tech research studies malaysia

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• Published: 17 May 2024

Navigating the nexus: unraveling technological innovation, economic growth, trade openness, ICT, and CO 2 emissions through symmetric and asymmetric analysis

• Ha Junsheng 1 , 2 ,
• Yuning Mu 3 ,
• Muhammad Mehedi Masud 4 ,
• Rulia Akhtar 5 ,
• Abu Naser Mohammad Saif   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7078-6780 6 , 7 ,
• K. M. Anwarul Islam 8 &
• Nusrat Hafiz 9  

Humanities and Social Sciences Communications volume  11 , Article number:  634 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

• Business and management
• Information systems and information technology

In Malaysia’s rapid economic growth and industrialization, environmental degradation and carbon emissions pose significant challenges. As urbanization continues to rise, there is a growing recognition of the imperative to tackle CO 2 emissions. Trade openness and globalization drive economic activity but also heighten environmental pressures, including CO 2 emissions from transportation and industry. Information communication technology (ICT) usage, shaped by infrastructure and regulations, can either improve energy efficiency or increase energy consumption. The study examines the impacts of economic growth (EG), trade openness (TON), technological innovation (TIN), and ICT on CO 2 emissions in Malaysia, using both symmetric and asymmetric methods from 1985 to 2021. While many studies have explored environmental degradation, focusing on CO 2 emissions and ecological footprint indicators, only a limited number have delved into the combined impact of sustainable EG, TON, ICT, and TIN on Malaysia’s CO 2 emissions. Notably, these studies have often neglected the utilization of both symmetric and asymmetric methodologies. Hence, this study employed auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) and non-linear ARDL approaches to investigate the dynamic effects of the studied variables. The key findings from the symmetric analysis demonstrate that EG, TON, and ICT together take part in the increase of CO 2 emissions in both the short and long run. Particularly, technological innovation plays a significant role in reducing CO 2 emissions in the short term through the adoption of cleaner technologies. However, the results of the NARDL bound test reveal asymmetric long-term consequences of technological innovation, economic growth, and ICT on CO 2 emissions. The study underscores the need for CO 2 reduction policies in Malaysia, advocating for measures, such as incentivizing cleaner technologies and upgrading energy infrastructure. It also recommends implementing carbon pricing mechanisms for production and trade, alongside awareness campaigns to foster behavioral changes aimed at reducing emissions.

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Introduction.

Climate change has evolved into an intensifying threat to sustainable development in recent decades, igniting a fervent global discourse (Destek & Sarkodie, 2019 ; Nathaniel & Khan, 2020 ). With the rise of environmental degradation casting a shadow on nations worldwide, the imperative of fostering sustainable growth has taken center stage, amplifying concerns regarding environmental limitations on progress and economic choices (Sun et al., 2020 ; Niinimäki et al., 2020 ). The increase in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) in recent decades has brought environmental pollutants to the forefront of global issues, representing a significant and critical concern (Dogan & Seker, 2016 ; Khan et al., 2017 ). Strikingly, despite the projected consequences of unchecked GHG emissions, they continue to surge unabated. This unrelenting trajectory has wielded considerable influence over environmental policy, enmeshed with the complexities of economic growth and CO 2 emissions. Given the pressing climate crisis, prioritizing sustainable economic growth has become paramount for economies worldwide (Azam et al., 2022 ). This emphasis is crucial, considering that achieving sustainable development remains unattainable until environmental sustainability is effectively established (Zafar et al., 2019 ). Notably, the surge in CO 2 emissions parallels the escalating use of fossil fuels, which is a consequence of the recent rapid expansion of modern industrial civilization (Bhui, 2021 ; Kanwal et al., 2022 ). These milestones comprise the establishment of the UNFCCC in 1992, the Tokyo Protocol in 1997, the significant Copenhagen Agreement of 2009, the China-USA Agreement of 2014, and the highly anticipated Paris Agreement set for 2015.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) underscores the pivotal role of innovation and technological advancement in curbing carbon emissions, emphasizing that the pace and scale of technological progress will shape future carbon reduction (Usman et al., 2021 ). Furthermore, information communication technology (ICT) plays a dual role: it is indispensable for industrialization, which impacts the environment and drives economic advancement (Khan and Qianli, 2017 ; Danish et al., 2018 ). While some researchers propose a robust and negative correlation between the expansion of the ICT sector and CO 2 emissions (Asongu et al., 2017 ; Danish, 2019 ; Haini, 2021 ), others assert its significance in monitoring, managing, and transitioning to a green economy amidst climate change (Usman et al., 2021 ). Despite its importance in mature economies, ICT’s contribution to pollution remains uncertain. Notably, specific research points out that ICT can enhance environmental management and production processes, offering a potential avenue for environmental benefit (Heidari et al., 2019 ; Zhou et al., 2019 ; Awan et al., 2021 ).

Malaysia has set forth an ambitious goal to slash GHG emissions intensity by 45% by 2030, which includes an unconditional 35% reduction and a conditional 10% decrease. Committed to this trajectory, the 12 th Malaysia Plan outlines a vision for carbon neutrality by 2050. Yet, without a proactive and comprehensive approach to climate change, Malaysia risks falling short of fulfilling its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) within the Paris Agreement. To honor its commitments, Malaysia must preserve carbon sinks and expedite the transition from fossil fuel-based energy to renewable and alternative sources. However, the transformative shift from agriculture to industry between 1970 and 1980 significantly altered Malaysia’s energy consumption dynamics, impacting its trajectory (Begum et al., 2015 ; Zhang et al., 2021 ). As the energy-intensive services sector gains prominence in Malaysia’s GDP composition, achieving a 45% reduction in emission intensity remains a formidable challenge without a substantial pivot toward low-carbon technologies.

Within the empirical domain, numerous investigations have examined environmental degradation through the lens of CO 2 emissions and ecological footprint indicators (Hassan et al., 2023 ; Danish & Hassan, 2023 ; Li et al., 2023 ). However, only a limited number of studies have delved into the combined impact of sustainable economic growth (EG), trade openness (TON), technological innovation (TIN), and ICT on Malaysia’s CO 2 emissions. Notably, these studies have often neglected to utilize both symmetric and asymmetric methodologies. This research targets to bridge this gap by closely studying the intricate relationship between sustainable EG, TON, TIN, ICT, and CO 2 emissions in Malaysia. Employing both auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) and non-linear ARDL approaches, this investigation provides a comprehensive exploration of this multifaceted relationship.

The research offers diverse fresh perspectives that significantly enhance our comprehension of environmental sustainability and economic progress in Malaysia. (I) By assessing the interplay of EG, TON, TIN, and ICT on CO 2 emissions, the study provides a holistic understanding of these factors’ combined effects. This nuanced analysis offers insights into the intricate dependencies among these variables, contributing to a comprehensive view of their impact on emissions. (II) The study’s discovery of technological innovation’s potential to drive short-term reductions in CO 2 emissions through cleaner technologies offers a new perspective. This finding suggests opportunities for the Ministry of Science and Technology to develop environmentally conscious ICT frameworks, fostering sustainable development. (III) Identifying the unequal long-term effects of TIN, EG, and ICT on CO 2 emissions complicates our understanding of Malaysia’s economic and technological context. This insight deepens our comprehension of the intricate connections within the country’s developmental path. (IV) The study’s identification of the connection between TIN and CO 2 emissions, distinguishing between positive and adverse advancements, adds a new dimension to the discourse on technology’s environmental impact. This finding highlights the importance of aligning technological development with environmental sustainability goals. (V) The study’s observation of the impact of ICT usage on CO 2 emissions, with escalating usage having a constructive influence while diminished usage correlates with adverse effects, sheds light on the critical role of digitalization in shaping environmental outcomes in Malaysia. This perspective offers valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders. Finally, alongside its empirical findings, the study provides policy recommendations targeted at mitigating emissions and fostering sustainable development. These recommendations, such as supporting the integration of renewable energy and implementing financing mechanisms for green ICT, offer practical strategies for policymakers to tackle environmental challenges while promoting economic growth.

Literature review

Technological innovation and co 2 emission.

The technology effect is concerned with ongoing innovation and the deployment of new technologies, which encourage increased resource efficiency and productivity and lessen the harm that production activities cause to the environment (Wang et al., 2023 ). Cutting-edge technology is essential to an economy’s ability to expand both environmentally and economically (Meirun et al., 2021 ; Wang et al., 2024 ). Scholars have extensively reconnoitred the impact of TIN on CO 2 emissions, attributing it to the increasing global capabilities in innovation (Zaho et al., 2021 ). The growing awareness among government officials and academics regarding TIN’s potential to reduce CO 2 emissions has fueled ongoing technological advancements (Huang et al., 2020 ; Xie et al., 2021 ; Shan et al., 2021 ). Previous studies, such as those by Mensah et al. ( 2018 ), Lin and Zhu ( 2019 ), and Ganda ( 2019 ), have investigated the influence of patents on emissions as a proxy for technical advancement. However, it’s worth noting that technical advancement has been associated with higher CO 2 emissions (Amin et al., 2020 ; Erdogan, 2021 ; Shahbaz et al., 2020 ). Conversely, renewable energy, TIN, and human capital have been found to inversely impact CO 2 emissions (Wang et al., 2021 ). Li et al. ( 2021 ) discovered a strong inverse correlation between technology innovation and CO 2 emissions in China. However, studies by Chen and Lee ( 2020 ) and Samargandi ( 2017 ) suggest that TIN does not necessarily have a negative impact on global CO 2 emissions. Decreased energy intensity, CO 2 emissions, EG, and TON have been linked to higher energy use due to technical development (Pata and Caglar, 2021 ; Adebayo et al., 2022 ;). Sharif et al. ( 2022 ) found a significant inverse correlation between these factors. Additionally, Wang et al. ( 2021 ) study noted a decline in Japan’s energy density due to innovation spending. Long et al. ( 2018 ) and Erdogan ( 2021 ) contend that innovation in Chinese agriculture leads to a detrimental impact on carbon emissions. Lin and Xu ( 2020 ) underscore the significance of energy efficiency in curbing carbon emissions within China’s central region. Wang et al. ( 2021 ) suggest that innovation’s impact on emissions varies by industry, with the industrial sector strongly driving reduction. The expansion of patents and trademarks affects carbon emissions positively in affluent nations but negatively in underdeveloped countries (Demircan Cakar et al., 2021 ). Local research and development (R&D) and innovation in the energy sector contribute to carbon emissions reduction (Shahbaz et al., 2020 ). Liang et al. ( 2019 ) found a link between the number of patents and carbon emissions, indicating that a decrease in patent numbers might lead to a more sustainable environment.

Economic growth and CO 2 emission

Economic activity significantly influences CO 2 emissions, with specialized sectors generating more CO 2 per production unit often correlating with economic growth (Akhtar et al., 2023 ; Lin and Guan, 2023 ). Over time, the intertwining of economic expansion and CO 2 emissions leads to ecological harm as economies grow (Gao, 2023 ; Ahmad et al., 2023 ). Such growth yields negative outcomes, including reduced agricultural productivity, increased insecurity, disease prevalence, and poverty, largely attributed to climate change (FAO, 2019 ; Kogo et al., 2021 ; Fajobi et al., 2023 ). Ironically, the industries and agricultural sectors, which are particularly susceptible to climate change, are its primary contributors. A substantial 73% of GHG emissions arise from energy consumption linked to industrial and agricultural processes (World Resources Institute, 2020 ). Consequently, climate change hampers economic progress and prosperity, necessitating prompt mitigation strategies in these sectors. Economic growth and development notably shape environmental degradation and CO 2 emissions. As wealth per capita increases, environmental degradation tends to rise (Khan et al., 2022 ). Economic growth also influences long-term energy use and emissions (Ang, 2008 ), highlighting the interconnectedness among energy, the environment, and economic progress (Shang et al., 2023 ). Trade liberalization holds a dual impact on emissions: it can reduce them through methodological changes but potentially increase them due to the income-pollution relationship (Mahmood et al., 2019 ; Yang et al., 2020 ). Environmental considerations are vital for fostering sustainable economic development (Abbas et al., 2023 ). Strategic approaches are necessary to achieve equilibrium between growth and environmental conservation due to the complex interplay among economic expansion, CO 2 emissions, and environmental regulations.

Trade openness and CO 2 emission

The emergence of clean energy, predominantly driven by renewable sources, along with the continuous advancement of globalization and trade liberalization, has brought about significant structural shifts in energy, trade, economy, and society. This transition has been accompanied by the growth of service sectors and urbanization (Li et al., 2021 ). Trade openness has a growing positive impact on national economies, especially when considering the interdependence of financial systems, which boosts economic growth (Zhang et al., 2024 ; Ashiq et al., 2023 ). However, trade openness carries dual disadvantages: while it promotes economic growth, it also adversely affects the environment and climate (Zhang et al., 2023 ). The association between trade and carbon emissions remains debated, whether direct or indirect (Kolcava et al., 2019 ; Xie et al., 2020 ). Literature often focuses on trade’s direct emission impact, potentially overlooking socio-economic factors (Vural, 2020 ). Trade’s influence on emissions is notably influenced by Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) (Zubair et al., 2020 ). According to Usman et al. ( 2022 ), trade openness markedly deteriorates Pakistan’s environmental quality. Prior studies yielded varied results, with trade openness shown to negatively affect the environment or contribute to pollution reduction (Wang and Zhang, 2021 ; Azam et al., 2022 ). Irfan et al. ( 2023 ) discovered a short-term equilibrium correlation between trade openness and carbon emissions in Sri Lanka, but no such correlation existed in the long term. They also observed that trade openness stimulates investment, thereby fostering economic growth. Jakada et al. ( 2023 ) unveiled the adverse indirect impacts of trade openness on CO 2 emissions in the long run, offset by positive direct effects in both the short and long terms. Mahmood et al. ( 2019 ) indicated that trade openness has asymmetric effects on CO 2 emissions, with different levels of openness yielding inconsistent and inconsequential outcomes.

ICT and CO 2 emission

The expanding role of ICT in the global GDP encompasses various industries. However, while it brings about favorable effects on economic growth, it also presents limitations in terms of resources and poses environmental difficulties (Jahanger and Usman, 2023 ; Saqib et al., 2024 ; Haldar et al., 2023 ). Technology and the environment have a complex interaction, as noted by Kumar et al. ( 2020 ). As a low-carbon enabler, ICT fosters ecological sustainability by boosting energy efficiency and curbing GHG emissions in sectors like power, transport, and construction (Abdollahbeigi & Salehi, 2020 ; Zafar et al., 2019 ; Tzeremes et al., 2023 ). In order to combat the effects of climate change and advance a green, circular economy, information and communication technology (ICT) is essential (Yang et al., 2023 ; Durán-Romero et al., 2020 ). Energy consumption, economic growth, population, and greenhouse gas emissions all increased in line with Malaysia’s 25-year spike in internet users (Fakher et al., 2023 ). The ICT industry’s share of GHG emissions grows due to environment-linked ICT component production (Villanthenkodath et al., 2022 ). Increased utilization of devices, such as computers, smartphones, and online connectivity, leads to heightened demand for energy, one of the main causes of environmental deterioration (Adebayo et al., 2022 ; Dedaj et al., 2022 ). There are significant environmental concerns due to the growing economy and increased energy usage, as evidenced by Hassan et al. ( 2023 ), Uzar ( 2020 ), Raihan and Tuspekova ( 2022 ). Pan & Dong ( 2023 ) illustrate that the growth of the Internet has the feasibility to decrease urban CO 2 emissions through the enhancement of industrial structures, the stimulation of eco-friendly innovation, and the reinforcement of environmental regulations. Additionally, the Internet can steer cities dependent on resource extraction toward a trajectory of low-carbon development.

Research methods

ARDL and NARDL are considered advanced econometric techniques for analyzing time series data. These techniques are employed to represent and comprehend the dynamic interactions between variables, especially in the context of co-integration and long-run relationships among economic or time series variables. They are particularly useful in examining non-linear relationships, lagged effects, and short- and long-term dynamics in economic models.

Data origin and characteristics

In this research, an investigation was conducted into the enduring and immediate connections between CO 2 emissions, EG, TIN, TON, and ICT. This was carried out through the utilization of both the linear and non-linear ARDL approach. To fulfill the research objectives, time series data spanning from 1985 to 2021 were extracted from the World Development Indicator (WDI) dataset specifically for Malaysia (World Bank, 2022 ). Further insights regarding the data can be found in Table 1 .

Non-linear ARDL model

A number of studies, such as Ramli et al. ( 2022 ), Ozturk and Ullah ( 2022 ), Sun et al. ( 2022 ) used a similar method for analysis. Shin et al. ( 2014 ) introduced a non-linear ARDL methodology, which is adopted in this study to investigate potential asymmetrical relationships among variables. This involves examining both positive and negative changes within the independent variable. This approach is taken because the conventional symmetric assumption regarding the linear impact of independent variables on the dependent variable is employed to establish the long-term relationship through co-integration testing. To assess this, the constructive separation of positive and negative shifts in EG, ICT, and TIN is conducted by generating two additional sets of series, following the methodology outlined by Qamruzzaman and Jianguo ( 2018 ). This process leads to the formulation of the subsequent equations.

Equations ( 5 ), ( 6 ), and ( 7 ) are incorporated into Eq. ( 3 ) to constitute our NARDL model, which can be represented as:

In the equations provided above, the coefficients λ 1 to λ 8 represent the elasticity coefficients in the long run, while φi signifies the elasticity coefficients in the short run.

Results and discussions

Primary outcome.

Before commencing any regression analysis, it is crucial to meticulously examine the fundamental characteristics of the variables and their correlations. Descriptive statistics concerning the primary variables are outlined in Table 2 . The data highlights that ICT demonstrates the lowest mean value (2.578), while CO 2 emissions exhibit the highest mean value (11.684). In terms of standard deviation, the most pronounced volatility is observed in the information communication technology variable, indicating a higher degree of variability, while trade openness demonstrates the least volatility. All variables perform well in terms of standard deviation, as they all have values lower than their respective average values. This indicates that they are suitable for estimation purposes. The trends of endogenous variables are illustrated in Fig. 1 . Most endogenous variables exhibit clear upward trajectories over time. However, the trade openness for carbon emissions showcases an irregular pattern, as depicted in Fig. 1 .

The figure depicts the trend of the study variables.

Furthermore, our approach mandates a series of evaluations to ensure the appropriateness of implementing NARDL models, encompassing examinations, such as structural break and unit root tests. The outcome of the Chow structural break test yields an F -statistic of 0.41, which falls below the critical value at the 5% significance level (0.84). Notably, there are no indications of structural breaks evident within our dataset. This implies that significant changes with the potential to impact the empirical outcomes have not occurred. Table 3 shows the outcomes of the unit root test. Together, the Phillips-Perron (P-P) test (Phillips & Perron, 1988 ), the Augmented Dickey-Fuller’s t -test (DF-GLS), and the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test (Dickey & Fuller, 1979 ) provide a range of insights into the idea of stationarity. To be more precise, CO 2 exhibits level stationarity in the ADF and P-P tests, whereas TIN exhibits level stationarity in the ADF and DF-GLS tests. The ADF, DF-GLS, and P-P tests consistently demonstrate the significance of the variables at the first difference. Given these outcomes signaling stationarity, our recommendation is to employ the ARDL econometric technique, which accommodates variables that are stationary both at the level and in their first differences.

The results related to the identification of co-integration, as displayed in Table 4 , demonstrate a value of 7.939, exceeding the critical threshold of 5.914 set by Narayan ( 2005 ). Hence, at the 1% significance level, the null hypothesis is maintained. As a result, the measured co-integration results support the co-integration verification. But in order to thoroughly inspect the empirical association between the variables that are being examined, we can apply the NARDL test, which takes into account both favorable and adverse shocks.

Upon conducting the co-integration test, the subsequent step involves conducting both linearity and non-linearity tests. This aims to explore potential non-linearity within the data series. In this context, we have utilized the BDS test as suggested by Broock et al. ( 1996 ), with the null hypothesis stating “series are linearly dependent.” The outcomes presented in Table 5 validate the significance of the series in every dimension, indicating that the variables exhibit non-linear dependence. Consequently, the appropriate approach entails the application of the non-linear ARDL test instead of the conventional ARDL test.

Estimation of linear ARDL model

Table 6 presents our empirical findings concerning the immediate and prolonged influences of independent variables on CO 2 emissions in Malaysia. The ARDL results demonstrate a noteworthy and positive correlation between economic growth and CO 2 emissions, both in the short and long term. This suggests that EG contributes to environmental deterioration over varying timeframes. These results align with earlier research by Kirikkaleli ( 2020 ) in China, Karaaslan, and Çamkaya ( 2022 ) in Turkey, Behera and Dash ( 2017 ) in developing countries with low to middle incomes, and Mikayilov et al. ( 2018 ) in Azerbaijan. Moreover, Mahmood et al. ( 2019 ) argue that economic growth accelerates environmental degradation earlier in the developmental stages, attributing CO 2 emissions to this growth. They found a strong positive correlation between TON and CO 2 emissions, which held true for both short and long durations. This aligns with the asymmetric impact of TON and FDI on carbon intensity as observed by Wang and Wang ( 2021 ). Additionally, there is a notable and positive relationship between ICT and CO 2 emissions, a trend also observed in research by Zhou et al. ( 2019 ) in China. Their research showed that the ICT sector does not have a good environmental impact when taking into account its projected carbon consequences, which are many times bigger than its direct effects. ICT creation and disposal, according to Haini ( 2021 ), Ishida ( 2015 ), and Williams ( 2011 ), cause environmental impact. Technological progress has a significantly negative short-term effect on CO 2 emissions. The result aligns with the conclusions drawn in Zaho et al.‘s 2021 study, which associated the rise in global innovation capabilities with the impact of TIN on CO 2 emissions. Scholars and public authorities are becoming more conscious of how technology innovation might help cut CO 2 emissions (Huang et al., 2020 ; Xie et al., 2021 ; Shan et al,. 2021 ).

Estimation of non-linear ARDL model

To assess the influence of favorable and adverse shifts in independent variables on dependent variables, the non-linear ARDL approach is employed, and the outcomes are exhibited in Table 7 . At the outset, a positive and enduring alteration in EG establishes a direct and substantial correlation with CO 2 emissions in Malaysia. On the other hand, a negative alteration in economic growth (EG) results in outcomes that lack significance for both the short run and the long run. Over time, a complex interplay emerges between economic expansion and CO 2 emissions. It is noteworthy that EG and developments exert a discernible influence on environmental degradation and CO 2 emissions (Gao, 2023 ; Liu et al., 2022 ; Musa et al., 2023 ). The study emphasizes that both in the short and long term, a positive change in ICT has a significant and direct effect on CO 2 emissions. Subsequent research has also pointed out that ICT advancement plays a leading role in increasing CO 2 emissions, thereby exacerbating environmental challenges (Awad, 2022 ; Ramzan et al., 2022 ; Ebaidalla and Abusin, 2022 ). Awan et al. ( 2022 ) illustrated that long-term internet use upsurges CO 2 emissions in EU member states, particularly in those where green ICT use is still below ideal levels. Furthermore, as per Amari et al. ( 2022 ), the progress of ICT in sub-Saharan African nations has an adverse impact on environmental quality, contributing to a notable rise in CO 2 emissions linked to increased energy consumption and economic expansion. Similarly, Weili et al. ( 2022 ) demonstrated that productivity gains resulting from ICT advancement result in heightened energy utilization and consequent carbon dioxide emissions. Conversely, a decrease in ICT advancement has a considerable negative effect on CO 2 emissions in the long term. A number of studies have demonstrated an association between ICT development and lower CO 2 emissions in nations participating in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) (Danish, 2019 ); these countries also include the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and other developing economies (Batool et al., 2022 ). Interregional commerce in ICT products has been demonstrated by Zhou et al. ( 2022 ) to increase energy consumption, carbon intensity, and carbon emissions, all of which have a detrimental effect on the environment. Thus, the relationship between ICT advancement and CO 2 emissions across different countries, as observed through empirical data or through the prism of economic theory, is contingent upon the relative strength of two opposing forces: a negative relationship attributable to increased energy efficiency and a positive correlation driven by the expansion of production scale. For both the short and long term, there is a negative correlation between CO 2 emissions and the positive change in technological innovation. A 1% increase in technological innovation results in a decrease of 0.123% in CO 2 emissions in the long run and 0.029% in the short run. The impact of technological advancements on CO 2 emissions is of utmost significance. By promoting technological innovation, countries can create avenues to devise more efficient strategies for addressing aspects that have adverse effects on environmental quality. This approach involves enhancing energy efficiency and decreasing energy consumption. Additionally, nations can leverage technological advancements to optimize the effectiveness of their existing energy sources. Furthermore, TIN can act as a crucial driver in promoting the development of new eco-friendly energy resources (Khattak et al., 2020 ; Ahmad & Zheng, 2021 ; Adebayo et al., 2023 ). However, it’s recognized that not all TINs influence CO 2 emissions. Consequently, it becomes vital to spotlight innovations specifically geared toward improving energy efficiency and facilitating the transition to green energy sources. These targeted innovations can encourage the adoption of renewable energy while simultaneously reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

Numerous scholars, like Cheng et al. ( 2022 ) and Shahbaz et al. ( 2020 ), contend that technical innovation is essential to reducing CO 2 emissions. Cleaner technologies are incorporated into production processes and energy efficiency is increased as a result. Our conclusions about how technological innovation affects CO 2 emissions align with the results of other empirical studies (e.g., Rahman et al., 2022 ; Lin & Ma 2022 ). China’s accomplishments in energy conservation and carbon reduction through increased technical innovation have been highlighted by Cheng et al. ( 2022 ). Notably, energy-focused technological initiatives in Brazil and China have led to significant reductions in carbon emissions. The consensus underlying this phenomenon is that technological innovation, particularly in the field of environmental technologies, is integral to addressing environmental challenges while simultaneously enhancing energy efficiency. The advancement of technologies geared towards environmental preservation directly curbs environmental degradation, such as by curbing waste disposal, underscoring the multifaceted role of technological innovation in safeguarding environmental quality. Moreover, TIN can additionally contribute to environmental enhancement by facilitating the progression of energy transition. Notably, as TIN fosters energy transition, it holds the potential to bolster the capacity for generating renewable energy. This anticipated outcome is poised to yield further improvements in environmental well-being. Furthermore, the statistically significant coefficient of ECM at a 1% level of significance indicates a substantial 72% annual adjustment for attaining long-term equilibrium.

Based on the results of diagnostic tests presented in the lower section of Table 7 , the null hypothesis concerning homoscedasticity is rejected. This conclusion is supported by the non-significant chi-square values obtained from both the Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey heteroscedasticity test and the ARCH test. Additionally, we conducted the Jarque-Bera test to assess normality and detect the presence of serial correlation, alongside the Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test. In both cases, the resulting probability chi-square values were statistically insignificant, affirming the model’s conformity to normality and lack of serial correlation. To evaluate the dynamic stability of our model, we employed the CUSUM and CUSUMQ tests, following the methodology outlined by Brown et al. (2003). The graphical representations of these tests, as shown in Fig. 2 , provide evidence of the model’s overall stability.

The figure exhibits the cumulative sum and sum square of recursive residuals plot.

Lastly, Fig. 3 shows how the explanatory variables (LGDP, ICT, and LTIN) were adjusted using NARDL multipliers to the new equilibrium equations after prior optimistic and adverse shocks. The thick and thin red-dotted lines demarcate an asymmetric pattern and delineate the essential boundaries, respectively. The solid black and black-dotted lines show how CO 2 adjusts asymmetrically to positive and negative shocks. The asymmetric relationship between GDP, ICT, and TIN with CO 2 is confirmed by the phase patterns in Fig. 3 .

The figure depicts the multipliers for GDP, ICT, LTIN.

The results of the causality test

While we have analyzed both the short- and long-term impacts of regressors on the dependent variable, assessing the causal connection between variables is equally vital in formulating policy recommendations. We employed the Granger procedure within the VAR (Vector Autoregression) causality test to determine the symmetric causal relationship between variables. This decision was made because the asymmetric model only examines a restricted set of variables, rendering asymmetric causality inapplicable in such scenarios (Engle & Granger, 1987 ). The long-run feedback effects between CO 2 , EG, TON, mobile subscriptions, and technical innovation are shown in Table 8 ’s long-run causality results. At 5%, 1%, and 10% significant levels, respectively, there is evidence of bidirectional causality from technical innovation, TON to CO 2 , TON to mobile subscriptions, which is consistent with the long-run and short-run findings. Furthermore, GDP Granger influences trade openness and technical innovation at significance levels of 1% and 5%, respectively. There is a unidirectional link between CO 2 and mobile subscriptions, as well as between mobile subscriptions and technological innovation, at a 1% level of relevance.

In addition, all explanatory factors and CO 2 emissions are tested for causal links using the Granger causality test. Table 9 provides a summary of the findings. These results demonstrate a one-way causal relationship between ICT and CO 2 emissions. Furthermore, there is evidence of bidirectional causality between CO 2 emissions and TON emissions as well as between TIN and CO 2 emissions.

Robustness analysis

By employing single-equation estimator methods, such as FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR, we were able to reinforce the validity of the long-term estimates obtained from the ARDL estimator. The FMOLS estimate operates under the assumption of a single co-integration and employs a semi-parametric correction to address estimation challenges arising from the long-term linkage between co-integration and stochastic issues. On the other hand, the CCR estimate, akin to FMOLS, addresses co-integration issues rather than making modifications to stationary data. The DOLS test’s main advantages are that it removes endogeneity, minimizes sample size bias, and accounts for different order integration of variables in the co-integrated frame (Alcantara and Padilla, 2009 ). Table 10 displays the results of the FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR. It demonstrates that the long-run ARDL estimation results and GDP, TON, and ICT have comparable signs. The findings of FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR are also supported by the long-run results of non-linear ARDL for GDP, TON, ICT, and TIN.

Conclusion and policy implications

This study delves into the symmetrical and asymmetrical impacts of TIN, EG, TON, and ICT on CO 2 emissions in Malaysia spanning the period from 1985 to 2021. Our linear model’s findings demonstrate how ICT, TON, and EG both temporarily and permanently cut CO 2 emissions. Technological advancement has a destructive and considerable immediate effect on carbon emissions. The NARDL study, on the other hand, demonstrates that ICT and CO 2 emission in Malaysia have a strong and dynamic asymmetrical connection over short and long durations. Both beneficial and poor consequences of ICT’s positive and negative shock can be seen in Malaysia’s carbon emissions. Technology advancement has the potential to provide a variety of positive effects, both now and in the future. Because it conserves energy, technological innovation lowers energy use and CO 2 emissions.

Furthermore, economic expansion has an optimistic and notable effect on carbon emissions. Economic expansion is directly related to energy use. A larger-scale transition from less energy-efficient to more energy-efficient technology may be required to satisfy Malaysia’s objectives for CO 2 emission reduction and economic growth. This transition might be accelerated by implementing collaborative public-private initiatives and programs to encourage the development of renewable and energy-efficient technology. The findings of this study carry significant policy implications for Malaysia as a developing nation. Firstly, Malaysia can prioritize eco-friendly technology research and adoption to achieve short-term CO 2 emissions reduction through clean innovations. Secondly, for the long-term effects of TIN, EG, and ICT on emissions, a balanced approach to technological progress can be adopted. Encouraging cleaner technologies while mitigating the negative impacts of adverse changes can promote sustainable growth. Thirdly, leveraging ICT for emissions reduction emphasizes the importance of digitalization. Supporting digital infrastructure expansion and technology-driven solutions can enhance efficiency and reduce emissions. Fourthly, acknowledging EG’s significant impact on emissions suggests aligning economic development with emission reduction strategies through cleaner production methods and green practices. Fifthly, recognizing the two-way causal link between trade openness and emissions emphasizes incorporating environmental considerations into trade policies. Malaysia can pursue sustainable trade practices for resource-efficient production and responsible consumption. Sixthly, a holistic approach integrating policies across sectors can address the interconnectedness of emission-contributing variables. Seventhly, facing challenges from adverse technological advancements and increasing emissions, implementing carbon pricing mechanisms and social campaigns for awareness can be considered. Eighthly, prioritizing the transition to low-carbon technologies through incentives for renewables, energy efficiency, and clean production methods can leverage TIN’s potential. Ninthly, long-term policy planning can incorporate both immediate benefits and sustained environmental improvements.

Lastly, international collaboration can share best practices, technology, and knowledge exchange to accelerate sustainable development progress. However, this study has some limitations. Firstly, it focuses solely on employing both linear and non-linear ARDL methods. Future studies could explore alternative methodological approaches. Additionally, this research only examines the relationship among technological innovation, economic growth, trade openness, ICT, and CO 2 emissions within a single country through symmetric and asymmetric analysis. Future research could expand its scope by conducting cross-country comparisons, incorporating new variables, and extending the study period.

Data availability

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Universiti Malaya for the continuous support and the UM Living Lab Grant Program–UMSDC, under grant no. LL2023ECO011. This research is funded by the Key Basic Research Project of the Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (project no. 20JZ088): “Impact of Renewable Energy on Quality Economic Development and Policy Research in the Context of the Digital Economy,” the National Social Science Fund Project of China (23BTJ019), and the first author is funded by the China Scholarship Council (CSC) from the Ministry of Education of the P.R. China.

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In the collaborative effort, Ha Junsheng and Yuning Mu focused on crafting the introduction and conclusion sections, whereas Muhammad Mehedi Masud took charge of the methodology and analysis components. Rulia Akhtar meticulously reviewed and thoroughly examined the entire text, providing valuable input to refine the manuscript. Abu Naser Mohammad Saif’s role encompassed tasks related to literature review, manuscript editing, and overall formatting. K.M. Anwarul Islam and Nusrat Hafiz watched over the entire working procedure and provided significant feedback. All authors have examined the findings and approved the manuscript’s final version.

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Junsheng, H., Mu, Y., Masud, M.M. et al. Navigating the nexus: unraveling technological innovation, economic growth, trade openness, ICT, and CO 2 emissions through symmetric and asymmetric analysis. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11 , 634 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03092-4

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03092-4

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In a world brimming with innovation, every opinion counts. Especially yours. By sharing your thoughts and insights with some of the world's largest and most exciting brands, you're not just giving feedback – you're shaping the future. Your perspectives help mold and refine products and services that are loved and desired across the globe. Born out of a passion for understanding technology users, Tech Research Studies was envisioned as a bridge between you and the global tech industry. We specialize in in-person paid focus groups, offering you a platform to voice your opinions on existing technology as well as intriguing innovations set to make a debut in the near future. But it's not just about the money (though that's a sweet perk!). Our members often tell us how much they relish the experience. The chance to see, touch, and discuss technology before it hits the market is something truly special. Interested? We’d love for you to join us. If you have questions or wish to dive into this journey, contact us today . Or, if you're eager to see what's currently under review, check out our live studies here . ‍ Together, let's shape the tech world of tomorrow.

Earn money testing new products & services from the companies you love

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10 Best universities for Information Technology (IT) in Malaysia

Updated: February 29, 2024

• Art & Design
• Computer Science
• Engineering
• Environmental Science
• Liberal Arts & Social Sciences
• Mathematics

Below is a list of best universities in Malaysia ranked based on their research performance in Information Technology. A graph of 7.53K citations received by 803 academic papers made by 10 universities in Malaysia was used to calculate publications' ratings, which then were adjusted for release dates and added to final scores.

We don't distinguish between undergraduate and graduate programs nor do we adjust for current majors offered. You can find information about granted degrees on a university page but always double-check with the university website.

1. University of Technology Malaysia

For Information Technology

2. Taylor's University

3. MARA University of Technology

4. National University of Malaysia

5. Northern University of Malaysia

6. Putra Malaysia University

7. University of Science, Malaysia

8. International Islamic University Malaysia

9. University of Malaya

10. Multimedia University

The best cities to study Information Technology in Malaysia based on the number of universities and their ranks are Johor Bahru , Subang Jaya , Shah Alam , and Bangi .

Computer Science subfields in Malaysia

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Is Tech Research Studies Legit? Full Review in 2023

Brett Helling is the founder of Gigworker.com. He has been a rideshare driver since early 2012, having completed hundreds of trips for companies including Uber, Lyft, and Postmates.

Since that time, he has expanded his knowledge into the Gigworker site, as well as writing the book Gigworker: Independent Work and the State of the Gig Economy Paperback,  now available on Amazon .

Tech Research Studies allows people to test new technology and get paid for their participation.

Submitting your opinions on new products and getting paid for it sounds like a deal that is too good to be true.

And naturally, you might think that a site like Tech Research Studies could be a scam. And you’re not the only one.

A lot of users are duped into participating in studies – only to never see any money from their participation.

This blog post will delve into the question – is Tech Research Studies legit? Or is it better avoided?

• How Does Tech Research Studies Work?
• How Much Can You Earn Through Tech Research Studies?
• Are Most Tech Research Studies Surveys Related to Technology?
• How Much Time Does it Take to Get Paid?
• 1. Social Media Presence
• 3. Vetting Process
• Is Tech Research Studies Reliable?
• Is Tech Research Studies Safe?
• What Are Users Saying About Tech Research Studies?
• Tech Research Studies Quality & Guarantees
• What Customer Service Options Are Available?
• Conclusion: Is Tech Research Studies Legit?
• Does Tech Research Studies Pay in Cash?
• Can I Participate in Multiple Sessions?
• How Do You Participate In a Research Study?
• Tech Research Studies Alternatives: Other Options to Try
• Wrapping Up

What Is Tech Research Studies?

Let’s start by introducing Tech Research Studies and what they actually do.

Per their official website, they seek to help people get involved in paid focus groups to try out new products and technology introduced by companies – often before it is officially released.

By seeking the opinions of participants, they help partner companies develop their products further or improve an already existing service.

The work carried out by them can be considered market research to understand how potential new offerings will be received by users.

New products such as mobile phones, AR and VR tech, as well as wearables, are part of the products that can be reviewed as part of the focus groups.

Before getting started with the survey, interested candidates will have to register on the official website and apply for the survey that they want to attend.

The candidates need to be present on site to participate, which is why it is important that they choose from the available studies that are being conducted in their city.

Once the application has been submitted, it will be reviewed by their staff to determine the candidate’s eligibility. If selected, they will be directed towards booking an appointment or slot as per the process of the study.

Different studies require different criteria for potential candidates, which means that people might not be called even after applying.

All their studies are blind tests, which means the details will all be revealed once the candidate is present on site.

If chosen, candidates might be required to sign an NDA to maintain the confidentiality of the study that they are participating in. This is not the case for all surveys, and it varies heavily based on the kind of research studies being carried out.

Once participation has been confirmed, a candidate may attend a one-off session or may be called back for multiple ones.

The payment is made on a per-session basis, and the rate offered varies based on a number of factors.

Common Questions to Understand

Surveys conducted online requiring people to download apps and put up fake reviews have strong reasons to be considered scams.

But, since Tech Research Studies requires in-person participation, where does it stand in terms of credibility?

Here are some common questions that one might have about the company.

The potential for earning depends on the region that the study is being conducted in and the nature of the survey.

The total amount offered per session can range from $60 to $120 or their equivalents in regional currencies.

The candidates are paid on a per-session basis, which means that multiple sessions will allow them to get paid more. But it depends on whether multiple meetings are required for the research.

Yes, most of the surveys and market research carried out are technical in nature, as participants of the paid focus groups will have to offer an in-depth review for the parent companies to improve their products.

For this reason, the applications are vetted quite strictly so that the review is detailed and has valuable information to take away.

However, the interests of the participants of the focus groups are also taken into account alongside a variety of other factors, which are all dependent on the nature of the survey.

The payments are made only after the candidate has attended the session and participated in the survey.

According to the official website’s FAQ section , it takes anywhere between 7-21 days to get paid.

The FAQ section also mentions that the payment may arrive in the form of gift cards via email and depends on the region that the study is being carried out in.

Is Tech Research Studies Legit?

The surveys carried out by Tech Research Studies are often carried out for third party companies with respect to their new products or even existing ones.

As per multiple sources, the site is reliable and is not fraudulent. This is backed up by various forms of evidence.

The Tech Research Studies Facebook Page is rated an impressive 4.9 stars out of 5 after 895 reviews.

They post quite actively on their Facebook and their Instagram pages and have fairly positive comments on their posts from 7.7 thousand followers, suggesting a good rep among the people that participate.

People also share their positive experiences in the form of comments on posts, almost confirming their reliability firsthand.

People that participate in the survey are paid shortly after they attend the sessions. Participants who attend the sessions are all paid in their local currencies based on the country that the study is being carried out in.

The company also provides their contact information if the candidates do not receive their compensation via email.

The application process to join the available studies is extremely thorough and requires people to identify themselves fully.

They will also ask for a form of ID to verify the identities of the people at the site and acquire detailed information about interested people before calling them to a research site.

There is no set region that operates as the research site. Market research is carried out in various countries, and people in the respective cities are invited based on a thorough vetting process.

Based on our research, it appears that Tech Research Studies can be considered reliable.

Most people that participate in the studies report being paid only days after they attended the site in person. This is backed up by reviews on their official site, even though they cannot always be considered reliable.

Receiving positive feedback on their social media pages, where people are free to point out any shortcomings, also confirms that they can be considered reliable. Their staff is considered friendly and helpful by most people that attend the site.

Their thorough vetting process in choosing their candidates and partnership with major technology companies such as Tech Mahindra further reinforces their reliability.

After a thorough analysis of their website and their presence on several social media outlets, we believe Tech Research Studies to be considered safe for users.

Sites like Scamadviser have approved of the reliability of the website and have given it a good trust score.

While the website is quite dated, it does have a valid SSL certificate. It does not appear to host any malware or phishing content and is safe to use.

Better Business Bureau offers it an A- rating, albeit not accrediting Tech Research Studies. The number of complaints on their website is almost nil, showing that there is nothing to worry about.  

The rates offered for every visit are fairly reasonable and are credited to participants promptly after their attendance at a research site, per the people who have already participated in their research.

Their social media presence is fairly positive, and people have praised the friendly and helpful nature of their staff upon attending the study sites.

The company’s website states on its privacy policy page that it won’t use the information collected for any reason apart from what it was originally acquired for.

They also ascertain that the people who are a part of the focus groups can expect to be paid within three weeks at most. If not, they can freely contact the company to find out the status of their compensation.

The compensation offered per session is reasonable and offered through reliable payment methods.

They also have a rigid and detailed screening process for picking the candidates that will be a part of their focus groups.

By ensuring that the opportunity is not open to everyone and the protocol observed by the team even on-site, they maintain fairly high-quality standards in spite of location.

Tech Research Studies Customer Service

Tech Research Studies offers a contact form on their site for contacting their customer service team. They also provide an email address for candidates to reach out to in case they face any problems regarding their participation in the paid focus groups.

Candidates are invited to reach out for any and all queries, ranging from the status of their payments to directions to the research site.

Interested people are also encouraged to reach out to customer service through email to gain further insight into how the information submitted is used by the website.

For interested companies that want to work with Tech Research Studies, a contact form seems to be the only way to contact the people to set up a meeting.

On the other hand, for people interested in participating in reviews, email seems to be the only way.

Although they are active in replying to people on their social media pages, the likelihood of being assisted directly through messaging their account seems low.

Based on our research and the overall feedback from previous reviewers, Tech Research Studies can be considered legit.

The website is secure, and their social media activity is regular, with many testimonials posted.

They are also responsive to comments, and their association with major companies to carry out demographic surveys provides sufficient evidence to conclude that they are a safe and reliable company.

When you’re researching how to find gigs on the side to boost your monthly income, this is a legit way to get started.

The site is secure with a valid SSL certificate, which means that user data will likely not be compromised.

They also have an international presence across the Americas, Europe, and Asia, adding to the reasons that they can be considered a reliable research company.

But, if joining focus groups doesn’t seem like your cup of tea, you may choose from Gigworker’s Side Hustle Database to find something that’s better suited to your strengths.

Frequently Asked Questions

Here are some of the most frequently asked questions when it comes to participating in Tech Research Studies focus groups.

No, the company does not pay focus group participants directly in cash. It transfers a gift card which may be redeemed through digital payment methods via email.

The payment is made after the candidate has completed the survey, and they will be compensated within 7-21 days.

People may apply for multiple surveys if they occur in their residential city. But, the likelihood of being called back for the same survey depends on the procedure that is being carried out.

The details are only revealed once the participants are present at the location.

You can participate in a paid focus group by filling up an application on their website.

You will be required to enter your personal details and will have to answer questions based on your experience with the product being surveyed.

Here are some other companies that you might also be interested in finding out the credibility of:

• Is MRI Simmons Survey Legit? : Here, we discuss whether or not MRI Simmons is a proven side hustle.
• Is Apex Focus Group Legit : Find out about the legitimacy of earning side income through Apex Focus Group here.
• Is Clickworker Legit : Clickworker is a popular site for people that look to freelance through databased jobs. Find out if it is legit or not here.

Can Tech Research Studies be considered legit? Yes, it can.

The company has worked with several big brands in an international capacity and has set itself up as a trusted source for testing out new products and technology and collecting ethically sourced data.

With all the positive reviews available about their services and their prompt assistance, they are a reliable way to earn some extra income on the side.

Let us know what you thought of this article in the comments, and remember to share it with a friend or family member who you think could participate.

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Information Technology

JPT/BPP(R2/481/6/0479)11/26

Introduction

• Requirement
• Certificate

This programme provides students with fundamental knowledge and practical skills of computer technologies especially in programming, data science, network and software engineering with opportunities of taking specialization in Big Data Analytics, Digital Technology, FINTECH and Software Quality. Throughout the programme there is also emphasis on how students could blend their technical expertise with management know-how to support business decision-making as well as to communicate effectively in commercial and business environment.

In later years of study, students will have the opportunity to major in one of these selected areas:

• Big Data Analytics
• Digital Technology
• Software Quality

Programme Educational Objectives

• Information Technology professionals who are able to adopt appropriate methodologies and techniques to provide computing solutions based on relevant knowledge and technical skills in the fields of study in line with the industry requirements.
• Information Technology professionals having positive attitudes, commitment for lifelong learning and entrepreneurial mind-set within industry for self and career progression.
• Information Technology professionals having leadership skills, autonomy and responsibility and communicate effectively with discipline-related stakeholders.
• Information Technology professionals who uphold ethical and professional practices in maintaining self and profession integrity.

Programme Outcomes

To produce well-rounded graduates with the following outcomes:

• Analyse knowledge, facts concepts, principles, and theories relating to Information Technology.
• Analyse theoretical principles on Information Technology in managing Information Technology resources.
• Adapt appropriate methodologies and techniques for proposing, designing, implementing and managing Information Technology solutions.
• Communicate effectively with peers, clients, superiors and society at large.
• Utilise relevant techniques and demonstrate analytical and criticalthinking skills in problem solving.
• . Demonstrate leadership, teamwork, accountability and responsibility in delivering services related to field of study.
• Practice principles of lifelong learning with entrepreneurial mind setin performing tasks.
• Uphold professional and ethical practices in delivering services related to the field of study.

Graduation Requirements

In order to graduate with the Bachelor of Information Technology with Honours, students are required to obtain a minimum of 122 credit hours and a minimum CGPA of 2.00/4.00

Curriculum Structure

Bachelor of Information Technology with Honours

Student Industrial Internship Programme

Core specialization (csp) courses.

Choose any of the following sets of Core Specialisation areas (set A, B, C or D) for Core Specialisation I, II and III.

Minor (EM) Courses

Choose any of the following sets of Minor Elective's areas (set A or B) for Minor Elective I, II, III, IV and V.

​ ​​​​​​​​​​​​​

Entry Requirements

Applicants wishing to enroll at UTP for undergraduate programmes must possess a minimum of 1 (one) of the following qualifications:

Minimum Grade C in Mathematics, Other Non-Language Subject I, Other Non-Language Subject II and Minimum Grade C in Mathematics at SPM

A-Level or Equivalent

International baccalaureate (ib).

Minimum Grade: Pass with minimum 24 Points including at least Point 4 in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry

Matriculation

Minimum final CGPA of 2.00/4.00 and Minimum Grade C in Mathematics at SPM

Foundation in Relevant Field from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Minimum Grade: Pass Foundation Program in relevant field from UTP with at least a final CGPA of 2.00/4.00

Foundation in Relevant Field from a Recognised Institution

Diploma in relevant field from a recognised institution, higher national diploma (hnd) from other ipt recognised by the malaysian government.

Minimum Grade: Pass Higher National Diploma (HND) (Level 4, Malaysian Qualifications Framework-MQF) in relevant field with at least Merit Grade or 60%

Australian Matriculation Programme

Minimum Grade: Pass Australian Matriculation Program with at least Grade C (OR 60%) in Mathematics OR Specialised Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry:

• Year 12 Certificate, Australian Capital Territory
• Higher School Certificate (HSC), New South Wales
• Northern Territory Certificate Education (NTSE)
• Queensland Senior Certificate
• South Australian Certificate of Education
• Tasmanian Certificate of Education (TCE)
• Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE)
• Western Australia Certificate of Education (WACE)

How to Apply

UTP application process for local and international applicants:

Tuition Fees

Financial Aid For more info on available financial aid, click here

Students of Information Technology programme will earn a Professional Certificate when they study in UTP as below:

Microsoft certified: power platform fundamentals (pl-900).

In this programme, students will be exposed to using the Microsoft Power Platform as the low-code/no-code tool for developing the required business solutions. Microsoft Power Platform is an enterprise-grade platform, that combines the power of Power BI, Power Apps, Power Automate, and Power Virtual Agents as the powerful analytics, design, development, and automation tools for improving the productivity and enhancing the efficiency of any business operations.

Area/Discipline: Data Science/ Visualisation

Certified by: microsoft, name of course embedded:.

• TEB3133 Data Visualisation (Sem 6-8)
• TEB2164 Intro to Data Science (Sem 5)
• TEB2043 Data Science (Sem 5)
• TEB3312 Business Intelligence (Sem 6-8)
• This programme aims to upskill student’s knowledge and skillset related to creating data analytics and business solutions with minimal technical proficiency . This certification will attest the certificate owners as possessing knowledge and skills in core concepts and creating solutions using Microsoft Power Platform. These skillsets are deemed essential and in demand nowadays as more organisations are moving towards digitalisation and in-house business solutions.
• This certification does not expire and is valid for lifetime . UTP is part of the Microsoft Learn for Educators (MSLE) Institutional Programme of which our faculty members are deemed as eligible educators who are given direct access to Microsoft ready-to-teach curriculum and teaching materials aligned to industry-recognised Microsoft Certifications .

Click here to download

Contact Person

For further details, you may contact:

Chair, Department of Computer & Information Sciences

Associate Prof. Ts Dr Mohd Hilmi Hasan

Email: [email protected]

1. What is the duration of the Bachelor of Information Technology (Hons) programme at UTP?

Students are usually enrolled in the Bachelor of Information Technology (Hons) programme for a duration of 4 years.

2. What is the tuition fee for the Bachelor of Information Technology (Hons) program at UTP?

The total fee for all Engineering programs for local students is approximately RM 74,200, and for international students, it is approximately RM 89,200.

3. What are the career prospects for graduates of the Bachelor of Information Technology (Hons) programme at UTP?

Some of the career prospects for graduates of the Bachelor of Information Technology (Hons) program at UTP are Software Developer/Engineer, Data Analyst/Scientist, Cybersecurity Specialist, IT Consultant, and Systems Analyst.

4. What are the entry requirements for the Bachelor of Information Technology (Hons) programme at UTP?

The entry requirements for the programme are Pre-University, Matriculation, Diploma, UEC in relevant fields.

5. What is the difference between the Bachelor of Information Technology (Hons) and the Bachelor of Computer Science (Hons) at UTP?

Bachelor of Information Technology (Hons): Electives may be offered in areas such as Digital Technology, Fintech, and Software Quality. Meanwhile, the Bachelor of Computer Science (Hons) may include specialized topics such as Cyber Security and Enterprise Systems.

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Your Journey to a Global Experience

Neoteric study malaysia, program description.

The Neoteric Study Malaysia is a short-term immersive program that offers participants international exposure, networking opportunities, academic enrichment, personal development, and resume enhancement. The program will take place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in collaboration with the Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation (APU). APU, the host institution, is renowned for its outstanding academic programs, world-class faculty, and dedication to fostering innovative research and critical thinking among its students.

As an immersive program, it goes beyond traditional methods, providing students with comprehensive and intense involvement in the subject matter. This involvement may include hands-on activities, practical experiences, fieldwork, or other approaches that actively immerse students in the content, fostering a more thorough and experiential understanding of the material.

Our Services

Why join us.

Our mission is to inspire and empower students through immersive and enriching educational excursions. We aim to cultivate a passion for learning by offering transformative experiences that broaden perspectives, foster personal growth, and provide valuable global insights. Although, there are many reasons one should consider participating in our events but some are as follows:

International Exposure

Study abroad programs provide the opportunity to immerse oneself in a different culture. Experiencing new traditions, customs, and lifestyles can broaden perspectives and foster a greater appreciation for diversity.

Engaging with students from around the world creates a global network. Building relationships with peers from diverse backgrounds can lead to lifelong friendships and valuable international connections.

Career Advantages

Exposure to different cultures and global perspectives can be an asset in many professional fields. Employers often value candidates with international experience for their adaptability and cross-cultural communication skills.

Aid to College Applications

Participation in a study abroad program demonstrates initiative, independence, and a willingness to embrace challenges. Colleges and universities often view such experiences favorably during the admissions process.

Location Info And Gallery

Host institution, asia pacific university of technology & innovation.

Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (APU) in Malaysia is a private institution renowned for its focus on technology and innovation-related programs. Offering a variety of undergraduate and postgraduate courses in computing, technology, engineering, business, and multimedia, APU stands out for its industry-relevant curriculum. APU's campus features modern facilities, laboratories, and recreational spaces to support a conducive learning environment.

Ranked #1 in Malaysia for International Students

Asia Pacific University (APU) has established international collaborations with universities and industry partners, providing students with international exposure. APU's campus features modern facilities, laboratories, and recreational spaces to support a conducive learning environment. Emphasizing research and innovation, the university encourages student and faculty engagement in projects contributing to advancements in various fields. With a commitment to excellence, Asia Pacific University proudly holds the top 1 position , a testament to its dedication to academic and research prowess.

Our key events

Series of events.

Interactive Class Sessions Participants will study five in-demand academic modules: Leadership, Entrepreneurship, Business Communication, Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Marketing. These modules will be taught through interactive class sessions which will take place at the APU flagship campus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Little India & ChinaTown Embark on a sensory journey in Malaysia's Chinatown, Kuala Lumpur, where bustling markets and vibrant street life intertwine. Immerse yourself in the kaleidoscope of colors, flavors, and cultural diversity. Adjacent to Chinatown, explore Little India, where the air is filled with the aroma of spices, vibrant textiles, and the lively spirit of the Indian community, creating a rich tapestry of experiences.

Batu Caves Embark on a cultural adventure at Batu Caves in Malaysia, just outside Kuala Lumpur. Marvel at the iconic golden statue of Lord Murugan guarding the entrance, climb the steep steps for a panoramic view, and explore the impressive limestone caves adorned with Hindu shrines and vibrant religious art.

KLCC & Berjaya Times Square Discover the heart of Kuala Lumpur's modernity with a visit to the iconic KLCC (Kuala Lumpur City Centre), where the Petronas Twin Towers stand majestically. Immerse yourself in shopping and entertainment at Berjaya Times Square, a bustling megamall featuring a vast array of retail outlets, an indoor theme park, and diverse culinary delights.

Amusement Parks Embark on an exhilarating adventure at Sunway Lagoon in Malaysia, a premier theme park that seamlessly blends thrills and entertainment. Dive into a world of water-based fun with the Water Park, experience wildlife encounters at the Wildlife Park, and feel the adrenaline rush on the amusement rides at the Scream Park, making it an unforgettable destination for families and thrill-seekers alike.

Closing Ceremony & Certificate Distribution The closing ceremony will be captivated by cultural performances, speeches, and a festive atmosphere. As participants come together to celebrate their achievements, the certificate distribution adds a moment of recognition, honoring the efforts and contributions of individuals throughout the event.

Program Schedule

Below is the breakdown of the event by days.

08:00 – 14:00

Airport Assistance from Kuala Lumpur International Airport

14:00 – 16:00

Check-in to University Accommodation at APU

20:00 – 21:00

Welcome Ceremony & Speech

08:30 – 10:00

Arrival & Breakfast on APU Campus

10:00 – 12:00

Module Session #1

12:00 – 14:00

Lunch break @ Cafeteria Level 3

15:00 – 18:00

Berjaya Times Square tour

Module session #2, kuala lumpur city centre (klcc) tour, module session #3, batu caves tour, module session #4, shopping tour, module session #5, putrajaya tour.

08:00 – 09:00

Arrival on APU Campus

09:00 – 17:00

Sunway Lagoon Full Day Trip

12:00 – 15:00

Little India & Chinatown Tour

19:00 – 22:00

Closing Ceremony

Check-out from university accommodation.

12:00 – 18:00

Airport Assistance Kuala Lumpur International Airport

Don't miss out.

Neoteric Study Malaysia: Where education meets adventure! Join us for a short-term course filled with insightful tours, exclusive networking, and a world of opportunities. Secure your spot now!

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Efficacy of Ivermectin Treatment on Disease Progression Among Adults With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 and Comorbidities: The I-TECH Randomized Clinical Trial

Collaborators.

• I-TECH Study Group : Wen Yea Hwong ,  Ee Vien Low ,  Mohan Dass Pathmanathan ,  Muhammad Luqman Hamzah ,  Yew Chung Chan ,  James Yau Hon Voo ,  Chun Fei Yap ,  Yon Quan Chan ,  Lee Kuen Vun ,  Kent Kian Keong Kong ,  Yi Fang Lim ,  Yee Jie Teoh ,  Ammar Rashidi Abdullah ,  Anitha Ramadas ,  Chee Loon Leong ,  Noor Hidayu Wahab ,  Nadiah Ismail ,  Ismaliza Ismail ,  Tung Meng Lee ,  Pei Jie Khoo ,  Sook Hui Phua ,  Prethivan Pillai Gopalakrishnan ,  Sangeetha Jaya Selan ,  Iswaran Ampalakan ,  Jen Fai Khuan ,  Wan Nur Farra'Ain Abdul Rashid ,  Siti Sha'ada Zakaria ,  Kalaiarasan Gemini ,  Haslina Burahan ,  Thaanveer Singh Santokh Singh ,  Noorfarzlina Jaafar ,  Nor Atikah Mohd Shukri ,  Syaza Izhar Hisham ,  Sheng Hao Teow ,  Chit Yeh Lim ,  Shageetha Rajantran ,  Siti Izzatul Annis Kamaruddin ,  Izarin Izmir Izhar ,  Nur Syuhada Mohd Mustapha ,  Zulkefli Mohamad ,  Seri Rabiatul Nur Abu Salim ,  Delarina Frimawati Othman Andu ,  Nurnadiah Kamarudin ,  Karamjit Kaur Sarban Singh ,  Eek Poei Tay ,  Siti Hir Huraizah Md Tahir ,  Shalini Vijayasingham ,  Yik Zhi Kum ,  Peter Andrew Natarajan ,  Yih Harng Soh ,  Syed Omar Farouk Syed Alwi ,  Hemaarubeni Murugan ,  Chuan Huan Chuah ,  Shin Wuei Tan ,  Kar Nim Leong ,  Peng Shyan Wong ,  Wendy Tyng Tyng Chen ,  Ru Shing Ng ,  Yen Li Lim ,  Farah Nadiah Bidin ,  Mann Leon Chin ,  Han Lin Guan ,  Mohd Hafiz Mohamad Rasli ,  Rafidah Abdullah ,  Mohd Akmal Jamaludin ,  Nabilah Mohd Shohaime ,  Syafiqah Mohd Mansor ,  Ruhaizad Rasliza ,  Lisa Mohamed Nor ,  Kah Mean Thong ,  Balasurindiran Muniandy ,  Pamela Varn Teing Saw ,  Kah Shuen Thong ,  Kee Cheong Wong ,  V Rubini Nair Muthi ,  Qhairyl Iylman Ahmad Shanizza ,  Lavanya Jeevaraj ,  Ee Lin Chew ,  Poh Ching Huang ,  Jasmine Retnasamy ,  Philip Rajan Devesahayam ,  Mei San Lim ,  Thilagavathi Thanusia Viswanathan ,  Muhammad Syafiq Mahamad Azazis ,  Gregory Domnic ,  Muhammad Fursanallah Tengku ,  Jeanette Qiu Yi Wong ,  Xin Hui Choo ,  Ambika Nair Prabhaharan ,  Nur Shakirah Zaharudin ,  Asma Usa'diyah Abu Bakar Sayuti ,  Nabilah Abdul Wahid ,  Nurul Hasanah Saat ,  Nurul Huda Othman ,  Aisyah Ahmad Zubaidi ,  Nurul Miza Shasheiha Abdul Mutalib ,  Viknesh Dev Lekh Raj Sharma ,  Daleni Gunaraj ,  Muhammad Na'imuddin'alim Hanafi ,  Nurul Atiqah Embok Ungah ,  Muhammad Ariffadilah Mohd Zahari ,  Chun Lian Chaw ,  Jennifer Arokisamy ,  Puteri Amira Mohd Hassan ,  Ainun Jariah Ayub ,  Azrin Nurfarahin Zainal Abidin ,  Khai Sin Choong ,  Lee Rhui Teoh ,  Huan Yean Kang ,  Kesavathy Krishnan ,  Peacchaima Purusothman ,  Mohamad Izwan Zainol ,  Mei Mei Tew ,  Mohd Fyzal Bahrudin ,  Kah Chuan Lim ,  Sharmila Mohd Nadzir ,  Lavanya Narayanan ,  Amira Naziffa Shamsuddin ,  Kok Tong Tan ,  Shaharudeen Kamaludeen ,  Nur Munirah Ibrahim ,  Pearly Kim Aik Sim ,  Irdina Aminuddi ,  Raja Nurulain Raja Nahar Putra ,  Lin Ye Yah ,  Boon Seng Liew ,  Tharmini Ravi ,  Syarifah Nurul Ain Syed Badaruddin ,  Nur Suriana Mah Hassan ,  Zulaika Roslan ,  Reshaini Nadarajan ,  Jian-Gang Ang ,  Minalosani Arumugam ,  Kin Wei Chua ,  Calvin Gim Seong Ooi ,  Siew Huang Lee ,  Way Ti Ooi ,  Xing Yi Tang ,  Kunaraj Perumalu ,  Muhammad Hazazi Razali ,  Mohamad Shamirul Afiq Murat ,  Nor Syahirah Hamdan ,  Muhammad Syafiq Hamidi ,  Amalina Anuar ,  Wei Chern Ang ,  Chee Kong Wong ,  Irma Liyana Mushaddik ,  Shafarul Halimi Mohamed ,  Raja Ahmad Reza Raja Lope Ahmad ,  Wan Mohd Khairul Wan Zainudin ,  Ahmad Fikhri Mohd Zin ,  Sze Kye Teoh ,  Mohd Yusran Yusoff ,  Siti Norizan Abdul Rani ,  Mazilah Ab Rahman ,  Maizatul Akmal Mohd Noor ,  Tuan Norhafiza Tuan Mat ,  Mohd Khairi Othman ,  Mohammad Sayed Sahul Hamid Gani ,  Ching Zin Ngua ,  Andrew Kean Wei Chang ,  Zhun Han Wong ,  Andy Tze Yang Ko ,  Su Fui Thung ,  Xun Ting Tiong ,  Hock Hin Chua ,  Kiam Seong Goh ,  Shanthini Muthusamy ,  Wai Yang Loo ,  Thamarai Supramaniam ,  Rakesh Lingam ,  Logadharshini Chandra Kumar ,  Siew Theng Chun ,  Dariel R Selvarajah ,  Darshinnee Mohan Raja ,  One Ling Low ,  Prathiv Supparmaniam ,  Husna Ad Suhadak ,  Boon Cong Beh ,  Yi Lin Lee ,  Cheng Lee Ooi ,  Khairul Nisa' Ishak ,  Rozila Harun ,  Soon Leng Lee ,  Kok Soon Lee ,  Ji Ken Ow ,  Neerusha Kaisbain ,  Caryn Jia Wern Leong ,  Yun Lee Chee ,  Keng Long Teh ,  Kam Veng Chan ,  Kee Tat Lee ,  E Jinq Wong ,  Ibtisam Ismail ,  Mohd Azri Mohd Suan ,  Ahmad Lutfi Mohamed Yusoff ,  Tuan Muhd Fairuz Tuan Ismail Tuan Manah ,  Khairul Azmi Ibrahim ,  Hazfadzila Mohd Unit ,  Norsima Nazifah Sidek ,  Noraini Seman

Affiliations

• 1 Department of Medicine, Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital, Perak, Malaysia.
• 2 Department of Medicine, Kepala Batas Hospital, Penang, Malaysia.
• 3 Clinical Research Centre, Seberang Jaya Hospital, Penang, Malaysia.
• 4 Department of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia.
• 5 Department of Medicine, Tumpat Hospital, Kelantan, Malaysia.
• 6 Department of Medicine, Taiping Hospital, Perak, Malaysia.
• 7 Department of Medicine, Penang Hospital, Penang, Malaysia.
• 8 Department of Medicine, Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Johor, Malaysia.
• 9 Department of Medicine, Sarawak General Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia.
• 10 Department of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• 11 Department of Medicine, Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital, Terengganu, Malaysia.
• 12 Department of Medicine, Sultan Abdul Halim Hospital, Kedah, Malaysia.
• 13 Department of Medicine, Putrajaya Hospital, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
• 14 Department of Medicine, Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital, Kedah, Malaysia.
• 15 Department of Medicine, Lahad Datu Hospital, Sabah, Malaysia.
• 16 Department of Medicine, Duchess of Kent Hospital, Sabah, Malaysia.
• 17 Department of Medicine, Melaka Hospital, Malacca, Malaysia.
• 18 Department of Medicine, Tuanku Fauziah Hospital, Perlis, Malaysia.
• 19 Clinical Research Centre, Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital, Perak, Malaysia.
• 20 Department of Pharmacy, Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia.
• 21 Clinical Research Centre, Sarawak General Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia.
• 22 School of Medicine, Taylor's University, Selangor, Malaysia.
• 23 Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Selangor, Malaysia.
• PMID: 35179551
• PMCID: PMC8980926
• DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0189

Importance: Ivermectin, an inexpensive and widely available antiparasitic drug, is prescribed to treat COVID-19. Evidence-based data to recommend either for or against the use of ivermectin are needed.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of ivermectin in preventing progression to severe disease among high-risk patients with COVID-19.

Design, setting, and participants: The Ivermectin Treatment Efficacy in COVID-19 High-Risk Patients (I-TECH) study was an open-label randomized clinical trial conducted at 20 public hospitals and a COVID-19 quarantine center in Malaysia between May 31 and October 25, 2021. Within the first week of patients' symptom onset, the study enrolled patients 50 years and older with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, comorbidities, and mild to moderate disease.

Interventions: Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either oral ivermectin, 0.4 mg/kg body weight daily for 5 days, plus standard of care (n = 241) or standard of care alone (n = 249). The standard of care consisted of symptomatic therapy and monitoring for signs of early deterioration based on clinical findings, laboratory test results, and chest imaging.

Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who progressed to severe disease, defined as the hypoxic stage requiring supplemental oxygen to maintain pulse oximetry oxygen saturation of 95% or higher. Secondary outcomes of the trial included the rates of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, 28-day in-hospital mortality, and adverse events.

Results: Among 490 patients included in the primary analysis (mean [SD] age, 62.5 [8.7] years; 267 women [54.5%]), 52 of 241 patients (21.6%) in the ivermectin group and 43 of 249 patients (17.3%) in the control group progressed to severe disease (relative risk [RR], 1.25; 95% CI, 0.87-1.80; P = .25). For all prespecified secondary outcomes, there were no significant differences between groups. Mechanical ventilation occurred in 4 (1.7%) vs 10 (4.0%) (RR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.13-1.30; P = .17), intensive care unit admission in 6 (2.4%) vs 8 (3.2%) (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.27-2.20; P = .79), and 28-day in-hospital death in 3 (1.2%) vs 10 (4.0%) (RR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.09-1.11; P = .09). The most common adverse event reported was diarrhea (14 [5.8%] in the ivermectin group and 4 [1.6%] in the control group).

Conclusions and relevance: In this randomized clinical trial of high-risk patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, ivermectin treatment during early illness did not prevent progression to severe disease. The study findings do not support the use of ivermectin for patients with COVID-19.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04920942 .

Publication types

• Randomized Controlled Trial
• Disease Progression
• Hospital Mortality
• Ivermectin* / adverse effects
• Ivermectin* / therapeutic use
• Middle Aged
• Treatment Outcome

Associated data

• ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT04920942

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Thank you for the question.

As noted in the question, 232 people in the Ivermectin group completed 5 doses and 9 people received 4 doses or less.

One patient who received 4 doses of ivermectin had mechanical ventilation and died. The 5th dose was withheld by the treating physician when the patient became critically ill. One patient received 4 doses of ivermectin and died on day 5 of enrollment. The other 7 patients who did not complete 5 doses of ivermectin (mainly due to adverse events), did not require mechanical ventilation or die.

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Lim SCL , Hor CP , Tay KH, et al. Efficacy of Ivermectin Treatment on Disease Progression Among Adults With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 and Comorbidities : The I-TECH Randomized Clinical Trial . JAMA Intern Med. 2022;182(4):426–435. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0189

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Efficacy of Ivermectin Treatment on Disease Progression Among Adults With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 and Comorbidities : The I-TECH Randomized Clinical Trial

• 1 Department of Medicine, Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital, Perak, Malaysia
• 2 Department of Medicine, Kepala Batas Hospital, Penang, Malaysia
• 3 Clinical Research Centre, Seberang Jaya Hospital, Penang, Malaysia
• 4 Department of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia
• 5 Department of Medicine, Tumpat Hospital, Kelantan, Malaysia
• 6 Department of Medicine, Taiping Hospital, Perak, Malaysia
• 7 Department of Medicine, Penang Hospital, Penang, Malaysia
• 8 Department of Medicine, Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Johor, Malaysia
• 9 Department of Medicine, Sarawak General Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia
• 10 Department of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• 11 Department of Medicine, Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital, Terengganu, Malaysia
• 12 Department of Medicine, Sultan Abdul Halim Hospital, Kedah, Malaysia
• 13 Department of Medicine, Putrajaya Hospital, Putrajaya, Malaysia
• 14 Department of Medicine, Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital, Kedah, Malaysia
• 15 Department of Medicine, Lahad Datu Hospital, Sabah, Malaysia
• 16 Department of Medicine, Duchess of Kent Hospital, Sabah, Malaysia
• 17 Department of Medicine, Melaka Hospital, Malacca, Malaysia
• 18 Department of Medicine, Tuanku Fauziah Hospital, Perlis, Malaysia
• 19 Clinical Research Centre, Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital, Perak, Malaysia
• 20 Department of Pharmacy, Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia
• 21 Clinical Research Centre, Sarawak General Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysia
• 22 School of Medicine, Taylor’s University, Selangor, Malaysia
• 23 Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
• Medical News & Perspectives JAMA Network Articles of the Year 2022 Melissa Suran, PhD, MSJ JAMA
• Research Letter Prescriptions for Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin and Voting Patterns in the 2020 US Presidential Election Michael L. Barnett, MD, MS; Marema Gaye, MA; Anupam B. Jena, MD, PhD; Ateev Mehrotra, MD, MPH JAMA Internal Medicine
• Correction Additional Information About Source of Study Drug and Typographical Error in Supplement JAMA Internal Medicine

Question   Does adding ivermectin, an inexpensive and widely available antiparasitic drug, to the standard of care reduce the risk of severe disease in patients with COVID-19 and comorbidities?

Findings   In this open-label randomized clinical trial of high-risk patients with COVID-19 in Malaysia, a 5-day course of oral ivermectin administered during the first week of illness did not reduce the risk of developing severe disease compared with standard of care alone.

Meaning   The study findings do not support the use of ivermectin for patients with COVID-19.

Importance   Ivermectin, an inexpensive and widely available antiparasitic drug, is prescribed to treat COVID-19. Evidence-based data to recommend either for or against the use of ivermectin are needed.

Objective   To determine the efficacy of ivermectin in preventing progression to severe disease among high-risk patients with COVID-19.

Design, Setting, and Participants   The Ivermectin Treatment Efficacy in COVID-19 High-Risk Patients (I-TECH) study was an open-label randomized clinical trial conducted at 20 public hospitals and a COVID-19 quarantine center in Malaysia between May 31 and October 25, 2021. Within the first week of patients’ symptom onset, the study enrolled patients 50 years and older with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, comorbidities, and mild to moderate disease.

Interventions   Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either oral ivermectin, 0.4 mg/kg body weight daily for 5 days, plus standard of care (n = 241) or standard of care alone (n = 249). The standard of care consisted of symptomatic therapy and monitoring for signs of early deterioration based on clinical findings, laboratory test results, and chest imaging.

Main Outcomes and Measures   The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who progressed to severe disease, defined as the hypoxic stage requiring supplemental oxygen to maintain pulse oximetry oxygen saturation of 95% or higher. Secondary outcomes of the trial included the rates of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, 28-day in-hospital mortality, and adverse events.

Results   Among 490 patients included in the primary analysis (mean [SD] age, 62.5 [8.7] years; 267 women [54.5%]), 52 of 241 patients (21.6%) in the ivermectin group and 43 of 249 patients (17.3%) in the control group progressed to severe disease (relative risk [RR], 1.25; 95% CI, 0.87-1.80; P  = .25). For all prespecified secondary outcomes, there were no significant differences between groups. Mechanical ventilation occurred in 4 (1.7%) vs 10 (4.0%) (RR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.13-1.30; P  = .17), intensive care unit admission in 6 (2.4%) vs 8 (3.2%) (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.27-2.20; P  = .79), and 28-day in-hospital death in 3 (1.2%) vs 10 (4.0%) (RR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.09-1.11; P  = .09). The most common adverse event reported was diarrhea (14 [5.8%] in the ivermectin group and 4 [1.6%] in the control group).

Conclusions and Relevance   In this randomized clinical trial of high-risk patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, ivermectin treatment during early illness did not prevent progression to severe disease. The study findings do not support the use of ivermectin for patients with COVID-19.

Trial Registration   ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04920942

Despite the success of COVID-19 vaccines and the implementation of nonpharmaceutical public health measures, there is an enormous global need for effective therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection. At present, repurposed anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone, tocilizumab, and sarilumab), 1 - 3 monoclonal antibodies, 4 - 6 and antivirals (remdesivir, molnupiravir, and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) 7 - 9 have demonstrated treatment benefits at different stages of COVID-19. 10

In Malaysia, about 95% of patients with COVID-19 present early with mild disease, and less than 5% progress to a hypoxic state requiring oxygen supplementation. Notably, patients 50 years and older with comorbidities are at high risk for severe disease. 11 Potentially, an antiviral therapy administered during the early viral replication phase could avert the deterioration. Although molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir have shown efficacy in the early treatment of COVID-19, 8 , 9 they can be too expensive for widespread use in resource-limited settings.

Ivermectin, an inexpensive, easy-to-administer, and widely available antiparasitic drug, has been used as an oral therapy for COVID-19. An in vitro study demonstrated inhibitory effects of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2. 12 Although some early clinical studies suggested the potential efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19, 13 , 14 these studies had methodologic weaknesses. 15

In 2021, 2 randomized clinical trials from Colombia 16 and Argentina 17 found no significant effect of ivermectin on symptom resolution and hospitalization rates for patients with COVID-19. A Cochrane meta-analysis 18 also found insufficient evidence to support the use of ivermectin for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19.

These findings notwithstanding, ivermectin is widely prescribed for COVID-19, contrary to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation to restrict use of the drug to clinical trials. 19 In the present randomized clinical trial, we studied the efficacy of ivermectin for preventing progression to severe disease among high-risk patients with COVID-19 in Malaysia.

The Ivermectin Treatment Efficacy in COVID-19 High-Risk Patients (I-TECH) study was a multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial conducted at 20 government hospitals and a COVID-19 quarantine center in Malaysia between May 31 and October 25, 2021. The study was approved by the local Medical Research and Ethics Committee (NMRR-21-155-58433) and registered in ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT04920942 ). This trial was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Malaysian Good Clinical Practice Guideline. All participants provided written informed consent. This study followed the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) reporting guidelines.

In Malaysia, mandatory notification to public health authorities applies to all COVID-19 cases. Patients with mild to moderate disease at risk of disease progression are referred for hospitalization or admitted to a COVID-19 quarantine center to allow close monitoring for 10 or more days from symptom onset and timely intervention in the event of deterioration.

The study enrolled patients with reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test–confirmed or antigen test–confirmed COVID-19 who were 50 years or older with at least 1 comorbidity and presented with mild to moderate illness (Malaysian COVID-19 clinical severity stage 2 or 3; WHO clinical progression scale 2-4) 20 , 21 within 7 days from symptom onset. Patients were excluded if they were asymptomatic, required supplemental oxygen, or had pulse oximetry oxygen saturation (Sp o 2 ) level less than 95% at rest. Other exclusion criteria were severe hepatic impairment (alanine transaminase level >10 times of upper normal limit), acute medical or surgical emergency, concomitant viral infection, pregnancy or breastfeeding, warfarin therapy, and history of taking ivermectin or any antiviral drugs with reported activity against COVID-19 (favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and remdesivir) within 7 days before enrollment. Eligibility criteria are detailed in the study protocol ( Supplement 1 ). Study investigators collected information on ethnicity based on the patient’s Malaysian identification card or passport (for non-Malaysian citizens).

All patients with COVID-19 were managed in accordance with the national COVID-19 Management Guidelines, 20 developed by a local expert panel based on consensus, WHO recommendations, and the US National Institutes of Health guidelines. High-risk patients were defined as those aged 50 years or older with comorbidity. Patients were staged according to clinical severity at presentation and disease progression: stage 1, asymptomatic; stage 2, symptomatic without evidence of pneumonia; stage 3, evidence of pneumonia without hypoxia; stage 4, pneumonia with hypoxia requiring oxygen supplementation; and stage 5, critically ill with multiorgan involvement. Stages 2 and 3 were classified as mild and moderate diseases (WHO scale 2-4), while stages 4 and 5 were referred to as severe diseases (WHO scale 5-9). The standard of care for patients with mild to moderate disease consisted of symptomatic therapy and monitoring for signs of early deterioration based on clinical findings, laboratory test results, and chest imaging.

All study data were recorded in case report form and transcribed into the REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) platform. 22 , 23 Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either the intervention group receiving oral ivermectin (0.4 mg/kg body weight daily for 5 days) plus standard of care or the control group receiving the standard of care alone ( Figure ). The randomization was based on an investigator-blinded randomization list uploaded to REDCap, which allocated the patients via a central, computer-generated randomization scheme across all study sites during enrollment. The randomization list was generated independently using random permuted block sizes 2 to 6. The randomization was not stratified by site.

The ivermectin used in the study was manufactured by Maxford Healthcare, a WHO good manufacturing practices certified pharmaceutical company in India where ivermectin is a registered product. At the time of the study, no ivermectin for patient use was registered in Malaysia. Hence, we imported and used the products as off-label for the purpose of this clinical trial with a conditional approval by our National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency.

The ivermectin dosage for each patient in the intervention arm was calculated to the nearest 6-mg or 12-mg whole tablets (dosing table in the study protocol, Supplement 1 ). The first dose of ivermectin was administered after randomization on day 1 of enrollment, followed by 4 doses on days 2 through 5. Patients were encouraged to take ivermectin with food or after meals to improve drug absorption. Storage, dispensary, and administration of ivermectin were handled by trained study investigators, pharmacists, and nurses.

The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who progressed to severe COVID-19, defined as the hypoxic stage requiring supplemental oxygen to maintain Sp o 2  95% or greater (Malaysian COVID-19 clinical severity stages 4 or 5; WHO clinical progression scale 5-9). The Sp o 2 was measured using a calibrated pulse oximeter per the clinical monitoring protocol.

Secondary outcomes were time of progression to severe disease, 28-day in-hospital all-cause mortality, mechanical ventilation rate, intensive care unit admission, and length of hospital stay after enrollment. Patients were also assessed on day 5 of enrollment for symptom resolution, changes in laboratory test results, and chest radiography findings. Adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs) were evaluated and graded according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 5.0. 24 All outcomes were captured from randomization until discharge from study sites or day 28 of enrollment, whichever was earlier.

Subgroup analyses were predetermined according to COVID-19 vaccination status, age, clinical staging, duration of illness at enrollment, and common comorbidities.

Patients’ clinical history, anthropometric measurements, blood samples for complete blood cell count, kidney and liver profiles, C-reactive protein levels, and chest radiography were obtained at baseline. Blood sampling and chest radiography were repeated on day 5 of enrollment. Study investigators followed up patients for all outcome assessments and AEs. All study-related AEs were reviewed by an independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board.

The sample size was calculated based on a superiority trial design and primary outcome measure. The expected rate of primary outcome was 17.5% in the control group, according to previous local data of high-risk patients who presented with mild to moderate disease. 11 A 50% reduction of primary outcome, or a 9% rate difference between intervention and control groups, was considered clinically important. This trial required 462 patients to be adequately powered. This sample size provided a level of significance at 5% with 80% power for 2-sided tests. Considering potential dropouts, a total of 500 patients (250 patients for each group) were recruited.

Primary analyses were performed based on the modified intention-to-treat principle, whereby randomized patients in the intervention group who received at least 1 ivermectin dose and all patients in the control group would be followed and evaluated for efficacy and safety. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed on all eligible randomized patients, including those in the intervention group who did not receive ivermectin (intention-to-treat population).

Descriptive data were expressed as means and SDs unless otherwise stated. Categorical data were analyzed using the Fisher exact test. Continuous variables were tested using the t -test or Mann-Whitney U test. The primary and categorical secondary outcome measures were estimated using relative risk (RR). The absolute difference of means of time of progression to severe disease and lengths of hospitalization between the study groups were determined with a 95% CI. Mixed analysis of variance was used to determine whether the changes of laboratory investigations were the result of interactions between the study groups (between-patients factor) and times (within-patient factor), and P  < .05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0 (IBM Corp).

Interim analyses were conducted on the first 150 and 300 patients, with outcome data retrieved on July 13 and August 30, 2021, respectively. The overall level of significance was maintained at P  < .05, calculated according to the O’Brien-Fleming stopping boundaries. Early stopping would be considered if P  < .003 for efficacy data. The results were presented to the Data and Safety Monitoring Board, which recommended continuing the study given no signal for early termination.

Between May 31 and October 9, 2021, 500 patients were enrolled and randomized. The last patient completed follow-up on October 25, 2021. Four patients were excluded after randomization. One patient in the control arm was diagnosed with dengue coinfection; in the intervention arm, 2 failed to meet inclusion criteria owing to symptom duration greater than 7 days and negative COVID-19 RT-PCR test result, while 1 had acute coronary syndrome before ivermectin initiation. In addition, 6 patients in the intervention arm withdrew consent before taking a dose of ivermectin. The modified intention-to-treat population for the primary analysis included 490 patients (98% of those enrolled), with 241 in the intervention group and 249 in the control group ( Figure ). Drug compliance analysis showed that 232 patients (96.3%) in the intervention group completed 5 doses of ivermectin.

Baseline demographics and characteristics of patients were well balanced between groups ( Table 1 ). The mean (SD) age was 62.5 (8.7) years, with 267 women (54.5%); 254 patients (51.8%) were fully vaccinated with 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccines. All major ethnic groups in Malaysia were well represented in the study population. The majority had hypertension (369 [75.3%]), followed by diabetes mellitus (262 [53.5%]), dyslipidemia (184 [37.6%]), and obesity (117 [23.9%]).

The mean (SD) duration of symptoms at enrollment was 5.1 (1.3) days. The most common symptoms were cough (378 [77.1%]), fever (237 [48.4%]), and runny nose (149 [30.4%]). Approximately two-thirds of patients had moderate disease. The average baseline neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and serum C-reactive protein level were similar between groups. There were no significant differences in the concomitant medications prescribed for both groups. In sensitivity analyses, baseline characteristics were similar in the intention-to-treat population (eTable 1 in Supplement 2 ).

Among the 490 patients, 95 (19.4%) progressed to severe disease during the study period; 52 of 241 (21.6%) received ivermectin plus standard of care, and 43 of 249 (17.3%) received standard of care alone (RR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.87-1.80; P  = .25) ( Table 2 ). Similar results were observed in the intention-to-treat population in the sensitivity analyses (eTable 2 in Supplement 2 ).

There were no significant differences between ivermectin and control groups for all the prespecified secondary outcomes ( Table 2 ). Among patients who progressed to severe disease, the time from study enrollment to the onset of deterioration was similar across ivermectin and control groups (mean [SD], 3.2 [2.4] days vs 2.9 [1.8] days; mean difference, 0.3; 95% CI, −0.6 to 1.2; P  = .51). Mechanical ventilation occurred in 4 patients (1.7%) in the ivermectin group vs 10 (4.0%) in the control group (RR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.13 to 1.30; P  = .17) and intensive care unit admission in 6 (2.5%) vs 8 (3.2%) (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.27 to 2.20; P  = .79). The 28-day in-hospital mortality rate was similar for the ivermectin and control groups (3 [1.2%] vs 10 [4.0%]; RR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.09 to 1.11; P  = .09), as was the length of hospital stay after enrollment (mean [SD], 7.7 [4.4] days vs 7.3 [4.3] days; mean difference, 0.4; 95% CI, −0.4 to 1.3; P  = .38).

By day 5 of enrollment, the proportion of patients who achieved complete symptom resolution was comparable between both groups (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.82-1.15; P  = .72). Findings of chest radiography without pneumonic changes or with resolution by day 5 were also similar (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.76-1.40; P  = .92). No marked variation was noted in blood parameters (eTable 3 in Supplement 2 ). There was no significant difference in the incidence of disease complications and highest oxygen requirement (eTables 4 and 5 in Supplement 2 ).

Subgroup analyses for patients with severe disease were unremarkable ( Table 3 ). Among fully vaccinated patients, 22 (17.7%) in the ivermectin group and 12 (9.2%) in the control group developed severe disease (RR, 1.92; 95% CI, 0.99-3.71; P  = .06). Post hoc analyses on clinical outcomes by vaccination status showed that fully vaccinated patients in the control group had a significantly lower rate of severe disease ( P  = .002; supporting data in eTable 6 in Supplement 2 ).

A total of 55 AEs occurred in 44 patients (9.0%) ( Table 4 ). Among them, 33 were from the ivermectin group, with diarrhea being the most common AE (14 [5.8%]). Five events were classified as SAEs, with 4 in the ivermectin group (2 patients had myocardial infarction, 1 had severe anemia, and 1 developed hypovolemic shock secondary to severe diarrhea), and 1 in the control group had inferior epigastric arterial bleeding. Six patients discontinued ivermectin, and 3 withdrew from the study owing to AEs. The majority of AEs were grade 1 and resolved within the study period.

Among the 13 deaths, severe COVID-19 pneumonia was the principal direct cause (9 deaths [69.2%]). Four patients in the control group died from nosocomial sepsis. None of the deaths were attributed to ivermectin treatment.

In this randomized clinical trial of early ivermectin treatment for adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 and comorbidities, we found no evidence that ivermectin was efficacious in reducing the risk of severe disease. Our findings are consistent with the results of the IVERCOR-COVID19 trial, 17 which found that ivermectin was ineffective in reducing the risk of hospitalization.

Prior randomized clinical trials of ivermectin treatment for patients with COVID-19 and with 400 or more patients enrolled focused on outpatients. 16 , 17 In contrast, the patients in our trial were hospitalized, which permitted the observed administration of ivermectin with a high adherence rate. Furthermore, we used clearly defined criteria for ascertaining progression to severe disease.

Before the trial started, the case fatality rate in Malaysia from COVID-19 was about 1%, 25 a rate too low for mortality to be the primary end point in our study. Even in a high-risk cohort, there were 13 deaths (2.7%). A recent meta-analysis of 8 randomized clinical trials of ivermectin to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection, involving 1848 patients with 71 deaths (3.8%), showed that treatment with the drug had no significant effect on survival. 26

The pharmacokinetics of ivermectin for treating COVID-19 has been a contentious issue. The plasma inhibitory concentrations of ivermectin for SARS-CoV-2 are high; thus, establishing an effective ivermectin dose regimen without causing toxic effects in patients is difficult. 27 , 28 The dose regimens that produced favorable results against COVID-19 ranged from a 0.2-mg/kg single dose to 0.6 mg/kg/d for 5 days 29 - 32 ; a concentration-dependent antiviral effect was demonstrated by Krolewiecki et al. 29 Pharmacokinetic studies have suggested that a single dose of up to 120 mg of ivermectin can be safe and well tolerated. 33 Considering the peak of SARS-CoV-2 viral load during the first week of illness and its prolongation in severe disease, 34 our trial used an ivermectin dose of 0.4 mg/kg of body weight daily for 5 days. The notably higher incidence of AEs in the ivermectin group raises concerns about the use of this drug outside of trial settings and without medical supervision.

Our study has limitations. First, the open-label trial design might contribute to the underreporting of adverse events in the control group while overestimating the drug effects of ivermectin. Second, our study was not designed to assess the effects of ivermectin on mortality from COVID-19. Finally, the generalizability of our findings may be limited by the older study population, although younger and healthier individuals with low risk of severe disease are less likely to benefit from specific COVID-19 treatments.

In this randomized clinical trial of high-risk patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, ivermectin treatment during early illness did not prevent progression to severe disease. The study findings do not support the use of ivermectin for patients with COVID-19.

Accepted for Publication: January 22, 2022.

Published Online: February 18, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0189

Correction: This article was corrected on April 18, 2022, to report the source of the study drug and to correct a missing minus sign in eTable 1 in Supplement 2.

Corresponding Author: Steven Chee Loon Lim, MRCP, Department of Medicine, Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital, Jalan Raja Ashman Shah, 30450 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia ( [email protected] ).

Author Contributions: Dr S. Lim and Mr King had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: S. Lim, Tan, Chow, Cheah, Cheng, An, Low, Song, Chidambaram, Peariasamy.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: S. Lim, Hor, Tay, Mat Jelani, Tan, Ker, Zaid, Cheah, H. Lim, Khalid, Mohd Unit, An, Nasruddin, Khoo, Loh, Zaidan, Ab Wahab, Koh, King, Lai.

Drafting of the manuscript: S. Lim, Hor, Tay, Mat Jelani, Tan, Zaid, H. Lim, An, Low, Ab Wahab, King, Peariasamy.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: S. Lim, Hor, Tan, Ker, Chow, Cheah, Khalid, Cheng, Mohd Unit, An, Nasruddin, Khoo, Loh, Zaidan, Song, Koh, King, Lai, Chidambaram.

Statistical analysis: S. Lim, Hor, Tan, King, Lai.

Administrative, technical, or material support: S. Lim, Hor, Tay, Mat Jelani, Tan, Ker, Chow, Zaid, Cheah, H. Lim, Khalid, Low, Khoo, Loh, Zaidan, Ab Wahab, Song, Koh, Chidambaram.

Supervision: S. Lim, Tan, Ker, Chow, Zaid, Cheng, Khoo, Loh, Song, Peariasamy.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.

The I-TECH Study Group: Members of the I-TECH Study Group are listed in Supplement 3 .

Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 4 .

Additional Contributions: The authors thank all the investigators at the 21 study sites and the Institute for Clinical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, for their immense contribution and support. In addition, we are grateful for the participation of the patients enrolled in this study. We also thank the members of the independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board, namely Petrick Periyasamy, MMed, National University Medical Centre, Malaysia; Lai Hui Pang, BPharm, Institute for Clinical Research, Malaysia; Mohamad Adam Bujang, PhD, Institute for Clinical Research, Malaysia; Wei Hong Lai, PhD, Institute for Clinical Research, Malaysia; and Nurakmal Baharum, BSc, Institute for Clinical Research, Malaysia. They did not receive compensation for their contribution to this study. We also thank Noor Hisham Abdullah, M Surg, Director-General of Health Malaysia, for his permission to publish this study.

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Top Financial Technology (FinTech) Courses in Malaysia and Related Career Opportunities

by StudyMalaysia.com on June 17, 2022 | Top Stories

What these providers of FinTech courses say...

• Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation (APU)
• Methodist College Kuala Lumpur
• Multimedia University (MMU)

A US-based global remote company connecting software engineer, designer and finance experts, Toptal predicts that the global FinTech market size will grow at a rate of 25% to USD309.98 billion by 2022 (The Edge Markets, 2022). The growing size of the global FinTech market signifies abundant job opportunities for FinTech graduates.

The graduates can choose to specialise in one of the FinTech areas namely payment technology, digital currencies and blockchain, insurance technology, wealth technology, banking technology, regulatory technology, etc. Apart from the tech-focused roles, graduates can also choose to work in the operations, marketing, strategy development, and customer services departments in the FinTech industry. Besides, graduates can also use the FinTech knowledge and skills acquired to transform the traditional financial industry into a more creative and efficient one or build their ventures to create cutting-edge FinTech solutions for society.

Finance is the core of any commerce in the world. When finance is indispensable to society at large, and people are looking for more efficient financial solutions, FinTech will definitely be the future of the financial industry.

The wave of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0) has caused the financial industry to swiftly evolve with technology leading to a new era of Financial Technology (FinTech). Talents with cross-discipline knowledge and skills in Finance and Information Technology are in demand for the coming years.

The Diploma in Financial Technology programme in MCKL will fully equip students with comprehensive knowledge and future-oriented skills in FinTech. Some of the key areas include Financial Accounting, Financial Technology, Principles of Investment and Blockchain.

Upon completion of this programme, students will gain exposure to theoretical and practical knowledge understand the disruptions in the FinTech industry across a broad cross-section of products and services, from traditional banking to blockchain. Students can join the workforce, become FinTech entrepreneurs or further their studies at our partner universities in any related field of specialisation.

The rapid growth of the Finance Technology (Fintech) industry is creating higher demands for trained talents for the industry. Through programmes such as the Bachelor of Finance (Hons) and Bachelor of Financial Engineering (Hons), Multimedia University (MMU) aspires to groom students with the financial acumen and understanding of strategic technology in business finance.

Students will delve into fundamental financial subjects such as Principles of Finance, Investment, Financial Derivatives, Mathematics for Finance and others. The finance fundamentals are then supplemented with technologically related subjects such as Introduction to Fintech, Digital Transformation Technologies, Analytical Programming, and Financial Modelling to produce tech savvy and competitive graduates.

The Bachelor of Financial Engineering (Hons) students will also be equipped with advanced subjects such as Mathematical Programming, Monte Carlo Simulation Technique and Time Series Analysis and Forecasting. Through hands on practice with finance-related software and databases such as Datastream and Bloomberg for their Research Project, MMU students would have the knowledge and experience that would give them the competitive advantage in the eyes of potential employers.

Introducing Financial Technology (FinTech)

Financial technology (FinTech) is an innovation that is set to complement and eventually to replace traditional financial methods in the delivery of financial services. It is an emerging industry that uses technology to improve activities in finance. It simplifies financial transactions for consumers or businesses making them more accessible and generally more affordable. It can also apply to companies and other services by utilising AI, big data and blockchain technology to facilitate highly secure transactions.

FinTech startups are competing with traditional financial services offering customer-centric services that combine speed and flexibility. Traditional financial organisations such as banks and insurance companies are also changing with the aim to narrow the technological gap between them and the FinTech startups.

FinTech has changed the way people think about transactions with money in a real-time, digital world. “Cashless”businesses are popping up everywhere, forcing reluctant consumers to adopt the habit of digital transactions. The use of non-cash transactions and settlement began during the 1990s and has been gathering momentum in recent times.

Requiring consumers to pay electronically for goods and services instead of using cash is just the first step. Now Tech giant Amazon is merging online shopping account with the traditional business experience where customers go into a store, grab what they need, leave the store and the items are automatically charged to their Amazon account. These concepts are undoubtedly going to shape the future of shopping. Payment transfers through smartphones or smartwatches are another example of FinTech advancements that consumers have adopted today.

The latest advancement is the rise of digital currencies like Bitcoin and the record-keeping technology known as Blockchain. This has yet to be well-integrated into our daily lives but it is certainly going to change how we pay, save, borrow money and manage financial risk.

FinTech is one of the most exciting and fastest growing areas in global business today. Companies are now adopting newly developed digital and online technologies in the banking and financial services industries. The emergence of a new generation of FinTech has greatly impacted how we do business, transact as consumers and think about the future of finances. The lines that separate business services are slowly but surely blurring out allowing bankers, advisers and technology providers to provide identical services. Thus it is no exaggeration to say that FinTech is literally changing our lives and habits by making it easy to trade, bank in and exchange money without the need for physical human interaction.

With big data, blockchain, AI and so many other technologies already in use, there is no limit to what FinTech has to offer. Thus forward-looking business leaders should adopt FinTech applications if they want to stay relevant and to win tomorrow’s consumers.

The advancement of FinTech is due to several factors:

• Technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things), AI (Artificial Intelligence), blockchain and cloud computing are driving FinTech forward.
• Consumer behaviour of Gen X, Y and Z has shifted as they find existing financial systems not keeping pace with changes in society.
• As barriers to entering the business world are lowered by new technologies, financial institutions have to change to keep up with others.
• Analytics, artificial intelligence and cloud computing give greater access to information allowing companies to see new trends quickly and to adjust accordingly.
• Huge investment in the field of FinTech speeds up its growth as more and more advancements are made.

Developing FinTech trends

• Banking Chatbots - These allow you to have a conversation with your bank without stepping up to a teller.
• Peer-to-Peer Insurance
• Real Estate Crowdfunding - Provides innovative approaches to real estate investing, greater transparency and opportunities for investors and sponsors
• AI Hedge Funds - These make use of Robo-advisors.
• Digital Banks

After all that has been said above, it doesn’t take an analytical mind to realise the importance of FinTech knowledge to harness yourself to be future-ready. FinTech is a lucrative industry offering innumerable career opportunities. With a degree in Fintech you can be offered jobs in the public as well as private sectors.

Why study Fintech?

• Application Specialist
• Data Analyst
• Compliance Expert
• Risk Management
• Retail Banking
• Online Payment & Transfer
• Loaning & Financing
• Wealth Management
• Cybersecurity
• Entrepreneur
• Strategy Analyst
• Product Developer
• Financial Analyst
• FinTech Quantitative Developer
• Banking Specialist
• Business Development Associate
• Blockchain Developer
• Dramatic change in traditional finances industries - As new technologies emerge, old-fashioned business skills are being weaned off. International financial centres are transforming, adapting themselves using fintech approaches.
• Boosts your creative thinking and strategise decision-making
• FinTech is a booming industry and is set to take the world by storm.
• Being up-to-date with technology.
• Competitive advantage when looking for a job.
• Career transformation - the ability to make better-informed decisions will contribute to the success of your organisation.

What does the FinTech course cover?

Many universities and colleges are offering Fintech courses through online learning modules, making it easier for students to pursue this programme alongside work or other full-time courses.

Most of the courses cover an overview of the future of FinTech from cryptocurrency to payment technology and expose students to innovations such as mobile money, tokenisation and mobile. The courses also teach students new payment technologies like B2B, C2C and C2B payments and expose students to the evolution of crowdfunding and how Robo-advisor and Machine Learning are working to make AI in finance successful. Students get to learn the latest technologies in payments and innovations like blockchain, AI, cryptocurrency, Big Data, Internet of Things and Machine Learning. Students can choose their specialisation according to their areas of interest. Simply select your preferred course and contact the respective college for online admission.

Course of study related to Fintech:

• Diploma in Financial Technology
• B.Sc (Hons) in Information Technology with specialism in FinTech
• Bachelor in Banking and Finance (Hons) with specialisation in Financial Technology
• B.Sc (Hons) in Actuarial Studies with specialism in Financial Technology
• Bachelor in Accounting (FinTech) (Hons)
• Bachelor of Financial Engineering (Hons)
• Bachelor of Financial Technology (Hons)
• Master of Finance with specialism in FinTech

Below are some of the education providers for FinTech courses in Malaysia:

• Methodist College Kuala Lumpur (MCKL)
• Taylor’s University
• UCSI University

Entry Requirement

The basic entry requirement for the FinTech Degree course (MQA L6) is a pre-university qualification together with a credit in Mathematics at SPM/O Level or equivalent.

Good career opportunities

Whatever you are - a traditional financier, a beginner or somebody with your own startup, having a knowledge of FinTech is a necessity in this modern world. Armed with FinTech knowledge you will have numerous career opportunities at your feet.

Source: www.investopedia.com https://www.uschamber.com https://bootcamp.cvn.colobia.edu https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com https://en.m.wikipidea.org www.apu.edu.my www.mckl.edu.my www.mmu.edu.my Copyright © STUDYMALAYSIA (StudyMalaysia.com).

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The huge solar storm is keeping power grid and satellite operators on edge

Geoff Brumfiel

Willem Marx

NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory captured this image of solar flares early Saturday afternoon. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says there have been measurable effects and impacts from the geomagnetic storm. Solar Dynamics Observatory hide caption

NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory captured this image of solar flares early Saturday afternoon. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says there have been measurable effects and impacts from the geomagnetic storm.

Planet Earth is getting rocked by the biggest solar storm in decades – and the potential effects have those people in charge of power grids, communications systems and satellites on edge.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says there have been measurable effects and impacts from the geomagnetic storm that has been visible as aurora across vast swathes of the Northern Hemisphere. So far though, NOAA has seen no reports of major damage.

The Picture Show

Photos: see the northern lights from rare, solar storm.

There has been some degradation and loss to communication systems that rely on high-frequency radio waves, NOAA told NPR, as well as some preliminary indications of irregularities in power systems.

"Simply put, the power grid operators have been busy since yesterday working to keep proper, regulated current flowing without disruption," said Shawn Dahl, service coordinator for the Boulder, Co.-based Space Weather Prediction Center at NOAA.

NOAA Issues First Severe Geomagnetic Storm Watch Since 2005

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"Satellite operators are also busy monitoring spacecraft health due to the S1-S2 storm taking place along with the severe-extreme geomagnetic storm that continues even now," Dahl added, saying some GPS systems have struggled to lock locations and offered incorrect positions.

NOAA's GOES-16 satellite captured a flare erupting occurred around 2 p.m. EDT on May 9, 2024.

As NOAA had warned late Friday, the Earth has been experiencing a G5, or "Extreme," geomagnetic storm . It's the first G5 storm to hit the planet since 2003, when a similar event temporarily knocked out power in part of Sweden and damaged electrical transformers in South Africa.

The NOAA center predicted that this current storm could induce auroras visible as far south as Northern California and Alabama.

Extreme (G5) geomagnetic conditions have been observed! pic.twitter.com/qLsC8GbWus — NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (@NWSSWPC) May 10, 2024

Around the world on social media, posters put up photos of bright auroras visible in Russia , Scandinavia , the United Kingdom and continental Europe . Some reported seeing the aurora as far south as Mallorca, Spain .

The source of the solar storm is a cluster of sunspots on the sun's surface that is 17 times the diameter of the Earth. The spots are filled with tangled magnetic fields that can act as slingshots, throwing huge quantities of charged particles towards our planet. These events, known as coronal mass ejections, become more common during the peak of the Sun's 11-year solar cycle.

A powerful solar storm is bringing northern lights to unusual places

Usually, they miss the Earth, but this time, NOAA says several have headed directly toward our planet, and the agency predicted that several waves of flares will continue to slam into the Earth over the next few days.

While the storm has proven to be large, predicting the effects from such incidents can be difficult, Dahl said.

Shocking problems

The most disruptive solar storm ever recorded came in 1859. Known as the "Carrington Event," it generated shimmering auroras that were visible as far south as Mexico and Hawaii. It also fried telegraph systems throughout Europe and North America.

Stronger activity on the sun could bring more displays of the northern lights in 2024

While this geomagnetic storm will not be as strong, the world has grown more reliant on electronics and electrical systems. Depending on the orientation of the storm's magnetic field, it could induce unexpected electrical currents in long-distance power lines — those currents could cause safety systems to flip, triggering temporary power outages in some areas.

my cat just experienced the aurora borealis, one of the world's most radiant natural phenomena... and she doesn't care pic.twitter.com/Ee74FpWHFm — PJ (@kickthepj) May 10, 2024

The storm is also likely to disrupt the ionosphere, a section of Earth's atmosphere filled with charged particles. Some long-distance radio transmissions use the ionosphere to "bounce" signals around the globe, and those signals will likely be disrupted. The particles may also refract and otherwise scramble signals from the global positioning system, according to Rob Steenburgh, a space scientist with NOAA. Those effects can linger for a few days after the storm.

Like Dahl, Steenburgh said it's unclear just how bad the disruptions will be. While we are more dependent than ever on GPS, there are also more satellites in orbit. Moreover, the anomalies from the storm are constantly shifting through the ionosphere like ripples in a pool. "Outages, with any luck, should not be prolonged," Steenburgh said.

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The radiation from the storm could have other undesirable effects. At high altitudes, it could damage satellites, while at low altitudes, it's likely to increase atmospheric drag, causing some satellites to sink toward the Earth.

The changes to orbits wreak havoc, warns Tuija Pulkkinen, chair of the department of climate and space sciences at the University of Michigan. Since the last solar maximum, companies such as SpaceX have launched thousands of satellites into low Earth orbit. Those satellites will now see their orbits unexpectedly changed.

"There's a lot of companies that haven't seen these kind of space weather effects before," she says.

The International Space Station lies within Earth's magnetosphere, so its astronauts should be mostly protected, Steenburgh says.

In a statement, NASA said that astronauts would not take additional measures to protect themselves. "NASA completed a thorough analysis of recent space weather activity and determined it posed no risk to the crew aboard the International Space Station and no additional precautionary measures are needed," the agency said late Friday.

People visit St Mary's lighthouse in Whitley Bay to see the aurora borealis on Friday in Whitley Bay, England. Ian Forsyth/Getty Images hide caption

People visit St Mary's lighthouse in Whitley Bay to see the aurora borealis on Friday in Whitley Bay, England.

While this storm will undoubtedly keep satellite operators and utilities busy over the next few days, individuals don't really need to do much to get ready.

"As far as what the general public should be doing, hopefully they're not having to do anything," Dahl said. "Weather permitting, they may be visible again tonight." He advised that the largest problem could be a brief blackout, so keeping some flashlights and a radio handy might prove helpful.

I took these photos near Ranfurly in Central Otago, New Zealand. Anyone can use them please spread far and wide. :-) https://t.co/NUWpLiqY2S — Dr Andrew Dickson reform/ACC (@AndrewDickson13) May 10, 2024

And don't forget to go outside and look up, adds Steenburgh. This event's aurora is visible much further south than usual.

A faint aurora can be detected by a modern cell phone camera, he adds, so even if you can't see it with your eyes, try taking a photo of the sky.

The aurora "is really the gift from space weather," he says.

• space weather
• solar flares
• solar storm