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Revolution Case Study: France

In this French Revolution case study worksheet, students read a brief overview pertaining to the time period in French history and then respond to two short answer questions.

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French Revolution

By: History.com Editors

Updated: October 12, 2023 | Original: November 9, 2009

The French Revolution was a watershed event in world history that began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens radically altered their political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as the monarchy and the feudal system. The upheaval was caused by disgust with the French aristocracy and the economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine, as did his wife Marie Antoinette. Though it degenerated into a bloodbath during the Reign of Terror, the French Revolution helped to shape modern democracies by showing the power inherent in the will of the people.

Causes of the French Revolution

As the 18th century drew to a close, France’s costly involvement in the American Revolution , combined with extravagant spending by King Louis XVI , had left France on the brink of bankruptcy.

Not only were the royal coffers depleted, but several years of poor harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing bread prices had kindled unrest among peasants and the urban poor. Many expressed their desperation and resentment toward a regime that imposed heavy taxes—yet failed to provide any relief—by rioting, looting and striking.

In the fall of 1786, Louis XVI’s controller general, Charles Alexandre de Calonne, proposed a financial reform package that included a universal land tax from which the aristocratic classes would no longer be exempt.

Estates General

To garner support for these measures and forestall a growing aristocratic revolt, the king summoned the Estates General ( les états généraux ) – an assembly representing France’s clergy, nobility and middle class – for the first time since 1614.

The meeting was scheduled for May 5, 1789; in the meantime, delegates of the three estates from each locality would compile lists of grievances ( cahiers de doléances ) to present to the king.

Rise of the Third Estate

France’s population, of course, had changed considerably since 1614. The non-aristocratic, middle-class members of the Third Estate now represented 98 percent of the people but could still be outvoted by the other two bodies.

In the lead-up to the May 5 meeting, the Third Estate began to mobilize support for equal representation and the abolishment of the noble veto—in other words, they wanted voting by head and not by status.

While all of the orders shared a common desire for fiscal and judicial reform as well as a more representative form of government, the nobles in particular were loath to give up the privileges they had long enjoyed under the traditional system.

Tennis Court Oath

By the time the Estates General convened at Versailles , the highly public debate over its voting process had erupted into open hostility between the three orders, eclipsing the original purpose of the meeting and the authority of the man who had convened it — the king himself.

On June 17, with talks over procedure stalled, the Third Estate met alone and formally adopted the title of National Assembly; three days later, they met in a nearby indoor tennis court and took the so-called Tennis Court Oath (serment du jeu de paume), vowing not to disperse until constitutional reform had been achieved.

Within a week, most of the clerical deputies and 47 liberal nobles had joined them, and on June 27 Louis XVI grudgingly absorbed all three orders into the new National Assembly.

The Bastille 

On June 12, as the National Assembly (known as the National Constituent Assembly during its work on a constitution) continued to meet at Versailles, fear and violence consumed the capital.

Though enthusiastic about the recent breakdown of royal power, Parisians grew panicked as rumors of an impending military coup began to circulate. A popular insurgency culminated on July 14 when rioters stormed the Bastille fortress in an attempt to secure gunpowder and weapons; many consider this event, now commemorated in France as a national holiday, as the start of the French Revolution.

The wave of revolutionary fervor and widespread hysteria quickly swept the entire country. Revolting against years of exploitation, peasants looted and burned the homes of tax collectors, landlords and the aristocratic elite.

Known as the Great Fear ( la Grande peur ), the agrarian insurrection hastened the growing exodus of nobles from France and inspired the National Constituent Assembly to abolish feudalism on August 4, 1789, signing what historian Georges Lefebvre later called the “death certificate of the old order.”

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

IIn late August, the Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( Déclaration des droits de l ’homme et du citoyen ), a statement of democratic principles grounded in the philosophical and political ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like Jean-Jacques Rousseau .

The document proclaimed the Assembly’s commitment to replace the ancien régime with a system based on equal opportunity, freedom of speech, popular sovereignty and representative government.

Drafting a formal constitution proved much more of a challenge for the National Constituent Assembly, which had the added burden of functioning as a legislature during harsh economic times.

For months, its members wrestled with fundamental questions about the shape and expanse of France’s new political landscape. For instance, who would be responsible for electing delegates? Would the clergy owe allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church or the French government? Perhaps most importantly, how much authority would the king, his public image further weakened after a failed attempt to flee the country in June 1791, retain?

Adopted on September 3, 1791, France’s first written constitution echoed the more moderate voices in the Assembly, establishing a constitutional monarchy in which the king enjoyed royal veto power and the ability to appoint ministers. This compromise did not sit well with influential radicals like Maximilien de Robespierre , Camille Desmoulins and Georges Danton, who began drumming up popular support for a more republican form of government and for the trial of Louis XVI.

French Revolution Turns Radical

In April 1792, the newly elected Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia, where it believed that French émigrés were building counterrevolutionary alliances; it also hoped to spread its revolutionary ideals across Europe through warfare.

On the domestic front, meanwhile, the political crisis took a radical turn when a group of insurgents led by the extremist Jacobins attacked the royal residence in Paris and arrested the king on August 10, 1792.

The following month, amid a wave of violence in which Parisian insurrectionists massacred hundreds of accused counterrevolutionaries, the Legislative Assembly was replaced by the National Convention, which proclaimed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the French republic.

On January 21, 1793, it sent King Louis XVI, condemned to death for high treason and crimes against the state, to the guillotine ; his wife Marie-Antoinette suffered the same fate nine months later.

Reign of Terror

Following the king’s execution, war with various European powers and intense divisions within the National Convention brought the French Revolution to its most violent and turbulent phase.

In June 1793, the Jacobins seized control of the National Convention from the more moderate Girondins and instituted a series of radical measures, including the establishment of a new calendar and the eradication of Christianity .

They also unleashed the bloody Reign of Terror (la Terreur), a 10-month period in which suspected enemies of the revolution were guillotined by the thousands. Many of the killings were carried out under orders from Robespierre, who dominated the draconian Committee of Public Safety until his own execution on July 28, 1794.

Did you know? Over 17,000 people were officially tried and executed during the Reign of Terror, and an unknown number of others died in prison or without trial.

Thermidorian Reaction

The death of Robespierre marked the beginning of the Thermidorian Reaction, a moderate phase in which the French people revolted against the Reign of Terror’s excesses.

On August 22, 1795, the National Convention, composed largely of Girondins who had survived the Reign of Terror, approved a new constitution that created France’s first bicameral legislature.

Executive power would lie in the hands of a five-member Directory ( Directoire ) appointed by parliament. Royalists and Jacobins protested the new regime but were swiftly silenced by the army, now led by a young and successful general named Napoleon Bonaparte .

French Revolution Ends: Napoleon’s Rise

The Directory’s four years in power were riddled with financial crises, popular discontent, inefficiency and, above all, political corruption. By the late 1790s, the directors relied almost entirely on the military to maintain their authority and had ceded much of their power to the generals in the field.

On November 9, 1799, as frustration with their leadership reached a fever pitch, Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup d’état, abolishing the Directory and appointing himself France’s “ first consul .” The event marked the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of the Napoleonic era, during which France would come to dominate much of continental Europe.

Photo Gallery 

French Revolution. The National Archives (U.K.) The United States and the French Revolution, 1789–1799. Office of the Historian. U.S. Department of State . Versailles, from the French Revolution to the Interwar Period. Chateau de Versailles . French Revolution. Monticello.org . Individuals, institutions, and innovation in the debates of the French Revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 

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Class 9th Social Science - The French Revolution Case Study Questions and Answers 2022 - 2023

Class 9th Social Science - The French Revolution Case Study Questions and Answers 2022 - 2023 Study Materials Sep-09 , 2022

QB365 provides a detailed and simple solution for every Possible Case Study Questions in Class 9th Social Science Subject - The French Revolution, CBSE. It will help Students to get more practice questions, Students can Practice these question papers in addition to score best marks.

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The french revolution case study questions with answer key.

Final Semester - June 2015

Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: Some of the basic rights set forth in Olympe de Gouges’ Declaration. 1. Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. 2. The goal of all political associations is the preservation of the natural rights of woman and man: These rights are liberty, property, security, and above all resistance to oppression. 3. The source of all sovereignty resides in the nation, which is nothing but the union of woman and man. 4. The law should be the expression of the general will; all female and male citizens should have a say either personally or by their representatives in its formulation; it should be the same for all. All female and male citizens are equally entitled to all honours and public employment according to their abilities and without any other distinction than that of their talents. 5. No woman is an exception; she is accused, arrested, and detained in cases determined by law. Women, like men, obey this rigorous law. (a) How did Olympe de Gouges, view women? (b) What should be the goal of all political associations according to her? (c) What was her opinion about law?

*****************************************

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‘Right in the Butt’: Dirty ‘Wheel of Fortune’ Fail Belongs in Hall of Fame

• Oops! Something went wrong. Please try again later. More content below

You should have all seen The Fall Guy .

A beautiful game show fail.

Carrie Bradshaw is back.

Broadway’s big secret.

Game Show Fails Are the Best Fails

Apologies if, at around 7:45 p.m. Thursday night, you heard a faint high pitch noise that lasted for a full minute. That was me shrieking while watching Wheel of Fortune and witnessing a Greatest of All Time inappropriate answer to a clue.

The clue was “Phrase,” and it was one of those rounds where the letters are filled in one by one. If a contestant knows the answer, they can ring in. Please, for context, see the image below, to fully understand the hilarity of what a contestant named Tavaris answered.

“Right in the butt.”

That’s what Tavaris said. “Right in the butt.”

Nevermind that “right” has five letters. Nevermind that this is Wheel of Fortune , a family game show. I can’t get over what his friends and family are going to do to poor Tavaris. They will mock him from now until eternity. On his gravestone, it will say, “Here lies Tavaris. Right in the butt.”

Outrageous game show answers are a passion of mine. It’s an entire genre of entertainment that is, honestly, better than most entertainment.

In the “butt” genre of wild answers, the classic is, of course, the Newlywed Game contestant who answered the prompt , “Where is the weirdest place you’ve made whoopee?” with—you guessed it—“in the ass.”

Oh, game show fails are a magical rabbit hole to lose yourself down.

There’s the Family Feud contestant who was asked to name a yellow fruit and answered , “Orange.” A personal favorite Family Feud goof is when a woman was asked what month of pregnancy does a woman begin to look pregnant and she answered , “September.” Classic Family Feud fails are the best, but I’ve also had moments of “Wait, it’s 2 a.m.?!” after watching TikTok after TikTok of ridiculous answers during the Steve Harvey era.

A Ken Jennings classic is when the Jeopardy! clue was, “The term for a long-handled gardening tool can also mean an immoral pleasure seeker,” and Jennings answered, “What is a hoe?” (Not wrong!) Speaking of Jeopardy! , I’ll never forget where I was when a contestant confused Chaka Khan for Shaka Zulu, or when Janet Jackson was confused for Ariana Grande, because both instances took years off my life.

This is all to say that, Tavaris, you’re in good company, and I look forward to seeing you soon in one of the “ game show fail ” compilation videos I watch on a weekly basis.

It’s Hip to Be a Square

Because it’s Tony Awards season, and I’m a culturally minded gay, I’ve been flitting about the Great White Way the last few weeks to sample some of the finest theater. I’ve seen some of the most raved about productions. Merrily We Roll Along , Appropriate , Mary Jane, and Stereophonic truly live up to the hype. I’ve found myself weeping while stars belt out Alicia Keys songs during Hell’s Kitchen and when twinks in tank tops fight in the mud during The Outsiders and thought, “What is wrong with me?”

But the most fun I’ve had? That was at The Heart of Rock and Roll , a jukebox musical featuring songs by Huey Lewis and the News that was (egregiously!!!) not nominated for a single Tony.

Matt Doyle as Bobby and Katie Rose Clarke as Cassandra with the original cast of The Heart of Rock and Roll , in 2018 at The Old Globe Theatre, San Diego.

As a person who finds Mamma Mia! to be the greatest work of art of our lifetime, it shouldn’t be surprising that I love jukebox musicals. But I’ve also become somewhat of a connoisseur of them. I’m aware that they can be so patronizingly, cynically, unforgivably bad. But when the show is in on the joke, has a tight script, and has figured out a way to match a story to the vibe of the music, it’s heaven: the ideal version of a very expensive dance party.

I laughed more during The Heart of Rock and Roll than I did during any other Best Musical nominee. I cried when I was supposed to cry. I danced in my seat when I was supposed to dance in my seat. Sometimes you just want a show that does it all for you, that’s polished and fun and escorts you on the journey without you having to do the work.

Anyway, if you’re wondering why Huey Lewis is spiking on Spotify, it’s me.

I Couldn’t Help But Wonder…

It’s the greatest time of the year: Sarah Jessica Parker being photographed on the streets of New York wearing batshit Carrie Bradshaw outfits while filming And Just Like That .

New York only feels like New York when this is happening. There’s an indescribable energy in the city right now. I can only attempt to explain it as, “SJP is wearing a big hat again, so we feel safe to be feral, selfish, and unhinged.”

Speaking of big hats, take a look at this beaut:

They're filming Sarah Jessica Parker wearing ridiculous little accessories again I can feel my serotonin levels slowly begin to climb pic.twitter.com/89Stbt78o5 — Carrie Courogen (@carriecourogen) May 20, 2024

It’s shading her from the sun, and also from the evil of the world. And what about these sheer sleeves? It’s sending a message to all of us New Yorkers: Let’s be hideously oversized, but also transparent about it:

Sarah Jessica Parker with a gorgeous rose dress yesterday on the filming set of And Just Like That 🎬👠 @olv #andjustlikethat pic.twitter.com/61U6n2nr8n — New York Mickey (@MickmickNYC) May 22, 2024

And the biggest sign that we’re so back: Aidan is outside an apartment stoop screaming at Carrie’s window. We are at our best when that mania is feeding our energy. It’s gonna be a good summer.

Important Information

Every Jennifer Lopez superfan has his limits, and mine may just be this new Netflix movie Atlas . However, I must share with everyone information that blew my brain, made me cringe harder than I have in my entire life, and now I’m talking through with my therapist about.

Get ready: The film is called Atlas because her character’s name is “Atlas.” What in the name of Selena?!?!

What to watch this week:

Furiosa : We love a movie that allows us to use the word “badass.” (Now in theaters)

Queen of the Deuce : We love a chain-smoking, Jewish grandma who lorded over a porn empire. (Now in theaters)

The Beach Boys : Wouldn’t it be nice (get it?!) if we all properly appreciated this all-time great band. (Now on Disney+)

What to skip this week:

Atlas : J.Lo! I am always rooting for you, but sometimes you make it so hard . (Now on Netflix)

Tires : This Shane Gillis bros-will-be-bros sitcom so lazily leans into that idea we should all be offended. (Now on Netflix)

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F1 drivers height: How tall are Lewis Hamilton, Max Verstappen and Charles Leclerc

Thousands of people every month ask how tall F1 drivers are - who'd have thought - so we're here with all the answers to your height-related questions.

When drivers are careering round tracks at high-speed, we see just helmets poking out from their ultra-aerodynamic cars. Pretty tough to work out how tall they are from that.

But there might be a broader range of varying heights than you might think, so let’s take a look at the 2024 grid.

F1 drivers and their height in 2024

Of the 20 drivers set to compete in the 2024 world championship, there is roughly a foot or 0.30m difference between the tallest and smallest men on the grid.

Who are the tallest and shortest drivers on the grid?

Currently, the shortest driver is Visa Cash App RB’s Yuki Tsunoda, who is just 5ft 3 in, or 1.59m, tall. At the opposite end of the scale the tallest driver is a dead heat between Williams’ Alex Albon and Esteban Ocon of Alpine, who both measure up at 1.86m. Both of those drivers are just ahead of Mercedes’ George Russell, who stands 1.85m tall.

Brit Justin Wilson, who raced for Minardi before moving to Jaguar in 2003, is considered the tallest driver of the modern era, at 1.94m.

What is the average height of an F1 driver?

The average height for a F1 driver in 2024 is a shade under 1.77m, or 5 feet and 9 and three-quarter inches. Lewis Hamilton is almost exactly on that average mark.

Do drivers need to be a certain height?

As you would expect, for weight and design purposes, extremely tall drivers would have it tough with the modern car and cockpit design.

Size and space are at more of a premium than ever before, and as such it seems as though the likes of Albon and Ocon are at the upper limit of what is feasible for the current F1 car set-up.

READ MORE: F1 drivers age: How old are Lewis Hamilton, Verstappen, Norris and co

Tears, tyres, and tic-tac-toe - FIVE things you may have missed at Monaco GP

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100 objects that make Milwaukee

Some of us used to say we were from Milwaukee with a hint of shame.

But there are signs everywhere we look that Cream City is rising. Businesses are relocating here. Top Chef launched its latest season in the city, complete with footage of the Milwaukee Public Market, the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Hoan Bridge and other landmarks. And while Democrats and Republicans can’t agree on much these days, they both decided to hold their conventions in Milwaukee in recent years – or at least try to.

We wanted to celebrate our great city by honoring some of the things we love about it. The trouble is, there’s so much to love about Milwaukee that it was tough to decide which objects to highlight . (We settled on 100 objects; a push to do 414 was quickly shot down by editors.)

Some of the objects are stunningly beautiful, like the art museum’s wings and the Basilica of St. Josaphat dome. Others are delicious – like a Sobelman’s Bloody Mary, frozen custard and cheese curds. More than a few involve beer and sports, because of course they do. And we included some things that are just so Milwaukee – like racing sausages, Kohl’s Cash and “I Closed Wolski’s” stickers.

We also know Milwaukee isn’t perfect and has long faced deep problems like racism, segregation and inequality. So we also wanted to focus on the struggle for a better future by including key locations in the city, such as the 16th Street Viaduct, in an effort to honor the fair housing marches of the 1960s.

Next time somebody starts trashing Milwaukee, please tell them the city’s brightest days are still ahead. And maybe send them this list of 100 objects as a reminder that Milwaukee is indeed “the good land” full of promise – and some pretty great things.

—Mary Spicuzza

Architecture

Burnham Block

• Hoan Bridge

Ladybug building

Joan of arc chapel, allen-bradley clock tower, cream city bricks, milwaukee public market sign, 16th street viaduct, milwaukee address tiles, basilica of st. josaphat, wisconsin gas building flame, milwaukee art museum wings, giannis mural, granny in the streets of old milwaukee.

• St. Nick's Day shoes

The Calling

The mural of peace.

• Recombobulation Area

David Gruber giveaway T-shirt

Deck of sheepshead cards, bowling pin, harley-davidson motorcycle.

• Juneteenth Day flag

Hmong headwrap

Neighborhood poster.

• Northwestern Mutual agent’s ribbon
• Toast from Rocky Horror at the Oriental Theatre
• Welcome to Cleveland Sign
• Potawatomi Casino

Rainbow wall at This Is It!

• Tomatoes from Alice's Garden
• Pfister ghost

Sherman Phoenix

• The Milverine Bobblehead

The People’s Flag of Milwaukee

• Riverwest 24 tattoo
• Kohl's Cash

Entertainment

Bastille Days Eiffel Tower

Bradford beach volleyball, the rave pool, safe house password, summerfest smiley face, skyglider chair, washington park bandshell, river cruise boat.

Environment

UWM research vessel

Milorganite, jones island salt pile, oak leaf trail sign.

Food & drink

• Jake's Deli pastrami sandwich

Frozen custard

We energies cookie book, pink squirrel, brandy old fashioned, hot ham and rolls, bernie’s chalet at lakefront brewery, cannibal sandwich.

• Mr. Perkins Family Restaurant

Cousins Subs

George webb hamburger.

• Box of Sciortino's cookies

Beer garden stein

South side food trucks.

• I Closed Wolski's Sticker

Cheese curds

• Usinger's Sausage

Miller Lite bottle

Real chili chili.

• Sobelman's Bloody Mary

State Fair cream puff

Samson the gorilla.

• Milwaukee County War Memorial

Bay View iron well

Rolling mills plaque.

• America's Black Holocaust Museum's "Strange Fruit" exhibit

Joshua Glover marker

• Dr. Martin Luther King statue

The Bronze Fonz

Lake park indian mound, gertie the duck, vel r. phillips avenue, forest home cemetery and arboretum, pierhead lighthouse.

• Pettit ice skates

MECCA floor

• Racing Sausages
• Bob Uecker's microphone

NCAA 1977 Marquette trophy

How did we come up with these 100 objects? Here's an explanation .

What did we miss? What doesn’t belong? Let us know here:  bit.ly/MKE100More .

The Polish immigrants who poured into Milwaukee in the late 19th century wanted a beautiful church that telegraphed their strong Catholic faith and ethnic heritage. And they were willing to do anything for it.

They mortgaged their homes to raise money. They volunteered their labor. Fr. Wilhelm Grutza, the blacksmith-turned-pastor, shipped 500 rail cars of salvaged materials from a shuttered Chicago post office. He died five weeks after the church's dedication in 1901, exhausted from overwork.

In a city dotted with steeples and infused with Catholic tradition, the Basilica of St. Josaphat stood out. Modeled after St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, its 220-foot-high copper dome was only second in size to the U.S. Capitol at the time.

Today, 123 years later, the ornate basilica is still larger-than-life. It’s a tourist destination as well as a hallowed space. The faithful who gather understand they’re among tens of thousands who have knelt in the pews for prayer, and heard the acoustics echo, and craned their necks to take in the intricately decorated cupola.

It’s Milwaukee’s largest church. It’s always been an anchor of the south side. But its dome – first illuminated at night in 2019 – cemented the basilica’s place in Milwaukee’s skyline for years to come.

Even as church attendance and religious belief decline, the dome is a reminder of Catholics’ indelible impact on the city.

It calls to drivers passing on Interstate 43: I’ve been here over a century, and I’m here to stay.

-Sophie Carson

Milwaukee has a contentious history with public art (Google “Blue Shirt” if you need a reminder). Ensconced in O’Donnell Park at the lakefront, Mark di Suvero’s steel-beam sculpture “The Calling” has survived several rounds of controversy with the staying power of the sun that it abstractly mimics. 

Funded by an anonymous donor, it is made of steel I-beams painted orange and stands 40 feet tall. After 11 argumentative public hearings and much political grandstanding, the Common Council approved the artwork, which was dedicated in April 1982. 

“Di Suvero certainly was aware that many people would see his work from great distances and from the windows of rushing cars, buses and trucks,” Milwaukee Sentinel art critic Dean Jensen wrote in 1982. “Through its great size, its garish color and the grammar of its simple forms, it asserts its essence quickly and directly.” 

“The Calling” enjoyed a bonus kerfuffle in 2001 when architect Santiago Calatrava’s gleaming white addition to the Milwaukee Art Museum opened. Killjoys wanted the di Suvero away from the Calatrava sightline. The artist responded bluntly: “If you don’t want it, take it apart and ship it to me.” 

As for the architect, he told Journal critic Whitney Gould that he designed the MAM addition with “The Calling” in mind. And if you stand along Wisconsin Avenue in the right spots, you’ll see that “The Calling” and the Calatrava addition line up perfectly. 

-Jim Higgins

You know that sound. It’s the sound of spring, when warmer weather finally thaws the winter roads. It’s the sound of the wind blowing across your face and through your hair. It’s the sound of speed, freedom, the open road. It’s the sound of summer, long rides cross-country or a short trip to the beach. 

It’s the sound of friends William Harley and Arthur Davidson’s turn-of-the-20th-century ingenuity that grew from tinkering in a backyard shed to the construction of a two-wheeled, motor-powered bike and the desire to make it go fast, then faster. It’s the sound of a business born in 1903 and raised in Milwaukee, then taking off to become an internationally known brand. It’s the sound linked to leather, and the smell of gasoline. It’s the sound of putting the pedal to the metal. 

You know that sound. It’s the sound of a Harley. 

-Jessica Van Egeren

Juneteenth Day Flag 

June 19, 1865, is the most crucial day in African American history. On that day, federal troops arrived in Galveston, Texas, and declared that the Civil War was over and all 250,000 enslaved people in the state — the last remaining slaves in the South — were now free, more than two years after President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

In 1997, a flag was designed to commemorate Juneteenth and was later revised. 

The flag features red, white, and blue colors — from the American flag — with a white bursting star of freedom in the middle. An arc runs through the flag’s center to symbolize the new horizon of opportunity for African Americans. The blue is above the red because the red represents the ground soaked with blood from all those who came before us and fought for freedom.

Milwaukee’s annual Juneteenth celebration is one of the country’s oldest — the city was one of the first in the northern states to began officially celebrating Juneteenth, in 1971.

Juneteenth and its flag are significant for me as an African American. My grandparents, who lived in Mississippi, referred to it as “Jubilee Day,” and they celebrated it by enjoying strawberry soda and red velvet cake that symbolized the blood shed by enslaved West African ancestors. 

This flag should be flown on Juneteenth and every day in our country.

-James E. Causey

If you live anywhere in the Milwaukee area, you’ve almost definitely seen an Oak Leaf Trail sign. The over 135-mile multi-use trail traverses throughout Milwaukee County and is beloved by cyclists, runners, walkers, birders, skateboarders, rollerbladers and more. It’s a mainstay in numerous local running races throughout the year. 

The Oak Leaf can take you pretty much anywhere in Milwaukee and offers beautiful views; nearly a quarter travels along the Lake Michigan shoreline. The trail’s nine branch lines connect users to dozens of county parks, beer gardens and attractions in the area. 

The Oak Leaf also intersects with various other municipal trails, allowing for travel beyond the county. The northern terminus connects to the Ozaukee Interurban Trail, which users can take all the way to Sheboygan County. 

While it’s hard to imagine the Oak Leaf without its variety of users today, it was not open for non-cycling use (or given its current name) until 1996. The trail’s origins date back to the late 1930s, when local cycling enthusiasts established an about-65-mile bike route around Milwaukee County. 

Three decades later, the trail was officially recognized by the county parks department. In 1976, it was christened the “76 Bike Trail” in honor of the national bicentennial. 

-Claire Reid

For more than 150 years, few objects have represented the city of Milwaukee better than a mug of beer – the key component of gemütlichkeit, which Milwaukeeans have pursued since long before prohibition. 

Beer steins clutched in the hands of dozens of strangers crowded together at long wooden tables under tree canopies represents the city’s long devotion to the craft of beer brewing and community, and pays tribute to the city’s sturdy Germanic roots. 

German immigrants inspired the creation of the city’s breweries and made beer gardens the quintessential gathering spot of Milwaukee. According to the Milwaukee County Parks Department, more than two dozen breweries were in operation by 1856, making way for beer gardens along the Milwaukee River. 

Prohibition in the 1920s curtailed such gatherings, but the idea has experienced a revival in recent years. 

The city has several permanent beer gardens, including the popular Estabrook Beer Garden along the river greenway in the city’s northeast side, between Shorewood and Whitefish Bay. And the county’s Traveling Beer Garden tours bring the beer garden experience to neighborhood parks around the city throughout the summer.

Here, you can fill your beer stein with Hofbrau, wash down bratwurst or a soft pretzel, and watch your neighbors polka – just like Milwaukeeans did generations before. 

-Molly Beck

Music can bring a community together. 

Want proof? Just visit Washington Park’s bandshell on a Wednesday evening in the summer.

You’ll see families and friends spreading out blankets and popping open lawn chairs on the grassy amphitheater. 

You’ll smell barbecue, wood-fired pizza and popcorn wafting from local vendors’ food trucks. 

And depending on the night, you’ll hear classical, jazz, reggae, opera, folk, rock, punk or a fusion of genres.

The stunning art deco bandshell is formally known as the Emil Blatz Temple of Music, named for the man who came from a brewing dynasty and donated $100,000 for its construction in the city’s largest park.

At its dedication in 1938, a crowd of 40,000 – “a mass of mothers, fathers, maidens, swains and wide-eyed children” – heard a performance from the Wisconsin Symphony Orchestra and singer Jessica Dragonette, The Milwaukee Journal reported.

“If this temple of music gives you as much pleasure as it has given me in donating it, I am fully repaid,” Blatz told those who gathered on the lawn.

In the 86 years since, the bandshell has hosted musical legends like Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong and Lily Pons, often as part of its “Music Under the Stars” program, which ran for 55 years. 

Today, Washington Park Wednesdays, a free concert series, carries on the tradition, providing a welcoming space for neighbors of all ages to sing, dance and listen.

-Ashley Luthern

When it comes to Frank Lloyd Wright, most Wisconsinites think of Taliesin, the architect’s home and workshop in Spring Green, the S.C. Johnson headquarters building in Racine or Monona Terrace in Madison.

But did you know there’s an entire block on the city’s south side that’s a showcase for Wright’s more modest designs?

The Burnham Block is a one-of-a-kind collection of six buildings constructed in 1916 as models for affordable housing for working-class people. The collection of single-family homes and duplexes on the 2700 block of West Burnham Street have the typical Wright touches of rich woodwork, tall vertical windows and natural construction materials, but they’re substantially smaller than the homes Wright had previously designed.

“These are Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision to house every person, every American in a beautiful, artistic place to call home,” said Mike Lilek, curator for Frank Lloyd Wright’s Burnham Block, Inc., the nonprofit that owns five of the six buildings. 

The organization has restored two buildings, which now function as a museum that is open for public tours. Plans are being developed for restoring the home on the northwest corner of South Layton Boulevard and West Burnham Street.

You can make reservations for a guided tour at wrightinmilwaukee.org. 

-Karl Ebert

Hoan Bridge 

Greeting visitors by water from the east, the Hoan Bridge is both Milwaukee’s iconic and ironic symbol for the city’s socialist history. 

Former Mayor Daniel Hoan, the city’s longest serving socialist mayor, had much of Milwaukee onboard with his policies, but when the bridge for part of Interstate 794 was erected in his honor, many were dismayed.

“Where transportation was concerned, Dan Hoan was no fan of car culture,” said Phil Rocco, associate professor of political science at Marquette University. “Quite the opposite. He often bitterly complained that cars locked the city into a dynamic of ever-greater spending on ever-widening streets and that greater traffic jeopardized public safety.”

The public gets an up close and personal view of the Hoan, which opened for traffic in 1977,  during the highlight of Milwaukee’s warm months — Summerfest. 

It crosses over the Milwaukee Harbor, welcoming shipping, and connects downtown to Bay View and other parts of southern Milwaukee County. It’s in the foreground of many photographers’ shots of the city skyline, and is lit every night, often to honor an event or person . 

Coined the “bridge to nowhere” during construction, the Hoan has very much become part of Milwaukee’s image.

-Drake Bentley

Jake’s Deli pastrami sandwich

You don’t have to be the commissioner of Major League Baseball or owner of the Milwaukee Bucks to eat like them. 

At Jake’s Delicatessen, 1634 W. North Ave., patrons can walk and eat in the shadow of former MLB Commissioner Allan H. “Bud” Selig and late Bucks owner Herb Kohl, who frequented the deli. 

Jake’s Deli opened in 1955 and catered to the many Jewish families who had emigrated from Eastern Europe to the Haymarket and Sherman Park neighborhoods. In 1969, Selig bought an ownership stake in the business and held it until Wajeeh Alturkman bought it in 2021. 

Jake’s has a modest appearance with a vertical street sign that reads “Jake’s.” Those in search of a good sandwich don’t need any further description. 

Jake’s is known for its corned beef, but it’s the pastrami sandwich that gets people talking. Patrons have a choice to get the rye bread toasted or keep it plain, with yellow or brown mustard and their choice of cheese. 

If they take a seat on the bench by the counter, the meat is cut slowly right in front of them. And a pickle spear is served on the side. 

-Ricardo Torres

Like its subject, downtown’s mural of Milwaukee Bucks superstar Giannis Antetokounmpo is larger than life — covering the three-story back wall of a historic office building at 600-606 E. Wisconsin Ave. It was painted there in spring 2022 by local artist Mauricio Ramirez. The building is owned by Dan Nelson Jr., a Bucks season ticket holder and president and chief executive officer of Nelson Schmidt Inc., a marketing communications agency that operates at the building. 

For Giannis fans, it’s a must-stop photo op, and perhaps Milwaukee’s best-known mural. 

His legacy is still being written, but already includes being named Most Valuable Player in the 2021 NBA championship series and two regular season MVP awards in 2019 and 2020. And it will always include Milwaukee, where we’ve watched him grow from a teenager to a dominant player, an involved father and a noted fan of chicken nuggets .

Bucks in six!

-Tom Daykin

How do you decide on an iconic symbol to symbolize a place that is so iconic?

I’m speaking of the Milwaukee Public Museum. And, if you’re in a roomful of Journal Sentinel reporters and editors, the answer is, not without a fight.

The museum has been around (in various iterations and locations) since 1851. And it’s become a go-to place for field trips and weekend excursions.

So this reporter (having been on many such field trips and excursions) suggested the rattlesnake button for MPM’s symbol. Because how could you possibly end a trip to the museum without sitting on the ledge surrounding the bison hunt exhibit, reaching your hand underneath and flicking the switch? The answer is, you cannot.

Another reporter proposed the T-Rex, which for decades has been famously munching on the remains of his fallen prey in the museum’s strikingly realistic (and scary) dinosaur diorama.

After vigorous debate, we were outvoted by proponents of Granny, who calmly rocks in her chair on the porch of her house in the Streets of Old Milwaukee. Granted, she does live in possibly the most popular exhibit ever at the museum. And (especially impressive for someone her age), she has her own social media accounts. So who is this reporter to argue?

But MPM apparently agrees the rattlesnake button and T-Rex are iconic since they’ll be making the trek to the new museum, slated to open in 2027. Granny will be there, too.

-Amy Schwabe

Most will agree that a trip (or two or several) to the Milwaukee County Zoo is necessary if you want to call yourself a true Milwaukeean.

And many Milwaukee children (or grownups waxing nostalgic about their childhoods) will agree that a trip to the zoo is not complete without a ride on the train and a Mold-a-Rama souvenir of their favorite animal. This is universal.

Less universal is choosing your favorite zoo animal. Milwaukee has had some famous ones over the years, from Gordy the groundhog to Chandar the Bengal tiger to Onassis the geriatric Giant South American River turtle. 

Perhaps the most famous is an animal that members of the Millennial generation and afterward never even met. But he lives in the memories of middle-age and older Milwaukeeans.

According to the Milwaukee Public Library, Samson the gorilla arrived as a baby in Milwaukee in 1950 (back when the zoo was located in Washington Park). He moved to the zoo’s current location in 1959, and would for years grab the attention of delighted, fascinated and (sometimes) terrified zoo visitors when he pounded on the glass of his enclosure.

Samson died of a heart attack in 1981, but Milwaukeeans can pay homage to him with a visit to the Milwaukee Public Museum, where there is a lifelike re-creation of the famous gorilla.

St. Nick’s Day shoes

If you’ve never lived outside Milwaukee, you may be wondering why a clearly universal celebration like St. Nick’s Day — that perfectly timed mini-holiday to tide you over till Christmas with a few little treats in your stocking or shoes — is being honored in a dedication to Milwaukee things.

But Milwaukee is one of relatively few places that have been lucky enough to hold on to the tradition, along with other cities with large German or Dutch influence, such as Cincinnati; Holland, Michigan; and St. Louis.

The feast of 4th-century bishop St. Nicholas is celebrated Dec. 6. Traditionally, St. Nick is thought to go from house to house on the night of Dec. 5, leaving treats in the shoes of children. 

In most places, St. Nick has become synonymous with Santa Claus, and everybody knows he brings treats and gifts just once a year — on Christmas Eve. 

For kids new to the city (and their parents), now you know: Milwaukee kids get two mornings in December to wake up to find gifts.

Milwaukee County War Memorial 

The Milwaukee County War Memorial is one of the most recognizable buildings on the city’s Lake Michigan shoreline.

Situated just north of the Milwaukee Art Museum, the War Memorial overlooks the lake from the east side of downtown on East Mason Street, and its plaza is a popular spot for gathering to see lakefront fireworks.

Its mission comes down to six words: “Honor the Dead. Serve the Living.”

The building was dedicated on Veterans Day 1957, the work of Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen, according to the War Memorial’s website.

The building’s design was “influenced by the abstract geometry of modern French architect Le Corbusier,” according to the Milwaukee Art Museum website. 

The building is not only a memorial but a “hub for veteran activities,” the War Memorial website states. 

An eternal flame memorial sits in a small pool, illuminating a black granite honor roll that includes names of Milwaukee County residents who have died while serving in the U.S. military. 

-Alison Dirr

On your way to a fancy night out in the Third Ward, take the right path and you’ll come across a permanent trio of massive ladybugs that look like they could be headed the same direction as you. 

It’s hard to tell how massive they are, exactly: They’re perched way up on the side of the Milwaukee Building on North Water Street.

At least, it’s a hard calculation looking up at them from the sidewalk or from a car whizzing by. 

The fiberglass bugs are each about 6 feet long and 3 feet deep and have been hanging there since July 1999.

They were thought up by John J. Burke to decorate the building that houses the company he started, Burke Properties, according to his obituary . 

Not much has been written about them, which is a testament to how many interesting things Milwaukee offers — we take even giant beetles for granted.

The most quintessentially Milwaukee treat, especially on a hot summer day. (But, let’s be honest: We Midwesterners enjoy a cold cone even when it’s below zero .) 

Frozen custard is a step up from your average ice cream because it includes egg yolks that make for a richer texture. 

Travel Wisconsin lists Milwaukee as the unofficial “frozen custard capital of the world,” a kind way of saying no visitor should leave the city without trying frozen custard from at least one, if not multiple, locations.

Might we suggest a formal custard tasting?

Three places to start: Gilles, Leon’s and Kopp’s. Each serves a couple of basic flavors every day, plus a Flavor of the Day that’s often more unique.

Gilles Frozen Custard opened in 1938, making it the oldest operating stand in the city, according to Travel Wisconsin. Find it at 7515 W. Bluemound Road, and don’t be shy about taking a look at the full menu of non-frozen treats.

Leon’s Frozen Custard popped up just a few years later, in 1942, and is still operated by the original family, according to its website. The year-round business at 3131 S. 27th St. bills itself as a “classic 1950s-style family owned drive-in, specializing in frozen custard.”

Kopp’s Frozen Custard : Come for dessert, stay for dinner. With locations in Glendale, Brookfield and Greenfield, you’re never too far from the custard shop that’s also known for its massive burgers. 

You might know it from the 1970s and 80s sitcom Laverne & Shirley , in which “Welcome Milwaukee visitors” is displayed in all-caps across the bell tower in the opening credits.Or, you might just be familiar from passing the iconic building that sits on a triangular slice of land with its north end at the intersection of East Kilbourn Avenue and North Water Street.

The Flemish Renaissance-inspired structure in the heart of downtown Milwaukee was completed in 1895, becoming a fixture of the city’s skyline. It cost about $1 million to construct, according to the city . 

Its atrium in the building’s center rises eight stories and serves as the site of city functions and news conferences by officials and those challenging their actions. 

On the floors that ascend from the atrium are various city offices, including the Mayor’s Office and the Common Council Chambers where the 15-member council conducts its public meetings. Others include the Assessor’s Office and City Attorney’s Offices. 

From the base of the bell tower to the top of the flagpole, the building ascends 393 feet in the air. For a few years after City Hall opened in 1895, it was one of the tallest habitable buildings – if not the tallest – in the nation and world.

The tower holds the bell known as “Solomon Juneau” after Milwaukee’s first mayor, according to the city. The bell was made from church and firehouse bells from around the city and first rang on New Year’s Eve 1896. 

In the heart of Marquette University’s bustling campus, a medieval remnant offers respite for the soul. 

Joan of Arc Chapel began its life as a place of worship circa 1420 in the village of Chasse, southeast of Lyon, France. Named then after St. Martin de Seysseul, it served the people of Chasse-sur-Rhône for hundreds of years before falling into disrepair. 

Joan of Arc, the legendary warrior and patron saint of France, is said to have prayed at the chapel in 1429. That was part of its attraction to Gertrude Hill Gavin, who bought it in 1927 and had it moved to her estate in Long Island, N.Y. 

Marc Rotjman, a former president of Racine’s J.I. Case Co., and his wife, Lillian, bought the chapel in 1962 and later donated it to Marquette . Over nine months, its 30 tons of stone and 18,000 terracotta roof tiles were carefully disassembled, labeled and shipped to Milwaukee. The reassembled and renamed chapel opened here in 1966. Its nave was lengthened to allow seating up to 60 people; radiant floor heating and electricity were also added. 

The Gothic chapel is a striking landmark amid so many buildings centuries younger. But it continues to be an active worship site, with as many as seven Masses a week when classes are in session, including a Sunday afternoon liturgy in Spanish. 

Pettit National Ice Center

For many people, just balancing on ice skates is hard ... now imagine maintaining control while skating at 30 miles per hour and racing fellow skaters. That’s the sport of speedskating. 

Milwaukee is home to one of the top speedskating facilities in the world: the Pettit National Ice Center. The Pettit is one of only two 400-meter indoor speedskating ovals in the country and is an official U.S. Speedskating training facility. It opened in 1992 and replaced the outdoor Wisconsin Olympic Ice Rink, which occupied the site from 1967 to 1991. 

All of the U.S. speedskaters to compete in the past six Winter Olympics have raced or trained at the Pettit Center. The facility has hosted the 2018 and 2022 Olympic Trials and other elite competitions. Over the years, the Pettit has been the home training facility of numerous speedskating greats, including five-time Olympic gold medalist Bonnie Blair, 1994 gold medalist Dan Jansen and four-time Olympic medalist Shani Davis. 

The Pettit also boasts two international-size hockey rinks and a 443-meter walking and running track. It is the home of multiple local hockey and skating clubs and offers figure skating, speedskating and hockey lessons for children and adults. 

The track is a popular winter training spot for high school, college and adult runners. It hosts track practices, meets and even a 95-lap indoor marathon. 

But, if you’re looking for something a little less athletically intense, the Pettit also has ample public skate hours with skate rentals ... perfect for date night or a fun family activity. 

Pecan fingers, snickerdoodles, butterscotch bars and more.

Wisconsin residents have been making Christmas treats published in the annual We Energies Cookie Book for nearly a hundred years. 

Every year, the company compiles recipes submitted by residents in a book celebrating themes like military service and hometown favorites.

Picking up a copy of the book has become a Christmas tradition in many Wisconsin households. Some longtime Wisconsinites collect copies for years, passing them down through generations. 

The We Energies Cookie Book was introduced in 1928, back when the company was known as the Milwaukee Electric Railway & Light Co. 

The book was sent to customers to promote the company’s appliances. Through the 1930s, the book grew in popularity and was distributed at the Public Service Building in downtown Milwaukee.

The book has gone through temporary changes over the years. During World War II, the 1942 edition had 14 recipes for wartime cookies, featuring cookie low in shortening and sugar to accommodate for rationing ingredients during the war.

After the 1973 book, the company stopped publishing the book until 1984 due to rising energy costs. The book was published in 1991, 1998, 2002 and restored to its annual printing tradition in 2006. You can find each cookie book digitally archived at we-energies.com/recipes/archive.

-Alex Groth

If you’ve dined at a Wisconsin supper club or visited a traditional cocktail lounge, chances are you’ve heard of (or enjoyed) the Pink Squirrel. In the family of ice cream drinks like the Grasshopper and the Brandy Alexander, the Pink Squirrel has a special Milwaukee connection: it was, as far as anyone can tell, invented at Bryant’s Cocktail Lounge, 1579 S. 9th St., in the 1940s.

With just three ingredients — vanilla ice cream, creme de cacao (chocolate liqueur) and creme de noyaux (almond-flavored liqueur) — the Pink Squirrel is a sweet, nutty, creamy way to drink your dessert. 

Both the rosy hue and nutty flavor can be attributed to the creme de noyaux, a liqueur made from apricot, peach or cherry kernels and originally colored with cochineal. 

As the story goes, Bryant and Edna Sharp opened Bryant’s as a Miller Brewing tied house in 1936. Within a few years, Bryant abandoned the beer hall approach and transformed the business into the first cocktail lounge in Milwaukee and, quite likely, Wisconsin.

“People who knew him described him as quiet and serious, with a talent and passion for mixology,” a history of the bar says of Bryant Sharp. “He also was known for putting together unique flavors, which he sold to cordial companies.”

It’s only fitting that this classic ice cream cocktail can trace its roots to one of the Dairy State’s favorite drinking establishments.

-Jessie Opoien

Since 1994, drivers traveling north on I-43 have seen the giant eagle and only slightly smaller dove on the wall of a National Avenue building. Back then, Esperanza Unida director Richard Oulahan commissioned artist Reynaldo Hernandez to create a mural to reflect the heritage and aspirations of the south-side community. “The Mural of Peace,” about 80 feet by 150 feet, shows both birds with an olive branch, with a bolt of lightning between them and a background of colored stripes representing flags of different lands. 

The mural is painted not on the building’s cream city brick, but on nearly 300 panels affixed to it. After a few years, weather damaged some panels. Contributors to a fund drive to restore the mural included Tippecanoe Elementary students, who raised more than $566 in a penny drive. 

The Walker’s Point building at 611 W. National Ave. is now the Mercantile Lofts Apartments. During its conversion to living spaces, modifications were made that created windows on that wall for inhabitants but still kept the bold colors of Hernandez’s design visible. 

The Allen-Bradley Clock Tower, located on South 2nd Street and just north of Greenfield Avenue, has been a staple of Milwaukee’s skyline and for decades was the largest four-sided clock tower in the world. 

Sitting atop what is now Rockwell Automation, the 283-foot-tall clock was revealed on Halloween 1962. The clockworks were built by the Allen-Bradley company, which specialized in electrical controls. 

The tower is four separate clocks running on individual motors. About once a month its gears require greasing, but it’s lit by LED bulbs that rarely need to be replaced. 

Twice a year everyone moves their clocks forward or back an hour, usually by pushing a button. Changing the Allen-Bradley clock requires a security guard on the outside with a radio looking up at each face while someone with a special key turns four switches inside a room on the first floor. 

In its early years it was referred to as the “Polish moon” because of the bright display in a predominantly Polish neighborhood. But over time more Mexican immigrants and families moved to the south side and the nickname was changed to the “Mexican moon” to recognize how the neighborhood has changed.  

The clock also illuminated the fight against discrimination in labor in 1968, when the Latino and Black communities joined efforts to fight discriminatory hiring practices at the Allen-Bradley Company . 

The protest was started by Father James E. Groppi. Younger Latino residents took up the cause and more activism against the company continued for another year. The march on Allen-Bradley is considered a success, given the consciousness it created and the progress Latinos in Milwaukee have made in the half-century since.

First things first: The correct pronunciation is poonch-ka, says Joe Parajecki, a chef at the Polish Center in Franklin. 

And yes, they are similar to jelly-filled donuts, but they’re much richer. Ingredients like sugar, butter, eggs and yeast are put into the dough before giving them up for Lent. 

Paczki is traditionally eaten on Fat Tuesday in Milwaukee, though in Poland, it’s actually celebrated on the Thursday before Lent.

“You can’t believe the lines in Poland to get paczki on Fat Thursday. People eat a dozen or more each,” Parajecki said. 

Milwaukee is one of the “capital cities of Polish America,” according to Milwaukee historian John Gurda . Two decades after the city was founded, 30 families organized the first Polish Catholic congregation in urban America.

A traditional paczki is the size of a walnut and doesn’t look like a donut at all, Parajecki said. It’s sweet dough wrapped around a prune or filled with rose jam, which is “a very acquired taste. It’s like eating a jar of perfume.”

Prune and raspberry are the most common fillings in America, but there are newer flavors like Nutella and lemon. Parajecki is amazed by how many people who celebrate paczki, even those who aren’t Polish. 

He doesn’t care about the paczki vs. donut discussion — more important is tying it to a memory, like sitting around grandma’s table.

“We’re not eating it to debate those things. We’re eating it to remember, we’re eating it to have a good time.”

-Hope Karnopp

Recombobulation Area sign

You just got through TSA at Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport. You’re missing a shoe, toiletries are bursting from your carry-on, and where is that boarding pass again?

A sign past the security checkpoint: Recombobulation Area. An invitation and a space to put your things back in order. 

It all started in 2008, when former airport director Barry Bateman told the sign shop he had a great idea.

He was told “recombobulation” wasn’t an actual word, the airport’s director of public affairs and marketing Harold Mester said. Bateman knew that.

“He said, ‘Let’s try to make this a little bit more fun during this stressful experience. If someone gets a chuckle when they go through the checkpoint, then we’ve done our job.’”

As far as Mester is aware, Milwaukee is the only airport to use the “recombobulation” phrase. “Recomposure” is the more technical term, but as Mester pointed out, “that’s an actual word.”

The American Dialect Society once declared “recombobulation” the most creative word of the year. And the term has inspired other branding efforts in Milwaukee, from billboards to beer. 

It’s also the namesake of a blog by Dan Shafer. As he put it, recombobulation is the “opposite of discombobulation.” He is often tagged in the many selfies taken in front of the sign.

The sign represents Milwaukee’s sense of humor about itself, Shafer said. 

“It’s just one of those quintessentially Milwaukee types of things. It’s just quirky and weird enough and resonates with people.”

Walk into a Milwaukee supper club or bar on a Friday night and you’ll likely see bartenders lining up rocks glasses and filling each with maraschino cherries, orange slices and a dash of sugar. Next comes a shot of soda water and a muddler. Then, the brandy. 

The Old Fashioned cocktail isn’t supposed to be made with brandy , but like anything in Wisconsin, we’ve taken an idea and made it our own. And boy, do we own it. 

During an average weekend at the Five O’ Clock Steakhouse on West State Street, bartenders serve more than 100 brandy Old Fashioneds, general manager Hegel Terron told the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 

During the week, the daily average probably tops at 75, he said. 

At the Packing House supper club on East Layton Avenue, general manager Chris Wiken said he’s ordering two cases of Korbel brandy per week. 

The vast majority of customers are asking for brandy Old Fashioneds sweet, Wiken said. But in recent years, customers are getting a bit more picky about which brandy they want – ordering Milwaukee’s Central Standard or even comedian Charlie Berens’ spirit .

On a good Friday night, the Packing House is filling a couple hundred rocks glasses with Wisconsin’s favorite cocktail. In a year’s time, that’s tens of thousands, Wiken said. 

“I cannot keep Korbel on hand. It just flies out the door,” he said. “Friday night is probably when we sell the most because the pairing with the fish fry is a really good pairing.” 

If you’re not from Wisconsin, there are a few ways to give yourself away. First: Order a bourbon Old Fashioned instead of brandy sweet. Second: Wear a Cardinals hat. Third: Ask for directions to the nearest water fountain. 

Inexplicably, public water fountains here are called bubblers and pretty much only here. There are some in Rhode Island, for some reason, but the vast, vast majority of the nation adopted “drinking fountains” and “water fountains.” 

Milwaukee appears to be ground zero for the use of bubbler, according to UW-Madison’s Dictionary of American Regional English . Its origins are fuzzy but may be tied to its use by Kohler Co., one of Wisconsin’s most famous brands – a manufacturer of faucets among other water-related products. 

The company in 1914 promoted a water fountain created by Kohler as being fitted with a “continuous flow bubbler,” according to the UW-Madison dictionary. 

A former dictionary editor in 2015 told Wisconsin Public Radio that “bubbler” was used especially in the southeastern area of the state starting in the mid 1910s. More than a century later, we’re still using bubblers. 

Sundays in Milwaukee have a smell: buttery, fresh-baked rolls. 

After church, it’s tradition to pick up what’s known as hot ham and rolls – an end-of-weekend feast with origins in the cream city’s German or Polish roots, depending on which bakery owner you speak to. 

For less than $30 at Grebe Bakery, for example, you can get three pounds of ham, 18 rolls and two pounds of potato salad. 

The meal is part of Milwaukee’s identity, so much so that former Gov. Scott Walker made it part of his politico persona along with other attributes Walker promoted to assure voters he was as Wisconsin as they were. 

He tweeted nearly 20 times about procuring hot ham and rolls from now-shuttered Fattoni’s deli after church in Wauwatosa during his first term as governor. 

Brian Schwellinger, president of Badger Ham, which provides the hams for many bakeries’ meal deals, told the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel in 2021 the hot ham and rolls tradition is likely rooted in religion. 

“There were so many churches that the church tradition was a strong part of the community, and after service is when you had your first meal of the day,” Schwellinger said.

The Great Lakes may seem like an limitless resource, but the world’s largest surface freshwater system faces major threats from pollution, climate change, invasive species and overexploitation. 

And to understand and protect it, scientists need to be out on the water. 

The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee School of Freshwater Sciences has made its mark on Great Lakes research. It’s the only graduate school of freshwater sciences in the country and one of only three in the world. 

UW-Milwaukee’s main research vessel, the Neeskay, is the only research vessel out on the lakes year-round. 

Before the Neeskay started powering scientific expeditions in 1970, it was an Army T-boat used during the Korean War. Its name comes from the Ho-Chunk word for “pure, clean water.” 

Scientists use the Neeskay to study algae blooms, invasive quagga and zebra mussels, and microbes that live out in the lakes. It’s also used to deploy buoys that monitor weather and lake characteristics, like temperature and nutrients. 

But the Neeskay, along with a fleet of small boats, are only just the start. The university has been raising money since 2016 to build the Maggi Sue, which will become the most technologically advanced freshwater research ship in the country. 

The Maggi Sue is expected to open many doors in understanding what’s going on out in the Great Lakes. 

-Caitlin Looby

The Bucks’ mascot has delighted crowds with dunks and stunts, from the Milwaukee Arena to the Bradley Center to Fiserv Forum, for almost 50 years. 

Bango made his debut in the team’s 1977-78 home opener — which pitted the Bucks against the Los Angeles Lakers two years after NBA legend Kareem Abdul-Jabbar left Milwaukee for L.A.

Named for the call the team’s original radio announcer, Eddie Doucette, made when players made a long-range basket, Bango was the moniker chosen by fans in a contest.

In the decades since, he’s gone through several makeovers and celebrated many milestones.

In 1984, he got his first car (it’s unclear whether he was old enough to drive; we’re not sure how deer aging equates here). He got married in 2002, and welcomed Bango Jr. in 2005. Two years later, Bango and Bango Jr. first appeared in their inflatable forms. 2010 was a big year for Bango: he nailed a few new dunks and was honored as the NBA Mascot of the Year.

The next few years brought more cervid celebrations: Cartoon Network’s “Most Awesome Mascot,” a human hamster ball dunk and a featured role on the Hulu “Behind the Mask” documentary. There were also a few mishaps along the way — a torn ACL and a broken rim during a Badgers halftime show. 

Whether he’s wearing a sweater or a full uniform with the number 68 (for the team’s first season), doing acrobatics on the court or making appearances in the community, Bango is Milwaukee’s most dominant deer.

One call, that’s all.

It’s not a particularly unusual slogan. Milwaukee isn’t home to the only law firm that has used it. But say those words around Milwaukee, and you’ll get immediate recognition, and probably a smile. Is it weird that simply saying the slogan or name of a personal injury lawyer, albeit a locally famous one, can cultivate ... joy?

David Gruber , the lawyer in question, has been using the slogan in TV advertisements since the late 1990s, born from a collaboration with a Dallas media company . 

He looks into the camera and punctuates every ad with those famous four words, a catchphrase that has become the dictum around which his entire brand has been constructed. 

The celebrity lawyer can be found in the first few rows of Milwaukee sporting events and has partnered with just about every major sports operation in the city, a nod to his lengthy interest in athletics . 

And it’s not hard to score a “Gruber Law Office” T-shirt at a sporting event or at street fairs around the city, the perfect giveaway to spread the Gruber gospel and let everyone around you know how Milwaukee you are.

-JR Radcliffe

In Milwaukee, the herald of winter’s thaw is not that growing patch of green on a lawn or the first magnolia blossom peeling open or that last crusty pile of parking lot snow. 

No: It’s the first aroma of match meeting propane, that sizzle of cold meat on hot grates, the collective tower of smoke rising above the interchange at American Family Field. 

It’s spring. It’s grilling season. 

You don’t have to be the one grilling to enjoy its benefits. The first sunny day in March when it’s light past 5 p.m. — that’s when it happens. The first smells of a neighbor lighting charcoal and laying down some hamburger patties. 

“Someone’s grilling,” you say, and you smile. 

Grill smells permeate the air in Milwaukee from spring to fall. On a summer day, you can drive around with the windows down and you know when the neighbors are gathering. You can be sure there’s a cold beer in a koozy and the charcoal is heating up.

And then there’s the tailgate, that communal grilling session. Many urban ballparks have parking garages or no parking at all, thus no opportunity to truly enjoy the baseball experience. But the tailgate endures in Milwaukee. On a sunny day (or rainy or snowy, we’re hardy people), the American Family Field parking lots are packed with canopies, games of corn hole and folding chairs all huddled around one thing: the grill. 

-Lainey Seyler

Are you a “call an ace” player or a “picker and jack of diamond” player when you sit down at the sheepshead table? And if you don’t know what those phrases mean, you probably aren’t familiar with “leaster,” “re-crack” or “schmear.” To know the card game is to speak a certain kind of Milwaukee dialect. 

The trick-taking game often features five players but has its share of variants, with different rules and terminology for different parts of the state. But this isn’t a pastime that’s achieved a high level of popularity outside the state’s borders.

Like Milwaukee, sheepshead’s roots are deeply German — the game is Schakopf in its native country, and the unofficial history involves disgruntled peasants inventing the game that gave kings a lower ranking. Sheepshead arrived in Milwaukee with a large population of German immigrants, many of whom worked in brewing. 

The card game’s patron saint, Bob Strupp , published “How To Play ‘Winning’ 5 Handed Sheepshead” in 1983. The lifelong Milwaukeean attended Common Council meetings to advocate that the game should be declared Milwaukee’s official card game, a campaign that proved successful. 

For more than a quarter century, Glendale has claimed to serve as home to the largest sheepshead tournament in the world; a nurse from Kewaskum won in 2024 . 

There was a time when Milwaukee had earned the title as “The Bowling Capital of America.”

Evolving from German “kegling,” German-Americans helped raise the game’s popularity in the states, and a city like Milwaukee with a deep German heritage was quick to adopt. But as nationwide popularity fell, Milwaukee’s bowling culture wasn’t ... well, uh, spared.

The United States Bowling Congress, which once called Greendale home, moved to Texas in 2008. The PBA Tour, once sponsored by Miller Brewing, stopped making the city a regular tour stop after 1990, bowling centers closed and WTMJ’s wildly popular “Bowling With the Champs” TV series, which made local celebrities out of top bowlers and served as a precursor to reality competition television, ended after 41 years in 1995. 

But bowling’s history remains visible around the city and state. Milwaukee tavern The Holler House houses the oldest sanctioned bowling alley in the United States, and the miniature version of the sport still has a place at legendary Koz’s Mini Bowl, home to “the last duckpin bowling in the U.S.” The Vulcan Corporation in northern Wisconsin became a major manufacturer of bowling pins. 

And the PBA even returned for a stop in Wauwatosa in 2023 .

It’s the floor that made Milwaukee famous.

Designed for $27,500 by New York pop artist Robert Indiana — a man with the perfect name to match the flamboyance of the masterpiece — the MECCA floor was a controversial addition in 1977. The Milwaukee Exposition and Convention Center (known today as the UW-Milwaukee Panther Arena, but then abbreviated as the MECCA) served as home to the Milwaukee Bucks and Marquette men’s basketball team. Marquette basketball, known for its eclectic uniforms and the fiery personality of recently retired head coach Al McGuire, was the perfect match for the look.

The floor featured two giant Ms consuming either half of the court, somewhat hidden in the two-toned yellow paint scheme, a red bull’s eye at center court and blue lettering for “MECCA” wrapped twice around the center circle. Dark red for the lanes, dark blue for the sideline and dark green for the perimeter.

The gaudy floor didn’t quite fit everyone’s aesthetic tastes immediately (including new MU head coach Hank Raymonds), but it was a hit with plenty of fans (and Bucks coach Don Nelson). It became part of the Milwaukee color palette until the Bucks moved into the Bradley Center in 1988. The Bucks re-created the floor for a “Return to the MECCA” game in 2017, a return to the building that harbored the 1971 NBA champion and 1977 NCAA champion. 

Indiana rose to fame because of his “LOVE” sculpture, but the MECCA floor remains a distinctly Milwaukee concept. 

There are many places around Milwaukee where you can take a drink of history, including many brewery tours.

But there is also a non-alcoholic option nestled between Wentworth Avenue and Superior Street in Bay View: 

The Pryor Avenue Iron Well, a source of drinking water since 1882. 

Originally drilled to provide drinking water and fire protection, it’s the last surviving public well in the city, according to the Historical Preservation Committee. The city named it a historic structure in 1987. 

While the well is just a short walk from Lake Michigan, the water actually comes from an aquifer nearly 120 feet underground. 

The iron-rich water tastes a bit different than city water. The water is clear with a distinct metallic taste. Sometimes there might be a faint smell of sulfur. 

Elevated levels of strontium, a natural element found in bedrock, were detected in 2015. But according to the EPA, the levels are only an issue for sensitive populations after drinking the water over the course of a lifetime.

Overall the water is safe to drink, according to Milwaukee Water Works and the Environmental Protection Agency. 

In fact, the well was a lifeline for many during the 1993 cryptosporidium outbreak that ravaged the municipal water supply. 

So fill a jug or take a sip from the bubbler. Just ignore the penny-like metallic notes.

The drive along the Hoan Bridge offers some of the best views of the Milwaukee skyline and Lake Michigan.

And if the wind blows in the right direction, it’s also where you can get a good whiff of Milwaukee’s signature funky scent. 

No, Eau de Milwaukee isn’t hops, brats or cheese curds. It’s Milorganite, a lawn and garden fertilizer made from our very own wastewater. 

The Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District started making Milorganite – named after Milwaukee organic nitrogen – at the city’s sewage treatment plant on Jones Island in 1926. 

The city used a new method to treat wastewater, called the activated sludge method, which mixed microbes with sewage and air to remove 95% of the bacteria from the city’s sewage and 90% of the solids. 

After wastewater enters the Jones Island Water Reclamation Facility, microbes are added that feast on the organic material. When the microbes die they settle to the bottom, leaving clean water above that is returned to Lake Michigan. 

Water is squeezed out of the microbes before they are dried and turned into pellets that become the nitrogen-rich fertilizer sold around the country. 

Turning this waste into fertilizer has kept 10 billion pounds of waste out of landfills since 1926, according to the sewerage district. 

A mark of Milwaukee’s annual celebration of Bastille Day, the 43-foot Eiffel Tower that appears each year in Cathedral Square Park is a testament to the city’s determination. 

The tower has had to go through several rounds of repairs and reinforcement to keep up its yearly appearances. There have been a few years that an inflatable Eiffel Tower took the real one’s place, but it always returns, as it did in 2023 after a year of repairs. 

The tower was initially built as part of an indoor department store display in the late 1980s, possibly in Minneapolis, according to a 2022 OnMilwaukee report. 

The tower was never supposed to be permanent, and it definitely wasn’t meant to be assembled and disassembled each year for its appearance at the festival. But that won’t stop the tower, nor the organizers of the Bastille Day celebration, who are asking for donations to complete more repairs and restoration.

The Eiffel Tower is far from the only French-themed activity of the weekend. There’s also the Storm the Bastille 5K run and walk, in addition to can-can dancers and plenty of French fare. The celebration is meant to honor the storming of the Bastille, the 19th-century French prison, an event that helped to start the French Revolution. 

-Laura Schulte

Go into about any Milwaukee restaurant, tavern or even the corner bar on a Friday after work, and you’re likely to see diners enjoying fish alongside a classic Wisconsin Old Fashioned. 

The crisp crunch of walleye, perch, cod or maybe even bluegill, paired with some type of potato, coleslaw, tartar sauce, a lemon wedge and perhaps a slice of rye bread. 

Fish fries are actually so popular in Wisconsin, Gov. Tony Evers declared Feb. 16, 2024, as Friday Fish Fry Day, honoring the history of the meal. According to his proclamation, the fish fry became popular when a large population of Catholic European immigrants settled in Wisconsin in the 1800s and needed something meat-free to eat on Fridays during Lent. 

Then, during Prohibition, the meal helped to keep Wisconsin’s breweries and taverns alive, too, further cementing the tradition. 

Today, fish fries in Milwaukee and throughout Wisconsin serve as a weekly opportunity to gather with friends and family at your favorite establishment, catch up and swap stories over a plate of deep-fried fish.

A piece of Milwaukee’s baseball history, Bernie Brewer’s Chalet was once one of the crowning jewels at County Stadium. Bernie Brewer would slide out of the chalet and into a giant stein of beer after every home run or if the Brewers won the game, setting the stage for celebration. 

Now, the chalet is a part of another popular Milwaukee stop: Lakefront Brewery. It’s a stop on the brewery’s tour through the facility, and now it can even be booked for a romantic dinner for two, overlooking the kettles of the brewery. 

Lakefront Brewery was born in 1987 out of something distinctly Wisconsin: some 55-gallon stainless steel drums and used dairy equipment. Jim and Russ Klisch, the founders, sold one barrel of beer to a tavern within rolling distance of the brewery. 

Lakefront has come a long way. Now housed at 1872 N. Commerce St., the brewery has produced as many as 46,848 barrels in one year (2017) and offers 20 different beers across 30 states, and even some other countries, according to the brewery’s website. The brewery also offers tours for over 80,000 people a year, and was the first to offer beer before, during and after the tour.

If you’re not from Wisconsin, this food item may repulse you – or at least make you do a double take. 

But here in Milwaukee, it’s a delicacy. 

We’re talking about the cannibal sandwich : a base of rye bread topped with fresh raw beef, chopped onion and a little salt and pepper. It’s deeply rooted in the state’s history and still enjoyed today. 

Versions of the sandwich also exist in Germany, where it’s called mett or hackepeter. The idea is thought to have been brought over by German immigrants to Wisconsin when they arrived and began to establish cattle farms, giving them easy access to fresh meat. 

Today, it’s still a popular tradition served during holidays and family gatherings — though not without a little scrutiny. Eating raw meat, after all, is a health risk. The Wisconsin Department of Health Services reminded residents of as much in a 2020 tweet that went viral as those unfamiliar with the sandwich gawked. 

But those who enjoy it are likely to keep paying homage to their heritage. Some Milwaukee delis and butcher shops sell thousands of pounds of high-grade raw beef around the holidays to eager customers. 

Tasty or mildly terrifying, it’s one of the city’s cultural staples. 

-Madeline Heim

Mr. Perkins Family Restaurant 

If you’re looking for a home away from home, look no further than Mr. Perkins Family Restaurant. 

While the fried chicken and collard greens are rave-worthy, the real showstopper at this 55-year-old establishment is the customer service.

When the restaurant, located on the corner of West Atkinson Avenue and North 20th Street, opened in 1969, owners Willie Sr. and Hilda Perkins created a family feeling that brings in regulars and even politicians and celebrities like Michael Jordan and Charles Barkley.

A staple for the Black community in Milwaukee, the restaurant serves comforting southern flavors that can be hard to find here in the Midwest.

When Willie Perkins Jr. took over in 1999, he continued creating that feeling, filling customers in on the latest news about the Green Bay Packers and the Milwaukee Bucks.

When Willie died in 2010, his wife, Cherry, took over. Now, Cherry and a small team — her sister, her son and one other worker who might as well be family — continue the legacy, remembering regulars’ names and orders and creating community in addition to delicious food.

-Zoe Takaki

It’s synonymous with Green Bay Packers fandom today, but the Cheesehead made its first appearance at a 1987 Milwaukee Brewers game — a completely, ahem, organic creation.

The legend is well-known now: Ralph Bruno went to his mother’s south-side Milwaukee home to help her reupholster a couch. When he took it apart, he thought the foam inside looked like cheese — so, naturally, he cut a piece into a triangle, burned some holes into it and spray-painted it yellow. It was a self-deprecating homage to an insult Wisconsin sports fans received from their neighbors in Illinois.

To Bruno’s friends’ surprise, the hats were a hit. So he made more, and sold them from a garbage bag at the next game he attended. That led to neighborhood retail sales and, eventually, the creation of Foamation Inc. — and a robust variety of Cheesehead variations including cowboy hats, baseball caps and koozies. The Packers acquired Foamation in 2023, solidifying the relationship just like a good curd. 

Over time, the Cheesehead has inspired song parodies and been featured in a Lil’ Wayne tribute to the Green & Gold (er, Yellow). It’s been worn or displayed by famous figures including George W. Bush, Jodie Foster, Phoebe Bridgers and John F. Kennedy Jr. And despite Chicago Bears fans’ efforts to shred them with their answer — the Graterhead — Cheeseheads are here to stay.

Two parallel metal tracks stretch across the roads in downtown Milwaukee, soaking up the heat of the summer and the frost of the winter. You wait a bit, a streetcar the length of two buses slides slowly toward you. 

You wonder if it’s automatic, running robotically and beeping like that, until you see a conductor in the front seat and you let out the breath you’d been holding — it will stop at traffic lights and behind cars. On the side of the car golden letters read in all caps: “THE HOP.” 

The Hop is a fixed-transit network that gives a ride to more than 1,000 people a day, going to various destinations in downtown Milwaukee. Its route stretches from Veterans Park to Milwaukee Public Market and expanded to the lakefront in spring 2024.

The Hop is a relatively new addition to the city, having started running in 2018. But it’s a continuation of a long history of streetcars in the city — the first electric streetcar started giving rides in 1890 and for decades was the primary form of transportation. 

Today, The Hop has become a staple of downtown life, whether or not you ride it.

If Milwaukee was going to have a mountain, it’s fitting that that mountain would be made of the thing that keeps the city moving during its cold, icy winters: road salt. 

Along with the pungent aroma of Milorganite, the gigantic salt piles are likely what most Milwaukeeans associate with the city’s Jones Island, once home to a commercial fishing village of Polish immigrants .

Today, the island holds tens of thousands of tons of road salt delivered to the Port of Milwaukee for use in melting icy streets, highways and interstates across Wisconsin. 

In recent years, concern has grown about excess road salt washing off of streets and into nearby bodies of water, including Lake Michigan. 

Roughly 2.2 billion pounds of chloride (a component of road salt) flush into the lake each year, according to a December 2021 study. And while the size of the lake helps dilute the salty pollutant, smaller tributaries aren’t so lucky. In the Milwaukee River basin alone, for example, over 100 miles of waterway are impaired by chloride, some with levels several times that which can be toxic to fish and aquatic life. 

Many municipalities and private businesses, including some in the Milwaukee area, have made adjustments to reduce their salt use in the name of protecting freshwater, including brining, where salt is mixed with water before being applied to roads. 

A Milwaukee sub sandwich staple, Cousins Subs began in 1972 when cousins Bill Specht and Jim Sheppard opened their first shop at 60th Street and Silver Spring Drive to “bring their favorite style of sub sandwich from the East Coast to their new hometown of Milwaukee,” the company’s official story reads .

Cousins offers classics like the Italian Special, Pepperoni Melt and Tuna, plus specialties like Wisconsin Cheese Steak. And in Milwaukee, Cousins stands apart from national sandwich chains — not only for its local roots but its very-us offerings like Wisconsin mac and cheese, shakes and fried cheese curds.

The Cousins sandwich — carrying the slogan “Better bread. Better subs” — is so popular the company had to cancel a free sub promotion in early 2024 when restaurants couldn’t keep up with the overwhelming response.

-Erik S. Hanley

Wouldn’t you like to go to Orlando in mid-February? Not for Disney, but for the greenery, the smell, the sense that things are alive.

That’s what you’ll find in the Tropical Dome — where you can sit in the sun with a book in hand, no matter the season. Roll up your sleeves, find a bench and relax. 

In contrast, if you’re always too hot, the Desert Dome stays 50 degrees through the winter. If you have kids with you, think Show Dome and occasional choo-choos. 

The three beehive-shaped Domes, aka Mitchell Park Horticultural Conservatory, sometimes seem the forgotten child of Milwaukee attractions. They’re fighting for their future . Yet even the common name – Domes – has a Milwaukee humility about it. 

With more than 1,800 plant species, cleverly described with signage, the Domes are worth a walk.

Since Lady Bird Johnson dedicated the Domes in the fall of 1965, other accolades have followed. In 2017, the National Trust for Historic Preservation gave “National Treasure” status to the Domes. 

And the Domes have a characteristic that Milwaukeeans love: They’re cheap.

The priciest admission costs $9, and parking is free, unlike at the stadium, the zoo, or almost the entire downtown. 

-Pete Sullivan

Brewers Racing Sausages

Bratwurst. Polish. Italian. Hot Dog. Chorizo.

Brewers fans have been cheering for one sausage or another during their race at the bottom of the sixth inning for more than 30 years. What started as a cartoon competition on a County Stadium scoreboard made its way to Miller Park (now American Family Field) as a treasured Milwaukee tradition.

The real-life Racing Sausages debuted June 27, 1993, and gave rise to live-action mascot races throughout Major League Baseball, such as racing presidents and pierogis. The idea to take the links from the scoreboard to the field came from Michael Dillon, who worked as a graphic designer with McDill Design at the time, and their first appearance was a surprise to almost everyone in the ballpark. 

The matchup of 7-foot-tall encased meats was sponsored by Klement’s until 2018, when Johnsonville took the reins.

The sausages have had their ups and downs over time. Among the wurst: In 2003, then-Pittsburgh Pirates first baseman Randall Simon whacked the Italian Sausage with a bat, causing the Hot Dog to tumble as well. Both finished the race, thanks to an assist from the Polish (the Bratwurst won). There was also the time in 2013 that the Italian Sausage’s casing (er, costume) was stolen (and ultimately returned) in Cedarburg. A few years later, Hot Dog took a tumble and brought Chorizo and Bratwurst along with him. And as recently as the team’s 2024 season opener, Minnesota Twins outfielder Byron Buxton narrowly missed being taken out by Bratwurst.

No matter the wiener, Milwaukee will always love its Racing Sausages.

Legend has it George Webb first predicted Milwaukee’s baseball team would win 12 games in a row back in the 1940s – and maybe even hinted that his namesake restaurant would give out free hamburgers to celebrate the winning streak. 

Decades passed before his prophecy came true, but in April 1987, the Milwaukee Brewers finally pulled off the feat – and some 168,194 people lined up outside George Webb Restaurants for free burgers. It’s hard to describe how big of a deal it was to those who didn’t experience it firsthand, but trust us, there are few things us frugal Wisconsinites love more than free stuff. Combine that with baseball and burgers, and it basically felt like a street festival.

While most people ate their free burgers, some decided to save the historic freebies for posterity. One man even had his bronzed for his father. Others threw theirs in basement freezers, only to find them decades later. (This reporter would like to apologize to her older brother, Paul, for throwing out his 20-year-old frozen burger instead of bronzing it.)

The Brewers did it again in 2018, and for only the second time in Milwaukee history people lined up to celebrate and claim their free burgers. 

Even when it’s not promising free burgers, George Webb is a beloved burger joint open 24 hours a day. Still, any long Brewers winning streak definitely starts to feel like a free-burger watch party.

-Mary Spicuzza

Bob Uecker’s microphone

Bob Uecker didn’t sign a broadcasting contract with the Milwaukee Brewers until 2021. 

Before then, it was handshake agreements with owners Bud Selig and Mark Attanasio.

Ueck tries not to take himself too seriously. It’s part of the reason why he is such a revered figure among Americans, specifically Milwaukee natives and Brewers fans. 

“Mr. Baseball” being the butt of the joke is why the “Uecker seats” named in his honor are considered the best worst seats in baseball. “I must be in the front row,” Uecker said to a stadium usher in a mid-’80s Miller Lite commercial who told him to move to where his ticket was located — way up high. 

Uecker seats used to be sold for as little as $1, but there was a catch: Fans would need to wait hours before first pitch at the box office to get their hands on the tickets, and the seats were less than desired — up in the nosebleeds with an obstructed view, but near Uecker’s statue. 

Uecker, 91, has been speaking into his microphone for the Brewers radio broadcast since 1971. He wouldn’t want to hear it, but his mic serves as a symbolic gold standard for not only sportscasters but also the entertainment figures we allow into our living rooms. 

He’s been a regular guest on “The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson,” hosted “Saturday Night Live” in 1984 and had roles in Hollywood films — his delivery of “Juuust a bit outside” in the 1989 cult classic film “Major League” (filmed at County Stadium) endures today.

Ultimately, the reason he finally signed a contract with the Brewers was because he lost benefits from the Screen Actors Guild. 

When she was a teenager, UW-Milwaukee professor Chia Youyee Vang remembers how her mother and aunt wrapped a long, purple cloth into a turban around her head. Then decorated with a black-and-white striped ribbon, it was one piece of the elaborate traditional clothing Vang would wear to celebrate the Hmong New Year.

Today, the phuam txoo suab is more hat than headwrap. It’s often sold pre-wrapped, and it might be embroidered with silver coins or shiny beads. At annual New Year celebrations at Wisconsin State Fair Park, it’s a common headpiece for girls and women.

The headwrap’s evolution parallels Milwaukee’s Hmong community in some ways. Today’s young generation fuses American culture with the traditions of their parents and grandparents, who fled Laos as refugees in the 1970s and 80s.

Older immigrants worry about language and culture fading. But they also see their descendants blossoming: earning degrees, running businesses and buying homes in neighborhoods across the area. 

Milwaukee County is home to about 13,000 Hmong, census data shows. That’s nearly one-third of all Asian residents in the county.

Like the Germans, Poles and Italians before them, the Hmong have made their mark on Milwaukee. The ways they’ll express and share their traditions with the city will only become more intricate as their roots deepen.

Box of Sciortino’s cookies

Opening a box of Italian cookies from Peter Sciortino Bakery has an undeniable sweetness – like a mix of happy family memories and buttery goodness.

Since Peter Sciortino and his wife, Grace, opened the bakery in 1947, it has grown into a beloved fixture on Brady Street. It opened just one year after Glorioso’s Italian Market, another legendary business that still calls Brady Street home. Both first became institutions as Italians began moving north from the Third Ward to the east side neighborhood decades ago, and have since become a tradition for families throughout Milwaukee.

The aroma of fresh-baked bread and cookies typically surrounds Peter Sciortino Bakery, and inside, cannoli is made fresh with each order. 

Luckily the cookies are sold by the pound, so there’s no need to choose between cimino, biscotti, amaretti, chocolate mezza luna, or any of the other varieties – just make sure you get a big enough box to try as many as possible. 

Where Russell Avenue meets Superior Street in Bay View, an understated brown sign pays homage to one of the most significant sites in Milwaukee’s history: a 19th-century iron mill where a march for an eight-hour work day turned deadly. 

The historical marker recalls the events of May 5, 1886: the Bay View Massacre. 

That year, labor organizations nationwide were demanding an eight-hour work day, and they wanted it by May 1. Many Milwaukeeans were working 10-hour days, six days a week for paltry wages, Milwaukee historian John Gurda noted in his book “The Making of Milwaukee.” 

As companies balked at the demand, strikes grew. By May 3, about half of Milwaukee’s men were on strike, Gurda found. They marched through the city, urging more workers to join them. Panicked officials called in militia from across the state after police were unable to “quell the disturbance,” the Milwaukee Journal reported . 

On May 4, tension mounted at the Bay View mill where executives refused the eight-hour demand. Militia forcefully dispersed a crowd of protesters. 

On the morning of May 5, about 1,500 marchers returned to the mill. When they were about 200 yards out, the militia fired . Among the seven dead was a 12-year-old boy. 

The next day, streets were deserted. Local officials conferred about how to prevent “socialistic agitation,” deciding to arrest as many demonstrators as they could, the Journal reported . 

Labor leaders, meanwhile, had public opinion on their side. They turned their focus to winning elections.

That year, the labor-backed People’s Party of Wisconsin won elections up and down the ballot, with priorities including progressive taxes, child labor restrictions, and arbitration of labor disputes, Gurda wrote. While socialist leaders initially supported that party, they later split and ran their own candidates, launching Milwaukee’s socialist era in 1910.

-Rory Linnane

You just moved to Milwaukee. You are sitting in your bungalow in Bay View and staring at the blank walls. You are a full-fledged grown-up, so those leftover posters from your college dorm don’t cut it anymore. 

For generations, the Milwaukee neighborhood posters have provided an easy and classy way to decorate your new space. They were unveiled in 1983 by the City of Milwaukee’s Discover Milwaukee program, with colorful, eye-catching artwork by Jan Kotowicz of local landmarks, like the lower east side’s Oriental Theatre and Washington Park’s bandshell. Wait, what is Pigsville? Thankfully, local historian John Gurda provided illuminating text on the back of the posters about each neighborhood. The posters even popped up in “Wayne’s World” to lend authenticity to Alice Cooper’s Milwaukee-centric cameo.  

Best of all, the posters follow the egalitarian spirit of the city. The original run of 21 neighborhoods initially cost just $2 apiece. Now there are 39 options available from Historic Milwaukee, Inc., including one with all the neighborhoods, for only $10. There’s no excuse for those blank walls.

-Ben Steele

America’s Black Holocaust Museum 

America’s Black Holocaust Museum is the first and only museum of its kind in the U.S. It’s an unflinching look at more than 400 years of slavery, dehumanization, lynching and mass incarceration of Black Americans. 

The dream for the museum began as a small collection in Dr. James Cameron’s basement. In 1930, when he was 16, Cameron narrowly survived a lynching in Marion, Indiana. He spent the rest of his life in Milwaukee collecting photos, artifacts and books that shed light on the histories of African Americans . He regularly welcomed guests into his home to learn this history. 

The museum moved to its first official location in the Sultan Muhammad Islamic Center. Its grand opening was Juneteenth Day in 1988.

Cameron passed away in 2006. The museum subsequently moved buildings and briefly closed, and now resides at 401 W. North Ave., part of a redevelopment project in the heart of Bronzeville called the Griot — a West African term for “storyteller” — in honor of Cameron.

The museum starts in Africa in 300 CE, long before Europeans arrived, and ends with issues impacting Black people today, like police brutality and mass incarceration — covering the 16 generations of slavery in the U.S., reconstruction, 100 years of Jim Crow, the Civil Rights movement and the Black Lives Matter movement. 

A tree with branches stretching along the ceiling pays homage to the powerful song “Strange Fruit,” made popular by artist Billie Holiday, that fearlessly protested the widespread lynchings of Black Americans.

-Gina Castro

Pabst Brewing Co. shut down its Milwaukee operations in 1996. But the huge “Pabst” sign that’s stretched far above West Juneau Avenue for several decades has remained a constant — even as the former brewery was redeveloped over the past decade or so into offices, housing, a craft brewery and other new uses.

The sign is attached to an iron footbridge that is anchored by Pabst’s former malt house, now The Malt House apartments, and the old brew house, now the Brewhouse Inn & Suites. The glowing red sign has undergone repairs in recent years, with the iron bridge’s restoration being completed this spring, according to Erin Stenum, manager of the neighborhood improvement district at the former Pabst complex, now known as The Brewery. Ein Prosit! 

The soundtrack to most city parks includes the ping of a bouncing basketball, the tinny reverb of a faraway stereo or the sizzle of a grill fired up for sausages. 

You’ll hear those at Burnham Park, too, but there’s another layer to the score: the soothing hum of a handful of taco trucks parked just outside, and the chatter from hungry hoards waiting in the wings for a carne asada taco, a lengua huarache or a cooling horchata on a hot summer night. 

These food trucks are part of the fabric of Burnham Park. Beyond the neighborhood, the south side is dotted with family-owned fleets carrying specialties all their own, parked on Historic Mitchell Street, West Lincoln Avenue, West Becher Street and across the neighborhoods tucked in between. 

You could stop at one to satisfy a craving or you could go on a full expedition, grabbing an al pastor taco shaved straight off the spit at La Guelaguetza (go on Wednesdays to nab ’em for a dollar each), head to Marta’s Tamales Food Truck for a juicy pambazo dipped in red pepper sauce, and finish at Isa’s Ice Cream for a creamy scoop of mango or passionfruit nieve de garrafa to round out the night. 

They’re the tastes of the neighborhood and the passion from a piece of Milwaukee with undeniable flavor all its own. 

-Rachel Bernhard

Northwestern Mutual agent’s ribbon 

They only surface for one week. 

But for that one week, they’re everywhere. 

They are the ribbons worn by Northwestern Mutual agents during the company’s annual gathering in downtown Milwaukee. 

Each summer, the Milwaukee insurance and financial services company brings more than 12,000 employees and agents together for a week of meetings and events; ground zero is usually the Baird Center and Fiserv Forum, but they can be seen all over downtown. 

And every agent wears a nametag lanyard with attached ribbons denoting sales goals achieved, landmarks passed, accomplishments reached. 

Some agents have two or three ribbons. A few sport a ribbon that goes down to the floor. 

To outsiders, the ribbons might look like scout badges or sashes from a secret society — swag from a party they weren’t invited to. 

To the agents, the ribbons are an expression of how far they’ve come in the business — and where they rank among their colleagues. After the week’s meetings are over, they’re put away. 

In a way, they’re like cicadas: They swarm the city for a brief period, and then they’re gone. 

But we know they’ll be back.

-Chris Foran

“I Closed Wolski’s” sticker

Just over a year after moving to Milwaukee, I arrived at Wolski’s Tavern with a singular goal: Get that damn sticker. You know the one. The ubiquitous capital-letter “I CLOSED WOLSKI’S” sticker plastered on dive bar bathroom walls and 20-somethings’ water bottles.

Even if you don’t know what Wolski’s is, exactly, it’s still likely you know about the stickers. The fantastic marketing strategy has worked wonders for the more-than-a-century-old bar.

When we arrive that night, we sit outside despite the evening’s light rain. I find myself tiring long before 1 a.m. But the lure of the sticker provides energy as the night goes on. 

As 2 a.m. passes, a man urinates off a tree-shielded wall and an employee yells it’s time to go. A sloppy early-20s crowd, a few stray middle-age folks and I begin to filter inside. The crowd lingers, holding glass beer mugs and Miller High Lifes.

Ten minutes later, another call to leave rings out. This time, people form a line to a door guarded by a young doorman holding a stack of stickers. One in front of me doesn’t take it, but later reverses her decision. The doorman teases she can’t have one, and receives a kiss on the cheek when he concedes.

I give him a nod and thank-you, taking my prize. 

I closed Wolski’s — now I just need to find where to put the sticker. Any ideas?

-David Clarey

In Milwaukee, seemingly every component of the gooey globules known as cheese curds — pieces of young cheese that during the cheesemaking process become separated from the whey — is as malleable as the cheddar itself.

A simple scan of the city’s pubs, bars and even fine-dining restaurants is evidence of an oft-repeated Wisconsin stereotype: It’s the cheese curd capital of the world. And per usual, Milwaukee isn’t going to skimp on the party.

Restaurants generally buy fresh curds of white or yellow cheddar — in rarer cases, mozzarella or pepper jack — before adding their own personality via batters, sauces and names. Milwaukeeans take pride in experimenting with curd coatings: they might be buttermilk-battered, pancake-battered, beer-battered, honey lager-battered, Lakefront Riverwest Stein-battered, or slathered in an ambiguous “house-made batter.”

Those curds are then “fried up squeaky clean” (at the Wicked Hop), turned into “mini explosives” disguised as curds (at Safehouse Milwaukee), or transfigured into “little pillows of cheesy heaven” (at Joe Mama’s Bar). Many restaurants serve up half-pound portions; some, like Steny’s, offer a full pound of cheese.

Notably, the Journal Sentinel didn’t come across any menus advertising curds served with ketchup. But various varieties of tomato, like marinara sauce and tomato jam, made appearances. Many menus experiment with ranch varieties like buttermilk, garlic, chipotle or jalapeño, or specialty sauces like buffalo blue cheese aioli, maple syrup, Bloody Mary buffalo, or sweet and spicy pineapple.

As Brothers Bar and Grill puts it, the final step is up to you: transporting the morsels “from the cheese curd capital of the world to your mouth!”

-Cleo Krejci

Toast from “Rocky Horror” at the Oriental Theatre

Ryan Putskey isn’t fazed by calls to the Oriental Theatre asking if “The Rocky Horror Picture Show” is “appropriate.” Or, calls telling him it’s not.

“To be fair, it can be kind of graphic. But, I mentioned this to the cast — it’s been like this for probaby 40 years,” said Putskey, the theater’s longtime caretaker.

A quick Google search confirms the historic East Side theater gets national kudos for its longstanding commitment to Rocky Horror. In some tellings, the Oriental takes the crown for the longest single run of the movie since its release in 1975.

Putskey humbly said that’s a point of contention: the Oriental’s tradition dates back to January 1978 — before its rival for Rocky Horror longevity, the Clinton Street Theater in Oregon — but has logged fewer individual shows.

Regardless, Rocky Horror devotees consistently show up for the movie and live stage performance at midnight on the second Saturday of each month to call out virgins in the audience and throw toast at the stage. They never tire of watching the transformation of an under-sexualized engaged couple, Brad and Janet, as they wander into a castle and are soon seduced by a mad scientist from the planet Transsexual and his Frankenstein-esque creation, Rocky.

Those details aren’t unique to Milwaukee. But the Oriental’s minaret towers and lioness statutes add an otherworldly, in-person touch to the celebration of madness, weirdness and sexuality that demands to be taken seriously.

“You’ll consistently be there with — and I say this will all due respect to all of them — a bunch of weirdos,” Putskey said.

Welcome to Cleveland Sign 

Nobody has to be from Cleveland to know that the city has been the subject of more than a few one-liners over the years.

“Attention Cleveland, your river is on fire!”

“In Cleveland, Velveeta cheese can be found in the gourmet section of the supermarket.”

But here’s a burning question, why did Cleveland become the butt of a zinger of a gag in Milwaukee’s Bay View, of all places?

In 1978, while having lunch with his assistant, now retired photographer and artist Mark Gubin decided to have some fun with air travelers flying into Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport. 

Realizing that low-level planes coasted over his studio and home (the former Bay Theater) in the path of a runway, he painted “Welcome to Cleveland”on his roof.

Was there any specific reason behind the Cleveland tomfoolery, these 6-foot high letters that have given more than a few air travelers an uneasy, eerie (or Erie) feeling?  

Nope, it was just Gubin’s wicked sense of humor, the right time to welcome visitors to the wrong place. 

“I never did it as any kind of thing to help my business or anything like that. It was just plain madness. You need that in the world,” Gubin told former Journal Sentinel columnist Jim Stingl in 2015.

The internet, cyberspace and social media have helped Gubin’s prank reach a sort of rock star quality. 

Now 46 years later, the gag certainly hasn’t gotten old … it’s still flying.

-Emmett Prosser 

Potawatomi Casino chip

In the 1980s, many members of the Forest County Potawatomi tribe lived in poverty. 

Today, members of the tribe receive tens of thousands of dollars in dividends.

What happened?

The Potawatomi Casino in the Menomonee River Valley happened. 

When it first opened around 1990 at 1720 W. Canal St., the facility was a large bingo hall with a few hundred slot machines of questionable legality and little outside regulation. 

The tribe’s reservation is in northern Wisconsin, making the Milwaukee casino the nation’s first off-reservation tribal casino. The land where the casino is located is believed to have once been a Potawatomi village, according to a Milwaukee Public Museum history of the tribe.

In its initial years, the tribe shared its gaming revenue with the Indian Community School and a non-Indian management company. Those deals have since expired. 

Today, the casino is a major Milwaukee tourist attraction and an unmissable part of the city’s skyline. It rakes in more than $400 million in gambling winnings a year. A chunk of those winnings goes to members of the tribe in the form of per-capita payments estimated to be more than $70,000 per member.

The gambling hall draws nearly 6 million visitors a year and the 784,000-square-foot casino offers a range of ways to win or lose money, including about 3,000 slot machines, sports book, craps and a variety of table games including poker and blackjack. 

And since 1999, The Forest County Potawatomi Foundation has donated about $75 million to Milwaukee-area nonprofits, according to a spokesperson for the tribe. 

-Cary Spivak 

Usinger’s Sausage

Do you know where you were in 1880? 

That’s a trick question — you were surely not born, but if you were, you could’ve been among the first to munch on some of the finest sausage to come out of Milwaukee at that time. 

Luckily, you still can enjoy it. That’s because Usinger’s Famous Sausage has stood the test of time since founder Fred Usinger moved to Milwaukee from Germany and started his own successful sausage shop in 1880. 

In the nearly century and a half since, the company has grown to have a wide shipping network while retaining its beloved place in Milwaukee, with its vintage-style building, tasty and bountiful meats and a rather helpful staff. Don’t forget about the storied elves — prominent in local advertisements and in the deli’s window displays, the company touts them as the invisible makers of its beloved sausage. 

Usinger’s sausage earned a spot in the Milwaukee Public Museum’s Streets of Milwaukee exhibit and in an episode of “Top Chef.” There’s even an annual Fred Usinger Day on Feb. 23.

Perhaps a 1980 ad in the Milwaukee Journal put it best: “In 1880, Milwaukee got its first electric street lights, its first native mayor, and its first taste of Usinger’s sausage. It was a very good year.”

It was a very good year, indeed. And, thankfully, those tastes have continued for 144 years. 

Wisconsin’s oldest continually operating gay bar wasn’t always easy to spot. When June Brehm opened This Is It! at 418 E. Wells St. in 1968, Milwaukee’s LGBTQ+ scene operated under the radar, and closeted patrons made use of the bar’s rear entrance to avoid being identified. 

Today, This Is It! welcomes patrons with a concrete facade adorned with a diamond pattern in the colors of the rainbow.

Drag superstar and Wisconsin native Trixie Mattel became a co-owner with George Schneider in 2021.

Not only is This Is It! a Milwaukee institution — it’s one of the country’s oldest LGBTQ+ bars. U.S. Sen. Tammy Baldwin recognized Brehm and her son Joseph for their contributions to Wisconsin’s LGBTQ+ community, and the bar became the site of the Wisconsin LGBTQ History Project’s first permanent public display in 2019.

“This Is It! is not Milwaukee’s favorite gay bar, it is Milwaukee’s favorite bar,” Mattel said in a statement to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. “Everyone in town has a personal story or anecdote, or sometimes even a night they can barely remember. The exterior has rainbow accents that invite all walks of life into the space, and remind people to come in and act right. It reminds people that even if you’re homophobic, not in this (expletive) building you’re not.”

A symbol of Milwaukee’s proud brewing history, bottles of Miller Lite can be seen in the hands of drinkers at dive bars and tailgates across Milwaukee.

It’s probably the most ubiquitous of the Miller beers — Miller Chill, Miller Genuine Draft, Miller High Life and Miller 64 Extra Light — in a town where the Miller name still looms large (literally — the large red Miller sign can be seen by anyone driving into downtown from the west on Interstate 94).

In 1973, Miller Brewing bought a low-calorie “Lite” brand of beer from Chicago-based Meister Brau Inc. and turned it into what’s now known as Miller Lite. From there, the company advertised the beer with the help of sports stars like Mickey Mantle, John Madden and Bob Uecker with the popular line “Tastes great … less filling.” 

Today, Miller Lite and other Miller beers are under the MolsonCoors’ list of brands. 

In 1996, Miller acquired the naming rights to the Milwaukee Brewers’ yet-to-be-built stadium, which opened in 2001. It was called Miller Park until the naming rights agreement expired in 2020 and American Family Insurance took over, renaming the stadium American Family Field. 

But naturally, Miller Lite can still be found for sale at the stadium during Brewers’ games. 

-Alec Johnson

Cathedral Square is home to many summer festivals.

There’s Jazz in the Park, Bastille Days and the dazzling Christmas tree display that wash Cathedral Square in lights at night.

But on the corner of Kilbourn and Jackson stands a metal plaque that marks a little-known event that occurred more than a century and a half ago. Passersby rarely stop to note the significance of that historical marker, erected in 2001 by the Wisconsin Historical Society.

It tells the story of Joshua Glover, an escaped slave from Missouri. Glover found refuge and freedom in Wisconsin until he was captured and jailed under the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act. His imprisonment stirred nearly 5,000 anti-slavery demonstrators who stormed the Milwaukee County Jail — which stood on present-day Cathedral Square — to break Glover out on March 10, 1854. 

But Glover was still a wanted man.

The Fugitive Slave Act called for the recapture of freedom seekers or escaped slaves like Glover to be returned to their owners. Glover was on the run for years fearing recapture by his slave owner, a man named Benammi Stone Garland.

With the help of Wisconsin’s Underground Railroad, a network of safehouses manned by abolitionists who offered safety and shelter to runaway slaves, Glover eventually made his way to Canada and to freedom.

Glover’s story is also depicted on a mural on the I-43 overpass on Fond du Lac Avenue.

-LaRisa R. Lynch

Dr. Martin Luther King statue 

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. visited Milwaukee at least twice. Now, Milwaukee honors King’s legacy with a statue in the historic Bronzeville neighborhood. 

King’s first recorded speech in Milwaukee was in August 1957 at the Grand Avenue Congressional Church, now the Irish Cultural & Heritage Center on West Wisconsin Avenue. 

He returned during a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement in January 1964, where he spoke to over 6,000 at the Milwaukee Auditorium (now the Miller High Life Theatre). 

In the biggest showing of support for King, an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 people marched on Milwaukee just a few days removed from his assassination. The march was considered the largest civil rights demonstration in the city’s history.

King’s Milwaukee sculpture is located at North King Drive and West Vine Street. The sculptor, Erik Blome, once said he hoped to capture King animated as if he was giving a speech. 

How things have changed. 

Marquette won the NCAA basketball trophy on March 28, 1977, with a 67-59 victory over the North Carolina Tar Heels, which sent students streaming down Wisconsin Avenue in an impromptu party-parade to the lake.

Under the brash, colorful (and quotable) Coach Al McGuire, the team – which famously took its team photo in tuxedos while sitting in a classic car – had captured the attention of the city, and the nation.

The teams were unseeded — it was the last year before teams came into the tournament with a ranking. And the term “March Madness” — describing the unpredictability of upsets and bracket busters — was not widely used until the ’80s.

It was legendary coach Al McGuire’s last game leading Marquette. He came into the game with a 25-7 record,  after sneaking into the tournament, to the Tar Heels’ 28-5 record. 

One of McGuire’s key strategies was to not give North Carolina any lead. If they led, the Tar Heels were sure to do the dreaded Four Corners Offense, a “stall offense” where the players would pass the ball to kill time. 

The teams could take 10 minutes for one possession — there was no 30-second shot clock to keep the game moving. There was no 3-point line.

Despite the fact basketball was played so much differently then, it is still remembered each year when Marquette plays in the NCAA tourney — as the only time Marquette men’s basketball won it all.

If anyone needs any reminding, the original trophy is in the Walk of Champions display at Marquette’s Al McGuire Center.

-Cathy Kozlowicz 

Cue the “Happy Days” theme song. The Bronze Fonz, a life-size statue that pays tribute to Arthur Fonzarelli, is a pillar of the city’s downtown RiverWalk. 

The set-in-Milwaukee sitcom ran in the ’70s and ‘80s, but Fonzie — played by Henry Winkler — remains a beloved Brew City icon. 

Visit Milwaukee had spearheaded an effort that raised $75,000 for the statue, and artist Gerald Sawyer brought it to life. The statue arrived in 2008 with a lot of fanfare, including a parade, the king of cool himself, other castmates and the stars of “Happy Days” spinoff “Laverne & Shirley.” 

“It is a great honor,” Winkler said in a previous Journal Sentinel interview. “You cannot be blase about that, no matter how much time goes by.”

When the statue disappeared to undergo routine maintenance a couple years back, it caused quite the stir. About 40 people attended a ceremony marking its return.

Want to see the Bronze Fonz for yourself? It’s located on the east side of the RiverWalk just south of Wells Street. And while you’re there, you might want to snap a pic. The statue is one of the city’s most selfied landmarks. 

-Hannah Kirby 

Tomatoes from Alice’s Garden

Tomatoes are just one of the many vegetables you’ll find planted at Alice’s Garden, one of the city’s best-known community gardens, on the city’s north side at North 21st Street and West Garfield Avenue.

Born out of an abandoned highway project, the 2-acre garden is located along a larger, 3-mile corridor where entire blocks of houses were torn down in the 1960s to make way for the Park West Freeway. The project cut through the city’s west and north sides, displacing several thousand residents and disrupting the community’s economy. Ultimately, the highway was never built, largely because of sustained neighborhood opposition. In its wake, large swaths of empty land were left.

Out of that empty land sprang Alice’s Garden, now a thriving community garden and gathering place. The garden is there to reconnect city residents to the land and to oft-lost traditions of growing fresh, healthy food.

Gardeners come from all ethnicities and cultures, and their plots often speak to their heritage. In a Native American’s garden might be corn, beans and squash, known as “the three sisters” for how they are planted close together, for mutual benefit. A Black gardener might grow black-eyed peas, collard greens and okra in homage to past ancestors.

Not only is the garden a place to cultivate food, but also relationships. Walking paths lined with herbs invite visitors for a stroll. Kids race across the grass or sit on picnic blankets for monthly storytimes. The pavilion shelters people sharing fellowship and a meal. 

-Sarah Volpenhein

One sign that summer is here in Milwaukee is the volleyball nets going up at Bradford Beach. Once the weather gets nice, it’s common to see people of all skill levels bumping, setting and spiking at the city’s largest beach during the afternoons and evenings pretty much any day of the week. 

From late May until September, the beach is home to more than 30 volleyball nets. The nets are currently managed by Volley Life, a local company that organizes beach volleyball clinics, tournaments and leagues. 

In 2016, the beach hosted the USA Volleyball Junior Beach National Championships, and, at the end of this summer, it will host the Badger Region Beach Championships. 

But, you don’t need to be a former high school volleyball star to join in on the summer fun. 

Volley Life has multiple leagues nearly every day of the week encompassing skill levels from those just learning the game to experienced players competing for prize money. When leagues are not playing, nets are open to the public on a first-come, first-served basis. 

The nickname “Cream City” might make some think of milk. 

But Milwaukee’s popular moniker does not stem from the dairy or beer typically associated with Wisconsin. It has to do with brick. 

Look around and you’ll see them. The light-colored, yellowish bricks are the main material in a number of old buildings across the city: the former Schlitz brewery, Holy Trinity Church (now known as Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church), the Woman’s Club of Wisconsin and other industrial buildings and row houses. 

The so-called cream city bricks were first used in the Milwaukee area in the 1830s. The material came from a clay found in the Menomonee River Valley filled with magnesium and lime. When put to fire, the clay produced a yellowy, cream-colored brick. 

The bricks were widely exported and made it to major U.S. cities like Chicago and New York. But they remain a distinctly Milwaukee look and give the state’s largest city its name: Cream City.

-Lawrence Andrea

A hidden gem in Milwaukee’s premier lakefront property, Lake Park, is a 2,000-year-old ancient Indigenous burial mound.

It is a large conical mound about 40 feet in diameter and 2 feet high overlooking Lake Michigan near Lake Drive and Locust Street.

The mound was built by Indigenous people during what archaeologists call the Middle Woodland Culture between 300 B.C. and 400 A.D. 

Milwaukee was once home to hundreds, or even thousands, of these ancient mounds, but they were destroyed by development. The Lake Park mound is the last one left in the city.

-Frank Vaisvilas

Few signs bring as much joy as the one that reads “MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MARKET.”

The large red neon sign hovers above the market’s west entrance, beckoning to passersby and serving as a de facto billboard for downtown and the Third Ward. It glows at night, and casts a shimmering reflection even on the rainiest of days. Get off that concrete freeway, it tells visitors. (Who among us hasn’t driven past the sign and wondered why they’re still on I-794 instead of walking through the public market, stopping by the lakefront, or visiting one of the city’s many festivals?) 

The sign alone has basically become a local landmark. And the market itself, which opened in 2005, is a sleek space full of natural light and packed with local vendors selling an impressive range of goods – including cheese, spices, wine, fresh fish on ice, flowers, chocolate and Milwaukee merch.

The Milwaukee Public Market sits at the corner of what was once known as Commission Row, a stretch of Broadway that was once packed with Italian fruit and vegetable wholesalers – such as Jennaro Brothers, Machi Produce, Catalano Produce, Spicuzza Banana Co. and Palmisano Produce. Those companies have mostly moved or closed, but even with its modern vibe, the market manages to honor the Third Ward’s history of a gathering place where people can find good food.

And thanks to that sign, the market is impossible to miss.

Pfister Ghost 

Legend has it that a ghost lingers at the Pfister Hotel on 424 E. Wisconsin Ave. 

The hotel, which was built well over a century ago, is one of Milwaukee’s iconic landmarks. Guido Pfister and his son Charles Pfister opened the hotel, which was the “most lavish hotel of its time.” 

It’s hard to definitively confirm sightings of the ghost, though several Major League Baseball players have been spooked by eerie activity in the hotel — such as radios turning off or objects randomly moving to different spots.

Milwaukee has a rich history of paranormal activity, according to Bob Weiss, a ghost tour guide and owner of Shaker’s Cigar Bar who has his own experiences with paranormal activity, including in his own bar.

“A lot of things linger here,” Weiss said. 

Whether you believe in paranormal activity, the stories are enough to scare the big, tough ball players of the country. 

“Your own psyche allows you to be afraid of things that you can’t understand or comprehend,” Weiss said. 

-Jessica Rodriguez

The bright red sign is a saving grace to college students at bar close who hope a heaping bowl of ground beef over noodles and beans will help. 

Real Chili is a lunch, dinner and late-night spot for regulars, and a destination for former Milwaukee residents to visit on their homecoming.

The world’s best bowl of chili was born 93 years ago when Francis Honish brought his top-secret chili recipe from Green Bay to the Marquette University campus in 1931. Real Chili’s history is proudly displayed on walls filled with photos and newspaper clippings at both two locations on East and West Wells Street, respectively. Grab a seat at the counter and order yours mild, medium or hot and garnish with sour cream, shredded cheese, onion and peppers. Great staff will dish it up quickly with a side bowl of oyster crackers — don’t forget to sprinkle those on top before you toss them at your friends across the counter. 

Don’t eat meat? Try the vegetarian chili. Chili cheese dogs are a favorite at this Milwaukee institution, too.

If you’re a truly loyal customer, you might even get invited behind the counter to serve a few bowls to your peers, or be given a free ice cream bar.

Seal your visit with a Real Chili bumper sticker — and ignore anyone who says the Marquette Special will give you a stomachache.

-Bridget Fogarty

Sobelman’s Bloody Mary

Something shifted when Dave Sobelman tossed a skewered cheeseburger slider in a Bloody Mary cocktail and posted a picture on Facebook asking, “Am I going too far?”

People went crazy for the creation, so the owner of Sobelman’s Pub and Grill, 1900 W. St. Paul Ave., rode the wave. Now, just about anything that can be fried has sat atop a Sobelman’s Bloody Mary.

Picture a bouquet of food-flowers watered by a vodka-based tomato juice cocktail. Bacon-wrapped jalapeño cheese balls, jumbo shrimp and entire fried chickens are the roses of the Sobelman’s Bloody Mary. 

Pair that with celery stalks and skewered garnishes of colby jack cheese, pickled Polish sausage, pickled mushroom, asparagus, green onion and a lemon wedge, and it might leave you wondering where your drink is.

Fear not, the drink itself is made with a zesty house-made mix and Tito’s Vodka, perfectly complemented by the snacks and a beer chaser.

Sobelman’s over-the-top Bloody menu isn’t alone anymore — you can find a Bloody Mary that will cure your hangover or ease you into your weekend at just about any brunch spot or bar in the city. 

However you like it, a Bloody Mary just tastes better here.

Wisconsinites and their fellow Americans were war weary but hopeful as spring sprung in 1945 and Allied forces made gains in both theaters of World War II.

In late April, the mood in the Badger State brightened another notch thanks to an unlikely source – a mallard duck.

On April 28, 1945, the Milwaukee Sentinel and Milwaukee Journal reported a hen mallard had built a nest and laid eggs atop wooden pilings adjacent to the Wisconsin Avenue bridge over the Milwaukee River in Milwaukee.

Within days the mallard was attracting thousands of people to the bridge in hope of seeing the duck’s eggs hatch. 

The Journal initially referred to the bird as “Our Duck”; the Sentinel opted for “Ma Mallard” or “Mrs. Duck.” Finally, Journal outdoors editor Gordon MacQuarrie gave the duck a name that stuck: Wisconsin Avenue Gertie, Gertie for short.

Six ducklings hatched and along with Gertie were scooped up and put on display in a Gimbels’ Department Store window for a few days. Then the birds were transported to and released at the Juneau Park Lagoon.

By the time the ducklings were born, the story had gone national, an uplifting and real tale at a time when people really seemed to need it.

-Paul Smith, Chris Foran

Vel R. Phillips has been described by many as an icon, a trailblazer, a culture shifter, and a woman of many firsts. 

The Milwaukee native and North Division High School graduate was the first Black woman to earn her degree from University of Wisconsin-Madison Law School, the first woman to be elected to Milwaukee’s Common Council, the first female judge in Milwaukee, and the first Black woman to win statewide office in Wisconsin, among dozens of other accomplishments.

Throughout her career, Phillips’ work throughout the state aimed to address barriers to housing, racial inequality and women’s rights.

In the 1960s, Phillips introduced proposals for Milwaukee’s fair housing ordinance with the goal of ending housing segregation. As the sole council member who supported the ordinance, Phillips hit the streets in protest with activists and organizers to push for the law which, after years of rejection, passed in 1968.

Before her death in 2018, Phillips told local officials that she hoped a commemoration of her legacy could exist in the district where she attended school and church. That year, Ald. Milele Coggs introduced the proposal to change North Fourth Street’s name, since the stretch of land ran through the council district that Phillips represented and grew up in.

In May 2018, Milwaukee’s Common Council voted unanimously to rename North Fourth Street between West St. Paul Avenue and West Capitol Drive to Vel R. Phillips Avenue in her honor. The street dedication stands parallel to Milwaukee’s Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, reflecting the shared legacy of the two trailblazing civil rights leaders who pushed for equality for all.

-Tamia Fowlkes

With ghost stories, grandeur, and groovy beats, The Rave/Eagles Club, located at 2401 W. Wisconsin Ave., is one of Milwaukee’s most legendary and historic sites. 

Architect Russell Barr Williamson, a student of Frank Lloyd Wright, designed the almost-century-old music and entertainment venue. Upon opening in 1927, the complex served as the home of the Milwaukee chapter of the Fraternal Order Of Eagles. Within its walls were a two-story gym, a barber shop, several bowling alleys, a lounge and a restaurant. 

The Eagles Club began welcoming musical artists to perform at Devine’s Million Dollar Ballroom, which later became “The Eagles Ballroom” in the decades that followed.

Over the years, thousands of artists with music ranging from EDM to country and pop to rap have graced the six stages of the venue, which hosts more than 250 concerts each year. 

In the depths of The Rave, an empty 75-by-50-foot swimming pool stands as a “haunted” remnant of the dozens of former Eagles Club amenities built into the 20th-century structure. Performers who visit the venue are often permitted to visit the pool and scrawl a message on its walls, including Ariana Grande, Steve Aoki, the 1975’s Matt Healy and the late Mac Miller. 

Healers are all over Milwaukee. They look through tragedy for what their neighborhoods need, and make it happen. 

Neighbors in Sherman Park were rocked by the unrest that burst out after police shot and killed unarmed 23-year-old Sylville Smith on Aug. 13, 2016. The BMO Harris Bank on Fond du Lac Avenue and five other businesses nearby burned down in the protests.

In the weeks that followed, community members looking for healing saw the need for safe and welcoming neighborhood spaces. From the ashes rose the idea for Sherman Phoenix – an economic hub of more than two dozen mostly Black-owned businesses.

Since opening doors at the formerly fire-damaged bank in 2018, the Sherman Phoenix has built up Milwaukee entrepreneurs through leasing its storefront spaces to its pop-up local business fairs.

From wellness services and a barber shop to boutiques, art, a bar and restaurants, the Sherman Phoenix has become a one-stop-shop on Milwaukee’s north side. It helps businesses grow, like Funky Fresh Spring Rolls, whose owner TrueMan McGee says the Sherman Park hub helped him get to a point where he can expand as a national brand. 

The hub also helps entrepreneurs rise through consulting and coaching services. Local artists get guidance on how to strengthen the business side of their art practice with grants through the gener8tor Art x Sherman Phoenix Accelerator program.

The Sherman Phoenix shows how even in immeasurable hardship, Milwaukeeans show up for each other and for a better future for their neighbors.

Next to large mausoleums, towering monuments and bronze-cast sculptures on Milwaukee’s south side, you’ll also notice many more humble markers: Mother, father, wife, daughter. 

Forest Home Cemetery and Arboretum is the final resting place of Milwaukee’s founders, pioneers, industrialists and beer barons, but it’s also home to soldiers, children, barbers and teachers.

Towering oaks shade gravestones arranged seemingly haphazardly. It’s more of a park than a graveyard, and that was by design. St. Paul’s Episcopal Church, which established the cemetery in 1850, wanted to embrace the rolling hills and looming trees. 

To walk in the cemetery is to stroll through Milwaukee history, including from when Native tribes lived in the area. There are graves for 64 people who died in the Newhall House fire in 1883. There’s a recently added marker recognizing the 1861 lynching of George Marshall Clark. You’ll find graves for veterans dating from the Civil War to present. And walk among the gravestones, and you’ll be sure to encounter some names you’ll recognize: Allis, Pfister, Pabst, Schlitz, Blatz.

Sometimes, you go out looking to grab a beer. Other times, you want to party like a Cold War-era spy. For the latter, Milwaukeeans and visitors can head to Safe House, an espionage-themed bar and restaurant with a creative spin on the classic speakeasy.

The first nod to the bar’s Hollywood secret agent roots is its entryway tucked into an alley off East Wells Street behind a red door.

The second nod? Agent Moneypenny at the entrance, ensuring each spy knows the secret password to enter (no, we’re not going to reveal it here).

Those who don’t know the password must pass a test to prove they are no double agent — trial by silly antic, broadcast onto a TV feed at the bar for the entertainment of those inside.

Many Milwaukeeans view the trials of entry without the password as a rite of passage for transplants, visitors and other newcomers.

Once through, you’ll be able to appreciate the other spy-themed aspects of the bar, including spy memorabilia, a maze of interconnected rooms and hallways, and a booth that spins around to serve as a secret entrance. Visitors can also try the bar’s creative cocktail concoctions with names like the “Spy’s Demise.”

-Claudia Levens

For as long as Milwaukee has had Summerfest, the sprawling weeks-long music and food festival at the lakefront, the city has also had its iconic logo: a thick, macaroni noodle-like red smile curling up around two red dots for eyes.

Designed by Noel Spangler and Richard D. Grant, the logo has represented the Milwaukee music festival for over 50 years. 

As former Journal Sentinel columnist Jim Stingl noted in 2013 , we’ve seen five different Betty Crockers during that time span, and Pepsi has tweaked its logo four times since Summerfest began. 

During festival season, the seminal smile can be seen across the city — on signs, brochures, advertisements, newspaper articles and other spots. 

When Spangler died in Milwaukee in 2020 at the age of 97, officials with Summerfest’s parent company Milwaukee World Festival Inc. said the design “truly embodies Summerfest’s mission of bringing the community together to celebrate music, diversity and summer fun.”  

-Claudia Levens 

At first glance, the 16th Street Viaduct is simply a 400-foot bridge crossing Milwaukee’s Menomonee River.

But it’s also been known as the “longest bridge in the world” and the “Mason-Dixon Line” of Milwaukee and holds a key place in Milwaukee’s history. In the 1960s, it connected Milwaukee’s largely Black neighborhoods on the north side with the formerly overwhelmingly white population on the south. 

On Aug. 28, 1967, roughly 200 NAACP Youth Council members, led by Father James E. Groppi, and other demonstrators marched across the bridge to the south side’s Kosciuszko Park in protest of the city’s lack of an open-housing ordinance.

Thousands of onlookers and counterprotesters harassed the marchers on their route. The following night, marchers headed to Kosciuszko Park and were met by counterprotesters once again, who hurled eggs, bottles, rocks, firecrackers and beer cans.

These two marches across the viaduct sparked hundreds of additional protests over the course of more than 200 days in the Milwaukee area demanding open housing legislation. 

In December 1967, an open housing ordinance was enacted by the City of Milwaukee, which only covered about 25% of the residential properties in the city. A more substantial and wider-reaching ordinance was enacted in late April 1968, after the federal open housing law was enacted.

More than two decades later, on Aug. 21, 1988, the 16th Street Viaduct was renamed the James E. Groppi Unity Bridge .

-Vanessa Swales

Milwaukee isn’t just a city with a lot of festivals. It is the City of Festivals, an official trademark that Visit Milwaukee registered in 2024. 

Festivals fill the 90-acre Henry Maier Festival Park along Milwaukee’s lakefront nearly every weekend in the summer, drawing millions for a variety of cultural experiences. 

While those experiences change with each festival, one thing unites them all: the Skyglider chair that carries visitors and their precariously dangling flip-flops from one end of the park to the other. 

The technicolor tubs trigger a slew of memories of gliding above the masses, views of the Milwaukee skyline and Lake Michigan stretched out ahead, a jacket slung over shoulders to stave off the all-too-real cooler-by-the-lake effect. 

The grounds are most closely associated with Summerfest, of course, which began leasing the strip of land in 1970. Other festivals joined the lakefront fun in the ’80s. Among them today are fetes celebrating the city’s diverse makeup, including German Fest, Irish Fest, Polish Fest, Festa Italiana, Mexican Fiesta, Black Arts Fest MKE and PrideFest. Festival fever has caught on outside the park, too, with dozens of neighborhood festivals from Juneteenth Day to Brady Street Festival filling up Milwaukee’s summer calendar. 

The Skyglider chair stands watch over them all. A Wisconsin Historical Society photo shows the “Tramway” on the lakefront grounds in 1971, and it’s been a staple there ever since — a colorful year-round representation of the City of Festivals. 

-Chelsey Lewis

Peering out at Lake Michigan, beside the towering Hoan Bridge and at the entrance of Milwaukee Harbor, sits a red lighthouse called Pierhead Light.

Standing at 42 feet, the lighthouse was established in 1872 to serve as a navigational aid for ships in the lake and is the only active lighthouse in Milwaukee County.

Until 1966, it was maintained by keepers of the nearby Breakwater Light (just across the bay), after which the light became automated. It is known for its red light that flashes every four seconds.

The lighthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. The federally owned lighthouse later was deemed an “excess” to the needs of the U.S. Coast Guard and became available for new stewardship, but no suitable replacement was ever found. 

To this day, it is a popular lakeside attraction for residents and visitors alike, where people fish and admire the unique lake views.

Milverine Bobblehead

John Hamann is hard to miss. 

He’s without a doubt Milwaukee’s most famous pedestrian — often spotted power-walking through Bay View or the lower east side, shirtless. 

You probably know him as “The Milverine.” The nickname was coined by Milwaukee residents who noticed Hamann bears a striking resemblance to Marvel Comics character “Wolverine.” 

Hamann’s swaggering walk and his Milwaukee pride have earned him a large fan base.

In 2020, Hamann officially joined the pantheon of Milwaukee legends, when the National Bobblehead Hall of Fame Museum unveiled a Milverine bobblehead.

By now, Hamann is unfazed by the attention. He’s been a viral sensation for more than a decade, and he’s routinely hit up by reporters asking for interviews. He was even the subject of a Vice documentary.

Around Milwaukee, citizen journalists report Milverine sightings on a Google Map . 

After Hamann tore his meniscus in 2017 and cut back on his walks, local fans began to worry. But when the Journal Sentinel tracked him down for an interview in 2018 , The Milverine confirmed he was going nowhere. 

“I’m never going to get old,” he said. 

Hamann didn’t ask to be Milwaukee’s unofficial mascot, but he’s proud to represent his hometown. In his Vice documentary, Hamann declared Milwaukee the best city there is: 

“It’s where all the intelligent people are, you know? Better than Los Angeles and New York.” 

-Genevieve Redsten

The name Milwaukee is derived from the Algonquian word Millioke, meaning the “good land,” and from a Potawatomi word, Minwaking, meaning “gathering place by the waters.”

But at times over the years the city has turned its back on the Milwaukee River, which runs through downtown before it meets the Menomonee River and flows into Lake Michigan. 

Now, on most summer days people can explore the city from the rivers. Boat tour companies like Edelweiss Cruises, Milwaukee Boat Line and Boat MKE – as well as several kayaking companies – offer a wide range of opportunities to get out on the water and cruise the Milwaukee, Menomonee and Kinnickinnic rivers, not to mention Lake Michigan. Themes include sunset cruises, historic narrated boat tours, architecture tours, happy hours, and yes, even a Wisconsin Brat Cruise. Charters and rentals are also available, because one of the few things better than being on a boat is being on a boat with a bunch of friends.

Milwaukee may be known as a “great place on a Great Lake,” but don’t forget its rivers. They’re pretty incredible, too.

Its beauty is in its simplicity.

“Sunrise Over the Lake,” commonly known as the People’s Flag of Milwaukee, is like a bright dose of optimism for a city that’s seen its share of challenges over the years. 

The sun rising over Lake Michigan is meant to symbolize a new day. A trio of light blue bars represent the city’s three rivers (Milwaukee, Menomonee and Kinnickinnic) as well as its three founding towns (Juneau Town, Kilbourn Town and Walker’s Point), and the gold honors our brewing history.

The flag, designed by Robert Lenz, was the winner of a 2016 contest and led to years of exhaustive debate at Milwaukee City Hall. The discussion got pretty heated at times, and harsh words were said — especially about Milwaukee’s official flag, which is packed with a range of images including the old County Stadium, a giant stalk of wheat and a ship. (Yes, some called the official flag a “hot mess.”)

The official flag, which was designed in the 1950s, has its own retro charm. But as the People’s Flag has cropped up on everything from bicycles to beer bottles, there’s just something undeniably cheerful about it.

Riverwest24 tattoo

It is 3 a.m. and you’ve been riding your steed for hours, with more to go. You are maybe buzzing on a beer or two (or more). You are covered in a film of dirt, bicycle grease, sweat and good times.

It is here and it is now. Why not get a tattoo?

That’s what getting the mark of the Riverwest 24 is all about. Every year, Milwaukeeans turn out for what they call the “People’s Holiday” – a goofy 24-hour-long community bicycle race surrounded by an eclectic neighborhood party.

The race is about accumulating laps, and racers can earn bonus laps by participating in a range of activities, such as yoga, or … getting a tattoo of the year’s race logo.

Not that the day is about winning. What it’s really about, and what the tattoo symbolizes, is living in the moment, sharing experiences with neighbors and solidarity in loving the community.

-Elliot Hughes

They adorn duplexes, businesses, bungalows and City Hall.

They have borne witness to children playing on porches, families moving in and out, and shops opening and closing.

They tell people where to go and when they’ve arrived.

Milwaukee’s black-and-white address tiles are distinctive and ubiquitous, the result of an effort to standardize the city’s street names and addresses in the 1910s.

But choosing the style of house numbers, as they were called, was a tortured process, according to Milwaukee Journal and Sentinel archives.

At one point, a reporter wrote: “This comparatively simple job of picking the best type of number plate for Milwaukee homes gets as much argument as a disarmament conference.”

Eventually, after a series of company bids and tests to make sure the numbers could withstand extreme heat, cold, hail and other forces, the Common Council selected ceramic tiles produced by a Kentucky-based company. 

In 1930, city workers installed 550,000 tiles, including at City Hall, which displayed a number address for the first time.

Since then, the address tiles have withstood the test of time, becoming a symbol for the city.

It makes sense – the tiles are sturdy, practical, beautiful and resilient.

Just like Milwaukee.

It’s there every day underneath our fingertips when we draft an email or fire off a text message.

It’s so ubiquitous we forget that someone had to invent it, that it wasn’t always this way.

It was a Milwaukeean, Christopher Latham Sholes, who invented the first commercially successful typewriter in 1868. He also arranged the letters of the QWERTY keyboard – so named for the six top-left keys – that we still use more than 150 years later .

At first, Sholes’ typewriter typed only capital letters. But the technology improved over time, and it transformed a largely handwritten world. Suddenly, someone with something to say could express it faster than with a pen. 

Recent generations likely never pounded out college essays and office memos on typewriters like the generations before them. But the tools they use now can be traced back to Sholes.

Today, typewriters live in a few places: at museums, on movie sets, on collectors’ shelves and in the homes of grandmothers who never moved into the digital age.

But QWERTY remains impervious to technological innovation. Though some might point out design flaws, this keyboard is all we know. It’s the backdrop to our online lives: our internet searches, our Yelp reviews, our dating-app bios.

It’s also a tether to our history, and a reminder that the click-clacking sound your phone’s keyboard makes is no accident.

Kohl’s Cash

If you pay what’s on the price tag at Kohl’s, you’re missing out on Milwaukee’s hottest deal.

Kohl’s Cash speaks to our state’s thriftiness. We’re proud penny-pinchers. We’re bargain-hunters. We’re pained when we pay full price.

Former Gov. Scott Walker touted his savvy use of Kohl’s Cash on the campaign trail . During a 2015 stop in Vermont during his failed presidential run, Walker said he used Kohl’s Cash to buy the sweater he wore on the trail that day. Kohl’s Cash cut his cost down to just $1 ( PolitiFact Wisconsin checked and rated the claim True ). 

Launched in 2004, the coupons are a way Kohl’s rewards its customers. Drop some dollars during a promotional event period and the cashier will slip you a stack of those green paper slips, typically $10 for every $50 spent. 

One of Wisconsin’s largest employers, the department store is known for its deep discounts and long history of loyal customers.

Polish immigrant Maxwell Kohl founded Kohl’s in 1927 as a corner grocery store. He was 26. The store went on to become a successful chain in the Milwaukee area and branched out in 1962 with its first department store. Kohl and his sons, including the late former Sen. Herb Kohl, ran the company until 1972.

In the age of Amazon, it’s a tough time to be a department store. Kohl’s keeps trying new things but its cash coupons continue. 

-Kelly Meyerhofer

The sun beams down. The sweat beads form. The deep-fryers sizzle. It’s August at the Wisconsin State Fair grounds. 

Step inside the Cream Puff Pavilion and feel the heavenly blast of cold air. Walk down the assembly line and watch the workers make magic out of milk, eggs and butter.

Clad in cow-print hats, the bakers slice open the golden brown pastry shells, squirt on heaps of fresh cream, sandwich the halves together and sprinkle with powdered sugar. 

With roots dating to 16th-century France , cream puffs were advertised on Milwaukee restaurant menus as early as 1868 . But they didn’t flourish until decades later, when then-Gov. John Blaine wanted a food showcasing the state’s dairy industry to be sold at the 1924 State Fair . Charles Kremer came up with the cream puff, using a recipe from the south side bakery his family owned. 

The cream puff craze grew during World War II when whipping cream was in short supply.

Nowadays, the Wisconsin Bakers Association churns out hundreds of thousands of puffs in a bakery that doesn’t stop running until the 11-day event concludes. 

The cashier passes the puff on a paper plate. It’s lightweight, like a cloud. Grab some napkins. It’s going to be messy. 

Don’t worry about the calories. You’ll burn them off on the long walk back to your car.

At times it’s a beacon of hope for warmer days ahead. Or it warns us to brace for the cold.

And when it’s flickering, grab an umbrella or snow boots.

The weather flame atop the Gas Light Building has lit up Milwaukee’s skyline for decades, sharing its color-coded forecast with generations of downtown visitors.

There are different versions of the rhyme for remembering what the glowing weather forecast means, but it goes something like this: If the flame is blue, no change in view. When the flame is red, warm weather is ahead. If the flame is gold, expect cold. When there’s a flickering flame, expect snow or rain.

Standing more than 20 feet tall and weighing 4 tons, the beacon is the crowning glory of its Art Deco building designed by renowned Milwaukee architect Alexander C. Eschweiler. The East Wisconsin Avenue landmark, which also features accents of Cream City brick, was finished in 1930. The flame was added in 1956.

Originally the Milwaukee Gas Light Building, it later became Wisconsin Gas – which was purchased by Wisconsin Energy in 2001. The building was later sold to a developer, who converted it into office space.

Like most of us, the flame has had some hard times. It went dark in the 1970s due to the energy crisis. And 20 years ago, it was turned off overnight due to high energy costs – ironic, considering it had been owned by an energy company.

But for now, the flame burns eternal. 

It stretches its wings up to the sky and encourages us to do the same.

The Burke Brise Soleil, commonly known as the wings of the Milwaukee Art Museum, is a moveable sunscreen with a 217-foot wingspan, rivaling that of a Boeing 747 airplane.

Some say the wings look like sails full of wind, the mast of a ship, or a bird in flight.

Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava designed the Brise Soleil and the rest of the 2001 art museum addition, known as the Quadracci Pavilion. He took inspiration partly from Frank Lloyd Wright.

The Brise Soleil and its 72 steel fins weigh 90 tons, but we’d never know by the way it smoothly and gracefully opens and closes its wings.

Weather permitting, the wings open when the museum does – as if they’re waving to welcome Milwaukee visitors – then flap at noon. They’re illuminated from sundown until they close at 10 p.m. And when the wind gets too strong, they’re smart enough to close like a cocoon.

At just over 20 years old, the wings are a relatively new addition to the city’s lakefront. But it’s already hard to imagine Milwaukee without them.

Over the years, Milwaukee has been a laboratory for jazz musicians. In its heyday, jazz greats like Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong and Billie Holiday would perform at clubs in Bronzeville, the heart of Black culture and business in Milwaukee. 

The sounds of trumpets blaring and saxophones wailing would spill onto Bronzeville’s streets. Music lovers, white and Black, congregated at places with names like the Moon Glow, the Flame, and Thelma’s Back Door. 

The main thoroughfare of the neighborhood just north of downtown was Walnut Street. It became a workshop for young jazz musicians looking to cut their teeth – people like alto saxophonist “Bunky” Green, who went on to play briefly with Charles Mingus. Then there were downtown jazz clubs like Curro’s, where Chicago native Herbie Hancock made his professional debut.

Many players who started out in Milwaukee made it out to bigger cities like Chicago or New York. But others, such as guitarist “Manty” Ellis and saxophonist Berkeley Fudge, stayed, becoming mentors to the next generation of players coming up in the city. 

Many of Bronzeville’s jazz clubs closed when the city bulldozed much of Walnut Street and the surrounding neighborhood in the name of urban renewal and freeway construction. But jazz has remained.

A new generation of players listened and learned at clubs like the Jazz Estate. And Milwaukee has kept turning out new, prominent musicians.

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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)

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•                                                                       Strengthening Social Sciences for the Future
• May Issue 2024
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Digital Diplomacy in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges

• Aemro Tenaw Birhan
• Bantayehu Demssew Enyew
• Nsoh Christopher
• Mar 23, 2024
• International Relations

Aemro Tenaw Birhan 1 , Bantayehu Demssew Enyew 2 , Nsoh Christopher (Professor) 3

1,3 Pan African University (PAUGHSS), Cameroon  

2 Debre Markos University, Ethiopia

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.802153

Received: 16 November 2023; Revised: 06 December 2023; Accepted: 09 December 2023; Published: 23 March 2024

Globally, digital diplomacy is taking over as the dominating format. As long as Africa is a part of the globalization era, it must adapt to new technologies. However, there are several obstacles that African digital diplomacy must overcome, such as a lack of infrastructure, a lack of proficiency with new technologies, limiting regulations, the anonymity issue and others. So, with the proliferation of digital technologies, Africa is facing growing cyber security threats. These include hacker attacks, online fraud and disinformation campaigns. Weak cyber security measures and limited capacity to address these challenges make African countries vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Africa should follow the present realities and dynamics in digital diplomacy as the world constantly changes and transitions. In fact, in the diplomatic sphere of Africa, digital diplomacy is being practiced without the concept and practice promoted. However, Africa has many opportunities to embrace digital diplomatic initiatives. The primary ones include; the penetration of the internet, the rise in the public interest, the engagement of the African diaspora, the African Union’s digital strategy, the desire to create an intelligent society, and the revolution of smartphones. Africa also offers much potential for improving the natural and human resources used in digital platform infrastructure. Thus, Africa should assist in developing the information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and encouraging training for these electronic platforms. Therefore, the paper aims to analyze the opportunities, challenges, and potentials of digital diplomacy in the African context.  To do so, a qualitative research approach was used collected from secondary sources and document analysis. Finally, the collected data is thematically analyzed.

Key Words: Diplomacy, Digital Diplomacy, Africa

INTRODUCTION

Diplomacy has fundamentally changed with greater global access to the internet and the advent of social media (Turianskyi & Wekesa, 2021). States around the world have used many forms of diplomacy over the years. The ubiquitous use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in all facets of life, on the other hand, is what defines the twenty-first century (Waithaka, 2018). With the increasing use of Internet technology worldwide, several countries have turned to digital platforms such as social media, blogs, and websites to project a positive image of them and achieve foreign policy goals (Adesina, 2017).

In academia today, there is a growing interest in using the Internet and social media in diplomacy. In contrast, the existing literature on digital diplomacy focuses on Europe and the Americas, and there needs to be more evidence that digital diplomacy also impacts Africa (Nyewusira, 2019). As a result, the notion that Africa lags in democratic principles and traditions and technological innovation is a myth. However, since the mid-2000s, the continent has been struggling, albeit feebly, to catch up with the rest of the world and be like the West (Endong, 2020).

In Africa, digital diplomacy faces several challenges, including a need for ICT infrastructure. Authoritarian social media rules, cyber security, the problem of anonymity, diplomats’ lack of skills, and the problem of secrecy are also important issues. Many African States have controversially shut down or restricted social media and internet platforms, displaying their scepticism of the Internet (e.g., Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Togo, Burundi, Chad, Mali, and Guinea) (Meads, 2017).  ​African diplomacy is not without its difficulties, however. Internet culture offers a multitude of opportunities and perspectives. The myth of the intelligent society is gaining popularity, as is Internet penetration on the continent, the smartphone revolution, people’s increasing interest in using ICTs, and the growing engagement of the African diaspora (Endong, 2020). It is also an opportunity for the digitization of systems and transparency of diplomacy in Africa. In this digital age, Africa’s youthful population composition and abundance of resources (human and natural) offer immense potential, necessitating a high priority for digitally connected socioeconomic development (African Union, 2020).

Rapid digitalization can enhance structural transformations among African countries and galvanize progress on regional developments by facilitating diplomacy, financial flow, and market efficiency. The paper aims to analyze the opportunities, challenges, and potentials of digital diplomacy in the African context. Therefore, this paper will answer four basic questions: 1) how can one make sense of digital diplomacy dynamics from the African perspective? 2) What does digital diplomacy mean? 3) What are the trends of digital diplomacy in Africa? 4) What are digital diplomacy’s significant challenges, opportunities, and potentials in Africa?

THE CONCEPT OF DIGITAL DIPLOMACY

In developing countries like African States, digital diplomacy is a relatively new notion in research. Even though digital diplomacy is becoming a hot issue in academia, it needs a clear definition. Virtual diplomacy, e-diplomacy, mobile diplomacy, cyber diplomacy, and networked diplomacy are all used to describe digital diplomacy (Turianskyi & Wekesa, 2021). As a result, different researchers and organizations have diverse definitions of digital diplomacy.

Digital diplomacy refers to the widespread application of technology in diplomacy, particularly the Internet and other ICT-based advances (Olubukola, 2022). In addition, digital diplomacy is described as using the Internet and information communication technologies (ICTs), such as video conferencing and social media platforms, to assist state and non-state actors in managing global change (Bjola & Holmes, 2015).

Digital diplomacy frequently includes at least three components, according to (Bjola & Holmes, 2015): First, how actors interact with non-actors in order to convey a specific message or picture (the public-diplomacy component). Second, it refers to the structure and organization of information resources for diplomats and other clients by foreign ministries and other public and private institutions (the information-accessibility component). Third, the methods by which actors collect data on the ground to track small endogenous changes in political systems and public opinion (the data-analysis component).

Therefore, even though the term “digital diplomacy” is frequently used interchangeably with “public diplomacy,” however this narrows the breadth of the notion (Verrekia, 2017, p. 7). As a result, it is different from public diplomacy. For the purpose of this study, Digital diplomacy refers to “the use of digital technologies, such as social media, online communication tools, and other digital platforms, to conduct diplomatic activities and engage with foreign audiences”. It involves the use of digital tools to promote a country’s interests, values, and policies, as well as to build relationships and foster cooperation with other countries and international organizations. Digital diplomacy can be used for a range of purposes, including public diplomacy, crisis management, cultural exchange, trade promotion, and more. Therefore, cyber espionage, information collection on social media, video conferencing discussions between states and non-state actors, and communication between embassies and home offices are all examples of digital diplomacy.

DIGITAL DIPLOMACY IN AFRICA

The topic of digital diplomacy in an African academic setting is highlighted by two variables (Wekesa, Turianskyi and Ayodele, 2021). First, while traditional diplomats and other international stakeholders engage in digital diplomacy in Africa, the practice of digital diplomacy on the continent is limited compared to other regions. Second, digital diplomacy is nonexistent in African colleges, indicating a significant research vacuum.

By the early 2000s, however, African nations had begun implementing e-government systems to global trends. That location will serve as a jumping-off point for research into the continent’s history of digital diplomacy. Digital diplomacy has become a commonly accepted concept across the African continent, from Kenya and South Africa to Mali, Namibia, and Rwanda (Endong, 2020).

The current COVID-19 pandemic is, in some ways, one of the recent events and motivators that, ironically, has been a boon to African digital diplomacy. The pandemic’s travails, constraints, and social distancing models have compelled practically every African country’s ministry of foreign affairs, embassies, and diplomats to accept the long journey of digital diplomacy (Endong, 2020). As a result, most African countries have been obliged to hold bilateral and multilateral talks virtually. Furthermore, according to Allen (2022), damages on computer infrastructure are expanding rapidly in African countries with more advanced economies and financial systems, such as South Africa, Kenya, and Ghana. As a result, many African governments are now aware of the importance of digital diplomacy.

The culture of digital diplomacy is evolving, and some conferences have been hosted entirely online. In June and July 2020, the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), the African Centre for the Study of the United States (ACSUS) at the University of the Witwatersrand, the Department of International Relations and Cooperation of South Africa (DIRCO), and the Center on Public Diplomacy at the University of Southern California hosted a series of webinars on digital diplomacy with African diplomats (Wekesa, Turianskyi, and Ayodele, 2021).

Second, despite the pandemic, African countries have convened security conferences that have brought together thousands of African stakeholders (Heney, 2020). The African Union (AU) successfully sponsored a three-week-long online conference called “Silence the Guns” in May 2020. Since the outbreak of the epidemic, African officials, such as AU Chairman President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa, have held online discussions with stakeholders (Olubukola, 2022). Finally, in 2021, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) will organize a capacity-building workshop on digital trade in preparation for the African Free Trade Area. Therefore, although it is not very satisfactory, African states are at a good start.

OPPORTUNITIES OF DIGITAL DIPLOMACY IN AFRICA AFRICAN

African diplomacy has its challenges. African diplomacy’s digital culture has a wide range of potential and opportunities. One of the opportunities that African Digital diplomacy has is the increased adoption of the internet and the revolution of mobile phones. Africa’s Internet and social media penetration has risen steadily throughout the years.  According to a report by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), as of 2020, Africa had an internet penetration rate of 39.3%, which was lower than the global average of 59.5%. However, the report also noted that internet penetration in Africa had been growing rapidly in recent years, with an annual growth rate of 9.1% between 2010 and 2020. In addition, in recent years, Africa has had the fastest growth rates in terms of Internet penetration (Kemp, 2018). Rising Internet and social media usage, as well as increased mobile connectivity and Smartphone accessibility, bode well for African digital diplomacy. Digital diplomacy is centred on using information and communication technologies (ICTs) (Endong, 2020).

Another opportunity is the desire to establish or create a “smart society.” Thanks to various specialized projects, the intelligent society concept has recently gained traction in Africa, similar to how it has elsewhere in the world. The Smart Africa Initiative, developed from a meeting held in Kigali (Rwanda) in 2013, is one of these programs. The initiative concluded in the endorsement of the Smart Africa Manifesto document by seven presidents of state (Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, South Sudan, Mali, Gabon, and Burkina Faso), which was approved by the remaining African heads of state in 2014 at the African Union’s General Assembly (Endong, 2020).

The AU also unveiled its Digital Transformation Strategy for 2020–2030 in May 2020, a potentially positive step that might be worked upon to build a continent-wide digital diplomacy strategy similar to that of the European Union (African Union, 2020). Currently, member states adopt such measures at the national level, whereas the AU plan allows states to pool their efforts into a continental strategy. Such an approach could increase inclusivity in the future, for example, in organising continental conferences, meetings, and forums, thereby increasing interactions between policymakers and citizens on the continent (Turianskyi & Wekesa, 2021).

Digital diplomacy also opens up new avenues for underdeveloped countries to pursue their foreign policy. The technology revolution in diplomacy can help African states achieve their foreign policy goals. Foreign policy, or the goal that a country aspires to achieve in international relations, can be advanced through digital diplomacy (Nyewusira, 2019).

In addition, it might pave the way for transparency of government activities concerning diplomatic activities. Moreover, it would have its role in enhancing the engagement of the diaspora in public diplomacy. Lastly, social media and other digital platforms are accessible and cheap so that many African people can participate in diplomacy.

To conclude, Digital diplomacy in Africa offers significant opportunities, including enhanced communication through platforms like social media and video conferencing. It allows African countries to shape their narratives and counter negative stereotypes, promoting their culture and investment opportunities. In times of crisis, digital platforms aid in disseminating information, coordinating relief efforts, and seeking international assistance. Economic diplomacy and trade promotion can be facilitated through online platforms, helping attract foreign investments and boosting export-oriented industries. Citizen diplomacy and public engagement are fostered, allowing citizens to participate in policy discussions and bridge the gap between governments and the people. Data-driven diplomacy enables evidence-based policy decisions and predictions. Digital platforms also provide opportunities for capacity building, knowledge exchange, and networking among African diplomats. Therefore, digital diplomacy opens up avenues for efficient communication, economic growth, crisis management, citizen engagement, and policy-making in Africa.

CHALLENGES OF DIGITAL DIPLOMACY IN AFRICA

This new technology provides several benefits, but it also has many disadvantages. Infrastructure issues majorly contribute to African digital diplomacy gaps, resulting in “digital divide-driven downsides” (Verrekia, 2017, p. 12). As Verrekia (2017) stated, “Digital divide” is defined as “uneven access to or distribution of information and technology.” The digital divide is a worldwide issue, but its repercussions are especially severe in developing nations and Africa. However, regarding Internet users, Africa needs to catch up with the Global North and other regions of the Global South (Turianskyi & Wekesa, 2021). The figure below highlights differences in internet usage worldwide, which is about 11.5%, despite Africa having a large population.

The other challenge is that, according to numerous indicators, the African Ministry of foreign affairs, embassies, and heads of state need more dynamism and flexibility to keep up with new digitally driven cultures in diplomacy. Many are reluctant, unsure, distrustful, and even phobic about very sophisticated digital diplomacy in an era of supersonic, technologically driven changes. While some make a negative impression by not being active on social media, others are simply inactive (Endong, 2020).

Culture plays a significant role in shaping the landscape of digital diplomacy in Africa. Africa is a continent known for its rich diversity, comprising numerous ethnicities, languages, traditions, and belief systems. Cultural nuances and sensitivities influence how African countries engage in digital diplomacy and communicate with international audiences. Cultural factors such as language preferences, communication styles, and social norms impact the effectiveness of digital diplomacy initiatives. Understanding and respecting cultural differences is vital to ensure successful digital diplomatic engagements, as misinterpretations or miscommunications can hinder effective dialogue and relationship building. Additionally, cultural challenges such as the digital divide and varying levels of technological adoption across different regions and communities in Africa can affect the extent to which digital diplomacy initiatives can reach and engage diverse populations. Therefore, cultural awareness and sensitivity are crucial for leveraging digital diplomacy to its fullest potential in Africa.

In Africa, cyber-attacks and hacking are also becoming a growing concern for digital diplomacy. For instance, a cyber-attack on the South African state-owned firm Transnet, which operates the country’s major ports, disrupted the region’s supply chains to unprecedented levels in 2021 (Allen, 2022).

Another difficulty is the protection of government secrets and censorship. It is difficult for governments to keep secrets and restrict content deemed dangerous to national security Because of social media’s open and egalitarian nature. Furthermore, African regimes like Ethiopia have formulated authoritarian policies prohibiting open social media usage. In March 2020, Ethiopia enacted the Hate Speech and Disinformation Prevention and Suppression Proclamation to address hate speech and disinformation, which have historically troubled the country (Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA), 2020). According to CIPESA (2020), in reality, besides having overbroad and ambitious definitions that are subject to misinterpretation and abuse, the new law also weighs heavily on social media users and intermediaries, and introduces harsh penalties, contrary to international human rights instruments, including articles 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights.

The internet’s “culture of anonymity,” in which anybody can adopt any alias, address, or even attack anyone, is another digital diplomacy difficulty (Antwi-Boateng & Al Mazrouei, 2021, p. 8). The other problem is fake news from hostile sources. The growth of digital tools like social media has resulted in a crisis of trust in online information. Not only is it a political war, but it is also a media battle. Fake news is all over the place (Pinnell, 2018). For instance, the dissemination of fabricated stories or distorted facts about a particular country or its leaders can strain bilateral relations, erode trust, and fuel tensions. Fake news can exacerbate conflicts, create misunderstandings, and impede diplomatic efforts aimed at resolving disputes.

Another challenge is a need for more understanding of how to use new communication technologies, the internet, and social media, which can have disastrous consequences. Users of digital diplomacy must be regularly trained and practiced, as well as adopt new digital technologies as soon as possible, mainly if they are complex, in order to obtain the necessary information about how to use them and prevent such threats (Rashica, 2018).

The other challenge is that, the African Ministry of foreign affairs, embassies, and heads of state need more dynamism and flexibility to keep up with new digitally driven cultures in diplomacy. Many are reluctant, unsure, distrustful, and even phobic about sophisticated digital diplomacy in an era of supersonic, technologically driven changes. While some make a negative impression by not being active on social media, others are simply inactive (Endong, 2020).

The number of social media platforms has been relatively limited before COVID-19, indicating that while the Ministry of foreign affairs can use digital diplomacy to conduct diplomatic activities, there needs to be more digital diplomacy in Africa. Indeed, digital diplomacy is underway in Africa without the concept and practice being boosted. Since the world is constantly changing and transforming in digital diplomacy, Africa should go with the current realities and dynamics. Digital diplomacy is becoming a dominant platform at the global level so that adaptation to new technologies is mandatory as long as we live in the globalization period.

Indeed, African digital diplomacy has faced numerous challenges, including a lack of infrastructure, skills in using new technologies, restrictive rules, the anonymity problem, and others. However, Africa has numerous opportunities and potential to implement digital diplomatic activities. Penetration of the internet, the increased interest of the people, the involvement of the African diaspora, the AU’s digital policy, the interest in building an intelligent society, and the revolution of smartphones are the major. In addition, Africa has great potential for human and natural resources to enhance the infrastructures of digital platforms. Therefore, Africa should contribute towards building the infrastructure of ICT and promoting training on those digital platforms. Despite its limitations, it could boost diplomacy’s transformation, facilitate financial flows, create job opportunities, and promote African values and cultures on the continent.

• Adesina, O.S., (2017). Foreign policy in an era of digital diplomacy. Cogent Social Sciences, 3(1), p.1297175.
• African Union (2020). Draft Digital Transformation Strategy for Africa (2020-2030).
• Allen, K., (2022). Cyber diplomacy and Africa’s digital development. ISS Africa Report, 2022(38), 1–12.
• Antwi-Boateng, O. and Al Mazrouei, K.A.M., (2021). The Challenges of Digital Diplomacy in the Era of Globalization: The Case of the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Communication, 15, p.19.
• Bjola, C. and Holmes, M., (2015). Digital diplomacy: Theory and Practice Taylor & Francis.
• Endong, F.P.C., (2020). Digitization of African Public Diplomacy: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities. Age, 1, p.9.
• Heney, P. (2020). Global R&D investments are unabated in spending growth. R.D. World.
• Kemp, S., (2018). Digital in 2018: World’s internet users pass the 4 billion mark. We are social, p. 30.
• Meads, D. (2017, May). Here is how Africa can take advantage of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In World Economic Forum on Africa, Durban (Vol. 2).
• Nyewusira, C., (2019).Digital Diplomacy: Opportunities for Nigeria’s Foreign Policy.
• Olubukola, C., (2022). Africa and the future of digital Diplomacy Brookings Foresight Africa 2022
• Pinnell, O. (2018). The online war between Qatar and Saudi Arabia. BBC News, p. 3.
• Rashica, V. (2018). The benefits and risks of digital diplomacy. See Review, 13(1), 75–89.
• Turianskyi, Y. & Wekesa, B. (2021). African digital diplomacy: Emergence, evolution, and the future. South African Journal of International Affairs, 28(3), pp.341-359.
• Verrekia, B., (2017). Digital diplomacy and its effect on international relations: independent study collections.
• Waithaka, I.N., (2018). Digital diplomacy: Integrating information communication technologies in Kenya’s Ministry of foreign affairs, 1963-2014. L MasterLs degree thesis, Department of Diplomacy and International Relations, Kenyatta University.
• Wekesa, B., Turianskyi, Y. & Ayodele, O. (2021). Introduction to the special issue: Digital diplomacy in Africa. South African Journal of International Affairs, 28(3), 335–339.

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AI tutors are quietly changing how kids in the US study, and the leading apps are from China

Evan, a high school sophomore from Houston, was stuck on a calculus problem. He pulled up Answer AI on his iPhone, snapped a photo of the problem from his Advanced Placement math textbook, and ran it through the homework app. Within a few seconds, Answer AI had generated an answer alongside a step-by-step process of solving the problem.

A year ago, Evan would be scouring through long YouTube videos in hopes of tackling his homework challenges. He also had a private tutor, who cost $60 per hour. Now, the arrival of AI bots is posing a threat to long-established tutoring franchises such as Kumon, the 66-year-old Japanese giant that has 1,500 locations and nearly 290,000 students across the U.S .

"The tutor's hourly cost is about the same as Answer AI's whole year of subscription," Evan told me. "So I stopped doing a lot of [in-person] tutoring."

Answer AI is among a handful of popular apps that are leveraging the advent of ChatGPT and other large language models to help students with everything from writing history papers to solving physics problems. Of the top 20 education apps in the U.S. App Store, five are AI agents that help students with their school assignments, including Answer AI, according to data from Data.ai on May 21.

There is a perennial debate on the role AI should play in education. The advantages of AI tutors are obvious: They make access to after-school tutoring much more equitable. The $60-per-hour tutoring in Houston is already much more affordable than services in more affluent and academically cutthroat regions, like the Bay Area, which can be three times as expensive, Answer AI's founder Ric Zhou told me.

Zhou, a serial entrepreneur, also suggested that AI enables more personalized teaching, which is hard to come by in a classroom of 20 students. Chatbot teachers, which can remember a student's learning habits and never get grumpy about answering questions, can replace the private coaches that rich families hire. Myhanh, a high school junior based in Houston, said her math grades have improved from 85 to 95 within six months since using generative AI to study.

For now, AI tutors are mostly constrained to text-based interactions, but very soon, they will literally be able to speak to students in ways that optimize for each student's learning style, whether that means a more empathetic, humorous, or creative style. OpenAI's GPT-4o already demonstrated that an AI assistant that can generate voice responses in a range of emotive styles is within reach.

When AI doesn't help you learn

The vision of equitable, AI-powered learning isn't fully realized yet. Like other apps that forward API calls to LLMs, AI tutors suffer from hallucinations and can spit out wrong answers. Answer AI tries to improve its accuracy through Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), a method that finetunes an LLM with certain domain knowledge -- in this case, a sea of problem sets. But it's still making more mistakes than the last-generation homework apps that match user queries with an existing library of practice problems, as these apps don't try to answer questions they don't already know.

Some students are aware of AI's limitations. Evan often cross-checks results from Answer AI with ChatGPT, while Myhanh uses Answer AI in an after-school study group to bounce ideas off her peers. But Evan and Myhanh are the types of self-driven students who are more likely to use AI as a learning aid, while some of their peers may handily delegate AI to do their homework without learning anything.

For now, educators aren't sure what to do with AI. Several public school districts in the U.S. have banned access to ChatGPT on school devices, but enforcing a ban on generative AI outright becomes challenging as soon as students leave school premises.

The reality is, it's impossible for teachers and parents to prevent kids from using AI to study, so it may be more effective to educate kids on the role of AI as an imperfect assistant that sometimes makes mistakes rather than prohibit it completely. While it's hard to discern whether a student has learned to solve a math problem by heart based on the answer they write, AI is at least good at detecting essays generated by AI. That makes it harder for students to cheat on humanities assignments which require more original thinking and expression.

Chinese dominance

The two most popular AI helpers in the U.S., as of May, are both Chinese-owned. One-year-old Question AI is the brainchild of the founders of Zuoyebang, a popular Chinese homework app that has raised around $3 billion in equity over the past decade. Gauth, on the other hand, was launched by TikTok parent ByteDance in 2019 . Since its inception, Question AI has been downloaded six million times across Apple's App Store and Google Play Store in the U.S., whereas its rival Gauth has amassed twice as many installs since its launch, according to data provided by market research firm SensorTower. (Both are published in the U.S. by Singaporean entities, a common tactic as Chinese tech receives growing scrutiny from the West .)

The success of Chinese homework apps is a result of their concerted effort to target the American market in recent years. In 2021, China imposed rules to clamp down on its burgeoning private tutoring sector focused on the country's public school curriculum. Many service providers, including brick-and-mortar tutoring centers and online study apps, have since pivoted to overseas users. The U.S. is unsurprisingly their most coveted international market due to its sheer size.

The fact that tutoring apps are likely to be using similar foundational AI technologies has leveled the playing field for foreign players, which can overcome language and cultural barriers by summoning AI to study user behavior. As Eugene Wei wrote in his canonical analysis of TikTok's global success,"[A] machine learning algorithm significantly responsive and accurate can pierce the veil of cultural ignorance."

The reliance on the same group of LLMs also makes it hard for these study apps to differentiate solely on the quality of their answers. Some of the legacy players, like Zuoyebang and PhotoMath, can use a combination of generative AI and search in their extensive libraries of problem sets to improve accuracy. Newcomers will need to find alternative ways to set themselves apart, like enhancing user personalization features.

"An AI agent needs to proactively engage with students and tailor its answers to individual learning needs," said Zhou. "A raw language model isn't a ready-to-use AI agent, so we try to differentiate by fine-tuning our AI to teach more effectively. For example, our AI bot would invite students to ask follow-up questions after presenting an answer, encouraging deeper learning rather than just letting them copy the result."

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