote

Streamline your procurement process with a comprehensive rfq template, strategic roadmap, strategically plan your company's future with a comprehensive roadmap.

5 Whys Root Cause Analysis

Identify, analyze, and solve problems effectively, manage your volunteers and their tasks efficiently, purchase order, streamline your purchase order process with ease.

Donation Tracker

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Board Meeting Agenda

Streamline your board meetings with a comprehensive agenda.

Fundraising

Track your donors, donations, and follow-ups with ease, project retrospective, analyze your project's success and areas for improvement, conference planning, effortlessly plan and manage your conferences.

Product Launch Plan

Efficiently plan and track your product launches, manage your project backlog with ease and efficiency, sprint planning meeting, streamline your sprint planning meetings and keep track of your team's progress.

Reporting Specifications

Streamline your reporting process with a comprehensive overview, 24 hour planner, plan your day hour by hour with this 24 hour planner template, workback plan, streamline your project management with a comprehensive workback plan, template management, manage your templates effectively and efficiently, event schedule, organize and manage your events with ease, resource planning, efficiently manage your resources and tasks with a comprehensive view, construction proposal, manage your construction proposals efficiently, project kickoff, kickstart your projects with a comprehensive plan.

Organize and analyze your data with ease

Best Practices Documentation

Document and implement best practices across various business functions.

Supply Request Form

Streamline your supply requests with a simple and efficient form, legal case management spreadsheet.

Legal Case Tracking

Track and manage your legal cases efficiently, track and manage your project tasks efficiently, account plan, manage your client relationships effectively with a comprehensive account plan, employee task list, manage your team's tasks efficiently and effectively, weekly goals, track and manage your team's weekly goals with ease, daily task employee task list, streamline your daily tasks and improve productivity, deliverables, track and manage your project deliverables with ease, project pipeline, manage your projects efficiently with a clear overview, streamline your order management process with ease, track and evaluate participant performance with ease, manage your request for information (rfi) process with ease, professional development plan, track your professional growth and plan for future skills with ease, competitive analysis, analyze your competition with a comprehensive overview, google sheets calendar temp, manage your personal and professional life with a comprehensive calendar.

24 Hourly Schedule

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30 60 90 Day Plan

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Software Comparison

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Student Progress Tracker

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Google Docs Timeline

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Travel Itinerary Template Go

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Manage your projects, tasks, and deadlines with ease

Expense Report

Track and manage your team's expenses with ease, weekly schedule, organize your week efficiently with a clear schedule, time blocking, organize your day efficiently with time blocking.

Standard Operating Procedure

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Profit And Loss

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Streamline your project management with a comprehensive workflow

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Business Plan Temp

Craft a comprehensive business plan with ease.

Proof Of Concept

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Sales Tracker

Track your sales, analyze trends, and maximize profits.

Uat Sign Off

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Technical Debt Register

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College Schedule

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Employee Daily Activity Report

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Html Report

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Classroom Seating Chart Whiteboard

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Campaign Brief

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24 hours schedule, organize your day efficiently with a 24-hour schedule, weekly planner, organize your tasks and deadlines with a weekly planner, software change log, track and manage software changes efficiently, construction gantt chart, track your construction project progress with a gantt chart, termination of contract letter, manage your contract terminations effectively and efficiently, manage your projects, tasks, and deadlines efficiently, daily to do list, organize your day efficiently with a comprehensive to-do list, seo project management, manage your seo tasks efficiently and effectively, project management decision log, track and manage your project decisions with ease, content management, manage your content effectively across different platforms, organize your legal memos with ease.

Marriage Contract

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Approval Matrix Whiteboard

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Shift Schedule

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Camp Schedule

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User Acceptance Testing Checklist

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75 Hard Wellness Challenge

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Monthly Planner

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For Dummies Book

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Identify the root cause of problems and devise effective solutions

Profit and loss statement, streamline your standard operating procedures with this comprehensive sop template, website migration project plan, streamline your website migration process with a comprehensive project plan, inventory report, action register, trip report, track your business trips, objectives, expenses, and insights, event brief, kinship diagram whiteboard, visualize and understand your family tree with ease, alignment chart, align your team's goals and strategies with clear execution steps, end of day cash register report, track your daily sales and cash register status with ease.

Communication Matrix Report

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Organize your tasks efficiently with a clear view of priorities and deadlines

Project timeline, manage your project timeline efficiently and effectively.

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Free Printable Literature Review Templates [PDF, Word, Excel] Systematic, Prisma

While writing your thesis or dissertation, your literature review chapter is one of the most crucial sections you will put together. This is an opportunity for you to lay out all of the prior written work on your subject and then explain how it relates to your research, ideas, and opinions. There are some fairly standard rules in place that all good literary reviews follow.

Table of Contents

What Is a Literature Review?

A literature review summarizes the research that has been done on a particular topic. It’s not just a list of sources; it also provides an overview of what others have found and evaluates their work.

Literature reviews can be used in many different ways. They may be used as background reading before you begin your own research, or they may be compiled after you’ve completed your own work to show how your findings fit into the broader picture.

Literature Review Templates

Conducting a thorough literature review is essential for any research project or academic paper. Our Literature Review Templates provide a structured and organized framework to help you effectively review and analyze scholarly articles, books, and other relevant sources. These templates guide you through the process of identifying key research questions, summarizing and synthesizing existing literature, and identifying gaps and areas for further investigation.

With customizable sections and prompts, you can tailor the template to your specific research topic and methodology. Our printable and editable templates save you time and effort, ensuring a comprehensive and well-structured literature review . Whether you’re a student, researcher, or academic, our Literature Review Templates are valuable tools for advancing your knowledge and contributing to the scholarly conversation in your field.

What is the purpose of a literature review?

A literature review aims to provide an overview of relevant research studies on a particular topic. It gives researchers an understanding of what has been done in the field and how research has been conducted on that topic. By reading literature reviews, researchers can identify areas where there are gaps in knowledge and decide what kind of research should be conducted next.

A systematic review (sometimes called a meta-analysis) is a form of critical appraisal that combines several primary studies into one quantitative summary of the overall results across all studies. It can be used to assess the quality and effectiveness of health care interventions such as drugs or surgery or to evaluate environmental factors such as exposure to chemicals or pollutants.

What are the essential elements of a literature review?

The essential elements of a literature review are the following:

The introduction must clearly state what you intend to accomplish in your paper. It should also include an overview of the subject and its importance about your research. In addition, it should provide a brief history of the topic’s development.

The body contains the main arguments or claims that support your thesis. This section should contain specific examples from sources and include a detailed explanation of how these examples support your argument.

The conclusion should summarize your main points and show how they relate to each other; it should also include any final thoughts or comments on how this information relates to other fields or disciplines within your field of study.

In addition to these basic parts, other elements may be appropriate for different types of papers :

For example, if you are writing an annotated bibliography, include an abstract so that readers can quickly find out what they will learn from reading each source in full.

How to Write a Literature Review

In this section, you will learn how to write a literature review .

The literature review is a crucial part of any research project. In fact, the literature review should be the first thing that you do when planning a research project. It will help inform and focus your thinking about what research questions you want to ask and how they relate to existing research.

The first step in writing a literature review is deciding what literature to include in your review. For example, if your project focuses on social policy, you may need to include books written by sociologists and economists and those by political scientists and anthropologists. If your project focuses on psychology, you should include books written by psychologists, neurologists, biologists, and chemists.

Once you have decided what type of material needs to be included in your review , it is time to start reading! The next step is choosing the most relevant sources for your study and then reading them carefully (and perhaps making notes). You can do this in two ways: reading through an entire book or article or just reading sections of articles or chapters that seem relevant. While reading through an entire book or article can take longer than reading just sections of it.

Next, you’re probably already familiar with the APA style. Many academic journals use it to format papers and provide guidelines for presenting references in your work. Once you decide on the type of paper you want to write, consult with your instructor or supervisor about what style they prefer for their courses and publications. You can also learn more about APA style by reading “Using APA Style: A Pocket Guide” (6th edition).

Once you have organized your notes and completed your research , it is time to write the review. The introduction should include a brief overview of the topic, followed by a literature review summary.

What should not be included in a literature review?

The following are some of the things that should not be included in a literature review:

• Personal opinions and views.
• Defamatory statements or derogatory remarks about any person or organization.
• Personal anecdotes and stories.
• Unrelated information to the topic under discussion, such as personal opinions and views on other subjects, jokes, etc.
• Information that is already published elsewhere and, therefore, not original research by the author(s). This includes published articles, books, websites, etc.

How long should a literature review be?

When you’re writing an academic paper , it’s important to include a literature review. Your professor may want you to write your own or use one of the provided templates. Whatever the case, you’ll need to know how long it should be to get it right.

The answer depends on your instructor’s preferences and your own writing style, but most experts suggest a length of about 500-1,000 words. If your professor has given you a specific word count limit, make sure that you adhere to it exactly. Failure to do so can result in serious consequences, including getting a poor grade or even failing for not following instructions.

Final Thoughts

A literature review is a commentary, not an original work. It is a systematic account of the relevant facts, concepts, principles, and methods found in the topics you are reviewing. Keep your eyes open for the positives and the negatives. However, don’t be overly critical or judgmental. All you really want to do it to draw attention to what findings make the topic relevant to your work.

Along with summarizing some of the most important points of your research question and what your sources say about it, remember to identify any factors that might have contributed to bias in the outcomes of a study if this is relevant to your investigation. Remember there’s no way you can be comprehensive – so don’t even try!

What is a literature review?

A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. It reviews and synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the subject, identifying key themes, areas of debate, and gaps in the research.

Why is a literature review important?

It provides a foundation for new research, allowing researchers to build on existing knowledge. It also helps to justify the significance of the new study, showing how it contributes to filling the identified gaps or resolving ongoing debates.

What is the structure of a literature review?

A literature review typically has an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion. The introduction presents the scope and objectives, the main body discusses the literature thematically or methodologically, and the conclusion summarizes the key findings and suggests directions for future research.

The length can vary depending on the scope of the topic and the requirements of the project. It could range from a few pages to several dozen pages. It’s important to cover the topic comprehensively while remaining concise and focused.

What types of sources should be included in a literature review?

Sources should be scholarly and relevant to the topic. They may include peer-reviewed journal articles, books, conference papers, theses, and government reports. The inclusion of seminal works and recent publications is crucial.

How do I cite sources in a literature review?

Citations should follow the style guide recommended by your institution or the publication you are submitting to, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. Ensure consistency in citation style throughout the review.

How can I ensure the quality of my literature review?

Ensuring quality involves a thorough and critical evaluation of the selected literature, coherent organization and synthesis of findings, and clear, concise, and precise writing. Peer feedback and professional editing can also enhance the quality.

What is the difference between a literature review and an annotated bibliography?

An annotated bibliography lists and briefly summarizes sources, whereas a literature review synthesizes and analyzes the literature, discussing themes, methodologies, and findings, and contributing to the scholarly conversation on the topic.

Can a literature review include my opinion?

A literature review should maintain an objective tone and focus on presenting the existing literature. However, critical analysis and interpretation are encouraged, and you may propose new hypotheses or suggestions for future research based on the reviewed literature.

How is a literature review conducted?

Conducting a literature review involves several steps:

• Identifying and refining a research question or topic.
• Searching for relevant literature using academic databases and other sources.
• Selecting and evaluating the quality and relevance of the sources.
• Organizing and synthesizing the findings.
• Writing the review, often with an introduction, main body, and conclusion.

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Ten Simple Rules for Writing a Literature Review

Marco pautasso.

1 Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology (CEFE), CNRS, Montpellier, France

2 Centre for Biodiversity Synthesis and Analysis (CESAB), FRB, Aix-en-Provence, France

Literature reviews are in great demand in most scientific fields. Their need stems from the ever-increasing output of scientific publications [1] . For example, compared to 1991, in 2008 three, eight, and forty times more papers were indexed in Web of Science on malaria, obesity, and biodiversity, respectively [2] . Given such mountains of papers, scientists cannot be expected to examine in detail every single new paper relevant to their interests [3] . Thus, it is both advantageous and necessary to rely on regular summaries of the recent literature. Although recognition for scientists mainly comes from primary research, timely literature reviews can lead to new synthetic insights and are often widely read [4] . For such summaries to be useful, however, they need to be compiled in a professional way [5] .

When starting from scratch, reviewing the literature can require a titanic amount of work. That is why researchers who have spent their career working on a certain research issue are in a perfect position to review that literature. Some graduate schools are now offering courses in reviewing the literature, given that most research students start their project by producing an overview of what has already been done on their research issue [6] . However, it is likely that most scientists have not thought in detail about how to approach and carry out a literature review.

Reviewing the literature requires the ability to juggle multiple tasks, from finding and evaluating relevant material to synthesising information from various sources, from critical thinking to paraphrasing, evaluating, and citation skills [7] . In this contribution, I share ten simple rules I learned working on about 25 literature reviews as a PhD and postdoctoral student. Ideas and insights also come from discussions with coauthors and colleagues, as well as feedback from reviewers and editors.

Rule 1: Define a Topic and Audience

How to choose which topic to review? There are so many issues in contemporary science that you could spend a lifetime of attending conferences and reading the literature just pondering what to review. On the one hand, if you take several years to choose, several other people may have had the same idea in the meantime. On the other hand, only a well-considered topic is likely to lead to a brilliant literature review [8] . The topic must at least be:

• interesting to you (ideally, you should have come across a series of recent papers related to your line of work that call for a critical summary),
• an important aspect of the field (so that many readers will be interested in the review and there will be enough material to write it), and
• a well-defined issue (otherwise you could potentially include thousands of publications, which would make the review unhelpful).

Ideas for potential reviews may come from papers providing lists of key research questions to be answered [9] , but also from serendipitous moments during desultory reading and discussions. In addition to choosing your topic, you should also select a target audience. In many cases, the topic (e.g., web services in computational biology) will automatically define an audience (e.g., computational biologists), but that same topic may also be of interest to neighbouring fields (e.g., computer science, biology, etc.).

Rule 2: Search and Re-search the Literature

After having chosen your topic and audience, start by checking the literature and downloading relevant papers. Five pieces of advice here:

• keep track of the search items you use (so that your search can be replicated [10] ),
• keep a list of papers whose pdfs you cannot access immediately (so as to retrieve them later with alternative strategies),
• use a paper management system (e.g., Mendeley, Papers, Qiqqa, Sente),
• define early in the process some criteria for exclusion of irrelevant papers (these criteria can then be described in the review to help define its scope), and
• do not just look for research papers in the area you wish to review, but also seek previous reviews.

The chances are high that someone will already have published a literature review ( Figure 1 ), if not exactly on the issue you are planning to tackle, at least on a related topic. If there are already a few or several reviews of the literature on your issue, my advice is not to give up, but to carry on with your own literature review,

The bottom-right situation (many literature reviews but few research papers) is not just a theoretical situation; it applies, for example, to the study of the impacts of climate change on plant diseases, where there appear to be more literature reviews than research studies [33] .

• discussing in your review the approaches, limitations, and conclusions of past reviews,
• trying to find a new angle that has not been covered adequately in the previous reviews, and
• incorporating new material that has inevitably accumulated since their appearance.

When searching the literature for pertinent papers and reviews, the usual rules apply:

• be thorough,
• use different keywords and database sources (e.g., DBLP, Google Scholar, ISI Proceedings, JSTOR Search, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science), and
• look at who has cited past relevant papers and book chapters.

Rule 3: Take Notes While Reading

If you read the papers first, and only afterwards start writing the review, you will need a very good memory to remember who wrote what, and what your impressions and associations were while reading each single paper. My advice is, while reading, to start writing down interesting pieces of information, insights about how to organize the review, and thoughts on what to write. This way, by the time you have read the literature you selected, you will already have a rough draft of the review.

Of course, this draft will still need much rewriting, restructuring, and rethinking to obtain a text with a coherent argument [11] , but you will have avoided the danger posed by staring at a blank document. Be careful when taking notes to use quotation marks if you are provisionally copying verbatim from the literature. It is advisable then to reformulate such quotes with your own words in the final draft. It is important to be careful in noting the references already at this stage, so as to avoid misattributions. Using referencing software from the very beginning of your endeavour will save you time.

Rule 4: Choose the Type of Review You Wish to Write

After having taken notes while reading the literature, you will have a rough idea of the amount of material available for the review. This is probably a good time to decide whether to go for a mini- or a full review. Some journals are now favouring the publication of rather short reviews focusing on the last few years, with a limit on the number of words and citations. A mini-review is not necessarily a minor review: it may well attract more attention from busy readers, although it will inevitably simplify some issues and leave out some relevant material due to space limitations. A full review will have the advantage of more freedom to cover in detail the complexities of a particular scientific development, but may then be left in the pile of the very important papers “to be read” by readers with little time to spare for major monographs.

There is probably a continuum between mini- and full reviews. The same point applies to the dichotomy of descriptive vs. integrative reviews. While descriptive reviews focus on the methodology, findings, and interpretation of each reviewed study, integrative reviews attempt to find common ideas and concepts from the reviewed material [12] . A similar distinction exists between narrative and systematic reviews: while narrative reviews are qualitative, systematic reviews attempt to test a hypothesis based on the published evidence, which is gathered using a predefined protocol to reduce bias [13] , [14] . When systematic reviews analyse quantitative results in a quantitative way, they become meta-analyses. The choice between different review types will have to be made on a case-by-case basis, depending not just on the nature of the material found and the preferences of the target journal(s), but also on the time available to write the review and the number of coauthors [15] .

Rule 5: Keep the Review Focused, but Make It of Broad Interest

Whether your plan is to write a mini- or a full review, it is good advice to keep it focused 16 , 17 . Including material just for the sake of it can easily lead to reviews that are trying to do too many things at once. The need to keep a review focused can be problematic for interdisciplinary reviews, where the aim is to bridge the gap between fields [18] . If you are writing a review on, for example, how epidemiological approaches are used in modelling the spread of ideas, you may be inclined to include material from both parent fields, epidemiology and the study of cultural diffusion. This may be necessary to some extent, but in this case a focused review would only deal in detail with those studies at the interface between epidemiology and the spread of ideas.

While focus is an important feature of a successful review, this requirement has to be balanced with the need to make the review relevant to a broad audience. This square may be circled by discussing the wider implications of the reviewed topic for other disciplines.

Rule 6: Be Critical and Consistent

Reviewing the literature is not stamp collecting. A good review does not just summarize the literature, but discusses it critically, identifies methodological problems, and points out research gaps [19] . After having read a review of the literature, a reader should have a rough idea of:

• the major achievements in the reviewed field,
• the main areas of debate, and
• the outstanding research questions.

It is challenging to achieve a successful review on all these fronts. A solution can be to involve a set of complementary coauthors: some people are excellent at mapping what has been achieved, some others are very good at identifying dark clouds on the horizon, and some have instead a knack at predicting where solutions are going to come from. If your journal club has exactly this sort of team, then you should definitely write a review of the literature! In addition to critical thinking, a literature review needs consistency, for example in the choice of passive vs. active voice and present vs. past tense.

Rule 7: Find a Logical Structure

Like a well-baked cake, a good review has a number of telling features: it is worth the reader's time, timely, systematic, well written, focused, and critical. It also needs a good structure. With reviews, the usual subdivision of research papers into introduction, methods, results, and discussion does not work or is rarely used. However, a general introduction of the context and, toward the end, a recapitulation of the main points covered and take-home messages make sense also in the case of reviews. For systematic reviews, there is a trend towards including information about how the literature was searched (database, keywords, time limits) [20] .

How can you organize the flow of the main body of the review so that the reader will be drawn into and guided through it? It is generally helpful to draw a conceptual scheme of the review, e.g., with mind-mapping techniques. Such diagrams can help recognize a logical way to order and link the various sections of a review [21] . This is the case not just at the writing stage, but also for readers if the diagram is included in the review as a figure. A careful selection of diagrams and figures relevant to the reviewed topic can be very helpful to structure the text too [22] .

Rule 8: Make Use of Feedback

Reviews of the literature are normally peer-reviewed in the same way as research papers, and rightly so [23] . As a rule, incorporating feedback from reviewers greatly helps improve a review draft. Having read the review with a fresh mind, reviewers may spot inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and ambiguities that had not been noticed by the writers due to rereading the typescript too many times. It is however advisable to reread the draft one more time before submission, as a last-minute correction of typos, leaps, and muddled sentences may enable the reviewers to focus on providing advice on the content rather than the form.

Feedback is vital to writing a good review, and should be sought from a variety of colleagues, so as to obtain a diversity of views on the draft. This may lead in some cases to conflicting views on the merits of the paper, and on how to improve it, but such a situation is better than the absence of feedback. A diversity of feedback perspectives on a literature review can help identify where the consensus view stands in the landscape of the current scientific understanding of an issue [24] .

Rule 9: Include Your Own Relevant Research, but Be Objective

In many cases, reviewers of the literature will have published studies relevant to the review they are writing. This could create a conflict of interest: how can reviewers report objectively on their own work [25] ? Some scientists may be overly enthusiastic about what they have published, and thus risk giving too much importance to their own findings in the review. However, bias could also occur in the other direction: some scientists may be unduly dismissive of their own achievements, so that they will tend to downplay their contribution (if any) to a field when reviewing it.

In general, a review of the literature should neither be a public relations brochure nor an exercise in competitive self-denial. If a reviewer is up to the job of producing a well-organized and methodical review, which flows well and provides a service to the readership, then it should be possible to be objective in reviewing one's own relevant findings. In reviews written by multiple authors, this may be achieved by assigning the review of the results of a coauthor to different coauthors.

Rule 10: Be Up-to-Date, but Do Not Forget Older Studies

Given the progressive acceleration in the publication of scientific papers, today's reviews of the literature need awareness not just of the overall direction and achievements of a field of inquiry, but also of the latest studies, so as not to become out-of-date before they have been published. Ideally, a literature review should not identify as a major research gap an issue that has just been addressed in a series of papers in press (the same applies, of course, to older, overlooked studies (“sleeping beauties” [26] )). This implies that literature reviewers would do well to keep an eye on electronic lists of papers in press, given that it can take months before these appear in scientific databases. Some reviews declare that they have scanned the literature up to a certain point in time, but given that peer review can be a rather lengthy process, a full search for newly appeared literature at the revision stage may be worthwhile. Assessing the contribution of papers that have just appeared is particularly challenging, because there is little perspective with which to gauge their significance and impact on further research and society.

Inevitably, new papers on the reviewed topic (including independently written literature reviews) will appear from all quarters after the review has been published, so that there may soon be the need for an updated review. But this is the nature of science [27] – [32] . I wish everybody good luck with writing a review of the literature.

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to M. Barbosa, K. Dehnen-Schmutz, T. Döring, D. Fontaneto, M. Garbelotto, O. Holdenrieder, M. Jeger, D. Lonsdale, A. MacLeod, P. Mills, M. Moslonka-Lefebvre, G. Stancanelli, P. Weisberg, and X. Xu for insights and discussions, and to P. Bourne, T. Matoni, and D. Smith for helpful comments on a previous draft.

Funding Statement

This work was funded by the French Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB) through its Centre for Synthesis and Analysis of Biodiversity data (CESAB), as part of the NETSEED research project. The funders had no role in the preparation of the manuscript.

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Writing Resources

The matrix method for literature reviews.

This handout is available for download in DOCX format and PDF format .

What is the Matrix Method, and why should I use it?

Using a review matrix enables you to quickly compare and contrast articles in order to determine the scope of research across time. A review matrix can help you more easily spot differences and similarities between journal articles about a research topic. While they may be helpful in any discipline, review matrices are especially helpful for health sciences literature reviews covering the complete scope of a research topic over time. This guide focuses on the review matrix step in the literature review process and offers tips on how to use it effectively.

Organize your sources

Once you complete your research, organize your source by date in order to make it easier to see changes in research over time.

Begin by creating the blank matrix. The matrices can be easily constructed using table-making software such as Microsoft Excel, Word or OneNote, Google Sheets, or Numbers. Every review matrix should have the same first three column headings: (1) authors, title, and journal, (2) publication year, and (3) purpose.

Be aware that it may be difficult to determine purpose from just a cursory review of the article. In some cases, it may be necessary to first read the paper fully to identify its purpose.

Choose your remaining column topics

Next, carefully read all your articles. Note any important issues you identify. The following broad categories provide some suggestions for determining your own subject headings:

Methodological

Methodology is often an important question. For example, if you are looking at tests of an Ebola vaccine beyond human subjects, it will be important to note what type of animal the test was carried out on, i.e. macaques or mice.

Content-specific

Consider noting what was actually studied. For example, when looking at the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of illnesses, it would be important to note what illness was being studied.

Geographical

It may be important to note where the research was completed. For example, if you want to compare the effects of the AIDS epidemic in different countries, you would use country as a column heading.

There are many ways to choose your column headings, and these are just a few suggestions. As you create your own matrix, choose column headings that support your research question and goals.

• Do not include column headings that are explicit in your research question. For example, if you are looking at drug use in adolescents, do not include a column heading for age of study participants. If the answer will be the same for every study, it's generally a bad choice for a column heading.
• Do not try to fully complete a review matrix before reading the articles. Reading the articles is an important way to discern the nuances between studies.

Credit: Adapted from David Nolfi, “Matrix Method for Literature Review: The Review Matrix,” Duquesne University, https://guides.library.duq.edu/matrix , 2020.

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• 12+ Literature Review Outline Templates – PDF, DOC

There are some basic criteria that one must judge a work of literature on, irrespective of genre. Typing them out over and over again for each different work can be a waste of time and a redundant exercise. Your time can be better utilized by using these well-constructed literature review outline templates. These excellent free samples are easy to download and print. Whether it’s for a college essay or a survey project, we’ve got templates that can help you write down the literature review without hassle. Details such as evaluation tables, sample plans , search methods, and structure can be easily set with our layout. You can also see Sample Outline Templates.

Literature Review Outline Template

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Literature Review Outline Templates

• The simple pages outline serves as the introduction of your content topic. The introduction gives brief details about what your topic is all about. It provides a framework for the entire literature review.
• The body of your content topic. The body of your literature review is an essential part of your literature review. It elaborately describes your topic and what it is about in a step-by-step process.
• The conclusion of your content. The conclusion summarizes your content topic and comes up with a finding of your study.

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Matrix Method for Literature Review

• The Review Matrix
• Organize Your Sources
• Choose Your Remaining Column Topics
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• Review Matrix Example-Ebola Vaccine Clinical Studies This document includes a review matrix of two Ebola vaccine clinical reviews done on humans published by the National Institute of Health.
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