types of computer network presentation

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Computers and the Internet

Course: computers and the internet > unit 3, computer networks.

Wires, cables, and WiFi
Physical network connections
Bit rate, bandwidth, and latency
Bit rate and bandwidth

Building a network

The ring topology looks like a circle of connected devices, where each device is connected to two neighbors (one on either side).
The mesh topology looks like a circle with lines inside it, showing that every device is connected to every other device.
The star topology has a device at the center and then a connection between that center device and the other five devices.
The bus topology shows a center line with connections coming off the line for each device. No device is directly connected to another device, but they are all connected via the central line.
The tree topology starts with a single device at the top which branches to connect with two more devices. The left child device branches to connect with two more devices, while the right child only has one branch connecting it to a child device. There are three layers to the tree.

Types of networks

(Choice A) DCN A DCN
(Choice B) WAN B WAN
(Choice C) LAN C LAN

Networking protocols

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An Introduction to Computer Networks - Second Edition

(6 reviews)

Peter Lars Dordal, Loyola University of Chicago

Last Update: 2020

Publisher: Peter L Dordal

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Learn more about reviews.

Reviewed by Stuart Anderson, Adjunct Instructor, Norfolk State University on 11/13/23

The textbook is complete and thorough. The index correctly points to the material in the chapters. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

The textbook is complete and thorough. The index correctly points to the material in the chapters.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

The information in the book is accurate as it applies to networking concepts.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

The book's content is current.

Clarity rating: 4

The material is clear however, it does make assumptions about the reader's level of current knowledge about the material.

Consistency rating: 5

The material is consistent and flows in a good order.

Modularity rating: 4

The is very good in how the information is broken down into specific modules. Some modules need more information to make them more complete.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

The information is organized in a fashion that allows future topics to build on the previous topics.

Interface rating: 5

There were no interface issues.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

There are no grammatical errors.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

The test is inclusive of all cultures.

This is a good textbook for networking information. Some of the material could be explained in more detail to make it more of an introductory topic. A reader with networking experience would find this book a good reference, however, a reader new to the networks might find some of the material a bit light. As a network engineer, I found the information thorough and would work well with other networking material.

Reviewed by Terri Devlin, Instructor, Aims Community College on 7/23/19

Comprehensiveness rating: 3 see less

Even though the title of the text is "An Introduction to Networking", the author seems to assume that the student or reader knows a lot about the subject matter and terminology. Topics and some definitions are presented, however the author does a deep dive into the topic area quickly. This text would not be beneficial to students seeking CompTia Network + Certification because many of the terms and concepts tested in the certification exam are not covered in this text.

The author presents the material in an unbiased manner. Errors were not identified

Relevance/Longevity rating: 2

Out-of-date information was identified. The text is written in a manner that updates could be made in a straightforward manner.

Clarity rating: 2

The text was difficult to read because precise definitions and content were not provided. Other textbooks and internet sources were used to look up definitions and refresh understanding of technical terms and concepts

Consistency rating: 4

The terminology, framework, and chapter exercises followed a consistent approach.

The layout of the book is easy to understand and follow.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 3

The topics were organized in a logical fashion. It was a challenge to determine the network “big picture” and how the components fit into the picture. The topics make sense to people familiar with Networks. This text would be challenging to people new to Computer Network concepts.

Interface rating: 3

The text is free of navigation problems. The figures and tables were easily identified. An improvement could be made with providing better images or pictures.

Grammatical Errors rating: 4

The text was free of grammatical errors.

The text is appropriate for globally-based students.

Many computer concept textbooks have associated software that helps student learn topics and practice. Computer Networks is an area where practice helps students learn. This text did not have associated software available.

Reviewed by Audrey Styer, Instructor, CIS/CPS, Morton College on 12/21/18

This textbook provides a very comprehensive and in-depth introduction to computer networking. read more

This textbook provides a very comprehensive and in-depth introduction to computer networking.

All information presented is accurate.

This textbook is continually being updated to accommodate the ever-changing nature of computer networking.

Clarity rating: 5

Material is presented in a clear manner, but does require a prior basic understanding of computer networking.

Consistency of presentation and methodology is maintained throughout the text.

Modularity rating: 5

The chapters are well defined by topic

The material is presented in a logical manner that helps learners develop their understanding.

The PDF version is easy to read and navigate. The linked Table of Contents and Index make finding and moving to specific topics simple.

I found no grammatical errors.

This is not applicable to this topic.

The callout boxes provide a visual break for readers and increase learning with interesting facts and supporting information. Unfortunately, this textbook is too advanced for my undergraduate learners and does not map to CompTIA’s Network+ certification.

Reviewed by Sunho Lim, Assistant Professor, Texas Tech University on 3/27/18

The text covers all five layers (phy, link, net, trans, and app) and their associated algorithms and communication protocols in the network, and provides an effective index and/or golssary. read more

The text covers all five layers (phy, link, net, trans, and app) and their associated algorithms and communication protocols in the network, and provides an effective index and/or golssary.

The content is accurate and unbiased.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 3

The most content is up-to-date and the text is written in a way to easily be updated. Since network technology is time-sensitive, some sections in the text should be updated.

The text is easy to read but some advanced sections (e.g., network simulator ns-2 and ns-3) would be challenging to read and understand technical terminology used.

The text is consistent in using terminology and framework.

The text is well divided into a set of sections. It is easy to selectively choose a section depending on the level of class or students.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4

The topics in the text are presented in a bottom-up way, but grouping sections in terms of layer would be great.

The text has an interface issue, such as some contents are displayed out of page or cut off.

The text contains no grammatical errors.

Cultural Relevance rating: 1

The text is not related to any culture.

The text is appropriate to both undergraduate to graduate students. A set of selective chapters can be used depending on the instructor. The text is good to use for a reference book.

Reviewed by Lisa Bain, Professor, Rhode Island College on 2/1/18

The book covers all the major topics required for a computer networking course. read more

The book covers all the major topics required for a computer networking course.

Yes, this book is accurate in the major areas that the reviewer read. The entire text was not reviewed.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

Yes, the book is up-to-date with the major concepts that do not change (e.g. TCP, IP, UDP) and also includes the latest standards for Wi-Fi. However, some networking technologies will need to be updated as advancements are made (e.g. newer Wi-Fi standards).

Yes, the text is clearly written. However, the content is very technical and would be challenging for a non-technical person to understand all aspects. It is very straight-forward and appropriate for a technical audience.

Yes, the book is consistent and uses the same technical terminology throughout.

Yes the book is very modular and provides many small sections within each chapter for specific topics.

The flow of the book is similar to other networking books in that is starts with an introduction then provides additional details in following chapters.

The interface in PDF is easy to navigate using the table of contents and embedded links.

Of the information read, no grammar errors were found.

This is not relative to this book.

This book would be appropriate for an instructor with a strong background in teaching networking and using a more technical approach.

Reviewed by Luke Osterritter, Adjunct Instructor, Penn State New Kensington on 2/1/18

This text does a great job of covering the basics of computer networks while also presenting in-depth information, as well as diving into some somewhat tangential, but important, areas (e.g. security). read more

There are some terms here that I have seen presented differently than I have learned them or encountered in industry, but nothing inaccurate.

It would seem that this book is kept rather up-to-date, though much of the content is so fundamental as to not have too much of an expiration date, even in this field.

I believe the text is clear in most cases. However, I do feel many of the topics become very in-depth, very fast. It would be nice to have some concepts factored out to their basics early in the chapters, then expounded upon later.

The text does not appear to have any major inconsistencies.

When viewing online, the table of contents makes the content very browsable. However, when viewing in PDF, the large amount of subheadings for any one chapter can be a bit tough to navigate.

As the author notes, there isn't much agreement in how to present this topic, and it can be very difficult to explain one portion without referencing another topic that may not have been presented. I think factoring out some basics and explaining them up front, as this book has done, is a clever way of handling this.

I did not encounter any issues with the text interface.

I did not see any obvious grammatical errors.

This book is very matter-of-fact, with little in the way of irreverence. Likewise, there isn't much to work with here to be proactively inclusive. I think it works to be somewhat inert in this manner.

Overall, I think that this book is a great resource to have given its open availability. It's not the simplest book, so using this in a first level class or in a more general IT, CS, or survey course will take some shepherding on the part of the instructor. The comprehensiveness does suggest to me that this might be able to fill two courses worth of content, as well. It would be nice to have some of the information factored out, with some of the highlights available as lecture materials. On its own though, I feel this would be a strong resource to use in a computer networking course.

1 An Overview of Networks
3 Other LANs
6 Abstract Sliding Windows
7 IP version 4
8 IP version 6
9 Routing-Update Algorithms
10 Large-Scale IP Routing
11 UDP Transport
12 TCP Transport
13 TCP Reno and Congestion Management
14 Dynamics of TCP Reno
15 Newer TCP Implementations
16 Network Simulations: ns-2
17 The ns-3 Network Simulator
19 Queuing and Scheduling
20 Quality of Service
21 Network Management and SNMP
22 Security
23 Bibliography
24 Selected Solutions

Ancillary Material

Peter L Dordal

About the Book

An Introduction to Computer Networks is a free and open general-purpose computer-networking textbook, complete with diagrams and exercises.It covers the LAN, internetworking and transport layers, focusing primarily on TCP/IP. Particular attention is paid to congestion; other special topics include queuing, real-time traffic, network management, security and the ns simulator.

The book is suitable as the primary text for an undergraduate or introductory graduate course in computer networking, as a supplemental text for a wide variety of network-related courses, and as a reference work.

About the Contributors

Peter Lars Dordal is an associate professor within the Department of Computer Science at Loyola University of Chicago. His research interests are in programming languages and computer networks.

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Engineering Mathematics
Discrete Mathematics
Operating System
Computer Networks
Digital Logic and Design
C Programming
Data Structures
Theory of Computation
Compiler Design
Computer Org and Architecture
Computer Network Tutorial

Basics of Computer Network

Basics of Computer Networking
Introduction to basic Networking Terminology
Goals of Networks
Basic characteristics of Computer Networks
Challenges of Computer Network
Physical Components of Computer Network

Network Hardware and Software

Types of Computer Networks

LAN Full Form
How to Set Up a LAN Network?
MAN Full Form in Computer Networking
MAN Full Form
WAN Full Form
Introduction of Internetworking
Difference between Internet, Intranet and Extranet
Protocol Hierarchies in Computer Network
Network Devices (Hub, Repeater, Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateways and Brouter)
Introduction of a Router
Introduction of Gateways
What is a network switch, and how does it work?

Medium Access Control

MAC Full Form
Channel Allocation Problem in Computer Network
Multiple Access Protocols in Computer Network
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
Collision Detection in CSMA/CD
Controlled Access Protocols in Computer Network

SLIDING WINDOW PROTOCOLS

Stop and Wait ARQ
Sliding Window Protocol | Set 3 (Selective Repeat)
Piggybacking in Computer Networks

IP Addressing

What is IPv4?
What is IPv6?
Introduction of Classful IP Addressing
Classless Addressing in IP Addressing
Classful Vs Classless Addressing
Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
Supernetting in Network Layer
Introduction To Subnetting
Difference between Subnetting and Supernetting
Types of Routing
Difference between Static and Dynamic Routing
Unicast Routing - Link State Routing
Distance Vector Routing (DVR) Protocol
Fixed and Flooding Routing algorithms
Introduction of Firewall in Computer Network

Congestion Control Algorithms

Congestion Control in Computer Networks
Congestion Control techniques in Computer Networks
Computer Network | Leaky bucket algorithm
TCP Congestion Control

Network Switching

Circuit Switching in Computer Network
Message switching techniques
Packet Switching and Delays in Computer Network
Differences Between Virtual Circuits and Datagram Networks

Application Layer:DNS

Domain Name System (DNS) in Application Layer
Details on DNS
Introduction to Electronic Mail
E-Mail Format
World Wide Web (WWW)
HTTP Full Form
Streaming Stored Video
What is a Content Distribution Network and how does it work?

CN Interview Quetions

Top 50 Networking Interview Questions (2024)
Top 50 TCP/IP interview questions and answers
Top 50 IP addressing interview questions and answers
Last Minute Notes - Computer Networks
Computer Network - Cheat Sheet
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

Pre-Requisite: Computer Networking

A computer network is a cluster of computers over a shared communication path that works to share resources from one computer to another, provided by or located on the network nodes.

Uses of Computer Networks

Communicating using email, video, instant messaging, etc.
Sharing devices such as printers, scanners, etc.
Sharing files.
Sharing software and operating programs on remote systems.
Allowing network users to easily access and maintain information.

There are mainly five types of Computer Networks

Personal Area Network (PAN)

Local Area Network (LAN)

Campus Area Network (CAN)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)

These are explained below.

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

PAN is the most basic type of computer network. This network is restrained to a single person, that is, communication between the computer devices is centered only on an individual’s workspace. PAN offers a network range of 1 to 100 meters from person to device providing communication. Its transmission speed is very high with very easy maintenance and very low cost.

This uses Bluetooth , IrDA , and Zigbee as technology.

Examples of PAN are USB, computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA, etc.

2. Local Area Network (LAN)

LAN is the most frequently used network. A LAN is a computer network that connects computers through a common communication path, contained within a limited area, that is, locally. A LAN encompasses two or more computers connected over a server. The two important technologies involved in this network are Ethernet and Wi-fi . It ranges up to 2km & transmission speed is very high with easy maintenance and low cost.

Examples of LAN are networking in a home, school, library, laboratory, college, office, etc.

3. Campus Area Network (CAN)

CAN is bigger than a LAN but smaller than a MAN. This is a type of computer network that is usually used in places like a school or colleges. This network covers a limited geographical area that is, it spreads across several buildings within the campus. CAN mainly use Ethernet technology with a range from 1km to 5km.

Its transmission speed is very high with a moderate maintenance cost and moderate cost.

Examples of CAN are networks that cover schools, colleges, buildings, etc.

4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. This is the type of computer network that connects computers over a geographical distance through a shared communication path over a city, town, or metropolitan area. This network mainly uses FDDI, CDDI, and ATM as the technology with a range from 5km to 50km. Its transmission speed is average. It is difficult to maintain and it comes with a high cost.

Examples of MAN are networking in towns, cities, a single large city, a large area within multiple buildings, etc.

5. Wide Area Network (WAN)

WAN is a type of computer network that connects computers over a large geographical distance through a shared communication path. It is not restrained to a single location but extends over many locations. WAN can also be defined as a group of local area networks that communicate with each other with a range above 50km.

Here we use Leased-Line & Dial-up technology. Its transmission speed is very low and it comes with very high maintenance and very high cost.

The most common example of WAN is the Internet.

Comparison between Different Computer Networks

Other types of computer networks.

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Storage Area Network (SAN)

System-Area Network (SAN)

Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)

Enterprise Private Network (EPN)

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Home Area Network (HAN)

1. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

WLAN is a type of computer network that acts as a local area network but makes use of wireless network technology like Wi-Fi. This network doesn’t allow devices to communicate over physical cables like in LAN but allows devices to communicate wirelessly.

The most common example of WLAN is Wi-Fi.

There are several computer networks available; more information is provided below.

2. Storage Area Network (SAN)

SAN is a type of computer network that is high-speed and connects groups of storage devices to several servers. This network does not depend on LAN or WAN. Instead, a SAN moves the storage resources from the network to its high-powered network. A SAN provides access to block-level data storage.

Examples of SAN are a network of disks accessed by a network of servers.

3. System Area Network (SAN)

A SAN is a type of computer network that connects a cluster of high-performance computers. It is a connection-oriented and high-bandwidth network. A SAN is a type of LAN that handles high amounts of information in large requests. This network is useful for processing applications that require high network performance.

Microsoft SQL Server 2005 uses SAN through a virtual interface adapter.

System Area Network (SAN)

4. Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)

A POLAN is a type of computer network that is an alternative to a LAN. POLAN uses optical splitters to split an optical signal from a single strand of single-mode optical fiber to multiple signals to distribute users and devices. In short, POLAN is a point to multipoint LAN architecture.

5. Enterprise Private Network (EPN)

EPN is a type of computer network mostly used by businesses that want a secure connection over various locations to share computer resources.

6. Virtual Private Network (VPN)

A VPN is a type of computer network that extends a private network across the internet and lets the user send and receive data as if they were connected to a private network even though they are not. Through a virtual point-to-point connection users can access a private network remotely. VPN protects you from malicious sources by operating as a medium that gives you a protected network connection.

7. Home Area Network (HAN)

Many of the houses might have more than a computer. To interconnect those computers and with other peripheral devices, a network should be established similar to the local area network (LAN) within that home. Such a type of network that allows a user to interconnect multiple computers and other digital devices within the home is referred to as Home Area Network (HAN). HAN encourages sharing of resources, files, and programs within the network. It supports both wired and wireless communication.

Advantages of Computer Network

Some of the main advantages of Computer Networks are:

Central Storage of Data: Files are stored on a central storage database which helps to easily access and available to everyone.
Connectivity: A single connection can be routed to connect multiple computing devices.
Sharing of Files: Files and data can be easily shared among multiple devices which helps in easily communicating among the organization.
Security through Authorization: Computer Networking provides additional security and protection of information in the system.

Disadvantages of Computer Network

Some of the main disadvantages of Computer Networks are:

Virus and Malware: A virus is a program that can infect other programs by modifying them. Viruses and Malware can corrupt the whole network.
High Cost of Setup: The initial setup of Computer Networking is expensive because it consists of a lot of wires and cables along with the device.
loss of Information: In case of a System Failure, might lead to some loss of data.
Management of Network: Management of a Network is somehow complex for a person, it requires training for its proper use.

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Introduction To Computer Networking

A computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet. Other shared resources can include a printer or a file server.

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Peer-to-peer Server-based Introduction to Networking
What is a Network? A network consists of 2 or more computers connected together, and they can communicate and share resources (e.g. information) D
Why Networking? Sharing information — i.e. data communication Do you prefer these? , Or this?
Sharing hardware or software E.g. print document Centralize administration and support E.g. Internet-based, so everyone can access the same administrative or support application from their PCs Modem Modem Modem Modem
How many kinds of Networks? ' Depending on one's perspective, we can classify networks in different ways Based on transmission media: Wired (UTP, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables) and Wireless Based on network size, LAN and WAN (and MAN) Based on management method: Peer-to-peer and Client/Server Based on topology (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring ,
Transmission Media Two main categories: Guided — wires, cables Unguided — wireless transmission, e.g. radio, microwave, infrared, sound, sonar t We will concentrate on guided media here: Twisted-Pair cables: Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables Coaxial cables Fiber-optic cables
Twisted-Pair Cables If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more than the further one, thereby causing errors 4 3 4 3 Noise source O 4 3 he total effect i 4 3 7
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical protection) A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires Plastic cover Twisted pairs (5 pairs) Insulator Metal 8
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each pair of insulated wires Plastic cover Metal shield Insulation Copper
Categories of UTP Cables EIA classifies UTP cables according to the quality: Category 1 — the lowest quality, only good for voice, mainly found in very old buildings, not recommended now Category 2 — good for voice and low data rates (up to 4Mbps for low-speed token ring networks) Category 3 — at least 3 twists per foot, for up to 10 Mbps (common in phone networks in residential buildings) Category 4 — up to 16 Mbps (mainly for token rings) Category 5 (or 5e) — up to 100 Mbps (common for networks targeted for high-speed data communications) Category 6 — more twists than Cat 5, up to 1 Gbps
Coaxial Cables In general, coaxial cables, or coax, carry signals of higher freq (IOOKHz-500MHz) than IJTP cables Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second conductor that completes the circuit Plastic cover Insulator Outer conductor Inner conductor (shield) 11
Advantages and Disadvantages o Noise resistance — external light is blocked by outer jacket o Less signal attenuation —a signal can run for miles without regeneration (currently, the lowest measured loss is about or 0.16dB per km) o Higher bandwidth — currently, limits on data rates come from the signal generation/ reception technology, not the fiber itself Cost — Optical fibers are expensive Installation/maintenance — any crack in the core will degrade the signal, and all connections must be perfectly aligned
Fiber-Optic Cables Light travels at 3x108 ms-I in free space and is the fastest possible speed in the Universe Light slows down in denser media, e.g. glass Refraction occurs at interface, with light bending away from the normal when it enters a less dense medium Beyond the critical angle total internal reflection
An optical fiber consists of a core (denser material) and a cladding (less dense material) Simplest one is a multimode step-index optical fiber Multimode = multiple paths, whereas step-index = refractive index follows a step-function profile (i.e. an abrupt change of refractive index between the core and the cladding) Light bounces back and forth along the core Common light sources: LEDs and lasers Core Cladding
LAN and WAN Local Area Network (LAN) Small network, short distance A room, a floor, a building Limited by no. of computers and distance covered ' Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN Serve a department within an organization Examples: Network inside the Student Computer Room Network inside CF502 Network inside your home
Wide Area Network (WAN) A network that uses long-range telecommunication links to connect 2 or more LANs/computers housed in different places far apart. Towns, states, countries Examples: Network of our Campus Internet WAN Student Computer Centre Your home USA 16
, Example WAN technologies: , ISDN — Integrated Service Digital Network Basic rate: 192 Kbps Primary rate: 1.544Mbps T-Carriers — basically digital phone lines , Tl: 1.544Mbps T3: Frame relay Each link offers 1.544Mbps or even higher ATM — Asynchronous Transfer Mode , Support B-ISDN: 155Mbps or 622Mbps or higher , SONET — Synchronous Optical Network , Basic rate OCI: 51.84Mbps ' Support OC12 and up to OC192 (9953.28Mbps) or even higher in the future
, Example of WAN: Broadband Cable Network , Cable TV services have been extensively developed in most modern cities Cable TV companies try to make use of their coaxial cable installed (that are supposed to carry TV signals) to deliver broadband data services Many cable network wiring has been replaced with hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) — i.e. use of fiber-optic cable to connect to the subscribers' buildings, and then the original coaxial cable to connect to each household 18
PC TV oaxla Cable glÉÅ The connection is shared by a number of subscribers, hence may raise performance and security problems able Drop Cable company 19
' Cable is an asymmetrical technology Downstream: max 36 Mbps ' Upstream: max 10 Mbps May be reduced to 3 — 10 Mbps downstream and 2 Mbps upstream, depending on no. of subscribers Need a special cable modem Teryon Cable Modem Coaxial link from cable TV socket Ethernet link to PC 20
Peer-to-peer Networks Peer-to-peer network is also called workgroup No hierarchy among computers all are equal No administrator responsible for the network Peer-to-peer
Advantages of peer-to-peer networks: Low cost ' Simple to configure ' User has full accessibility of the computer Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks: May have duplication in resources Difficult to uphold security policy Difficult to handle uneven loading Where peer-to-peer network is appropriate: 10 or less users No specialized services required ' Security is not an issue Only limited growth in the foreseeable future
Clients and Servers Network Clients (Workstation Computers that request network resources or services Network Servers Computers that manage and provide network resources and services to clients ' Usually have more processing power, memory and hard disk space than clients , Run Network Operating System that can manage not only data, but also users, groups, security, and applications on the network Servers often have a more stringent requirement on its performance and reliability 23
Advantages of client/server networks Facilitate resource sharing — centrally administrate and control Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance Enhance security — only administrator can have access to Server ' Support more users — difficult to achieve with peer-to- peer networks Disadvantages of client/server networks High cost for Servers Need expert to configure the network Introduce a single point of failure to the system 24
Topology — 3 basic types How so many computers are connected together? Bus Topology Star Topology Hub Ring Topology
, Bus Topology ' Simple and low-cost A single cable called a trunk (backbone, segment Only one computer can send messages at a time Passive topology - computer only listen for, not regenerate data Star Topology Each computer has a cable connected to a single point More cabling, hence higher cost All signals transmission through the hub; if down, entire network down Depending on the intelligence of hub, two or more computers may send message at the same time 26
How to construct a network with Bus / Star Topology? Bus Topology Coaxial cable Network Card Distribution rack and shelves Expandable patch panels Star Topology BNC T-Connector
Ring Topology Every computer serves as a repeater to boost signals Typical way to send data: Token passing only the computer who gets the token can send data Disadvantages Difficult to add computers More expensive Ack data Ack Ack If one computer fails, whole network fails data Ack 28

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Fundamentals of computer networking

You learn the fundamental principles of computer networking to prepare you for the Azure admin and developer learning paths.

Learning objectives

In this module, you will:

List the different network protocols and network standards.
List the different network types and topologies.
List the different types of network devices used in a network.
Describe network communication principles like TCP/IP, DNS, and ports.
Describe how these core components map to Azure networking.

Prerequisites

Introduction min
Network types and topologies to use when you design a network min
Types of network devices to use when you build a network min
Network protocols to use when you implement a network min
IP address standards and services min
Summary min

Introduction to Computer Network

Nov 06, 2019

380 likes | 558 Views

Introduction to Computer Network. Dr. Rania R Ziedan. Agenda. Introduction Network types Network topology Network connection models OSI model. Computer network. A collection of computing devices that are connected in various ways in order to communicate and share resources or files

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Presentation Transcript

Introduction to Computer Network Dr. Rania R Ziedan

Agenda • Introduction • Network types • Network topology • Network connection models • OSI model

Computer network • A collection of computing devices that are connected in various ways in order to communicate and share resources or files • Wired network: the connections between computers in a network are made using physical wires or cables • Wireless network: the connections between computers in a network are made using radio waves or infrared signals

Computer network • Each computer in the network is known as: node or host • Data transfer rate: is the speed with which data is moved from one place on a network to another, which is a key feature in computer networks

Network Types • Local Area Network (LAN): two or more computers connected together, the computers are physically near each other (for example: in the same building) • LANs are inexpensive to install • LANs provide higher speeds

Network Types • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): usually span tens of kilometers (for example: in the same city) • The cost of installation and operation is higher. • MANs use high-speed connections such as fiber optics to achieve higher speeds

Network Types • Wide Area Network (WAN): is a connection of LANs (for example : the Internet) • WANs span a larger area than a single city. • These use long distance telecommunication networks for connection, thereby increasing the cost.

The Internet • It is a large group of computers that are connected to each other and used to send information quickly between computers around the world

Physical topology of a network • The term physical topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically. • The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices • There are four basic topologies possible: mesh, star, bus, and ring

Physical topology of a network • Mesh Topology • In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. • The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only between the two devices it connects. • The number of physical links in a fully connected mesh network with n nodes  n(n-1)/2 • The mesh topology used in the connection of telephone regionaloffices in which each regional office needs to be connected to every other regional office.

Physical topology of a network • Mesh Topology • Advantages: • Each link can carry its own data load, thus eliminating the traffic problems that can occur with shared links. • A mesh topology is robust. If one link becomes unusable, it does not incapacitate the entire system. • Every message travels along a dedicated line, only the intended recipient sees it. Physical boundaries prevent other users from gaining access to messages. • Point-to-point links make fault identification and fault isolation easy. Traffic can be routed to avoid links with suspected problems. • Disadvantage: • The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports required.

Physical topology of a network • Star Topology • Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, usually called a hub. • A star topology does not allow direct traffic between devices. • The controller acts as an exchange: If one device wants to send data to another, it sends the data to the controller, which then relays the data to the other connected device. • The star topology is used in local-area networks (LANs)

Physical topology of a network • Star Topology • Advantages: • less expensive than a mesh topology, each device needs only one link and one I/O port to connect it to any number of others. • Easy to install and reconfigure. • Robustness, if one link fails, only that link is affected, all other links remain active. • As long as the hub is working, it can be used to monitor link problems and bypass defective links • Disadvantage: • the dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the hub. If the hub goes down, the whole system is dead

Physical topology of a network • Bus Topology • A bus topology is multipoint connection. • One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network. • Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps. • There is a limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on the distance between those taps. As a signal travels along the backbone, some of its energy is transformed into heat. Therefore, it becomes weaker and weaker as it travels farther and farther. • Bus topology was the one of the first topologies used in the design of early local area networks. • The cable has two end terminals that dampen the signal so that it does not keep moving from one end of the network to the other.

Physical topology of a network • Bus Topology • Advantages: • Ease of installation • Bus uses less cabling than mesh or star topologies. • Disadvantages: • Difficult reconnection and fault isolation. • Difficult to add new devices. • Signal reflection at the taps can cause degradation in quality. This degradation can be controlled by limiting the number and spacing of devices connected to a given length of cable. • Adding new devices may therefore require modification or replacement of the backbone. • In addition, a fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission, even between devices on the same side of the problem. The damaged area reflects signals back in the direction of origin, creating noise in both directions.

Physical topology of a network • Ring Topology • Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the two devices on either side of it. • A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination. • Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater. When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along

Physical topology of a network • Ring Topology • Advantages: • easy to install and reconfigure • Fault isolation is simplified. • Generally in a ring, a signal is always circulating . If one device does not receive a signal within a specified period, it can issue an alarm. The alarm alerts the network operator to the problem and its location. • To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections. The only constraints are media and traffic considerations (maximum ring length and number of devices). • Disadvantages: • Unidirectional traffic • a break in the ring can disable the entire network. • This weakness can be solved by using a dual ring or a switch capable of closing off the break.

Network connection models • Networks can also be classified according to the roles that the networked computers play in the network’s operation. • Peer-to-peer, • server-based, • and client-based.

Network connection models Peer-to-peer model all computers are considered equal. Each computer controls its own information and is capable of functioning as either a client or a server depending upon the requirement. • Peer-to-peer networks are inexpensive and easy to install. • They are popular as home networks and for use in small companies. • Most operating systems come with built-in peer-to-peer networking capability. • The maximum number of peers that can operate on a peer-to-peer network is ten. • Each peer shares resources and allows others open access to them. • Shares can be document folders, printers, peripherals, and any other resource that they control on their computers.

Network connection models Peer-to-peer network

Network connection models • client-server model is a software that consists of two parts, client systems and server systems, both communicate over a computer network

Network connection models • The client-server relationship describes the relation between the client and how it makes a service request to the server, and how the server can accept these requests, process them, and return the requested information to the client

Page request How the Web Works? • WWW use classical client / server architecture • HTTP is text-based request-response protocol HTTP HTTP Server response Server running Web Server Software (IIS, Apache, etc.) Client running a Web Browser

Client/Server • There are two types of servers: • File serverA computer that stores and manages files for multiple users on a network • Web serverA computer that responds to requests for web pages (from the browser client)

Web servers and browsers • web server: software that listens for web page requests • Apache • Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) (part of Windows) • web browser: fetches/displays documents from web servers • Mozilla Firefox • Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) • Apple Safari • Google Chrome • Opera

OSI Architecture The OSI 7-layer Model OSI – Open Systems Interconnection

Description of Layers • Physical Layer • Handles the transmission of raw bits over a communication link • Data Link Layer • Collects a stream of bits into a larger aggregate called a frame • Network adaptor and device drivers in OS implement the protocol in the datalink layer • Frames are actually delivered to hosts • Network Layer • Handles routing between nodes within a packet-switched network • Unit of data exchanged between nodes in this layer is called a packet The lower three layers are implemented on all network nodes

Description of Layers • Transport Layer • Implements a process-to-process channel • Unit of data exchanges in this layer is called a message • Session Layer • Provides a name space that is used to tie together the potentially different transport streams that are part of a single application • Presentation Layer • Concerned about the format of data exchanged between peers • Application Layer • Standardize common type of exchanges The transport layer and the higher layers typically run only on end-hosts and not on the intermediate switches and routers

Summary • A computer network consists of two or more computers that are connected and are able to communicate. • The basic purpose of networks is to enable effective communication, share resources, and facilitate centralized management of data. • Networks can be classified according to their geographical boundaries or their component roles. • The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices

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What Is a Computer Network? Definition, Objectives, Components, Types, and Best Practices

A computer network is a system that connects two or more computing devices to transmit and share information.

A computer network is defined as a system that connects two or more computing devices for transmitting and sharing information. This article explains computer network in detail, along with its types, components, and best practices for 2022.

What is a computer network, key components of a computer network, types of computer networks, key objectives of creating and deploying a computer network, top 10 best practices for computer network management in 2022.

A computer network is a system that connects two or more computing devices for transmitting and sharing information. Computing devices include everything from a mobile phone to a server. These devices are connected using physical wires such as fiber optics, but they can also be wireless.

The first working network, called ARPANET, was created in the late 1960s and was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense. Government researchers used to share information at a time when computers were large and difficult to move. We have come a long way today from that basic kind of network. Today’s world revolves around the internet, which is a network of networks that connects billions of devices across the world. Organizations of all sizes use networks to connect their employees’ devices and shared resources such as printers.

An example of a computer network at large is the traffic monitoring systems in urban cities. These systems alert officials and emergency responders with information about traffic flow and incidents. A simpler example is using collaboration software such as Google Drive to share documents with colleagues who work remotely. Every time we connect via a video call, stream movies, share files, chat with instant messages, or just access something on the internet, a computer network is at work.

Computer networking is the branch of computer science that deals with the ideation, architecture, creation, maintenance, and security of computer networks. It is a combination of computer science, computer engineering, and telecommunication.

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From a broader lens, a computer network is built with two basic blocks: nodes or network devices and links. The links connect two or more nodes with each other. The way these links carry the information is defined by communication protocols. The communication endpoints, i.e., the origin and destination devices, are often called ports.

Main Components of a Computer Network

1. Network Devices

Network devices or nodes are computing devices that need to be linked in the network. Some network devices include:

Computers, mobiles, and other consumer devices : These are end devices that users directly and frequently access. For example, an email originates from the mailing application on a laptop or mobile phone.
Servers : These are application or storage servers where the main computation and data storage occur. All requests for specific tasks or data come to the servers.
Routers : Routing is the process of selecting the network path through which the data packets traverse. Routers are devices that forward these packets between networks to ultimately reach the destination. They add efficiency to large networks.
Switches : Repeaters are to networks what transformers are to electricity grids—they are electronic devices that receive network signals and clean or strengthen them. Hubs are repeaters with multiple ports in them. They pass on the data to whichever ports are available. Bridges are smarter hubs that only pass the data to the destination port. A switch is a multi-port bridge. Multiple data cables can be plugged into switches to enable communication with multiple network devices.
Gateways : Gateways are hardware devices that act as ‘gates’ between two distinct networks. They can be firewalls, routers, or servers.

Learn More: Why a Network Management Card Is Essential to Secure Enterprise Networks from Cyber Threats

Links are the transmission media which can be of two types:

Wired : Examples of wired technologies used in networks include coaxial cables, phone lines, twisted-pair cabling, and optical fibers. Optical fibers carry pulses of light to represent data.
Wireless : Network connections can also be established through radio or other electromagnetic signals. This kind of transmission is called ‘wireless’. The most common examples of wireless links include communication satellites, cellular networks , and radio and technology spread spectrums. Wireless LANs use spectrum technology to establish connections within a small area.

3. Communication protocols

A communication protocol is a set of rules followed by all nodes involved in the information transfer. Some common protocols include the internet protocol suite (TCP/IP), IEEE 802, Ethernet, wireless LAN, and cellular standards. TCP/IP is a conceptual model that standardizes communication in a modern network. It suggests four functional layers of these communication links:

Network access layer : This layer defines how the data is physically transferred. It includes how hardware sends data bits through physical wires or fibers.
Internet layer : This layer is responsible for packaging the data into understandable packets and allowing it to be sent and received.
Transport layer : This layer enables devices to maintain a conversation by ensuring the connection is valid and stable.
Application layer : This layer defines how high-level applications can access the network to initiate data transfer.

Most of the modern internet structure is based on the TCP/IP model, though there are still strong influences of the similar but seven-layered open systems interconnection (OSI) model.

IEEE802 is a family of IEEE standards that deals with local area networks (LAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN). Wireless LAN is the most well-known member of the IEEE 802 family and is more widely known as WLAN or Wi-Fis.

4. Network Defense

While nodes, links, and protocols form the foundation of a network, a modern network cannot exist without its defenses. Security is critical when unprecedented amounts of data are generated, moved, and processed across networks. A few examples of network defense tools include firewall , intrusion detection systems (IDS), intrusion prevention systems (IPS), network access control (NAC), content filters, proxy servers, anti-DDoS devices, and load balancers.

See More: What Is Local Area Network (LAN)? Definition, Types, Architecture and Best Practices

Computer networks can be classified based on several criteria, such as the transmission medium, the network size, the topology, and organizational intent. Based on a geographical scale, the different types of networks are:

Nanoscale networks : These networks enable communication between minuscule sensors and actuators.
Personal area network (PAN) : PAN refers to a network used by just one person to connect multiple devices, such as laptops to scanners, etc.
Local area network (LAN) : The local area network connects devices within a limited geographical area, such as schools, hospitals, or office buildings.
Storage area network (SAN) : SAN is a dedicated network that facilitates block-level data storage. This is used in storage devices such as disk arrays and tape libraries.
Campus area network (CAN) : Campus area networks are a collection of interconnected LANs. They are used by larger entities such as universities and governments.
Metropolitan area network (MAN) : MAN is a large computer network that spans across a city.
Wide area network (WAN) : Wide area networks cover larger areas such as large cities, states, and even countries.
Enterprise private network (EPN): An enterprise private network is a single network that a large organization uses to connect its multiple office locations.
Virtual private network (VPN) : VPN is an overlay private network stretched on top of a public network.
Cloud network : Technically, a cloud network is a WAN whose infrastructure is delivered via cloud services.

Based on organizational intent, networks can be classified as:

Intranet : Intranet is a set of networks that is maintained and controlled by a single entity. It is generally the most secure type of network, with access to authorized users alone. An intranet usually exists behind the router in a local area network.
Internet : The internet (or the internetwork) is a collection of multiple networks connected by routers and layered by networking software. This is a global system that connects governments, researchers, corporates, the public, and individual computer networks.
Extranet : An extranet is similar to the intranet but with connections to particular external networks. It is generally used to share resources with partners, customers, or remote employees.
Darknet : The darknet is an overlay network that runs on the internet and can only be accessed by specialized software. It uses unique, customized communication protocols.

See More: Wide Area Network (WAN) vs. Local Area Network (LAN): Key Differences and Similarities

There is no industry—education, retail, finance, tech, government, or healthcare—that can survive without well-designed computer networks. The bigger an organization, the more complex the network becomes. Before taking on the onerous task of creating and deploying a computer network, here are some key objectives that must be considered.

Objectives of Deploying a Computer Network

1. Resource sharing

Today’s enterprises are spread across the globe, with critical assets being shared across departments, geographies, and time zones. Clients are no more bound by location. A network allows data and hardware to be accessible to every pertinent user. This also helps with interdepartmental data processing. For example, the marketing team analyzes customer data and product development cycles to enable executive decisions at the top level.

2. Resource availability & reliability

A network ensures that resources are not present in inaccessible silos and are available from multiple points. The high reliability comes from the fact that there are usually different supply authorities. Important resources must be backed up across multiple machines to be accessible in case of incidents such as hardware outages.

3. Performance management

A company’s workload only increases as it grows. When one or more processors are added to the network, it improves the system’s overall performance and accommodates this growth. Saving data in well-architected databases can drastically improve lookup and fetch times.

4.Cost savings

Huge mainframe computers are an expensive investment, and it makes more sense to add processors at strategic points in the system. This not only improves performance but also saves money. Since it enables employees to access information in seconds, networks save operational time, and subsequently, costs. Centralized network administration also means that fewer investments need to be made for IT support.

5. Increased storage capacity

Network-attached storage devices are a boon for employees who work with high volumes of data. For example, every member in the data science team does not need individual data stores for the huge number of records they crunch. Centralized repositories get the job done in an even more efficient way. With businesses seeing record levels of customer data flowing into their systems, the ability to increase storage capacity is necessary in today’s world.

6. Streamlined collaboration & communication

Networks have a major impact on the day-to-day functioning of a company. Employees can share files, view each other’s work, sync their calendars, and exchange ideas more effectively. Every modern enterprise runs on internal messaging systems such as Slack for the uninhibited flow of information and conversations. However, emails are still the formal mode of communication with clients, partners, and vendors.

7. Reduction of errors

Networks reduce errors by ensuring that all involved parties acquire information from a single source, even if they are viewing it from different locations. Backed-up data provides consistency and continuity. Standard versions of customer and employee manuals can be made available to a large number of people without much hassle.

8. Secured remote access

Computer networks promote flexibility, which is important in uncertain times like now when natural disasters and pandemics are ravaging the world. A secure network ensures that users have a safe way of accessing and working on sensitive data, even when they’re away from the company premises. Mobile handheld devices registered to the network even enable multiple layers of authentication to ensure that no bad actors can access the system.

See More: What Is Wide Area Network (WAN)? Definition, Types, Architecture, and Best Practices

Network management is the process of configuring, monitoring, and troubleshooting everything that pertains to a network, be it hardware, software, or connections. The five functional areas of network management are fault management, configuration management, performance management, security management, and (user) accounting management.

Computer networks can quickly become unruly mammoths if not designed and maintained from the beginning. Here are the top 10 practices for proper computer network management.

Network Management Best Practices

1. Pick the right topology

Network topology is the pattern or hierarchy in which nodes are connected to each other. The topology can speed up, slow down, or even break the network based on the company’s infrastructure and requirements. Before setting up a network from scratch, network architects must choose the right one. Some common topologies include:

Bus network : Each node is linked to only one other node.
Ring network : Each node is linked to two other nodes, thus forming a ring.
Mesh network : Each node must strive to be connected to every other node in the system.
Star network : A central node server is linked to multiple other nodes. This is faster since data doesn’t have to travel through each node.
Tree network : Here, nodes are arranged in hierarchies.

2. Document & update constantly

Documentation of the network is vital since it is the backbone of operations. The documentation must include:

Technical specifications of equipment, including wires, cables, and connectors
The software used to enable the hardware and the smooth and secure flow of data
A formal record of policies and procedures with respect to network operators and users

This must be audited at scheduled intervals or during rehauls. Not only does this make network management easier, but it also allows for smoother compliance audits.

3. Use the right tools

The network topology is just the first step toward building a robust network. To manage a highly available and reliant network, the appropriate tools must be placed at the right locations. Must-have tools in a network are:

Network monitoring solutions : A network monitoring solution gives complete visibility into the network. Visual maps help gauge network performance. It can track packets, provide a granular look into network traffic, and help spot anomalies. Newer monitoring systems leverage artificial intelligence to predict scaling requirements and cyber threats using historic and real-time data.
Configuration management tools : A network contains many components that interface with each other. This results in a lot of configuration parameters to keep track of. Configuration management tools resolve this by providing configuration tools that span across the entire network. They also allow network managers to ensure that all compliance requirements have been fulfilled.
IP address managers : Bigger networks need to have an IP address manager (IPAM) to plan, track, and manage information associated with a network’s IP addresses.
Security solutions : Firewalls , content filtering systems , intrusion detection and prevention systems—these are all tools that safeguard networks that are carrying increasingly sensitive loads. No network is complete without them. However, just acquiring these tools is not enough. They must also be properly placed within the network. For example, a firewall must be placed at every network junction. Anti-DDoS devices must be placed at the perimeters of the network. Load balancers need to be placed at strategic locations based on the infrastructure, such as before a cluster of database servers. This must be an explicit part of the network architecture.

4. Establish baseline network & abnormal behavior

A baseline allows admins to know how the network normally behaves in terms of traffic, user accesses, etc. With an established baseline, alerts can be set up in appropriate places to flag anomalies immediately. The normal range of behavior must be documented at both, user and organizational levels. Data required for the baseline can be acquired from routers, switches, firewalls, wireless APs, sniffers, and dedicated collectors.

5. Protect the network from insider threats

Firewalls and intrusion prevention systems ensure that bad actors remain out of the network. However, insider threats need to be addressed as well, particularly with cybercriminals targeting those with access to the network using various social engineering ploys. One way of doing this is to operate on a least-privilege model for access management and control. Another is to use stronger authentication mechanisms such as single sign-on (SSO) and two-factor authentication (2FA) . Besides this, employees also need to undergo regular training to deal with security threats. Proper escalation processes must be documented and circulated widely.

6. Use multiple vendors for added security

While it makes sense to stick to one hardware vendor, a diverse range of network security tools is a major plus for a large network. Security is a dynamic and ever-involving landscape. Hardware advancements are rapid and cyber threats also evolve with them. It is impossible for one vendor to be up to date on all threats. Additionally, different intrusion detection solutions use different detection algorithms. A good mix of these tools strengthens security; however, you must ensure that they are compatible and allow for common logging and interfacing.

7. Segregate the network

Enterprise networks can become large and clunky. Segregation allows them to be divided into logical or functional units, called zones. Segregation is usually done using switches, routers, and virtual LAN solutions. One advantage of a segregated network is that it reduces potential damage from a cyberattack and keeps critical resources out of harm’s way. Another plus is that it allows for more functional classification of networks, such as separating programmer needs from human resources needs.

8. Use centralized logging

Centralized logs are key to capturing an overall view of the network. Immediate log analysis can help the security team flag suspicious logins and IT admin teams to spot overwhelmed systems in the network.

9. Consider using honeypots & honeynets

Honeypots are separate systems that appear to have legitimate processes and data but are actually a decoy for insider and outsider threats. Any breach of this system does not cause the loss of any real data. A honeynet is a fake network segment for the same cause. While this may come at an additional cost to the network, it allows the security team to keep an eye out for malicious players and make appropriate adjustments.

10. Automate wherever possible

New devices are added to systems regularly, and old ones are retired. Users and access controls keep changing frequently. All of these must be automated to ensure that human error does not occur and there are no vulnerable zombie systems in the network, costing money and security. Automation with respect to security is also crucial. It is a good practice to automate responses to attacks, including blocking IP addresses, terminating connections, and gathering additional information about attacks.

See More: What Is Network Security? Definition, Types, and Best Practices

A successful network enhances productivity, security, and innovation with the least overhead costs. This comes only with robust design and implementation with a clear picture of the business needs. While network creation may purely seem like a technical endeavor, it requires business input, especially in the beginning stages. Network management also involves evolving workflows and growing and morphing with evolving technologies.

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TYPES OF NETWORK.

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS Zeeshan Abbas. Introduction to Computer Networks INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS.

Saeed Darvish Pazoki – MCSE, CCNA Abstracted From: Sybex – Network+ Study Guide Network Fundamentals 1.

Network Topologies CS 1202.

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES The pattern of interconnection of nodes in a network is called the Topology. The selection of a topology depends on Cost. For a network.

Shalini Bhavanam. Key words: Basic Definitions Classification of Networks Types of networks Network Topologies Network Models.

1 Chapter 9 Computer Networks. 2 Chapter Topics OSI network layers Network Topology Media access control Addressing and routing Network hardware Network.

Network topology.

1 Chapter 10 Introduction to Metropolitan Area Networks and Wide Area Networks Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User’s Approach.

Introduction to Metropolitan Area Networks and Wide Area Networks TDC 362 / TDC 460.

Core 3: Communication Systems. On any network there are two types of computers present – servers and clients. By definition Client-Server architecture.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS INTRODUCTION Lecture # 1 (

COMPUTER NETWORKS.

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Network protocols are rules and standards that enable computers to communicate with each other and share data. These protocols are used in different types of networks, such as the local area network (LAN) and the wide area network (WAN), to ensure communication and collaboration between users.

But what are network protocols? Why are they important? What are the different types of network protocol? Answers to your questions in this article.

What is a network protocol?

Before delving into the details, it is important to understand what a network protocol is. A network protocol is a standard or set of rules that defines how computers communicate with each other.

Network protocols define the data formats, message types, authentication methods and access control methods that are used to ensure secure and reliable communication.

They are essential for communication between computers and thousands of different protocols have been developed over time.

What role do network protocols play in communication?

Network protocols are essential for communication between computers, as they enable standardised and efficient messages to be sent.

Without network protocols, computers would find it difficult to communicate consistently and reliably. They also guarantee the security and confidentiality of data.

There are different types of network protocol, each with its own characteristics and functions. For example, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is used to ensure reliable communication between computers, while UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is used for faster but less reliable communication.

In addition, network protocols are used in many fields, such as telecommunications, computing, industry and medicine. For example, DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) is used for medical images, while VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is used for voice communications over the Internet.

Network protocols are often detailed according to the OSI layer to which they belong.

The layers of the OSI model

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a representation of Internet working communications. Most network protocols are based on the OSI model . It contains 7 layers:

The application layer: the human-computer interaction layer, which enables applications to access network services.
The presentation layer: encodes and decodes data, ensuring that data can be used in different systems.
The session layer: maintains connections and manages user sessions.
The transport layer: manages protocol delivery (more on this in the next section).
The network layer: routes data through suitable network resources.
The data link layer: defines the format of the data on the network.
The physical layer: defines the electrical, mechanical and optical characteristics. It acts as the interface between the network and the devices.

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Types of computer network.
The Basics of Computer Networking
The Basics of Computer Networking
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INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK DEVICES
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| What is computer Networks And It's Types

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TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
4. Local Area Network (LAN) • A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among computer devices, usually within an office building or home. • LAN's enable the sharing of resources such as files or hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users. • Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters, and no more than a mile.
PDF TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
Personal Area Network (PAN) •A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices, including telephones and personal digital assistants, in proximity to an individual's body. •The devices may or may not belong to the person in question. The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters.
Types of Computer Networks
The best-known computer network is the internet. 3. Based on the size and the coverage area, networks are categorized into the following types: Personal Area Networks (PANs) Local Area Networks (LANs) Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) Wide Area Networks (WANs) 4. A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among ...
PDF Networking Fundamentals
• A network refers to two or more connected computers that can share resources such as data, a printer, an Internet connection, applications, or a combination of these ... Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link ... MAN and WAN networks • Possible media types for LAN and WAN connections
PDF Lecture 13: Introduction to Networking
Lecture 13: Introduction to Networking Networking is simply communicating between two computers connected on a network. You can actually set up a network connection on a single computer, as well. A network requires one computer to act as the server , waiting patiently for an incoming connection from another computer, the client .
PDF CSE 461: Computer Networks
To learn the fundamentals of computer networks 2. Learn how the Internet works • What really happens when you "browse the web"? • TCP/IP, DNS, HTTP, NAT, VPNs, 802.11 etc. 3. Understand why the internet is designed how it is designed • SDN, Load Balancers, Architectures.
Computer networks (article)
Google Classroom. The Internet is the world's largest computer network. Let's break that down: A computer network is any group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data. A computing device isn't just a computer—it's any device that can run a program, such as a tablet, phone, or smart sensor.
An Introduction to Computer Networks
An Introduction to Computer Networksis a free and open general-purpose computer-networking textbook, complete with diagrams and exercises.It covers the LAN, internetworking and transport layers, focusing primarily on TCP/IP. Particular attention is paid to congestion; other special topics include queuing, real-time traffic, network management, security and the ns simulator.
Types of Computer Networks
These are explained below. 1. Personal Area Network (PAN) PAN is the most basic type of computer network. This network is restrained to a single person, that is, communication between the computer devices is centered only on an individual's workspace. PAN offers a network range of 1 to 100 meters from person to device providing communication.
Introduction To Computer Networking
Introduction To Computer Networking. A computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet. Other shared resources can include a printer or a file server.
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. 3 Different Types of Networks. Depending upon the geographical area covered by a network, it is classified as: Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Personal Area Network (PAN)
Fundamentals of computer networking
Learning objectives. In this module, you will: List the different network protocols and network standards. List the different network types and topologies. List the different types of network devices used in a network. Describe network communication principles like TCP/IP, DNS, and ports. Describe how these core components map to Azure networking.
D 1.2 TYPES OF NETWORKS.ppt
1 TYPES OF NETWORKS Three types of networks: 1. Local Area Network (LAN) 2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 3. Wide Area Network (WAN) 2 LAN Local Area NEtwork. . 1.Covers a small region of space, typically a single building. . 2. LAN is the smallest network compared to other two networks.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks and Networking Concepts.
Download presentation. Presentation on theme: "Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks and Networking Concepts."—. Presentation transcript: 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks and Networking Concepts. 2 Guide to Networking Essentials, Fourth Edition2 Learning Objectives Understand basic networked communications and services Identify essential ...
PPT
Introduction to Computer Network Dr. Rania R Ziedan. Agenda • Introduction • Network types • Network topology • Network connection models • OSI model. Computer network • A collection of computing devices that are connected in various ways in order to communicate and share resources or files • Wired network: the connections between computers in a network are made using physical ...
What Is a Computer Network? Definition, Objectives, Components, Types
Types of Computer Networks. Computer networks can be classified based on several criteria, such as the transmission medium, the network size, the topology, and organizational intent. Based on a geographical scale, the different types of networks are: Nanoscale networks: These networks enable communication between minuscule sensors and actuators.
TYPES OF NETWORK.
1 TYPES OF NETWORK. 2 A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications among users and allows users to share resources. 3 LAN - Local Area Network. A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance.
Network protocols: definition, operation and types
As for the presentation and session layer network protocols, two of them are worth knowing: RPC (session): used to request a service from a program located in another remote computer via a network, without having to understand the details of the network. LPP (presentation): used for simplified support of applications based on TCP/IP networks.
Download Computer Networking PPT and Slides
This diagram slide has been designed with graphic of computer network and devices. This diagram contains the wireless and wired networking of computers. Download this diagram for computer networking related topics and to build professional presentation for your viewers. Slide 1 of 3.
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